De facto embassy#Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

[[File:Two Chinas.svg|thumb|250px|Diplomatic relations between world states and the Republic of China today

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{{legend|#0052ff|Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan)}}

{{legend|#FF4500|People's Republic of China (PRC, Mainland China)}}

{{legend|#E5A238|Countries recognizing PRC only, having no relation with ROC}}{{legend|#cdcd9c|Countries recognizing PRC only, but keeping an informal relation, or set the de facto embassy mutually with MFA of ROC or legislated significant series of laws}}

{{legend|#5fadff|Countries recognizing Government of ROC only}}

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{{Main|Foreign relations of Taiwan|Cross-Strait relations|Taiwan issue}}

{{See also|Taiwan Relations Act|Taiwan Travel Act}}

{{Main list|List of diplomatic missions in Taiwan}}

Many countries maintain formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China but operate unofficial "trade missions" or "representative offices" in Taipei to deal with Taiwan-related commercial and consular issues. Often, these delegations may forward visa applications to their nearest embassy or consulate rather than processing them locally.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616133351/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF14Ad01.html De facto embassies in Taipei folding the flag], Asia Times, 14 June 2011

When the United States recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate entity of "China" in 1979, it established a non-governmental body known as the American Institute in Taiwan to serve its interests on the island. By contrast, other countries were represented by privately operated bodies; the United Kingdom was informally represented by the "Anglo-Taiwan Trade Committee", while France was similarly represented by a "Trade Office".[https://books.google.com/books?id=UdsBUEQa6qIC&dq=%22Anglo-Taiwan+Trade+Committee%22+1976+visa&pg=PA157 Privatising the State] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124558/https://books.google.com/books?id=UdsBUEQa6qIC&dq=%22Anglo-Taiwan+Trade+Committee%22+1976+visa&pg=PA157 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Béatrice Hibou, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004, pages 157–158

File:Sign stone of Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association 20190901.jpg in Taipei.]]

These were later renamed the "British Trade and Cultural Office" and "French Institute" respectively, and, were headed by career diplomats on secondment, rather than being operated by chambers of commerce or trade departments.

France now maintains a "French Office in Taipei", with cultural, consular and economic sections,{{Cite web |url=http://www.france-taipei.org/ |title=La France à Taiwan |access-date=30 January 2016 |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102070424/https://france-taipei.org/ |url-status=live }} while the "British Office"{{Cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/world/taiwan |title=British Office |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203050935/https://www.gov.uk/government/world/taiwan |url-status=live }} and German Institute Taipei{{Cite web |url=https://taipei.diplo.de/tw-en |title=German Institute Taipei |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=18 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318113935/https://taipei.diplo.de/tw-en |url-status=live }} perform similar functions on behalf of the United Kingdom and Germany.

Other countries which have broken off diplomatic relations with Taiwan also established de facto missions. In 1972, Japan established the "Interchange Association, Japan" (renamed the "Japan-Taiwan Exchange Association" in 2017),{{cite news|last1=Chang|first1=Mao-sen|title=Foreign ministry supports name change|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/12/29/2003662107|access-date=29 December 2016|work=Taipei Times|date=29 December 2016|archive-date=29 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032243/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/12/29/2003662107|url-status=live}} headed by personnel "on leave" from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[https://books.google.com/books?id=s6KaAAAAIAAJ&dq=Interchange+Association%2C+Japan+1972&pg=PA125 The International Energy Relations of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124540/https://books.google.com/books?id=s6KaAAAAIAAJ&dq=Interchange+Association,+Japan+1972&pg=PA125 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Kim Woodard

Stanford University Press, 1980, page 125 This became known as the "Japanese formula", and would be adopted by other countries like the Philippines in 1975, which established the "Asian Exchange Center", replacing its former embassy. This was renamed the "Manila Economic and Cultural Office" in 1989.

Australia ended formal diplomatic relations in 1972, but did not establish an "Australian Commerce and Industry Office" until 1981.[https://books.google.com/books?id=9UKL7t8BAGYC&pg=PA244 The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate: 1962–1983], Ann Millar, UNSW Press, 2000, page 244 This was under control of the Australian Chamber of Commerce.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YNGzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22australian+commerce+and+industry+office%22+taipei+market Prospects for Australian Seafood Exports: A Case Study of the Taiwanese Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124557/https://books.google.com/books?id=YNGzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22australian+commerce+and+industry+office%22+taipei+market |date=30 March 2023 }}, Malcolm Tull

Asia Research Centre on Social, Political, and Economic Change, Murdoch University, 1993, page 10 It was renamed the "Australian Office in Taipei" in 2012.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/print/2012/05/30/2003534092 Australian office renamed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508010707/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/print/2012/05/30/2003534092 |date=8 May 2019 }}, Taipei Times, 30 May 2012 By contrast, New Zealand, which also ended formal diplomatic relations in 1972, did not establish the "New Zealand Commerce and Industry Office" in Taipei until 1989.[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yu6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22New+Zealand+Commerce+and+Industry+Office%22+taipei+1990 Republic of China Yearbook Taiwan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115443/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Yu6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22New+Zealand+Commerce+and+Industry+Office%22+taipei+1990 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1989, page 227

South Korea, which broke off diplomatic relations with Taiwan in 1992, has been represented by the "Korean Mission in Taipei" since 1993.[http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=14674&CtNode=122 Seoul tries to mend Taipei tie] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042046/http://www.taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=14674&CtNode=122 |date=7 March 2016 }}, Taiwan Today, 8 November 1996 South Africa, which ended diplomatic ties in 1998, is represented by the "Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa".{{Cite web |url=http://www.southafrica.org.tw/ |title=Liaison Office of the Republic of South Africa |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419054832/http://www.southafrica.org.tw/ |url-status=live }}

India, which has always had diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, established an "India–Taipei Association" in 1995, which is also authorised to provide consular and passport services.{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.org.tw/about_history_en.aspx |title=About Us – India-Taipei Association |access-date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107082944/http://www.india.org.tw/about_history_en.aspx |archive-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}

Singapore, despite close ties with Taiwan, did not establish formal diplomatic relations, although it was the last ASEAN country to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, in 1990.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ASVwAAAAMAAJ&q=upgrade Contemporary Southeast Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115455/https://books.google.com/books?id=ASVwAAAAMAAJ&q=upgrade |date=11 April 2023 }}, Volumes 7–8, Singapore University Press, 1985, page 215 Consequently, it only established a "Trade Representative Office" in Taipei in 1979, renamed the "Singapore Trade Office in Taipei" in 1990.[https://books.google.com/books?id=goN0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Trade+Representative+Office%22 American Journal of Chinese Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115450/https://books.google.com/books?id=goN0AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Trade+Representative+Office%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Volumes 3–4, American Association for Chinese Studies, 1996, page 170

{{Main|Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office}}

{{Main list|List of diplomatic missions of Taiwan}}

Similarly, Taiwan maintains "representative offices" in other countries, which handle visa applications as well as relations with local authorities.[http://www.taiwanembassy.org/uk/ct.asp?xItem=17827&ctNode=945&mp=132 Visa Requirements for the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208070927/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/uk/ct.asp?xItem=17827&ctNode=945&mp=132 |date=8 December 2013 }}, Taipei Representative Office in the U.K., 1 July 2011 These establishments use the term "Taipei" instead of "Taiwan" or "Republic of China" since the term "Taipei" avoids implying that Taiwan is a separate country from China or that there are "Two Chinas", both of which would cause difficulties for their host countries.

File:Trouk.jpg]]

In 2007, for example, the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern, confirmed that Ireland recognised the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China, and that while the Taipei Representative Office in Dublin had a representative function in relation to economic and cultural promotion, it had no diplomatic or political status.[http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail2007020800069 Written Answers – Diplomatic Relations.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724003924/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/DebatesWebPack.nsf/takes/dail2007020800069 |date=24 July 2017 }} Thursday, 8 February 2007 {{lang|ga|Dáil Éireann|italic=no}} (Ref No: 3911/07)

Before the 1990s, the names of these offices would vary considerably from country to country. For example, in the United States, Taipei's mission was known as the "Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (CCNAA),[http://www.cftc.gov/files/foia/repfoia/foirf0502b010.pdf Memorandum of Understanding between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs on the Exchange of Information Concerning Commodity Futures and Options Matters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010211/http://www.cftc.gov/files/foia/repfoia/foirf0502b010.pdf |date=21 December 2016 }}, Signed at Arlington, Virginia this 11th day of January 1993 in Japan as the "Association of East Asian Relations" (AEAR),[https://books.google.com/books?id=3YgR77AzwuEC&pg=PA24 International Law of Recognition and the Status of the Republic of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115443/https://books.google.com/books?id=3YgR77AzwuEC&pg=PA24 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Hungdah Chiu, in The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners, Steven W. Mosher Transaction Publishers, 1992, page 24 in the Philippines as the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" and in the United Kingdom as the "Free Chinese Centre".[https://books.google.com/books?id=wXpwXvjAAkYC&pg=PA39 The Cold War's Odd Couple: The Unintended Partnership Between the Republic of China and the UK, 1950–1958] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115640/https://books.google.com/books?id=wXpwXvjAAkYC&pg=PA39 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Steven Tsang, I.B.Tauris, 2006, page 39

