Close central unrounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɨ

|ipa number=317

|decimal=616

|x-sampa=1

|kirshenbaum=i"

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0268.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=356

|braille2=i

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɨ̞

|ipa symbol2=ɪ̈

|ipa symbol3=ɪ̠

|ipa symbol4=ɘ̝

}}

File:Spectrogram of close central unrounded vowel (IPA ɨ).png

The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i.

Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed {{angbr IPA|ï}} (centralized {{angbr IPA|i}}) or {{angbr IPA|ɯ̈}} (centralized {{angbr IPA|ɯ}}).See e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Cruttenden|2014|p=133}}, who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English {{sc2|GOOSE}} vowel {{IPA|/uː/}} with the symbol {{IPA|[ɯ̈ː]}}.

The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant {{IPA|[j̈]}}.Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".

Some languages feature the {{audio|Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg|near-close central unrounded vowel}}, which is slightly lower. It is most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɨ̞}} and {{angbr IPA|ɪ̈}}, but other transcriptions such as {{angbr IPA|ɪ̠}} and {{angbr IPA|ɘ̝}} are also possible. In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed {{angbr IPA|ɪ}}, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often {{angbr IPA|ɨ}}, which captures its centrality, or {{angbr IPA|ᵻ}},{{Harvcoltxt|Pullum|Ladusaw|1996|p=298}} which captures both. {{angbr IPA|ᵻ}} is also used in a number of other publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, {{angbr IPA|ᵻ}} represents variation between {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Upton|2012|pp=63, 68}}

Features

Occurrence

{{IPA|/ɨ/}} is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly in some Slavic languages, such as Belarusian and Russian (see ы). However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman, and Smith-Stark identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).{{Harvcoltxt|Campbell|Kaufman|Smith-Stark|1986}}

