Genocides in history (21st century)#Nigeria

{{See also|Tamil genocide|War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War|List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces}}

The Sri Lankan military was accused of committing human rights violations during Sri Lanka's 26-year civil war.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite web |title=Recurring Nightmare |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/srilanka0308web.pdf |publisher=Human Rights Watch |page=16 |date=March 2008 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414112016/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/srilanka0308web.pdf |url-status=live}}

| {{cite web |title=Factual Supplement to the Report to Congress on Measures Taken by the Government of Sri Lanka and International Bodies To Investigate and Hold Accountable Violators of International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law |url=https://www.state.gov/j/gcj/srilanka/releases/187409.htm |publisher=United States Department of State |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520202657/https://www.state.gov/j/gcj/srilanka/releases/187409.htm |archive-date=20 May 2018 |url-status=dead}} A United Nation's Panel of Experts looking into these alleged violations found "credible allegations, which if proven, indicate that serious violations of international humanitarian law and international human rights law were committed by both the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE, some of which would amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity".{{cite book |title=Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka |publisher=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf |date=31 March 2011 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=10 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810201052/https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf |url-status=live}} Some activists and politicians also accused the Sri Lankan government which is dominated by Sinhalese people (who predominantly practice Theravada Buddhism) of carrying out a genocide against the minority Sri Lankan Tamil people, who are mostly Hindu, both during and after the war.{{cite web |url=http://hinduexistence.org/tag/90-hindus-are-killed-in-tamil-genocide-in-sri-lanka/ |title=Tamil Genocide in Sri Lanka, Clearly 90% are Hindus… |work=Struggle for Hindu Existence.org |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127011318/http://hinduexistence.org/tag/90-hindus-are-killed-in-tamil-genocide-in-sri-lanka/ |archive-date=27 January 2013}}

Bruce Fein alleged that Sri Lanka's leaders committed genocide,{{cite news |title=Sri Lankan army commanders 'assassinated surrendering Tamils' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/8964147/Sri-Lankan-army-commanders-assassinated-surrendering-Tamils.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=18 December 2011 |first1=Alex |last1=Spillius |first2=Emanuel |last2=Stoakes |location=London |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411010434/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/8964147/Sri-Lankan-army-commanders-assassinated-surrendering-Tamils.html |url-status=live}} along with Tamil Parliamentarian Suresh Premachandran.{{cite news |title=Leading Sri Lanka Tamil Politician Claims 'Genocide' by Military |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-05-12-voa4-68688552/409001.html |newspaper=Voice of America |date=12 May 2009 |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425203526/http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2009-05-12-voa4-68688552/409001.html |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Gopalan |first=T. N. |title=TNA team in India |url=http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2009/01/090112_tna_india.shtml |publisher=BBC Sinhala |date=12 January 2009 |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232607/http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2009/01/090112_tna_india.shtml |url-status=live}} Refugees who escaped from Sri Lanka also stated that they fled from genocide,{{cite news |last=Allard |first=Tom |title=Tamil boat people fleeing 'genocide' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/tamil-boat-people-fleeing-genocide-20091014-gxgq.html |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=15 October 2009 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413175028/https://www.smh.com.au/world/tamil-boat-people-fleeing-genocide-20091014-gxgq.html |url-status=live}} and various Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora groups echoed these accusations.{{cite news |last=Haviland |first=Charles |title=US calls for 'accountability' in Sri Lanka's war |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2011/04/printable/110406_blake.shtml |publisher=BBC Sinhala |date=6 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232607/http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2011/04/printable/110406_blake.shtml |archive-date=8 January 2016}}{{cite news |last=Surendiran |first=Suren |title=Britain and the slaughter of the Tamils |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/21/sri-lanka-tamil-tigers-protest-parliament |work=The Guardian |date=21 April 2009 |location=London |access-date=27 March 2016 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407132214/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/21/sri-lanka-tamil-tigers-protest-parliament |url-status=live}}