However, in May 1992, the AEAR offices in Japan became Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices,[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ksYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Association+of+East+Asian+Relations%22+1992 Republic of China Yearbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411114959/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ksYAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Association+of+East+Asian+Relations%22+1992 |date=11 April 2023 }} Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1998, 145 as did the "Free Chinese Centre" in London.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203004046/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/foreign-affairs/2013/04/10/375637/Former-diplomats.htm Former diplomats to Great Britain remember Thatcher], The China Post, 10 April 2013 In September 1994, the Clinton Administration announced that the CCNAA office in Washington could similarly be called the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office.[https://books.google.com/books?id=hdTMuHG2hXcC&pg=PA31 Taiwan's Relations with Mainland China: A Tail Wagging Two Dogs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115449/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdTMuHG2hXcC&pg=PA31 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Chi Su Routledge, 2008, page 31

Earlier in 1989, the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" in Manila became the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines".[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFxxAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Taipei+Economic+and+Cultural+Office%22 Ensuring Interests: Dynamics of China-Taiwan Relations and Southeast Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010956/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wFxxAAAAMAAJ&dq=Pacific+Economic+and+Cultural+Center+in+Manila+renamed+Taipei+Economic+and+Cultural+Office+1989&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Taipei+Economic+and+Cultural+Office%22 |date=2 February 2017 }}, Khai Leong Ho, Guozhong He, Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, 2006, page 25 In 1991, the "Taiwan Marketing Service" office in Canberra, Australia, established in 1988, also became a "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office", along with the "Far East Trading Company" offices in Sydney and Melbourne.[https://books.google.com/books?id=esT-P4oEkrUC&pg=PA33 Australia and China: Partners in Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115450/https://books.google.com/books?id=esT-P4oEkrUC&pg=PA33 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Colin Mackerras, Macmillan Education, 1996, page 33

Other names are still used elsewhere; for example, Taiwan's mission in Moscow is formally known as the "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei–Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission",{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=C527413F7300192A |title=Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei–Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822052341/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=C527413F7300192A |url-status=dead }} the mission in New Delhi is known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Center",[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128705 MoU between India-Taipei Association (ITA) in Taipei and Taipei Economic and Cultural Center (TECC) in India on cooperation in the field of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205000108/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128705 |date=5 February 2016 }}, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Cabinet, 14 October 2015 while the mission in Pretoria is known as the "Taipei Liaison Office".{{Cite web |url=http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ZA/mp.asp?mp=402 |title=Taipei Liaison Office in the RSA |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310015737/http://www.roc-taiwan.org/ZA/mp.asp?mp=402 |url-status=live }}

In Papua New Guinea and Fiji, the Taiwanese missions are known as the "Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Papua New Guinea"{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=4ACFA38B877F185F |title=Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Papua New Guinea |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153226/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=4ACFA38B877F185F |url-status=dead }} and "Trade Mission of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to the Republic of Fiji"{{Cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=5B78EEBCE18CBE9F |title=Trade Mission of the Republic of China to the Republic of Fiji |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153223/http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/OverseasOffice_Detail.aspx?s=5B78EEBCE18CBE9F |url-status=dead }} respectively, despite both countries having diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The Taipei Representative Office in Singapore was similarly known as the "Trade Mission of the Republic of China" until 1990.

In addition, Taiwan maintains "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" in Hong Kong and Macau, both Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China. Previously, Taiwan was represented in Hong Kong by the "Chung Hwa Travel Service", established in 1966.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2011/07/17/2003508415 Is name change a game changer?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222005/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2011/07/17/2003508415 |date=3 March 2016 }}, Taipei Times, 17 July 2011 In Macau, it was represented by the "Taipei Trade and Tourism Office", established in 1989 and renamed the "Taipei Trade and Cultural Office" in 1999.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2002/01/07/0000118919 Macao allows Taipei office to issue visas to Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203143153/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/local/archives/2002/01/07/0000118919 |date=3 February 2016 }}, Taipei Times, 7 January 2002 In May 2011, the "Chung Hwa Travel Service" was renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong, and in May 2012, the "Taipei Trade and Cultural Office" became the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau.[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan-relations/2012/05/14/341018/Macau-representative.htm Macau representative office in Taiwan opens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405185318/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/china-taiwan-relations/2012/05/14/341018/Macau-representative.htm |date=5 April 2015 }} The China Post, 14 May 2012

Relations between Taiwan and China are conducted through two quasi-official organisations, the Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) in Taipei, and the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) in Beijing.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Oq-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 Human rights as identities: difference and discrimination in Taiwan's China policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411125520/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oq-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Shih Chih-Yu in Debating Human Rights: Critical Essays from the United States and Asia, Peter Van Ness (ed.), Routledge, 2003, page 153 In 2012, the two organisations' chairmen, Lin Join-sane and Chen Yunlin announced talks on opening reciprocal representative offices, but did not commit to a timetable or reach an agreement.[http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=197582&ctNode=2175 SEF, ARATS push for reciprocal rep offices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173821/http://taiwantoday.tw/ct.asp?xItem=197582&ctNode=2175 |date=2 March 2016 }}, Taiwan Today, 17 October 2012 In 2013, President Ma Ying-jeou outlined plans to establish three SEF representative offices in China, with the ARATS establishing representative offices in Taiwan.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/04/24/2003560582 Ma defends cross-strait offices proposal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203194659/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/04/24/2003560582 |date=3 February 2016 }}, Taipei Times, 24 April 2013 The opposition Democratic Progressive Party expressed fears that China could use the offices as a channel for intelligence gathering in Taiwan, while China expressed concerns that they could be used as possible gathering areas for student demonstrators.[http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2015/05/19/436365/PRC-has.htm PRC has qualms over representative offices: Ma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203041945/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2015/05/19/436365/PRC-has.htm |date=3 February 2016 }} The China Post, 19 May 2015

{{See also|Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office}}

[[File:Hong Kong missions.png|thumb|right|314px|Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices certified by the local government

{{legend|#008000|Countries hosting one or more offices}}

██ Bangkok office and covered countries

██ Berlin office and covered countries

██ Brussels office and covered countries

██ Jakarta office and covered countries

██ London office and covered countries

██ Singapore office and covered countries

██ Sydney office and covered countries]]

Due to Hong Kong's status as a Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices enjoy some privileges and immunities equivalent to those of a diplomatic mission under legislation passed by host countries such as the United Kingdom,{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/63/schedule |title=The Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Act 1996 |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325013045/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/63/schedule |url-status=live }} Canada[https://archive.today/20120710103917/http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/SOR-96-207/index.html Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Privileges and Immunities Order] and Australia.{{Cite web |url=http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/F1997B01641 |title=Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office (Privileges and Immunities) Regulations 1996 |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212521/http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/F1997B01641 |url-status=live }} Under British administration, they were known as Hong Kong Government Offices, and were headed by a Commissioner.[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/vo961125/text/61125-04.htm Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office Bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924170428/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/vo961125/text/61125-04.htm |date=24 September 2022 }}, Hansard, 25 November 1996[https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letter-hong-kongs-road-to-democracy-1597713.html LETTER: Hong Kong's road to democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826034015/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/letter-hong-kongs-road-to-democracy-1597713.html |date=26 August 2017 }}, The Independent, 23 August 1995

Similarly, foreign diplomatic missions there function independently of their embassies in Beijing, reporting directly to their foreign ministries.{{cite press release |title=Christopher J. Marut Appointed as Director of the Taipei Office of the American Institute in Taiwan |url=http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1224.html |publisher=American Institute in Taiwan |date=8 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002648/http://www.ait.org.tw/en/pressrelease-pr1224.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/about-a_propos/oig-big/2010/HongKong.aspx?lang=eng |title=Inspection of The Canadian Consulate General Hong Kong |access-date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224173941/http://www.international.gc.ca/about-a_propos/oig-big/2010/HongKong.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=dead }} For example, the United States Consulate General reports to the Department of State with the Consul General as the "Chief of Mission".{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/m/dghr/cm |title=Chiefs of Mission |date=8 September 2004 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115451/https://2001-2009.state.gov/m/dghr/cm/index.htm |url-status=live }}

{{gallery | width = 202 | height = 120

|File:HKETO-London.JPG | Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office in London

|File:HK US Consulate General.jpg | Consulate-General of the United States in Hong Kong

|File:HK British Consulate Justice Drive 1.JPG | British Consulate General in Hong Kong