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Acehnese	{{lang\|ace\|tupeue}}	{{IPA\|[tupɨə]}}	'to know'	Asyik{{Citation \|last=Asyik \|first=Abdul Gani \|year=1982 \|title=The agreement system in Acehnese \|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies \|volume=11 \|pages=1–33 \|url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf \|access-date=9 November 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220014334/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf \|archive-date=20 February 2012 }} and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi{{citation \|last=Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi \|first=Awwad Ahmad \|year=2003 \|title=Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account \|journal=Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities \|volume=15 \|pages=9–21 \|url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0 \|access-date=2009-03-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729034905/http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0 \|archive-date=2009-07-29 \|url-status=dead }} describe this sound as such while Durie[http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf Mid-vowels in Acehnese] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044202/http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf \|date=2010-07-14 }} describes it as closer to {{IPA\|[ɯ]}}
colspan="2" \|Aikanã{{Sfnp\|Tondineli\|2020\|p=914}} \|{{lang\|tba\|tɨi}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈtɨi]}} \|'aunt' \|It also happens as allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before {{IPA\|[i]}}.{{Sfnp\|Tondineli\|2020\|p=914}}
colspan="2" \| Amharic{{sfnp\|Hayward\|Hayward\|1999\|p=47}}	{{lang\|am\|ሥር}}/{{transl\|am\|sûr}}	{{IPA\|[sɨ̞r]}}	'root'	Near-close.{{sfnp\|Hayward\|Hayward\|1999\|p=47}}
Angami	Khonoma{{sfnp\|Blankenship\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|Chase\|1993\|p=129}}	{{lang\|njm\|prü}}	{{IPA\|[pɻɨ˨]}}	'hail stone'	The height varies between close {{IPA\|[ɨ]}} and mid {{IPAblink\|ə}}.{{sfnp\|Blankenship\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|Chase\|1993\|p=129}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə}}.
colspan="2" \|Arhuaco \|{{lang\|arh\|ikʉ}} \|{{IPA\|[ɪk'ɨ]}} \|'Arhuaco language'
Bantawa	Ilam, Nepal	{{lang\|bap-Latn\|küma}}	{{IPA\|[kɨma]}}	'afraid'
Berber	Central Atlas Tamazight{{Harvcoltxt\|Abdel-Massih\|1971\|p=15}}	{{lang\|tzm\|ⵅⴷⵉⵎ}}/{{lang\|tzm-Latn\|khdim}}	{{IPA\|[χdɨ̞m]}}	'to work'	Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants.
rowspan="2" \| Chinese \|Hokkien	{{lang\|nan-Hani\|豬}}/{{transl\|nan\|tir}}	{{IPA\|[tɨ˥]}}	'pig'
Mandarin \|{{lang\|cmn\|十}}/{{transl\|cmn\|Pinyin\|shí}} \|{{IPA\|[ʂɨ˧˥]}} \|'ten' \|
rowspan="6" \| English	Inland Southern American{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=534–535}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|en\|good}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɨ̞d]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'good'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʊ}} in other dialects. See English phonology
Southeastern English{{Harvcoltxt\|Lodge\|2009\|p=174}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɪ̈d]}}	May be rounded {{IPAblink\|ʊ̈}} instead; it corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʊ}} in other dialects. See English phonology
London{{Harvcoltxt\|Altendorf\|Watt\|2004\|pp=188–189}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Mott\|2012\|p=75}}	rowspan="3" \| lip	{{IPA\|[lɪ̈ʔp]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'lip'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}.
South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|pp=113–115}}	{{IPA\|[lɨ̞p]}}	For some speakers it can be equal to {{IPAblink\|ə}}. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with {{IPA\|[ɪ]}} ({{IPAblink\|i}} in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and {{IPA\|[ɨ̞~{{IPAplink\|ə}}]}} elsewhere. See South African English phonology
Southern American{{Harvcoltxt\|Wells\|1982\|p=534}}	{{IPA\|[lɪ̈p]}}	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.
Southeastern English{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=174}}	{{lang\|en\|rude}}	{{IPA\|[ɹɨːd]}}	'rude'	May be rounded {{IPAblink\|ʉː}}, or a diphthong {{IPA\|[ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯]}} instead.
colspan="2" \| Guaraní{{cite web\|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/GuaraniP.html\|title=Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani\|date=2015\|website=South American Phonological Inventory Database\|location=Berkeley\|publisher=University of California}}	{{lang\|gn\|yvy}}	{{IPA\|[ɨʋɨ]}}	'earth'
colspan="2" \| Hausa{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|p=90}}	{{lang\|ha\|cin abinci}}	{{IPA\|[t̠ʃin abɨnt̠ʃi]}} \| 'to eat'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}}.{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|p=90}}
rowspan="3" \| Irish		{{lang\|ga\|goirt}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ]}}	'salty'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}} between broad consonants. See Irish phonology
Munster{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}} \|{{lang\|ga\|caora}} \|{{IPA\|[kɨːɾˠə]}} \|'sheep' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}} between broad consonants.{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}} See Irish phonology
Ulster{{Harvcoltxt\|Ní Chasaide\|1999\|p=114}}	saol	[sɨl]	'life'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}. Near-close.
colspan="2" \| Kalagan{{sfnp\|Wendel\|Wendel\|1978\|p=198}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[pɨˈnɨt̪]}}	'beard'
colspan="2" \| Kashmiri{{cite web\|title=Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription\|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/transcription.html\|access-date=16 January 2016}}	{{lang\|ks\|ژٕنُن}}/{{transl\|ks\|cûnun}}	{{IPA\|[t͡sɨnʊn]}}	'peach'
colspan="2" \| Kera{{sfnp\|Pearce\|2011\|p=251}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r]}}	'knee'
colspan="2" \| Khmer	{{lang\|km\|គិត}}/{{transliteration\|km\|kīt}}	{{IPA\|[kɨt]}}	'to think'	See Khmer phonology
Kurdish{{sfnp\|Thackston\|2006a\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Khan\|Lescot\|1970\|pp=8-16}} \|Palewani (Southern) \|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|کرماشان}}/{{lang\|ku-Latn\|kirmaşan}} \|{{IPA\|[cʰɨɾmäːʃäːn]}} \|'kermanshah' \|Equal to Kurmanji and Sorani {{IPAblink\|ɪ}}. See Kurdish phonology
colspan="2" \| Latgalian{{sfnp\|Nau\|2011\|pp=9–10}}	{{lang\|ltg\|dyžan}}	{{IPA\|[ˈd̪ɨʒän̪]}}	'very much'	See Latgalian phonology
colspan="2" \| Mah Meri{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=244}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚]}}	'to be drunk'