In 2009, thousands of Tamils protested against the atrocities in cities all over the world. (See 2009 Tamil diaspora protests.){{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Lesley Ciarula |title=Thousands protest Tamil 'genocide' |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/01/31/thousands_protest_tamil_genocide.html |newspaper=Toronto Star |date=31 January 2009 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308220009/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/01/31/thousands_protest_tamil_genocide.html |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news|title=Thousands march for Tamil rights |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8110837.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=20 June 2009 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608204319/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8110837.stm |url-status=live}}

}} Various diaspora activists formed a group called Tamils Against Genocide to continue the protest.{{cite web |title=About TAG |url=http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/AboutTAG.aspx |publisher=Tamils Against Genocide |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124071338/http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/AboutTAG.aspx |archive-date=24 November 2012 |url-status=dead}} Legal action against Sri Lankan leaders for alleged genocide has been initiated. Norwegian human rights lawyer Harald Stabell filed a case in Norwegian courts against Sri Lankan President Rajapaksa and other officials.{{bulleted list|

{{cite news |title=War Crimes, Genocide Case Filed in Norway Courts |url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/05/15/war-crimes-genocide-case-filed-in-norway-courts/ |newspaper=The Sunday Leader |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=9 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309112631/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/05/15/war-crimes-genocide-case-filed-in-norway-courts/ |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |title=War crime, genocide case against Rajapaksa placed in Norway courts |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=33918 |newspaper=TamilNet |date=8 May 2011 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225090938/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=33918 |url-status=live}}

}}

Politicians in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu also made accusations of genocide.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |title=Parties condemn "genocide of Sri Lankan Tamils" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3037454.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 December 2006 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614190004/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article3037454.ece |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |title=CPI to protest Lanka violence |url=http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/09/080929_cpi_lanka.shtml |newspaper=BBC Sinhala |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114100420/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/09/080929_cpi_lanka.shtml |url-status=live}}

}} In 2008 and 2009 the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi repeatedly appealed to the Indian government to intervene to "stop the genocide of Tamils",{{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |title=Stop genocide of Sri Lankan Tamils|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1352331.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 October 2008 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614190003/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1352331.ece |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |last=Gopalan |first=T. N. |title=Send telegrams to Delhi – CM |url=http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/10/081005_karunanidhi_telegrams.shtml |newspaper=BBC Sinhala |date=5 October 2008 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004084406/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2008/10/081005_karunanidhi_telegrams.shtml |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |title=Help stop genocide, Karunanidhi tells Sonia |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/10/stories/2009041054290400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2009 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720033028/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/10/stories/2009041054290400.htm |url-status=live}}

}} while his successor J. Jayalalithaa called on the Indian government to bring Rajapaksa before international courts for genocide.{{cite news |title=Summon Mahinda to international court- Jayalalitha |url=http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2011/05/110513_jayalalitha_mahinda.shtml |newspaper=BBC Sinhala |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004051626/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2011/05/110513_jayalalitha_mahinda.shtml |url-status=live}} The women's wing of the Communist Party of India, passed a resolution in August 2012 finding that "Systematic sexual violence against Tamil women" by Sri Lankan forces constituted genocide, calling for an "independent international investigation".{{cite news |title=Women's conference in Tamil Nadu terms oppression of Eezham Tamils as genocide |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35453 |newspaper=TamilNet |date=11 August 2012 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812204111/https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35453 |url-status=live}}