}}

{{Clear}}

When Hong Kong was under British administration, diplomatic missions of Commonwealth countries, such as Australia,[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19820818&id=ToZWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ueYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2063,5976865 Australian Commission Office Requirements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506121641/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19820818&id=ToZWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ueYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2063,5976865 |date=6 May 2016 }}, Sydney Morning Herald, 18 August 1982 Bangladesh[https://books.google.com/books?id=PJKZAAAAIAAJ&q=%22bangladesh+commission%22++ Business Directory of Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124547/https://books.google.com/books?id=PJKZAAAAIAAJ&q=%22bangladesh+commission%22++ |date=30 March 2023 }}, Current Publications Company, 1988, page 797 Canada,[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-09-17-mn-783-story.html 2 China Dissidents Granted Asylum, Fly to Vancouver], Los Angeles Times, 17 September 1992 India,[http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/02/hong-kong-indians-in-limbo-as-1997-hand-over-date-draws-nearer/ Indians in Limbo as 1997 Hand-over Date Draws Nearer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926085714/http://www.ipsnews.net/1996/02/hong-kong-indians-in-limbo-as-1997-hand-over-date-draws-nearer/ |date=26 September 2020 }}, Inter Press Service, 12 February 1996 Malaysia,[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19840703&id=BKRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6o8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4121,289392 Officials puzzled by Malaysian decision] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814183452/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=19840703&id=BKRUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6o8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4121,289392 |date=14 August 2021 }}, New Straits Times, 3 July 1984 New Zealand[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10374547 NZer's credibility under fire in Hong Kong court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805184324/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10374547 |date=5 August 2020 }}, New Zealand Herald, 27 March 2006 Nigeria[https://books.google.com/books?id=AWG2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22nigerian+commission%22+%22hong+kong%22 Asia, Inc: The Region's Business Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124549/https://books.google.com/books?id=AWG2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22nigerian+commission%22+%22hong+kong%22 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Volume 4, Manager International Company, 1996 and Singapore[https://www.chicagotribune.com/1989/07/12/singapore-lure-stirs-crowds-in-hong-kong/ Singapore Lure Stirs Crowds In Hong Kong], Chicago Tribune, 12 July 1989 maintained Commissions. However, the Australian Commission was renamed the consulate-general in 1986.[https://books.google.com/books?id=nMZmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Australian+Commission%22+ Australian Foreign Affairs Record] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124549/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMZmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Australian+Commission%22+ |date=30 March 2023 }}, Volume 56, Issues 7-12, Australian Government Public Service, 1985, page 1153 Following the transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, the remaining Commissions were renamed Consulates-General.{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/hong_kong/about_the_consulate_general.html |title=About the Consulate-General |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029161528/http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/hong_kong/about_the_consulate_general.html |url-status=live }} with the last commissioner becoming consul-general.[http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb28_malaysia.html In the swing of things] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023121518/http://www.embassymagazine.com/Biog/biog_countries/biog_emb28_malaysia.html |date=23 October 2015 }}, Embassy Magazine, September 2010

{{See also|Consular missions in Hong Kong}}

Macau, also a Special Administrative Region, similarly has the right to set up Macao Economic and Trade Offices around the world, which enjoy some privileges and immunities equivalent to those of a diplomatic mission under legislation passed by host countries such as Portugal, Belgium and others.

{{see also|Consular missions in Macau}}

File:Macau missions.png

{{clear left}}

{{gallery | width = 202 | height = 120

| |Macau Office in Beijing

|File:Macao.jpg | Macao Economic and Trade Office in Lisbon

|File:ptmoconsulate.JPG | Consulate General of Portugal in Macau

|File:ConsulatePortugalMacau.jpg | Portuguese Consul General residence

}}

{{Clear}}

{{see also|List of diplomatic missions in Northern Cyprus|List of diplomatic missions of Northern Cyprus}}

File:Northern_Cypriot_Office_London_20060615.jpg

As the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, declared in 1983, is only recognised as an independent state by Turkey, it is represented in other countries by "Representative Offices", most notably in London, Washington, New York, Brussels, Islamabad, Abu Dhabi and Baku.[https://books.google.com/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&dq=trnc+representative+offices+de+facto+embassy&pg=PA163 The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124557/https://books.google.com/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&dq=trnc+representative+offices+de+facto+embassy&pg=PA163 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Daria Isachenko, Palgrave Macmillan, page 163

Prior to the reunification of Germany, West and East Germany were each represented by a "permanent mission" (Ständige Vertretung),{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-berlin-wall.com/videos/west-germanys-permanent-mission-in-east-berlin-635/ |title=History of the Berlin Wall |date=2 May 1974 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821070052/https://www.the-berlin-wall.com/videos/west-germanys-permanent-mission-in-east-berlin-635/ |url-status=live }} in East Berlin and Bonn respectively. These were headed by a "permanent representative", who served as a de facto ambassador.[http://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0908/090859.html East-West German trade up 8 percent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524125441/https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0908/090859.html |date=24 May 2019 }} The Christian Science Monitor, 8 September 1982 The permanent missions were established under Article 8 of the Basic Treaty in 1972.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QaqeNM7rdDMC&pg=PA23 Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1944–1993] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115459/https://books.google.com/books?id=QaqeNM7rdDMC&pg=PA23 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Volker Gransow, Konrad Hugo Jarausch, Berghahn Books, page 23

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-1002-018, Berlin, Abhängen des Schilds der Ständigen Vertretung.jpg

Previously, West Germany had always claimed to represent the whole of Germany, reflected in the Hallstein Doctrine, which prescribed that the Federal Republic would not establish or maintain diplomatic relations with any state that recognised the GDR.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/1989/sep/15/berlinwall.germany The Two Germanies: Rivals struggle for Germany's soul – As worries surface in Bonn about the influx from the East, there are anxieties across Europe about the likely economic and international effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225214039/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1989/sep/15/berlinwall.germany |date=25 February 2017 }}, The Guardian, 15 September 1989 Its opposition even extended to any country (such as India) allowing East Germany to open trade missions on their territory, which Bonn viewed as de facto recognition of the government in East Berlin.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rlkIBXM7yNYC&pg=PA26 Germany's Cold War: The Global Campaign to Isolate East Germany, 1949–1969] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411125626/https://books.google.com/books?id=rlkIBXM7yNYC&pg=PA26 |date=11 April 2023 }}, University of North Carolina Press, 2003, page 26

However, the GDR operated unofficial missions in Western countries, such as Britain, where "KfA Ltd", an agency of the {{lang|de|Kammer für Außenhandel}}, or Department of Foreign Trade of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, was established in 1959.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXIHeNC4pEYC&pg=PA76 Uneasy Allies : British–German Relations and European Integration Since 1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115602/https://books.google.com/books?id=rXIHeNC4pEYC&pg=PA76 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Klaus Larres, Elizabeth Meehan, OUP Oxford, 2000, page 76–77 By the early 1970s, this had begun to function as a de facto East German embassy in London, including diplomats on its staff.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig0ozf-xVpMC&pg=PA13 Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig0ozf-xVpMC&pg=PA13 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Stefan Berger, Norman LaPorte, Berghahn Books, 2010, page 13

After 1973, West Germany no longer asserted an exclusive mandate over the whole of Germany, but still did not consider East Germany to be a "foreign" country. Instead of being conducted through the Foreign Office, relations were conducted through a separate Federal Ministry for Intra-German Relations, known until 1969 as the Federal Ministry of All-German Affairs.[https://books.google.com/books?id=kFTjpT-LZGAC&dq=Federal+Minister+of+All-German+Affairs+1969&pg=PA46 German Politics Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124555/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFTjpT-LZGAC&dq=Federal+Minister+of+All-German+Affairs+1969&pg=PA46 |date=30 March 2023 }} Geoffrey K. Roberts, Manchester University Press, 2000, page 46

In contrast, East Germany did consider West Germany a completely separate country, meaning that while the East German mission in Bonn was accredited to the West German Chancellery, its West German counterpart in East Berlin was accredited to East Germany's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFK7RkdQG14C&pg=PA107 Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115454/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFK7RkdQG14C&pg=PA107 |date=11 April 2023 }}, A. James McAdams

Princeton University Press, 1994, page 107

Following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965, Rhodesia maintained overseas missions in Lisbon and Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) until 1975[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z4tAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=76QMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4898%2C44571 Rhodesians to quit Lisbon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727020846/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z4tAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=76QMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4898%2C44571 |date=27 July 2016 }}, Glasgow Herald, 1 May 1975, page 4 and an "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" in Pretoria.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVt0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22 Sanctions: The Case of Rhodesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124553/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVt0AAAAMAAJ&q=%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Harry R. Strack, Syracuse University Press, 1978, page 52 The Rhodesian Information Office in Washington remained open, but its director, Ken Towsey, and his staff were deprived of their diplomatic status.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ncZaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jmwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5989%2C2265141 Goldberg Back British Stand In U.N. Session] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032508/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ncZaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jmwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5989%2C2265141 |date=8 March 2016 }},Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 13 November 1965 (Following the country's independence as Zimbabwe, Towsey became chargé d'affaires at the new embassy.)[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/26/rhodesias-lobbyist-back-for-mugabe/1adf000e-80d9-40f2-9ec1-a2e720ab8278/ Rhodesia's Lobbyist Back for Mugabe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206213207/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/06/26/rhodesias-lobbyist-back-for-mugabe/1adf000e-80d9-40f2-9ec1-a2e720ab8278/ |date=6 February 2016 }}, The Washington Post, 26 June 1980