Malay \|Kelantan-Pattani \|{{lang\|mfa-Latn\|ngecat}} \|{{IPA\|[ŋɨ.caʔ]}} \|'to paint' \|See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{Harvcoltxt\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=92}}	{{lang\|arn\|müṉa}}	{{IPA\|[mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝]}}	'male cousin on father's side'	Unstressed allophone of {{IPA\|/ɘ/}}.
colspan="2" \| Mongolian{{sfnp\|Iivonen\|Harnud\|2005\|pp=62, 66–67}}	{{lang\|mn-Cyrl\|хүчир}}/{{transl\|mn\|hučir}}	{{IPA\|[xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆]}}	'difficult'
colspan="2" \|Matis{{Sfnp\|Ferreira\|2005\|p=37}} \| colspan="2" align="center" \|{{IPA\|[kɨˈnɨ]}} \|'wall' \|
colspan="2" \| Mono{{sfnp\|Olson\|2004\|p=235}}	{{lang\|mnh\|dɨ}}	{{IPA\|[dɨ]}}	'count'
colspan="2" \| Mpade{{sfnp\|Allison\|2006}}	{{lang\|mpi\|sɨm}}	{{IPA\|[sɨm]}}	'to eat'
colspan="2" \| Paicî{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=118}}	{{example needed\|date=April 2017}}			May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɯ}}.
colspan="2" \| Romanian{{sfnp\|Sarlin\|2014\|p=18}}	{{lang\|ro\|înot}}	{{IPA\|[ɨˈn̪o̞t̪]}}	'I swim'	See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|pp=33, 38}}	{{lang\|ru\|ты}}/{{transl\|ru\|ty}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-ты.ogg\|[t̪ɨ]\|help=no}}	'you' (singular/informal)	Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|pp=33, 38}} See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Sahaptin{{sfnp\|Hargus\|Beavert\|2002}}	align="center" \| kʼsit \|{{IPA\|[kʼsɨt]}} \| 'cold'	Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent
colspan="2" \|Sanumá{{Sfnp\|Autuori\|2019\|p=45}} \|colspan="2" align="center" \|{{IPA\|[taˈaɨ]}} \|'to see' \|The nasal version {{IPA\|[ɨ̃]}} also occurs.{{Sfnp\|Autuori\|2019\|p=\|pp=45, 47}}
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=80}}	{{lang\|gd\|tuilleadh}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ʰɨʎəɣ]}}	'more'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɯ/}} when short and in proximity to slender consonants.
colspan="2" \| Shipibo{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=283}}	{{lang\|shp\|tenaitianronki}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞]}}	{{fix\|text=translation needed\|date=January 2016}}	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/ɯ/}} after coronal consonants.{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=283}}
colspan="2" \| Sirionó{{sfnp\|Firestone\|1965\|p=?}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[eˈsɨ]}}	'dry wood'
colspan="2" \| Sundanese	{{lang\|su\|anjeun}}	{{IPA\|[and͡ʒɨn]}}	'you'	Occasionally, sometimes as {{IPA\|[ɯ]}}, {{IPA\|[ɤ]}} or {{IPA\|[ɘ]}} by younger speakers.
colspan="2" \| Sümi{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}	{{lang\|nsm\|sü}}	{{IPA\|[ʃɨ̀]}}	'to hurt'	Described variously as close {{IPA\|[ɨ]}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}} and near-close {{IPA\|[ɨ̞]}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}
rowspan="2" \| Swedish	Bohuslän{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=21}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|sv\|bli}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[blɨᶻː]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to become'	rowspan="2" \| A fricated vowel that corresponds to {{IPAblink\|iː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=21}} See Swedish phonology
Närke{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=21}}
Tajik	Bukharan{{sfnp\|Ido\|2014\|p=91}}	{{lang\|tg-Latn\|cižciž}} {{lang\|tg-Cyrl\|ғижғиж}}	{{IPA\|[ʁɨʑʁɨʑ]}}	'the sound of wood sawing'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}} in the environment of uvular consonants.{{sfnp\|Ido\|2014\|p=91}}
colspan="2" \| Tamil{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}}	vály {{lang\|ta\|(வால்}})	{{IPA\|[väːlɨ]}}	'tail'	Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded {{IPAblink\|ʉ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}} See Tamil phonology
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| Tera{{sfnp\|Tench\|2007\|p=230}}	{{lang\|ttr\|zu̱}}	{{IPA\|[zɨ]}}	'said'
{{lang\|ttr\|vu̱r}}	{{IPA\|[vɨ̞r]}}	'to give'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɨ/}} in closed syllables.{{Harvcoltxt\|Tench\|2007\|p=231}}
colspan="2" \|Tsou{{Cite book \|last1=張 \|first1=永利 \|title=南島語言叢書⑦ 鄒語語法概論 \|last2=潘 \|first2=家榮 \|publisher=Council of Indigenous Peoples \|year=2018 \|isbn=9789860556889 \|edition=2nd \|location=New Taipei \|pages=5–14 \|language=zh}} \|{{lang\|tsu\|hahocngx}}, {{lang\|tsu\|hahocngʉ}} \|{{IPA\|[ha.ˈho.t͡sŋɨ]}} \|'man' \|{{IPA\|/ɨ/}}, with free variant {{IPA\|[ʉ]}}. Used to be written as {{angbr\|ʉ}}, but changed to {{angbr\|x}} for more convenient typing.
colspan="2" \|Tupi \|{{lang\|tpn\|ybytyra}} \|{{IPA\|[ɨβɨ'tɨɾa]}} \|'mountain' \|See Tupian Phonology
rowspan="2" \| Turkish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}	{{lang\|tr\|sığ}}	{{IPA\|[sɨː]}}	'shallow'	Also described as close back {{IPAblink\|ɯ}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}} and near-close near-back {{IPAblink\|ɯ̽}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Kılıç\|Öğüt\|2004}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɯ}}. See Turkish phonology
\| Balkans{{cite web\|last1=Dombrowski\|first1=Andrew\|title=Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish\|url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/ExtendedAbs/article/viewFile/531/442}}	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}			Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/ɯ/}}, shift of {{IPA\|/y/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski transcribes this phoneme as {{IPA\|/i/}}.
colspan="2" \| Udmurt{{sfnp\|Iivonen\|Harnud\|2005\|pp=64, 68}}	{{lang\|udm-Latn\|yrgete}}/{{lang\|udm-Cyrl\|ыргетэ}}{{Citation\|url=http://dict.marlamuter.ru/index.php/term/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C,%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B.xhtml\|trans-title=Udmurt-Russian dictionary\|script-title=ru:ургетыны\|language=ru}}	{{IPA\|[ɨrɡete]}}	'it growls'
colspan="2" \|Vietnamese{{Cite dictionary \|title=bưng\|url=https://vdict.com/b%C6%B0ng,2,0,0.html\|access-date=2024-03-30\|dictionary=VDict\|language=en \|editor1=Ly Dinh Thuan \|editor2=Tran Thanh Nga \|editor3=Nguyen Cong Chinh}} \|{{lang\|vi\|bưng}} \|{{IPA\|[ʔɓɨŋ˧˧]}} \|'to carry' \|
colspan="2" \|Wayuu \|{{lang\|guc\|paanüküin}} \|{{IPA\|[pa:nɨkɨinː]}} \|'your mouth' \|
rowspan="2" \| Welsh	rowspan="2" \| Northern dialects{{sfnp\|Ball\|1984\|p=?}}	{{lang\|cy\|llun}}	{{IPA\|[ɬɨːn]}}	'picture'	rowspan="2" \| Close when long, near-close when short.{{sfnp\|Ball\|1984\|p=?}} Merges with {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology
pump	{{IPA\|[pɨ̞mp]}}	'five'
colspan="2" \| Yaeyama	{{lang\|rys\|pïtu}}	{{IPA\|[pɨtu]}}	'person'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{sfnp\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	{{lang\|zts\|nɨ}}	{{IPA\|[nɨ]}}	'be sour'