In January 2010, a Permanent Peoples' Tribunal (PPT) held in Dublin, Ireland, found Sri Lanka guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but it found insufficient evidence to justify the charge of genocide.{{cite web |title=People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka |url=http://warwithoutwitness.com/images/stories/news/25851626-people-s-tribunal-on-srilanka-final-report-jan-2010.pdf |publisher=Permanent Peoples' Tribunal |access-date=24 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108232606/http://warwithoutwitness.com/images/stories/news/25851626-people-s-tribunal-on-srilanka-final-report-jan-2010.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka 'guilty' of war crimes |url=http://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2010/01/100117_dublin_tribunal.shtml |newspaper=BBC Sinhala |date=17 January 2010 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630200542/https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2010/01/100117_dublin_tribunal.shtml |url-status=live}} The tribunal requested a thorough investigation as some of the evidence indicated "possible acts of genocide". Its panel found Sri Lanka guilty of genocide at its 7–10 December 2013 hearings in Berman, Germany. It also found that the US and UK were guilty of complicity. A decision on whether India, and other states, had also acted in complicity was withheld. PPT reported that LTTE could not be accurately characterised as "terrorist", stating that movements classified as "terrorist" because of their rebellion against a state, can become political entities recognised by the international community.{{cite web |url=http://ptsrilanka.org/verdict |title=Verdict |publisher=Ptsrilanka.org |access-date=11 March 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222215708/http://ptsrilanka.org/verdict |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Dublin tribunal takes up genocide investigation |url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35722 |newspaper=TamilNet |date=3 November 2012 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201003343/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=35722 |url-status=live}} The International Commission of Jurists stated that the camps used to intern nearly 300,000 Tamils after the war's end may have breached the convention against genocide.{{cite news |title=Sri Lankan camps breach convention against genocide |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-17/sri-lankan-camps-breach-convention-against-genocide/1323334 |newspaper=ABC News |date=7 June 2009 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316105309/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-17/sri-lankan-camps-breach-convention-against-genocide/1323334 |url-status=live}}

In 2015, Sri Lanka's Tamil majority Northern Provincial Council (NPC) "passed a strongly worded resolution accusing successive governments in the island nation of committing 'genocide' against Tamils".{{cite news |title=Tamil Province charges Colombo with genocide |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/tamil-province-charges-colombo-with-genocide/article6879400.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2015 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226182315/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/tamil-province-charges-colombo-with-genocide/article6879400.ece |url-status=live}} The resolution asserts that "Tamils across Sri Lanka, particularly in the historical Tamil homeland of the NorthEast, have been subject to gross and systematic human rights violations, culminating in the mass atrocities committed in 2009. Sri Lanka's historic violations include over 60 years of state sponsored anti-Tamil pogroms, massacres, sexual violence, and acts of cultural and linguistic destruction perpetrated by the state. These atrocities have been perpetrated with the intent to destroy the Tamil people, and therefore constitute genocide."{{cite news |title=NPC passes resolution asking UN to investigate genocide of Tamils by Sri Lanka state |url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13726 |newspaper=Tamil Guardian |date=10 February 2015 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330211337/http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13726 |url-status=live}}

The Sri Lankan government denied the allegations of genocide and war crimes.{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka 'counting civilian war deaths' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15868038 |newspaper=BBC News |date=24 November 2011 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308054244/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15868038 |url-status=live}}

{{See also|2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings}}

On 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, three churches in Sri Lanka and three luxury hotels in the commercial capital, Colombo, were targeted in a series of coordinated Islamic terrorist suicide bombings. Later that day, there were smaller explosions at a housing complex in Dematagoda and a guest house in Dehiwala. A total of 267 people were killed,{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/front_page/Easter-Sunday-attacks-SC-grants-Leave-to-proceed-12-FR-Petitions/238-175526 |title=Easter Sunday attacks SC grants Leave to proceed 12 FR Petitions |publisher=Daily Mirror Online |date=3 October 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217145956/http://www.dailymirror.lk/front_page/Easter-Sunday-attacks-SC-grants-Leave-to-proceed-12-FR-Petitions/238-175526 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/12/article/sri-lanka-intel-chief-sacked-over-easter-attacks/ |title=Sri Lanka intel chief sacked over Easter attacks |work=Asia Times |date=9 December 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217042302/https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/12/article/sri-lanka-intel-chief-sacked-over-easter-attacks/ |url-status=live}} including at least 45 foreign nationals,{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-official-injured-in-sri-lanka-suicide-attack-dies-in-hospital-2034800 |title=US Official, Injured in Sri Lanka Suicide Attack, Dies in Hospital |website=NDTV |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031054224/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-official-injured-in-sri-lanka-suicide-attack-dies-in-hospital-2034800 |url-status=live}} three police officers, and eight bombers, and at least 500 were injured.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombings.html |title=Blasts Targeting Christians Kill Hundreds in Sri Lanka |last1=Bastians |first1=Dharisha |date=21 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=21 April 2019 |last2=Gettleman |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Schultz |first3=Kai |url-access=limited |archive-date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613025256/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombings.html |url-status=live}}