File:Flag of Rhodesia (1968–1979).svg

The High Commission in London, known as Rhodesia House, continued to function until it was closed in 1969, following the decision by white Rhodesians in a referendum to make the country a republic. The British Residual Mission in Salisbury was closed at the same time.[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1969/jun/24/rhodesia Rhodesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313012729/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1969/jun/24/rhodesia |date=13 March 2016 }}, Hansard, HC Deb 24 June 1969 vol 785 cc1218-27 Prior to its closure, the mission flew the newly adopted Flag of Rhodesia in a provocative gesture, as the Commonwealth Prime Ministers arrived in London for their Conference.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8qDsBKN_XQ&t=17s SMITH SHOWS THE FLAG] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8qDsBKN_XQ&t=17s |date=30 March 2023 }}, Associated Press Archive, 6 January 1969 This was considered illegal by the Foreign Office, and prompted calls by Labour MP Willie Hamilton, who condemned it as "the flag of an illegal Government in rebellion against the Crown", for its removal.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eH9AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2718%2C414685 M.P. calls for removal of Rhodesian flag in Strand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041235/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eH9AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2718%2C414685 |date=8 March 2016 }}, The Glasgow Herald, 4 January 1969, page 1

In Australia, the federal government sought to close the Rhodesia Information Centre in Sydney.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LsNUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=spADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6314%2C341488 Rhodesia Office Will Be Closed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308034851/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LsNUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=spADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6314%2C341488 |date=8 March 2016 }}, The Age, 3 April 1972 In 1973, the Labor government of Gough Whitlam cut post and telephone links to the centre, but this was ruled illegal by the High Court.[https://books.google.com/books?id=PbriAAAAMAAJ&q=rhodesian+whitlam+high+court Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, Volume 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115651/https://books.google.com/books?id=PbriAAAAMAAJ&q=rhodesian+whitlam+high+court |date=11 April 2023 }}, Colin Legum, Africana Publishing Company, 1974 An office was also established in Paris, but was closed down by the French government in 1977.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xr4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=02kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3922%2C4107566 US Not Closing Rhodesian Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308084342/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xr4gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=02kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3922%2C4107566 |date=8 March 2016 }}, The Lewiston Daily Sun, 27 August 1977, page 8

Similarly, the United States recalled its consul-general from Salisbury, and reduced consular staff,[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=apEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D5gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2570%2C6764188 US To Restrict Sales To Rhodesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308031551/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=apEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D5gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2570%2C6764188 |date=8 March 2016 }}, Reading Eagle, 12 December 1965 but did not move to close its consulate until the declaration of a republic in 1970.[https://books.google.com/books?id=wMPBk25aptwC&dq=%22Rhodesian+Information+Office%22&pg=PA55 The Superpowers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry, 1960–1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408031621/https://books.google.com/books?id=wMPBk25aptwC&dq=%22Rhodesian+Information+Office%22&pg=PA55 |date=8 April 2023 }}, Zaki Laïdi

University of Chicago Press, 1990, page 55 South Africa, however, retained its "Accredited Diplomatic Representative" after the UDI,[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ptWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Accredited+Diplomatic+Representative%22 Foreign Affairs for New States: Some Questions of Credentials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115445/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ptWAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Accredited+Diplomatic+Representative%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Peter John Boyce,

University of Queensland Press, January 1977, page 13 which allowed it to continue to recognise British sovereignty as well as to deal with the de facto authority of the government of Ian Smith.[https://books.google.com/books?id=mb7dE6K6gJoC&dq=salisbury+rhodesia+%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22&pg=PA257 Confrontation and Accommodation in Southern Africa: The Limits of Independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405020437/https://books.google.com/books?id=mb7dE6K6gJoC&dq=salisbury+rhodesia+%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22&pg=PA257 |date=5 April 2023 }}, Kenneth W. Grundy, University of California Press, 1973, page 257

The self-styled "South African Diplomatic Mission" in Salisbury became the only such mission remaining in the country after 1975,[https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&dq=%22South+African+Diplomatic+Mission%22+salisbury&pg=PA141 Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland, and South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115455/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&dq=%22South+African+Diplomatic+Mission%22+salisbury&pg=PA141 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Thomas G. Mitchell

Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, page 141 when Portugal downgraded its mission to consul level,[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVt0AAAAMAAJ&q=portugal+close+consulate+salisbury+rhodesia+1975 Sanctions: The Case of Rhodesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411125506/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVt0AAAAMAAJ&q=portugal+close+consulate+salisbury+rhodesia+1975 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Harry R. Strack, Syracuse University Press, 1978, page 77 having recalled its consul-general from Salisbury in May 1970.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7488%2C4326539 Portugal Severs Key Link With Rhodesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032138/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nIjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MWYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7488%2C4326539 |date=8 March 2016 }}, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 27 April 1970

Bophuthatswana, one of four nominally independent "homelands" created by South Africa under apartheid, was not recognised as an independent state by any other country.[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1988/oct/19/bophuthatswana Bophuthatswana, HC Deb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206071740/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1988/oct/19/bophuthatswana |date=6 February 2016 }}, Hansard, 19 October 1988 vol 138 cc872-3 Consequently, it only had diplomatic relations with Pretoria, which maintained an embassy in Mmabatho, its capital.[http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-02-11/news/8801090054_1_president-lucas-mangope-four-independent-homelands-bophuthatswana-cabinet South Africa Suppresses Coup In Homeland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203144454/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1988-02-11/news/8801090054_1_president-lucas-mangope-four-independent-homelands-bophuthatswana-cabinet |date=3 February 2016 }}, Chicago Tribune, 11 February 1988 However, it established representative offices internationally, including in London[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/toytown-image-hid-apartheid-tyranny-as-white-right-wingers-die-at-the-hands-of-bophuthatswana-forces-1428525.html Toytown image hid apartheid tyranny: As white right-wingers die at the hands of Bophuthatswana forces, Richard Dowden examines the racial purpose of the 'homeland'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203135644/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/toytown-image-hid-apartheid-tyranny-as-white-right-wingers-die-at-the-hands-of-bophuthatswana-forces-1428525.html |date=3 February 2016 }}, The Independent, 12 March 1994 and Tel Aviv.[https://books.google.com/books?id=PHsOCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bophuthatswana+House%22&pg=PA58 Apartheid's "Little Israel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124556/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHsOCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bophuthatswana+House%22&pg=PA58 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Arianna Lissoni, in Apartheid Israel: The Politics of an Analogy, Sean Jacobs, Jon Soske, Haymarket Books, 2015

File:Flag of Bophuthatswana (1972–1994).svg House" in Tel Aviv was the only place outside South Africa to fly the homeland's flag.]]

The opening of "Bophuthatswana House" in Holland Park in London in 1982, attended by the homeland's president, Lucas Mangope, prompted demonstrations by the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and while the British government gave Mangope a special travel document to enter the United Kingdom, it refused to accord the mission diplomatic status.[http://www.aamarchives.org/browse-the-archive/history/file/1080-pic8215-%E2%80%98bophuthatswana-house%E2%80%99-protest.html?tmpl=component&start=60 'Bophuthatswana House' protest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204011511/http://www.aamarchives.org/browse-the-archive/history/file/1080-pic8215-%E2%80%98bophuthatswana-house%E2%80%99-protest.html?tmpl=component&start=60 |date=4 February 2016 }}, Anti-Apartheid Movement Archive

In 1985, a "Bophuthatswana House" was opened in Tel Aviv, in a building on HaYarkon Street next to the British Embassy.[https://apnews.com/7d5875f00b219ffabf7fd5aec3836522 Foreign Ministry opposed to Bophuthatswana office in Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235515/https://apnews.com/7d5875f00b219ffabf7fd5aec3836522 |date=10 August 2018 }}, Associated Press, 5 June 1985 Despite the objections of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the homeland's flag was flown from the building.[https://books.google.com/books?id=5CVeyhyEJ_4C&q=Mangope&pg=PA157 The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124552/https://books.google.com/books?id=5CVeyhyEJ_4C&q=Mangope&pg=PA157 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Sasha Polakow-Suransky, Pantheon Books, New York, 2010, page 157.

Following the end of apartheid and the reincorporation of the homeland into South Africa, the Bophuthatswana government properties were acquired by the new South African government and sold.[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/inside-file-a-des-res-in-trafalgar-square-one-proud-owner-1435342.html Inside File: A des. res. in Trafalgar Square, one proud owner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905221818/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/inside-file-a-des-res-in-trafalgar-square-one-proud-owner-1435342.html |date=5 September 2018 }}, The Independent, 11 May 1994

When Hong Kong was under British administration, China did not establish a consulate in what it considered to be part of its national territory.[http://www.hkjournal.org/archive/2011_fall/5.htm The Long History of United Front Activity in Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129012715/http://hkjournal.org/archive/2011_fall/5.htm |date=29 January 2016 }}, Hong Kong Journal, Cindy Yik-yi Chu, July 2011 However, the Communist government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing, and its predecessor, the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in Nanking established de facto representation in the colony.