The sound of Polish {{angbr|y}} is often represented as {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed {{IPA|[ɘ̟]}}.{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed {{angbr|e}}, often represented as {{IPA|/ɨ/}}, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel,{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as {{IPA|[ɯ̽]}} (mid-centralized), {{IPA|[ɯ̟]}} (fronted) and {{IPA|[ʊ̜]}} (less rounded, i.e. unrounded).

Notes

References

{{citation

|title=A Reference Grammar of Tamazight

|last=Abdel-Massih

|first=Ernest T.

|year=1971

|publisher=University of Michigan

|location=Ann Arbor

}}

{{citation

|last=Allison

|first=Sean

|date=2006

|title=Alphabet et orthographe de Kotoko de Makary (mpadɨ) (Makary Kotoko Orthography Statement)

|publisher=SIL

|url=http://www.silcam.org/resources/archives/32321

}}

{{citation

|last1=Altendorf

|first1=Ulrike

|last2=Watt

|first2=Dominic

|editor-last=Schneider

|editor-first=Edgar W.

|editor2-last=Burridge

|editor2-first=Kate

|editor3-last=Kortmann

|editor3-first=Bernd

|editor4-last=Mesthrie

|editor4-first=Rajend

|editor5-last=Upton

|editor5-first=Clive

|year=2004

|title=A handbook of varieties of English

|chapter=The dialects in the South of England: phonology

|volume=1: Phonology

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|pages=181–196

|isbn=3-11-017532-0

}}

{{citation

|last1=Blankenship

|first1=Barbara

|last2=Ladefoged

|first2=Peter

|author2-link=Peter Ladefoged

|last3=Bhaskararao

|first3=Peri

|last4=Chase

|first4=Nichumeno

|year=1993

|chapter=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami

|editor-last=Maddieson

|editor-first=Ian

|editor-link=Ian Maddieson

|title=Fieldwork studies of targeted languages

|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432

|volume=84

|location=Los Angeles

|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group

|pages=127–141

}}

{{citation

|last=Cruz-Ferreira

|first=Madalena

|year= 1995

|title=European Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=25

|issue=2

|pages=90–94

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300005223

|s2cid=249414876

}}

{{citation

|last=Ball

|first=Martin J.

|editor-last=Ball

|editor-first=Martin J.

|editor2-last=Jones

|editor2-first=G.E

|chapter=Phonetics for phonology

|year=1984

|title=Welsh Phonology

|place=Cardiff

|publisher=University of Wales Press

|isbn=978-0-7083-0861-5

}}

{{citation

|doi=10.2307/415477

|last1=Campbell

|first1=Lyle

|last2=Kaufman

|first2=Terrence

|last3=Smith-Stark

|first3=Thomas C

|year=1986

|title=Meso-America as a linguistic area

|journal=Language

|volume=62

|issue=3

|pages=530–570

|jstor=415477

}}

{{citation

|last=Cruttenden

|first=Alan

|year=2014

|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English

|publisher=Routledge

|edition=8th

|isbn=9781444183092

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2nMAgAAQBAJ

}}

{{citation

|last=Firestone

|first=Homer L.

|year=1965

|chapter=Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language.

|title=Janua linguarum, Series Practica

|issue=16

|place=London

|publisher=Mouton & Co

}}

{{citation

|last1=Göksel

|first1=Asli

|last2=Kerslake

|first2=Celia

|year=2005

|title=Turkish: a comprehensive grammar

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0415114943

}}

{{citation

|last1=Gordon

|first1=Matthew J.

|last2=Maddieson

|first2=Ian

|author2-link=Ian Maddieson

|year=1996

|chapter=The phonetics of Paici

|editor-last=Maddieson

|editor-first=Ian

|editor-link=Ian Maddieson

|title=UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV

|chapter-url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/84j8713p

|volume=93

|location=Los Angeles

|publisher=The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group

|pages=111–124

}}

{{citation

|last1=Hargus

|first1=Sharon

|last2=Beavert

|first2=Virginia

|year=2002

|title=Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin

|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics

|volume=68

|issue=3

|pages=316–340

|doi=10.1086/466492

|s2cid=143594461

}}

{{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=Katrina |title=Handbook of the IPA |last2=Hayward |first2=Richard J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |location=Cambridge |pages=44–51 |chapter=Amharic}}
{{citation

|last=Ido

|first=Shinji

|year=2014

|title=Bukharan Tajik

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=44

|issue=1

|pages=87–102

|doi=10.1017/S002510031300011X

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Iivonen

|first1=Antti

|last2=Harnud

|first2=Huhe

|year=2005

|title=Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=35

|issue=1

|pages=59–71

|doi=10.1017/S002510030500191X

|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024

|s2cid=145733117

}}

{{citation

|last=Jassem

|first=Wiktor

|year=2003

|title=Polish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=1

|pages=103–107

|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001191

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Jones

|first1=Daniel

|last2=Ward

|first2=Dennis

|year=1969

|title=The Phonetics of Russian

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

{{citation

|last=Keane

|first=Elinor

|year=2004

|title=Tamil

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=1

|pages=111–116

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|author-last=Khan

|author-first=Celadet Bedir

|author2-last=Lescot

|author2-first=Roger

|author-link=Celadet Bedir Khan

|title=Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji)

|year=1970

|publisher=La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve

|location=Paris

|access-date=28 October 2017

|url=http://tirsik.net/danegeh/pirtuk/celadet_ali_bedirxan/Grammaire%20kurde%20(Dialecte%20kurmandji).pdf

}}

{{Cite journal

|last1=Kılıç

|first1=Mehmet Akif

|last2=Öğüt

|first2=Fatih

|year=2004

|title=A high unrounded vowel in Turkish: is it a central or back vowel?