While the Nationalist government had negotiated with the British regarding the appointment of a Consul-General in Hong Kong in 1945, it decided against such an appointment, with its representative in the colony, T W Kwok (Kuo Teh-hua) instead being styled "Special Commissioner for Hong Kong".[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSSOAAAAMAAJ&q=consul-general Democracy shelved: Great Britain, China, and attempts at constitutional reform in Hong Kong, 1945–1952] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115504/https://books.google.com/books?id=RSSOAAAAMAAJ&q=consul-general |date=11 April 2023 }}, Steve Yui-Sang Tsang, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 1988, page 28 This was in addition to his role as Nanking's Special Commissioner for Kwangtung and Kwangsi.[https://books.google.com/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&dq=%22Special+Commissioner+for+Hong+Kong%22&pg=PA96 Hegemonies Compared: State Formation and Chinese School Politics in Postwar Singapore and Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115503/https://books.google.com/books?id=IK4dRVtuINIC&dq=%22Special+Commissioner+for+Hong+Kong%22&pg=PA96 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Ting-Hong Wong, Routledge Press, 2002, page 96 Disagreements also arose with the British authorities, with the Governor, Alexander Grantham, opposing an office building for the "Commissioner for Foreign Affairs of the Provinces of Kwangtung and Kuangsi" being erected on the site of the Walled City in Kowloon.[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZu0AQAAQBAJ&dq=kuomintang+hong+kong+consul+1945&pg=PA129 Britain and China 1945–1950: Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series I, Volume 8] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115517/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZu0AQAAQBAJ&dq=kuomintang+hong+kong+consul+1945&pg=PA129 |date=11 April 2023 }}, S.R. Ashton, G. Bennett, K. Hamilton, Routledge, 2013 page 129 In 1950, following British recognition of the People's Republic of China, the office of the Special Commissioner was closed and Kwok withdrawn.[https://books.google.com/books?id=LNNhhpkKJ10C&dq=T+W+Kwok+hong+kong&pg=PA106 Via Ports: From Hong Kong to Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115504/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNNhhpkKJ10C&dq=T+W+Kwok+hong+kong&pg=PA106 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Alexander Grantham, Hong Kong University Press, 2012, page 106

In 1956, the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai requested the opening of a representative office in Hong Kong, but this also was opposed by Grantham, who advised the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd in 1957 that it would a) give "an aura of respectability" to pro-Communist elements, b) have "a deplorable effect" on the morale of Chinese in Hong Kong, c) give the impression to friendly countries that Britain was retreating from the colony, d) that there would be no end to the claims of the Chinese representative as to what constituted his functions, and e) become a target for Kuomintang and other anti-communist activities.[https://books.google.com/books?id=qjIOBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Special+Commissioner+for+Hong+Kong%22&pg=PA275 Government and Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115502/https://books.google.com/books?id=qjIOBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Special+Commissioner+for+Hong+Kong%22&pg=PA275 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Steve Tsang, Hong Kong University Press, 1995, pages 276

Consequently, the People's Republic of China was only represented unofficially in Hong Kong by the Xinhua News Agency Hong Kong Branch, which had been operating in the colony since 1945.[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9gGzWigqpMC&dq=xinhua+news+agency+hong+kong+branch+de+facto&pg=PA46 Hong Kong: China's Challenge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115456/https://books.google.com/books?id=b9gGzWigqpMC&dq=xinhua+news+agency+hong+kong+branch+de+facto&pg=PA46 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Michael B. Yahuda

Psychology Press, 1996, pages 46–47

In addition to being a bona fide news agency, Xinhua also served as cover for the "underground" local branch of the Chinese Communist Party[https://books.google.com/books?id=WIbVCgAAQBAJ&dq=xinhua+de+facto+hong+kong&pg=PA360 China's Political Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115518/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIbVCgAAQBAJ&dq=xinhua+de+facto+hong+kong&pg=PA360 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Wang Gungwu, John Wong World Scientific, 1998, page 360 known as the Hong Kong and Macau Work Committee (HKMWC).[https://books.google.com/books?id=upDNEYtw4uYC&dq=de+facto+embassy+of+the+prc+hong+kong&pg=PA228 Elections and Democracy in Greater China], Larry Diamond, Ramon H. Myers, OUP Oxford, 2001, page 228 It also opened additional district branches on Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories in 1985 to expand its influence.[https://books.google.com/books?id=UncTYB3LhjAC&dq=further+district+branches+on+Hong+Kong+Island%2C+Kowloon+and+the+New+Territories+in+1985&pg=PA155 Public Governance in Asia and the Limits of Electoral Democracy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115546/https://books.google.com/books?id=UncTYB3LhjAC&dq=further+district+branches+on+Hong+Kong+Island%2C+Kowloon+and+the+New+Territories+in+1985&pg=PA155 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Brian Bridges, Lok-sang Ho, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2009, page 155

Despite its unofficial status, the directors of the Xinhua Hong Kong Branch included high-ranking former diplomats such as Zhou Nan, former Ambassador to the United Nations and Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, who later negotiated the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong.[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1533506/poet-diplomat-zhou-nan-takes-aim-occupy-central 'Poet diplomat' Zhou Nan takes aim at Occupy Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022163834/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1533506/poet-diplomat-zhou-nan-takes-aim-occupy-central |date=22 October 2015 }}, South China Morning Post, 16 June 2014 His predecessor, Xu Jiatun, was also vice-chairman of the Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee, before fleeing to the United States in response to the military crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests, where he went into exile.[http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/22/Chinas-ex-proxy-in-Hong-Kong-fired-for-betrayal/7866667198800/ China's ex-proxy in Hong Kong fired for 'betrayal'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510090726/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/02/22/Chinas-ex-proxy-in-Hong-Kong-fired-for-betrayal/7866667198800/ |date=10 May 2017 }}, UPI, 22 February 1991

On 18 January 2000, after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the branch office of Xinhua became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/20/world/in-watching-hong-kong-china-loses-the-shades.html In Watching Hong Kong, China Loses The Shades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724160817/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/20/world/in-watching-hong-kong-china-loses-the-shades.html |date=24 July 2016 }}, The New York Times, 20 February 2000

When Macau was under Portuguese administration, the People's Republic of China was unofficially represented by the Nanguang trading company.[http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3540/1/ulsd_pm_isbn9729679169_MFernandes.pdf Portuguese behavior towards the political transition and the regional integration of Macau in the Pearl River Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105905/http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3540/1/ulsd_pm_isbn9729679169_MFernandes.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}, Moisés Silva Fernandes, in Macau and Its Neighbours in Transition, Rufino Ramos, José Rocha Dinis, D.Y.Yuan, Rex Wilson, University of Macau, Macau Foundation, 1997, page 48 This later became known as China Central Enterprise Nam Kwong (Group).[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/html/cd/1988/198809/19880922/19880922022_1.html NAM KWONG (GROUP) COMPANY LIMITED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204015141/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/html/cd/1988/198809/19880922/19880922022_1.html |date=4 February 2016 }}, China Daily, 22 September 1988 Established in 1949, officially to promote trade ties between Macau and mainland China, it operated as the unofficial representative and "shadow government" of the People's Republic in relation to the Portuguese administration.[https://books.google.com/books?id=OiaaBAAAQBAJ&dq=Nam+Kwong+macau&pg=PA155 Macao in Sino-Portuguese Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411125441/https://books.google.com/books?id=OiaaBAAAQBAJ&dq=Nam+Kwong+macau&pg=PA155 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Moisés Silva Fernandes, in Portuguese Studies Review, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2009, page 155

It also served to challenge the rival "Special Commissariat of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China" in the territory, which represented the Kuomintang government on Taiwan. This was closed after the pro-Communist 12-3 incident in 1966, after which the Portuguese authorities agreed to ban all Kuomintang activities in Macau.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Ug0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=6GYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4785%2C822777 Macao Locals Favor Portuguese Rule] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401212830/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_Ug0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=6GYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4785%2C822777 |date=1 April 2017 }}, Sam Cohen, The Observer in Sarasota Herald-Tribune, 2 June 1974, page 4H Following the Carnation Revolution, Portugal redefined Macau as a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration" in 1976.[https://books.google.com/books?id=EalnZaeiVmAC Lisbon Seen in 1999 Macao Shift], The New York Times, 8 January 1987 However, Lisbon did not establish diplomatic relations with Beijing until 1979.[https://web.archive.org/web/20041211021308/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-08/24/content_1872701.htm Sino-Portugal relations], Xinhua 24 August 2004

In 1984, Nam Kwong was split into political and trading arms.[https://books.google.com/books?id=99mDi7KYa1oC&dq=%22nam+kwong%22+macau+xinhua&pg=PA280 Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115504/https://books.google.com/books?id=99mDi7KYa1oC&dq=%22nam+kwong%22+macau+xinhua&pg=PA280 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Kenneth Maxwell, Psychology Press, 2003, page 280 On 21 September 1987, a Macau branch of Xinhua News Agency was established which, as in Hong Kong, became Beijing's unofficial representative, replacing Nam Kwong.[https://books.google.com/books?id=1JsUAQAAMAAJ&q=%22nam+kwong%22++ Asia Yearbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407065939/https://books.google.com/books?id=1JsUAQAAMAAJ&q=%22nam+kwong%22++ |date=7 April 2023 }}, Far Eastern Economic Review, 1988 On 18 January 2000, a month after the transfer of sovereignty over Macau, the Macau branch became the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Macau Special Administrative Region.[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/insight/archives/2000/01/21/0000020843 Renamed Xinhua becomes a new force in Hong Kong's politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819145347/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/insight/archives/2000/01/21/0000020843 |date=19 August 2017 }}, Taipei Times, 21 January 2000

File:Quebec_office_in_London.jpg in London, England]]

The Quebec Government Offices (French: Délégations générales du Québec) are the Government of Quebec's official representations around the world. They are overseen by Quebec's Ministry of International Relations.