|url=http://dilbilimi.net/kilic_ogut_a_high_unrounded_vowel.pdf

|journal=Speech Communication

|volume=43

|issue=1–2

|pages=143–154

|doi=10.1016/j.specom.2004.03.001

}}

{{citation

|last1=Kruspe

|first1=Nicole

|last2=Hajek

|first2=John

|year=2009

|title=Mah Meri

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=39

|issue=2

|pages=241–248

|doi=10.1017/S0025100309003946

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Lass

|first=Roger

|chapter=South African English

|editor-last=Mesthrie

|editor-first=Rajend

|year=2002

|title=Language in South Africa

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=9780521791052

}}

{{citation

|last=Lodge

|first=Ken

|year=2009

|title=A Critical Introduction to Phonetics

|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group

|isbn=978-0-8264-8873-2

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_nVT_qNvbusC

}}

{{citation

|last=Merrill

|first=Elizabeth

|year=2008

|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=38

|issue=1

|pages=107–114

|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344

|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024

|url=http://www.balsas-nahuatl.org/mixtec/Christian_articles/Otomanguean/Merrill.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Mott

|first=Brian

|year=2012

|title=Traditional Cockney and popular London speech

|journal=Dialectologia

|volume=9

|pages=69–94

|publisher=RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert)

|issn=2013-2247

|url=http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Dialectologia/article/viewFile/259233/346495

}}

{{citation

|last=Nau

|first=Nicole

|title=A short grammar of Latgalian

|year=2011

|place=Munich

|publisher=Lincom Europa

|isbn=978-3-86288-055-3

}}

{{citation

|last=Ní Chasaide

|first=Ailbhe

|year=1999

|chapter=Irish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

|pages=111–16

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-63751-1

}}

{{citation

|surname=Ó Sé

|given=Diarmuid

|title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne

|place=Dublin

|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann

|year=2000

|isbn=978-0-946452-97-2

|language=Irish

}}

{{citation

|last=Oftedal

|first=Magne

|year=1956

|title=The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis

|publisher=Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap

|url=https://www.alastairmcintosh.com/general/resources/1956-Magne-Oftedal-Leurbost-Gaelic.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Olson

|first=Kenneth S.

|year=2004

|title=Mono

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=233–238

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001744

|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024

|url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/11/37/52/113752932904084361138922206226269471614/Olson2004.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Pearce

|first=Mary

|year=2011

|title=Kera

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=41

|issue=2

|pages=249–258

|doi=10.1017/S0025100311000168

|s2cid=232344047

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last1=Pullum

|first1=Geoffrey K.

|last2=Ladusaw

|first2=William A.

|year=1996

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHb7ug_U_O0C&q=298

|title=Phonetic Symbol Guide

|publisher=University of Chicago Press

|location=Chicago, IL, USA

|isbn=9780226685366

}}

{{citation

|last=Riad

|first=Tomas

|year=2014

|title=The Phonology of Swedish

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-954357-1

}}

{{citation

|last1=Sadowsky

|first1=Scott

|last2=Painequeo

|first2=Héctor

|last3=Salamanca

|first3=Gastón

|last4=Avelino

|first4=Heriberto

|year=2013

|title=Mapudungun

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=87–96

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000369

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Sarlin

|first=Mika

|year=2014

|orig-year=First published 2013

|title=Romanian Grammar

|edition=2nd

|chapter=Sounds of Romanian and their spelling

|place=Helsinki

|publisher=Books on Demand GmbH

|isbn=978-952-286-898-5

|pages=16–37

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKWpBAAAQBAJ

}}

{{citation

|last1=Schuh

|first1=Russell G.

|last2=Yalwa

|first2=Lawan D.

|year=1999

|chapter=Hausa

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association

|pages=90–95

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0

}}

{{citation

|last=Tench

|first=Paul

|year=2007

|title=Tera

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=37

|issue=1

|pages=228–234

|doi=10.1017/s0025100307002952

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Teo

|first=Amos B.

|year=2012

|title=Sumi (Sema)

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=42

|issue=3

|pages=365–373

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000254

|doi-access=free

}}

{{citation

|last=Teo

|first=Amos B.

|year=2014

|title=A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland

|publisher=Asia-Pacific Linguistics

|isbn=978-1-922185-10-5

|location=Canberra

|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/12015/1/Teo%20A%20phonological%20and%20phonetic%20description%20of%20Sumi%202014.pdf

}}

{{citation

|last=Thackston

|first=W.M.

|year=2006a

|title=—Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings

|url=https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf

|access-date=29 October 2017

|archive-date=27 February 2021

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227111912/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}

{{citation

|last=Upton

|first=Clive

|author-link=Clive Upton

|year=2012

|chapter=An evolving standard British English pronunciation model

|title=Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World

|editor-last=Hickey

|editor-first=Raymond

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|pages=55–71

|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139023832.004

|isbn=978-0-521-76389-9

}}

{{citation

|last1=Valenzuela

|first1=Pilar M.

|last2=Márquez Pinedo

|first2=Luis

|last3=Maddieson

|first3=Ian

|year=2001

|title=Shipibo

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=31

|issue=2

|pages=281–285

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342

|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109

|doi-access=free

}}

{{Accents of English|hide1=y|hide2=y}}
{{citation

|last1=Wendel

|first1=Åsa

|last2=Wendel

|first2=Dag

|year=1978

|title=Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement

|journal=Studies in Philippine Linguistics

|volume=2

|issue=1

|pages=191–203

|url=http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_2-1_191-203.pdf

|access-date=2017-03-08

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511225522/http://www-01.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_2-1_191-203.pdf

|archive-date=2015-05-11

|url-status=dead

}}

{{citation

|last1=Zimmer

|first1=Karl

|last2=Orgun

|first2=Orhan

|year=1999

|chapter=Turkish

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-65236-0

|pages=154–158

|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|access-date=2019-01-21

|archive-date=2018-07-25

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111322/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf

|url-status=dead

}}

{{Cite thesis|last=Autuori|first=Joana Dworecka|title=Fonologia e morfossintaxe da língua Sanöma (Yanomami)|date=2019|type=PhD|publisher=University of São Paulo|doi=10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-18122019-164856|doi-access=free|language=pt-BR}}
{{citation|title=O sistema fonológico das vogais orais na língua indígena Aikanã|doi=10.15210/RLE.V23I4.18288|journal=Linguagem e Ensino|first=Patrícia Goulart|last=Tondineli|volume=23|issue=4|year=2020|pages=900–917 |language=pt-BR|doi-access=free}}
{{Cite thesis|first=Rogério Vicente|last=Ferreira|title=Língua Matis (Pano): Uma descrição gramatical|publisher=University of Campinas|type=PhD|year=2005|place=Campinas|lang=pt-BR|doi=10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2005.351333|hdl=20.500.12733/1600991|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}

External links

{{phoible|ɨ}}

Category:Close vowels

Category:Central vowels

Category:Unrounded vowels

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \| Acehnese	{{lang\|ace\|tupeue}}	{{IPA\|[tupɨə]}}	'to know'	Asyik{{Citation \|last=Asyik \|first=Abdul Gani \|year=1982 \|title=The agreement system in Acehnese \|journal=Mon-Khmer Studies \|volume=11 \|pages=1–33 \|url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf \|access-date=9 November 2012 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220014334/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf \|archive-date=20 February 2012 }} and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi{{citation \|last=Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi \|first=Awwad Ahmad \|year=2003 \|title=Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account \|journal=Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities \|volume=15 \|pages=9–21 \|url=http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0 \|access-date=2009-03-06 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729034905/http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/594-0403/594-0403-AL-HARBI-0-0 \|archive-date=2009-07-29 \|url-status=dead }} describe this sound as such while Durie[http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf Mid-vowels in Acehnese] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044202/http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf \|date=2010-07-14 }} describes it as closer to {{IPA\|[ɯ]}}
colspan="2" \|Aikanã{{Sfnp\|Tondineli\|2020\|p=914}} \|{{lang\|tba\|tɨi}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈtɨi]}} \|'aunt' \|It also happens as allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}} before {{IPA\|[i]}}.{{Sfnp\|Tondineli\|2020\|p=914}}
colspan="2" \| Amharic{{sfnp\|Hayward\|Hayward\|1999\|p=47}}	{{lang\|am\|ሥር}}/{{transl\|am\|sûr}}	{{IPA\|[sɨ̞r]}}	'root'	Near-close.{{sfnp\|Hayward\|Hayward\|1999\|p=47}}
Angami	Khonoma{{sfnp\|Blankenship\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|Chase\|1993\|p=129}}	{{lang\|njm\|prü}}	{{IPA\|[pɻɨ˨]}}	'hail stone'	The height varies between close {{IPA\|[ɨ]}} and mid {{IPAblink\|ə}}.{{sfnp\|Blankenship\|Ladefoged\|Bhaskararao\|Chase\|1993\|p=129}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə}}.
colspan="2" \|Arhuaco \|{{lang\|arh\|ikʉ}} \|{{IPA\|[ɪk'ɨ]}} \|'Arhuaco language'
Bantawa	Ilam, Nepal	{{lang\|bap-Latn\|küma}}	{{IPA\|[kɨma]}}	'afraid'
Berber	Central Atlas Tamazight{{Harvcoltxt\|Abdel-Massih\|1971\|p=15}}	{{lang\|tzm\|ⵅⴷⵉⵎ}}/{{lang\|tzm-Latn\|khdim}}	{{IPA\|[χdɨ̞m]}}	'to work'	Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants.
rowspan="2" \| Chinese \|Hokkien	{{lang\|nan-Hani\|豬}}/{{transl\|nan\|tir}}	{{IPA\|[tɨ˥]}}	'pig'
Mandarin \|{{lang\|cmn\|十}}/{{transl\|cmn\|Pinyin\|shí}} \|{{IPA\|[ʂɨ˧˥]}} \|'ten' \|
rowspan="6" \| English	Inland Southern American{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=534–535}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|en\|good}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɨ̞d]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'good'	Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʊ}} in other dialects. See English phonology
Southeastern English{{Harvcoltxt\|Lodge\|2009\|p=174}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɪ̈d]}}	May be rounded {{IPAblink\|ʊ̈}} instead; it corresponds to {{IPAblink\|ʊ}} in other dialects. See English phonology
London{{Harvcoltxt\|Altendorf\|Watt\|2004\|pp=188–189}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Mott\|2012\|p=75}}	rowspan="3" \| lip	{{IPA\|[lɪ̈ʔp]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'lip'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}.
South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|pp=113–115}}	{{IPA\|[lɨ̞p]}}	For some speakers it can be equal to {{IPAblink\|ə}}. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with {{IPA\|[ɪ]}} ({{IPAblink\|i}} in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and {{IPA\|[ɨ̞~{{IPAplink\|ə}}]}} elsewhere. See South African English phonology