The network of 33 offices in 18 countries consists of eight general delegations, five delegations, thirteen government bureaux, five trade branches, and two areas of representation in multilateral affairs.

The Kurdistan regional Government in Iraq maintains representative offices in 13 countries and to the European Union.

The three devolved administrations in the United Kingdom each maintain their own network of representative offices for trade and cultural purposes. The Scottish Government maintains eight representative offices around the world, managed by the External Affairs Directorate.{{cite web | url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/international-relations/ | title=International relations | access-date=13 May 2022 | archive-date=11 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115447/https://www.gov.scot/policies/international-relations/ | url-status=live }} The Welsh Government maintains 21 representative offices in twelve countries.{{cite web | url=https://gov.wales/international-offices | title=International offices | date=6 November 2018 | access-date=13 May 2022 | archive-date=19 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519222652/https://gov.wales/international-offices | url-status=live }} The Northern Ireland Executive maintains representative offices in Brussels, Beijing and Washington, D.C.{{cite web | url=https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/articles/promoting-northern-ireland | title=Promoting Northern Ireland | date=29 May 2015 | access-date=13 May 2022 | archive-date=30 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630105806/https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/articles/promoting-northern-ireland | url-status=live }}

File:Delegacion Cataluña Cono Sur.jpg

Due to the further devolution of powers to the autonomous community of Catalonia in 2006, the right of the Government of Catalonia to establish delegations abroad in order to carry out its own non-diplomatic "foreign action" was recognized, while foreign affairs remained an exclusive matter of the Spanish Government. Currently, Catalonia's Ministry for Foreign Action and Europe maintains 17 delegations of the Government of Catalonia abroad, including one before the European Union.{{cite web |url=http://exteriors.gencat.cat/ca/ambits-dactuacio/afers_exteriors/delegacions_govern/ |title=Delegations of the Generalitat abroad |publisher=exteriors.gencat.cat |access-date=17 December 2022 |df=dmy-all |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130111522/https://exteriors.gencat.cat/ca/ambits-dactuacio/afers_exteriors/delegacions_govern/ |url-status=live }}

Prior to achieving full independence in 2006, Montenegro effectively ran its own foreign policy independently of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro, with a Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Podgorica and trade missions abroad operating as de facto embassies.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk2QAgAAQBAJ&dq=trade+missions+de+facto+embassies+montenegro&pg=PA60 Montenegro and Serbia: disassociation, negotiation, resolution?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gk2QAgAAQBAJ&dq=trade+missions+de+facto+embassies+montenegro&pg=PA60 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Philip Lyon in De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty Tozun Bahcheli, Barry Bartmann, Henry Srebrnik, Routledge, 2004, page 60

Russia’s federal subject Republic of Tatarstan has acting Plenipotantiary Representations in Azerbaijan, Turkey and Kazakhstan. [https://prav.tatarstan.ru/representative_offices.htm Official list in Russian], Tatarastan govermnent cite with the list (in Russian)

Historically, in British colonies, independent Commonwealth countries were represented by Commissions, which functioned independently of their High Commissions in London. For example, Canada,[https://books.google.com/books?id=IBwdAAAAIAAJ&q=%22canadian+commissioner+in+singapore%22 Colonial Reports Report on Sarawak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115503/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBwdAAAAIAAJ&q=%22canadian+commissioner+in+singapore%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Great Britain, Colonial Office

1961, page 7 Australia[https://books.google.com/books?id=G-P_-jowPoUC&dq=%22australian+commissioner+in+singapore%22&pg=PA28 Losing the Blanket: Australia and the End of Britain's Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115505/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-P_-jowPoUC&dq=%22australian+commissioner+in+singapore%22&pg=PA28 |date=11 April 2023 }}, David Goldsworthy

Melbourne University Publish, 2002, page 28 and New Zealand[https://books.google.com/books?id=vFAgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22new+zealand+commission%22+singapore External Affairs Review, Volume 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115503/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFAgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22new+zealand+commission%22+singapore |date=11 April 2023 }}, New Zealand. Dept. of External Affairs 1956, page 41 maintained Commissions in Singapore, while following its independence in 1947, India established Commissions in Kenya,[https://books.google.com/books?id=ghAPAQAAIAAJ&q=%22indian+commission%22 Indian Coffee: Bulletin of the Indian Coffee Board, Volume 21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115459/https://books.google.com/books?id=ghAPAQAAIAAJ&q=%22indian+commission%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Coffee Board, 1957, page 202 Trinidad and Tobago,[https://books.google.com/books?id=XFYvAAAAIAAJ&q=trinidad+%22indian+commission%22 Caribbean Studies, Volume 16] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115506/https://books.google.com/books?id=XFYvAAAAIAAJ&q=trinidad+%22indian+commission%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico, 1977, page 22 and Mauritius[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgwIAQAAIAAJ&q=port+louis+%22indian+commission%22 The Establishment and Cultivation of Modern Standard Hindi in Mauritius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115548/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgwIAQAAIAAJ&q=port+louis+%22indian+commission%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Lutchmee Parsad Ramyead, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1985, page 86 which became High Commissions on independence. Canada formerly had a Commissioner to Bermuda, although this post was held by the Consul-General to New York City,[http://w03.international.gc.ca/cra-rce/mission.aspx?lang=eng&MID=438 The Canadian Commission to Bermuda] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227192233/http://w03.international.gc.ca/cra-rce/mission.aspx?lang=eng&MID=438 |date=27 February 2014 }}{{Cite web |url=http://bernews.com/2011/11/canadas-one-time-bermuda-diplomat-dies/ |title=Canada's One-Time Bermuda Diplomat Dies |date=23 November 2011 |access-date=28 January 2016 |archive-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127001753/http://bernews.com/2011/11/canadas-one-time-bermuda-diplomat-dies/ |url-status=live }} but there is now an Honorary Canadian Consulate on the island.{{Cite web |url=https://travel.gc.ca/assistance/embassies-consulates/bermuda |title=Embassies and consulates - Bermuda |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613090640/https://travel.gc.ca/assistance/embassies-consulates/bermuda |url-status=live }} Commissions of Commonwealth countries in the dependent territory of Hong Kong, such as those of Australia, Canada and Singapore, became consulates-general in name in 1997 but continues to report directly to the respective foreign ministries.

File:Zimbabwean embassy in London.jpg was the office of the colony's High Commissioner in London. (2006 photograph)]]

Southern Rhodesia, uniquely among British colonies, was represented in London by a High Commission from 1923, while the British government was represented by a High Commission in Salisbury from 1951.[https://books.google.com/books?id=QeqwCQAAQBAJ&dq=salisbury+rhodesia+%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22&pg=PA240 Diplomacy with a Difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115505/https://books.google.com/books?id=QeqwCQAAQBAJ&dq=salisbury+rhodesia+%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22&pg=PA240 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Lorna Lloyd, BRILL, 2007, page 240 Following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, when the British High Commissioner was withdrawn[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1501406/Sir-John-Johnston.html Sir John Johnston] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627104715/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1501406/Sir-John-Johnston.html |date=27 June 2018 }}, The Daily Telegraph, 25 October 2005 and the Rhodesian High Commissioner requested to leave London, both High Commissions were downgraded to residual missions before being closed down in 1970.[https://books.google.com/books?id=eYGPAAAAMAAJ&q=closed+down The United Nations, international law, and the Rhodesian independence crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115646/https://books.google.com/books?id=eYGPAAAAMAAJ&q=closed+down |date=11 April 2023 }}, Jericho Nkala, Clarendon Press, 1985, page 76

The self-governing colony also established a High Commission in Pretoria, following the decision of the then Union of South Africa to establish one in Salisbury, which, after South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961, was renamed the "South African Diplomatic Mission" with the High Commissioner becoming the "Accredited Diplomatic Representative". Southern Rhodesia, which briefly became part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, was also able to establish its own consulate in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique.[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41731/supplement/3745/data.pdf John Arthur KINSEY, Esq., Consul-General for the Federation at Lourenco Marques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030058/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/41731/supplement/3745/data.pdf |date=15 March 2016 }}, London Gazette, 5 June 1959 In addition, it also had a "Minister for Rhodesian Affairs" in Washington, DC operating under the aegis of the British Embassy,[https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmhhVHvTAMC&dq=%22minister+for+rhodesian+affairs%22&pg=PA62 Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115458/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVmhhVHvTAMC&dq=%22minister+for+rhodesian+affairs%22&pg=PA62 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Deon Geldenhuys, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 62 as well representatives in Tokyo and Bonn.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDvVo52tEAC&dq=accredited+diplomatic+representative+rhodesia&pg=PA61 Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115512/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDvVo52tEAC&dq=accredited+diplomatic+representative+rhodesia&pg=PA61 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Vera Gowlland-Debbas, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1990

During 1965, the government of Rhodesia, as the colony now called itself, made moves to establish a mission in Lisbon separate from the British Embassy, with its own accredited representative, prompting protests from the British government, which insisted that the representative, Harry Reedman, should be a nominal member of the British Ambassador's staff.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fWxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2768,3715462&hl=en Rhodesia's Man in Lisbon: Objective Said To Be Achieved] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211051/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fWxAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iKMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2768,3715462&hl=en |date=7 March 2016 }}, The Glasgow Herald, 22 September 1965. page 9 For their part, the Portuguese authorities sought a compromise whereby they would accept Reedman as an independent representative but deny him diplomatic status.[https://books.google.com/books?id=ccm1AQAAQBAJ&dq=rhodesian+lisbon+%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22&pg=PA186 International Diplomacy and Colonial Retreat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115546/https://books.google.com/books?id=ccm1AQAAQBAJ&dq=rhodesian+lisbon+%22accredited+diplomatic+representative%22&pg=PA186 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Kent Fedorowich, Martin Thomas

Routledge, 2013, page 186

Under apartheid, South Africa maintained trade missions in neighbouring countries with which it did not have diplomatic relations, such as Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe),[https://apnews.com/96fa7391e2061f8e2bbfda8dea8b4694 Thousands Rampage Through Harare, Upset Over Machel's Death] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219024746/https://apnews.com/96fa7391e2061f8e2bbfda8dea8b4694 |date=19 December 2020 }}, Associated Press, 21 October 1986 where, following the country's independence, the "South African Diplomatic Mission" in Salisbury (now Harare) was closed.[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uMRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v5IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5283%2C3162778 Salisbury whites queue up to flee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307210015/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uMRYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v5IDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5283%2C3162778 |date=7 March 2016 }}, The Age, 8 July 1980 A trade mission was also established in Maputo, Mozambique,[https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1986/11/05/youths-attack-south-african-trade-mission/ Youths Attack South African Trade Mission], United Press International, 5 November 1986 in 1984, nine years after the South African consulate was closed following independence in 1975.[https://books.google.com/books?id=iUZRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22south+african+trade+mission%22+ South Africa, 1987–1988] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124543/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUZRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22south+african+trade+mission%22+ |date=30 March 2023 }}, Department of Foreign Affairs, page 207

Similarly, Mauritius maintained a trade mission in Johannesburg, the country's commercial capital,[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/28/world/port-louis-journal-land-of-apartheid-befriends-an-indian-ocean-isle.html Port Louis Journal; Land of Apartheid Befriends an Indian Ocean Isle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161628/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/28/world/port-louis-journal-land-of-apartheid-befriends-an-indian-ocean-isle.html |date=8 March 2021 }}, The New York Times, 28 December 1987 as did Zimbabwe, after the closure of its missions in Pretoria and Cape Town.[https://books.google.com/books?id=_q5A-Ve8ogIC&dq=south+african+trade+mission+harare&pg=PA68 Coming To Terms: Zimbabwe in the International Arena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124544/https://books.google.com/books?id=_q5A-Ve8ogIC&dq=south+african+trade+mission+harare&pg=PA68 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Richard Schwartz

I.B.Tauris, 2001, page 68

Following majority rule in 1994, full diplomatic relations were established, and these became High Commissions, after South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth.[https://books.google.com/books?id=aqAvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22south+african+high+commission%22+harare Portfolio of South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115458/https://books.google.com/books?id=aqAvAQAAIAAJ&q=%22south+african+high+commission%22+harare |date=11 April 2023 }}, Portfolio Publications, 1999

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992, South Korea and the People's Republic of China established trade offices in Beijing and Seoul, under the auspices of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, and KOTRA, the Korea Trade Promotion Corporation respectively.[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-10-21-mn-4285-story.html S. Korea, China Agree to Set Up Trade Offices : Asia: The diplomatic accord is another setback for Communist North Korea, an ally of Beijing.], Los Angeles Times, 21 October 1990 The South Korean office in Beijing was established in January 1991, while the Chinese office was established in April of that year.[https://books.google.com/books?id=RdmmvCKxp3MC&dq=KOTRA+beijing+1991&pg=PA215 China and South Korea in a New Triangle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124550/https://books.google.com/books?id=RdmmvCKxp3MC&dq=KOTRA+beijing+1991&pg=PA215 |date=30 March 2023 }}, Emerging Patterns of East Asian Investment in China: From Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, Sumner J. La Croix

M.E. Sharpe, 1995, page 215

Commonwealth countries do not exchange "Ambassadors" with each other but "High Commissioners". This in no way implies a lack of recognition of sovereignty nor tense government to government relations. It is simply a vestige that the relations between the countries are not fully "foreign". Generally High Commissioners are appointed less formally by letters between Prime Ministers than formal letters of Accreditation to the head of state. There are in some cases minor enhancements in protocol where High Commissioners enjoy a "higher" precedence than Ambassadors.

In practical terms High Commissions function exactly the same as embassies. Buildings have changed status to reflect the changing political and legal environment. Rhodesia House in London was the Southern Rhodesian High Commission, then the Rhodesian Residual Mission after UDI, then the Zimbabwean High Commission after legal independence, then the Zimbabwean Embassy after leaving the Commonwealth.

Embassies have become High Commissions as countries joined or rejoined the Commonwealth. (e.g. Pakistan and South Africa)

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1998, South Africa and the People's Republic of China established "cultural centres" in Beijing and Pretoria, known as the South African Centre for Chinese Studies and the Chinese Centre for South African Studies respectively.[https://books.google.com/books?id=tKmnESFGY8MC&dq=Chinese+Centre+for+South+African+Studies+Pretoria&pg=PA68 Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy: The Micro-macro Linkage Approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115509/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKmnESFGY8MC&dq=Chinese+Centre+for+South+African+Studies+Pretoria&pg=PA68 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Quansheng Zhao

Oxford University Press, 1996, page 68 Although the Centres, each headed by a Director, did not use diplomatic titles, national flags, or coats of arms, their staff used diplomatic passports and were issued with diplomatic identity documents, while their vehicles had diplomatic number plates.[http://www.chinese-embassy.org.za/eng/zxxx/t419835.htm Establishing the SA Mission in the PRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924145225/http://www.chinese-embassy.org.za/eng/zxxx/t419835.htm |date=24 September 2016 }}, Embassy of the People's Republic of China, 31 March 2008 They also performed visa and consular services.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zIxFBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Chinese+Centre+for+South+African+Studies%22&pg=PA424 Colour, Confusion and Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115510/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIxFBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Chinese+Centre+for+South+African+Studies%22&pg=PA424 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Hong Kong University Press, 1996, page 424

Prior to the establishment of full diplomatic relations in 1992, Israel and the People's Republic of China established representative offices in Beijing and Tel Aviv. The Israeli office was formally known as the Liaison Office of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.[https://books.google.com/books?id=2A0tMFWCdaQC&dq=israel+academy+of+sciences+and+humanities+beijing&pg=PR9 A China Diary: Towards the Establishment of China-Israel Diplomatic Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115502/https://books.google.com/books?id=2A0tMFWCdaQC&dq=israel+academy+of+sciences+and+humanities+beijing&pg=PR9 |date=11 April 2023 }}, E. Zev Sufott, Frank Cass, 1997, page ix This was opened in June 1990.[https://apnews.com/5f28da673907221e05a06d63c63ba3ed Israel Strengthening Representation in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917081549/https://apnews.com/5f28da673907221e05a06d63c63ba3ed |date=17 September 2021 }}, Associated Press, 9 January 1991 China was similarly represented by a branch of the China International Travel Service, which also opened in 1990.[https://books.google.com/books?id=o51KAQAAIAAJ&q=%22china+international+travel+service%22 IDSA News Review on East Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411125442/https://books.google.com/books?id=o51KAQAAIAAJ&q=%22china+international+travel+service%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Volume 5, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 1991, page 375

In the U.S., “diplomatic couriers” do “enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in the Vienna Convention,” as well as “their families,” and “the members of the mission,” even “the mission” itself; with respect to a nonparty to the Vienna Convention.{{cite web | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/254b | title=22 U.S. Code § 254b - Privileges and immunities of mission of nonparty to Vienna Convention | access-date=27 November 2022 | archive-date=27 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127014236/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/254b | url-status=live }}

Until 2019, Greece and the then Republic of Macedonia only maintained "Liaison Offices", with Greece being represented in Skopje by a mission known as the "Liaison Office of the Hellenic Republic",[http://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/fyrom/ F.Y.R.O.M. – Greece's Bilateral Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201081708/http://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/fyrom/ |date=1 February 2016 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece and Macedonia by the "Liaison Office of the Republic of Macedonia" in Athens.[http://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php/en/media-centar/macedonia-in-the-world/1685-2015-11-03-15-17-16 Interview for IBNA of Darko Angelov, Head of the liaison office of Republic of Macedonia in Athens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804230208/https://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php/en/media-centar/macedonia-in-the-world/1685-2015-11-03-15-17-16 |date=4 August 2021 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Macedonia, 29 October 2015 This was to the naming dispute between the two states, but following the Republic of Macedonia adoption of the name "North Macedonia" and the signing of an agreement with Greece, the two countries' diplomatic missions were upgraded to embassies, with Greece's representation in Bitola and North Macedonia's representation in Thessaloniki being upgraded to Consulates-General.[https://apnews.com/64493b24185e4055adf5bf5ecdc56910 Greece, North Macedonia open embassies after name deal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611182139/https://apnews.com/64493b24185e4055adf5bf5ecdc56910 |date=11 June 2019 }}, AP, May 31, 2019