Southern American{{Harvcoltxt\|Wells\|1982\|p=534}}	{{IPA\|[lɪ̈p]}}	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.
Southeastern English{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=174}}	{{lang\|en\|rude}}	{{IPA\|[ɹɨːd]}}	'rude'	May be rounded {{IPAblink\|ʉː}}, or a diphthong {{IPA\|[ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯]}} instead.
colspan="2" \| Guaraní{{cite web\|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/GuaraniP.html\|title=Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani\|date=2015\|website=South American Phonological Inventory Database\|location=Berkeley\|publisher=University of California}}	{{lang\|gn\|yvy}}	{{IPA\|[ɨʋɨ]}}	'earth'
colspan="2" \| Hausa{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|p=90}}	{{lang\|ha\|cin abinci}}	{{IPA\|[t̠ʃin abɨnt̠ʃi]}} \| 'to eat'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}}.{{sfnp\|Schuh\|Yalwa\|1999\|p=90}}
rowspan="3" \| Irish		{{lang\|ga\|goirt}}	{{IPA\|[ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ]}}	'salty'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}} between broad consonants. See Irish phonology
Munster{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}} \|{{lang\|ga\|caora}} \|{{IPA\|[kɨːɾˠə]}} \|'sheep' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}} between broad consonants.{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}} See Irish phonology
Ulster{{Harvcoltxt\|Ní Chasaide\|1999\|p=114}}	saol	[sɨl]	'life'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɪ/}}. Near-close.
colspan="2" \| Kalagan{{sfnp\|Wendel\|Wendel\|1978\|p=198}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[pɨˈnɨt̪]}}	'beard'
colspan="2" \| Kashmiri{{cite web\|title=Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription\|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/transcription.html\|access-date=16 January 2016}}	{{lang\|ks\|ژٕنُن}}/{{transl\|ks\|cûnun}}	{{IPA\|[t͡sɨnʊn]}}	'peach'
colspan="2" \| Kera{{sfnp\|Pearce\|2011\|p=251}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r]}}	'knee'
colspan="2" \| Khmer	{{lang\|km\|គិត}}/{{transliteration\|km\|kīt}}	{{IPA\|[kɨt]}}	'to think'	See Khmer phonology
Kurdish{{sfnp\|Thackston\|2006a\|p=1}}{{sfnp\|Khan\|Lescot\|1970\|pp=8-16}} \|Palewani (Southern) \|{{lang\|ku-Arab\|کرماشان}}/{{lang\|ku-Latn\|kirmaşan}} \|{{IPA\|[cʰɨɾmäːʃäːn]}} \|'kermanshah' \|Equal to Kurmanji and Sorani {{IPAblink\|ɪ}}. See Kurdish phonology
colspan="2" \| Latgalian{{sfnp\|Nau\|2011\|pp=9–10}}	{{lang\|ltg\|dyžan}}	{{IPA\|[ˈd̪ɨʒän̪]}}	'very much'	See Latgalian phonology
colspan="2" \| Mah Meri{{sfnp\|Kruspe\|Hajek\|2009\|p=244}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚]}}	'to be drunk'
Malay \|Kelantan-Pattani \|{{lang\|mfa-Latn\|ngecat}} \|{{IPA\|[ŋɨ.caʔ]}} \|'to paint' \|See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
colspan="2" \| Mapudungun{{Harvcoltxt\|Sadowsky\|Painequeo\|Salamanca\|Avelino\|2013\|p=92}}	{{lang\|arn\|müṉa}}	{{IPA\|[mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝]}}	'male cousin on father's side'	Unstressed allophone of {{IPA\|/ɘ/}}.
colspan="2" \| Mongolian{{sfnp\|Iivonen\|Harnud\|2005\|pp=62, 66–67}}	{{lang\|mn-Cyrl\|хүчир}}/{{transl\|mn\|hučir}}	{{IPA\|[xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆]}}	'difficult'
colspan="2" \|Matis{{Sfnp\|Ferreira\|2005\|p=37}} \| colspan="2" align="center" \|{{IPA\|[kɨˈnɨ]}} \|'wall' \|
colspan="2" \| Mono{{sfnp\|Olson\|2004\|p=235}}	{{lang\|mnh\|dɨ}}	{{IPA\|[dɨ]}}	'count'
colspan="2" \| Mpade{{sfnp\|Allison\|2006}}	{{lang\|mpi\|sɨm}}	{{IPA\|[sɨm]}}	'to eat'
colspan="2" \| Paicî{{sfnp\|Gordon\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=118}}	{{example needed\|date=April 2017}}			May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɯ}}.
colspan="2" \| Romanian{{sfnp\|Sarlin\|2014\|p=18}}	{{lang\|ro\|înot}}	{{IPA\|[ɨˈn̪o̞t̪]}}	'I swim'	See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|pp=33, 38}}	{{lang\|ru\|ты}}/{{transl\|ru\|ty}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-ты.ogg\|[t̪ɨ]\|help=no}}	'you' (singular/informal)	Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. Near-close when unstressed.{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|pp=33, 38}} See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Sahaptin{{sfnp\|Hargus\|Beavert\|2002}}	align="center" \| kʼsit \|{{IPA\|[kʼsɨt]}} \| 'cold'	Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent
colspan="2" \|Sanumá{{Sfnp\|Autuori\|2019\|p=45}} \|colspan="2" align="center" \|{{IPA\|[taˈaɨ]}} \|'to see' \|The nasal version {{IPA\|[ɨ̃]}} also occurs.{{Sfnp\|Autuori\|2019\|p=\|pp=45, 47}}
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis{{sfnp\|Oftedal\|1956\|p=80}}	{{lang\|gd\|tuilleadh}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ʰɨʎəɣ]}}	'more'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɯ/}} when short and in proximity to slender consonants.