In January 1995, Vietnam and the United States established "Liaison Offices" in Washington and Hanoi, the first such diplomatic representation in the two countries since the end of the Vietnam War, when the US-backed South Vietnam fell to the Communist-controlled North.[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/01/28/us-and-vietnam-agree-to-open-liaison-offices/c2835b88-f41c-4f96-8afc-8b609c60a060/ U.S., Vietnam to Establish Liaison Offices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212554/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/01/28/us-and-vietnam-agree-to-open-liaison-offices/c2835b88-f41c-4f96-8afc-8b609c60a060/ |date=6 October 2017 }}, The Washington Post, Thomas W. Lippman 28 January 1995 On 11 July, President Bill Clinton announced the normalisation of relations between the two countries, and the following month, both countries upgraded their Liaison Offices to Embassy status, with the United States later opening a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam opening a consulate in San Francisco, California.[https://books.google.com/books?id=A2RaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22In+August+1995,+both+nations+upgraded+their+Liaison+Offices+opened+during+January+1995+to+embassy+status%22 Political Risk Yearbook: East Asia & the Pacific] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115503/https://books.google.com/books?id=A2RaAAAAYAAJ&q=%22In+August+1995,+both+nations+upgraded+their+Liaison+Offices+opened+during+January+1995+to+embassy+status%22 |date=11 April 2023 }}, PRS Group, 2008, page 27

File:Leonard F. Woodcock.jpg

Following President Richard Nixon's visit to China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agreed to open "Liaison Offices" in Washington and Beijing in 1973, described by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger as "embassies in all but name".[https://books.google.com/books?id=ty3vX1CCS88C&dq=United+States+and+the+China+agreed+to+open+%22Liaison+Offices%22+in+Washington+and+Beijing+in+1973&pg=PA402 A Tangled Web: The Making of Foreign Policy in the Nixon Presidency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124557/https://books.google.com/books?id=ty3vX1CCS88C&dq=United+States+and+the+China+agreed+to+open+%22Liaison+Offices%22+in+Washington+and+Beijing+in+1973&pg=PA402 |date=30 March 2023 }}, William P. Bundy, I.B.Tauris, 1998, page 402

Although the Embassy of the Republic of China on Taiwan remained, it increasingly became overshadowed by the "Liaison Office of the People's Republic of China",[https://books.google.com/books?id=yf4lWrgUzlIC&dq=Liaison+Office+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+Washington&pg=PA137 Chiang Ching-kuo's Leadership in the Development of the Republic of China on Taiwan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411115516/https://books.google.com/books?id=yf4lWrgUzlIC&dq=Liaison+Office+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+Washington&pg=PA137 |date=11 April 2023 }}, Shao Chuan Leng, University Press of America, 1993, page 137 which, under Executive Order 11771, was accorded the same privileges and immunities enjoyed by the diplomatic missions accredited to the United States.[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=106792 Executive Order 11771 – Extending Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities to the Liaison Office of the People's Republic of China in Washington, DC and to Members Thereof] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114224738/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=106792 |date=14 November 2017 }}, RICHARD NIXON, The White House, 18 March 1974

George H. W. Bush, later vice-president under Ronald Reagan and President between 1989 and 1993, served as Chief of the "United States Liaison Office" in Beijing between 1974 and 1975.[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8597.html The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611130039/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8597.html |date=11 June 2016 }}, Jeffrey A. Engel, Princeton University Press, 2008 The last holder of the post was Leonard Woodcock, formerly president of the United Auto Workers, who became the first Ambassador when full diplomatic relations were established in 1979.[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-18-me-13684-story.html Leonard Woodcock; President of United Auto Workers Union, Envoy to China], Los Angeles Times, 18 January 2001

The joint Inter-Korean Liaison Office was established as part of Panmunjom Declaration signed by North Korean leader Kim Jong-un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in on April 27, 2018, during the 2018 inter-Korean Summit in Panmunjom. The joint liaison office provided direct communication channel for the two Koreas.[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/world/asia/north-south-korea-liaison-office.html North and South Korea Open Full-Time Liaison Office at Border] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925124453/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/14/world/asia/north-south-korea-liaison-office.html |date=25 September 2019 }}, The New York Times, September 14, 2018 The office was blown up with explosives by the DPRK at 2:50 PM local time on 16 June 2020.{{Cite web|date=2020-06-16|title=Alert: South Korea says North Korea blew up an inter-Korean liaison office amid rising tensions between the rivals|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Alert-South-Korea-says-North-Korea-blew-up-an-15342664.php|access-date=2020-06-16|website=SFChronicle.com|language=en-US|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617052033/https://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/Alert-South-Korea-says-North-Korea-blew-up-an-15342664.php|url-status=dead}}

There are no diplomatic relations between the North Korea and Japan. Chongryon functions as North Korea's de facto embassy in Japan.{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/dprk/chosen_soren.htm |title=Chosen Soren |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=2010-10-01 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007180616/https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/dprk/chosen_soren.htm |url-status=live }}"[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view_article.php?article_id=71942 Stage set for Japan to seize North Korea's 'embassy'] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002164145/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view_article.php?article_id=71942 |date=October 2, 2008 }}." Agence France-Presse. June 18, 2007. Retrieved on January 15, 2009.

Under the terms of the Brussels Agreement signed in 2013, the governments of Serbia and Kosovo agreed to post liaison officers in each other's capitals.{{Cite web |url=https://normalizacija.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83-EN.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223135033/https://normalizacija.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83-EN.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://balkaninsight.com/2013/06/17/kosovo-and-serbia-exchange-liaison-officers/ | title=Serbia and Kosovo Begin Direct Liaisons | date=17 June 2013 | access-date=23 February 2023 | archive-date=23 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223133926/https://balkaninsight.com/2013/06/17/kosovo-and-serbia-exchange-liaison-officers/ | url-status=live }} The Government of Kosovo is represented in Serbia by the Liaison Office of Kosovo, Belgrade{{cite web | url=https://ambasadat.net/Serbi | title=Beograd - Ambasadat e Republikës së Kosovës | date=25 January 2022 | access-date=23 February 2023 | archive-date=23 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223115906/https://ambasadat.net/Serbi | url-status=live }} and likewise the Government of Serbia is represented in Kosovo by the Liaison Office of Serbia, Pristina.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kosovo-online.com/en/news/society/belgrades-liaison-officer-sent-request-pristina-visit-dejan-pantic-12-12-2022 |title=Belgrade's liaison officer sent a request to Pristina to visit Dejan Pantic - Kosovo Online |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219074732/https://www.kosovo-online.com/en/news/society/belgrades-liaison-officer-sent-request-pristina-visit-dejan-pantic-12-12-2022 |url-status=live }} Under the terms of the EU proposed agreement that was accepted by both parties in March 2023, the liaison offices in each country are to be upgraded to Permanent Missions.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/belgrade-pristina-dialogue-eu-proposal-agreement-path-normalisation-between-kosovo-and-serbia_en|title=Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue: EU Proposal - Agreement on the path to normalisation between Kosovo and Serbia | EEAS Website|website=www.eeas.europa.eu|accessdate=21 March 2023|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320204024/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/belgrade-pristina-dialogue-eu-proposal-agreement-path-normalisation-between-kosovo-and-serbia_en|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/belgrade-pristina-dialogue-implementation-annex-agreement-path-normalisation-relations-between_en|title=Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue: Implementation Annex to the Agreement on the Path to Normalisation of Relations between Kosovo and Serbia | EEAS Website|website=www.eeas.europa.eu|accessdate=21 March 2023|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319091913/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/belgrade-pristina-dialogue-implementation-annex-agreement-path-normalisation-relations-between_en|url-status=live}}

The Republic of Somaliland, which claims to be the legal successor to the short-lived State of Somaliland maintains a network of liaison offices around the world. Several states also maintain missions in Somaliland.

{{See also|Protecting power}}

When two nations break off diplomatic relations, their former embassies are usually turned over to third countries that act as protecting powers. The protecting power is responsible for all diplomatic communications on behalf of the protected power. When the situation improves, the feuding countries may be willing to accept diplomats from the other country on an unofficial basis. The original embassy is known as an "interests section" of the embassy of the protecting power. For example, until 2015, the Cuban Interests Section was staffed by Cubans and located in the old Cuban Embassy in Washington, but it was officially an interests section of the Swiss Embassy to the United States.{{cite news |last1=Krauss |first1=Clifford |title=Swiss to Sponsor Cuba's Diplomats |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/12/world/swiss-to-sponsor-cuba-s-diplomats.html |work=The New York Times |date=12 February 1991 |language=en |access-date=2 December 2018 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423085035/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/12/world/swiss-to-sponsor-cuba-s-diplomats.html |url-status=live }}

• Diplomatic mission and lists of diplomatic missions
• High Commissioner (Commonwealth)
• Protecting power
• Provincial delegation (paradiplomacy)
• Representative office
• Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat
• Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}

{{Diplomacy}}

Category:Hong Kong-centric