colspan="2" \| Shipibo{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=283}}	{{lang\|shp\|tenaitianronki}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞]}}	{{fix\|text=translation needed\|date=January 2016}}	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/ɯ/}} after coronal consonants.{{sfnp\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=283}}
colspan="2" \| Sirionó{{sfnp\|Firestone\|1965\|p=?}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[eˈsɨ]}}	'dry wood'
colspan="2" \| Sundanese	{{lang\|su\|anjeun}}	{{IPA\|[and͡ʒɨn]}}	'you'	Occasionally, sometimes as {{IPA\|[ɯ]}}, {{IPA\|[ɤ]}} or {{IPA\|[ɘ]}} by younger speakers.
colspan="2" \| Sümi{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}}	{{lang\|nsm\|sü}}	{{IPA\|[ʃɨ̀]}}	'to hurt'	Described variously as close {{IPA\|[ɨ]}}{{sfnp\|Teo\|2014\|p=28}} and near-close {{IPA\|[ɨ̞]}}.{{sfnp\|Teo\|2012\|p=368}}
rowspan="2" \| Swedish	Bohuslän{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=21}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|sv\|bli}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[blɨᶻː]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to become'	rowspan="2" \| A fricated vowel that corresponds to {{IPAblink\|iː}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=21}} See Swedish phonology
Närke{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=21}}
Tajik	Bukharan{{sfnp\|Ido\|2014\|p=91}}	{{lang\|tg-Latn\|cižciž}} {{lang\|tg-Cyrl\|ғижғиж}}	{{IPA\|[ʁɨʑʁɨʑ]}}	'the sound of wood sawing'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/i/}} in the environment of uvular consonants.{{sfnp\|Ido\|2014\|p=91}}
colspan="2" \| Tamil{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}}	vály {{lang\|ta\|(வால்}})	{{IPA\|[väːlɨ]}}	'tail'	Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded {{IPAblink\|ʉ}} instead.{{sfnp\|Keane\|2004\|p=114}} See Tamil phonology
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \| Tera{{sfnp\|Tench\|2007\|p=230}}	{{lang\|ttr\|zu̱}}	{{IPA\|[zɨ]}}	'said'
{{lang\|ttr\|vu̱r}}	{{IPA\|[vɨ̞r]}}	'to give'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɨ/}} in closed syllables.{{Harvcoltxt\|Tench\|2007\|p=231}}
colspan="2" \|Tsou{{Cite book \|last1=張 \|first1=永利 \|title=南島語言叢書⑦ 鄒語語法概論 \|last2=潘 \|first2=家榮 \|publisher=Council of Indigenous Peoples \|year=2018 \|isbn=9789860556889 \|edition=2nd \|location=New Taipei \|pages=5–14 \|language=zh}} \|{{lang\|tsu\|hahocngx}}, {{lang\|tsu\|hahocngʉ}} \|{{IPA\|[ha.ˈho.t͡sŋɨ]}} \|'man' \|{{IPA\|/ɨ/}}, with free variant {{IPA\|[ʉ]}}. Used to be written as {{angbr\|ʉ}}, but changed to {{angbr\|x}} for more convenient typing.
colspan="2" \|Tupi \|{{lang\|tpn\|ybytyra}} \|{{IPA\|[ɨβɨ'tɨɾa]}} \|'mountain' \|See Tupian Phonology
rowspan="2" \| Turkish	Standard{{Harvcoltxt\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}	{{lang\|tr\|sığ}}	{{IPA\|[sɨː]}}	'shallow'	Also described as close back {{IPAblink\|ɯ}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}} and near-close near-back {{IPAblink\|ɯ̽}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Kılıç\|Öğüt\|2004}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɯ}}. See Turkish phonology
\| Balkans{{cite web\|last1=Dombrowski\|first1=Andrew\|title=Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish\|url=https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/ExtendedAbs/article/viewFile/531/442}}	{{example needed\|date=December 2018}}			Word-final merger of standard Turkish sounds {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/ɯ/}}, shift of {{IPA\|/y/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} into single phoneme due to interactions caused by Balkan sprachbund. Dombrowski transcribes this phoneme as {{IPA\|/i/}}.
colspan="2" \| Udmurt{{sfnp\|Iivonen\|Harnud\|2005\|pp=64, 68}}	{{lang\|udm-Latn\|yrgete}}/{{lang\|udm-Cyrl\|ыргетэ}}{{Citation\|url=http://dict.marlamuter.ru/index.php/term/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C,%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B.xhtml\|trans-title=Udmurt-Russian dictionary\|script-title=ru:ургетыны\|language=ru}}	{{IPA\|[ɨrɡete]}}	'it growls'
colspan="2" \|Vietnamese{{Cite dictionary \|title=bưng\|url=https://vdict.com/b%C6%B0ng,2,0,0.html\|access-date=2024-03-30\|dictionary=VDict\|language=en \|editor1=Ly Dinh Thuan \|editor2=Tran Thanh Nga \|editor3=Nguyen Cong Chinh}} \|{{lang\|vi\|bưng}} \|{{IPA\|[ʔɓɨŋ˧˧]}} \|'to carry' \|
colspan="2" \|Wayuu \|{{lang\|guc\|paanüküin}} \|{{IPA\|[pa:nɨkɨinː]}} \|'your mouth' \|
rowspan="2" \| Welsh	rowspan="2" \| Northern dialects{{sfnp\|Ball\|1984\|p=?}}	{{lang\|cy\|llun}}	{{IPA\|[ɬɨːn]}}	'picture'	rowspan="2" \| Close when long, near-close when short.{{sfnp\|Ball\|1984\|p=?}} Merges with {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology
pump	{{IPA\|[pɨ̞mp]}}	'five'
colspan="2" \| Yaeyama	{{lang\|rys\|pïtu}}	{{IPA\|[pɨtu]}}	'person'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan{{sfnp\|Merrill\|2008\|p=109}}	{{lang\|zts\|nɨ}}	{{IPA\|[nɨ]}}	'be sour'

Close central unrounded vowel

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links