| {{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/blasts-at-two-sri-lanka-churches-during-easter-mass-news-agency-afp-2026233 |title=156 Dead in Blasts at Two Sri Lanka Churches During Easter Mass: Report |date=22 April 2019 |website=NDTV |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428014105/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/blasts-at-two-sri-lanka-churches-during-easter-mass-news-agency-afp-2026233 |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/sri-lanka-easter-bombings-live-blasts-during-church-services-in-colombo-1.851633 |title=Sri Lanka Easter bombings live: Blasts during church services in Colombo |work=The National |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421144223/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/sri-lanka-easter-bombings-live-blasts-during-church-services-in-colombo-1.851633 |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blast-idUSKCN1RX038 |title=Bombs kill more than 200 in Sri Lankan churches, hotels on Easter Sunday |date=21 April 2019 |work=Reuters |access-date=22 April 2019 |first1=Ranga |last1=Sirilal |first2=Shihar |last2=Aneez |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422172626/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sri-lanka-blast-idUSKCN1RX038|url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/21/asia/sri-lanka-explosions/ |first1=Sugam |last1=Pokharel |first2=Euan |last2=McKirdy |title=Sri Lanka blasts: At least 138 dead and more than 400 injured in multiple church and hotel explosions |date=21 April 2019 |work=CNN |access-date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421162156/https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/21/asia/sri-lanka-explosions/ |url-status=live}}

}} The church bombings were carried out during Easter services in Negombo, Batticaloa and Colombo; the hotels that were bombed were the Shangri-La, Cinnamon Grand, Kingsbury and Tropical Inn.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |title=Sri Lanka attacks: More than 200 killed as churches and hotels targeted |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48001720 |work=BBC News |date=21 April 2019 |access-date=22 April 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504101527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48001720 |url-status=live}}

| {{cite web |title=Sri Lanka Easter bombings: Mass casualties in churches and hotels |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/multiple-blasts-hit-sri-lanka-churches-hotels-easter-sunday-190421050357452.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=22 April 2019 |date=21 April 2019 |archive-date= 5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505211517/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/multiple-blasts-hit-sri-lanka-churches-hotels-easter-sunday-190421050357452.html |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |title=Sri Lanka blasts: hundreds injured in church and hotel explosions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/sri-lanka-explosions-80-believed-injured-in-blasts-at-two-churches |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=20 April 2019 |date=21 April 2019 |first1=Jason |last1=Burke |first2=Benjamin |last2=Parkin |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515015738/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/21/sri-lanka-explosions-80-believed-injured-in-blasts-at-two-churches |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |last1=Giordano |first1=Chiara |title=Eighth explosion kills police officers in Sri Lanka as death toll from Easter Sunday bomb attacks rises to more than 200 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-blast-news-latest-bombing-death-toll-attack-colombo-a8879796.html |access-date=15 December 2020 |work=The Independent |date=21 April 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423163724/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-blast-news-latest-bombing-death-toll-attack-colombo-a8879796.html |url-status=live}}

}} According to the State Intelligence Service, a second wave of attacks was planned, but was stopped as a result of government raids.{{cite web |title=Failure of NTJ's second spate of orchestrated attacks |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Failure-of-NTJ%E2%80%99s-second-spate-of-orchestrated-attacks/131-170414 |work=Daily Mirror |access-date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703035835/http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Failure-of-NTJ%25E2%2580%2599s-second-spate-of-orchestrated-attacks/131-170414 |url-status=live}} President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani referred to the bombings as an act of genocide.{{cite web |last1=Tajani |first1=Antonio |title=Even on Easter Sunday, there are those who sow hatred and reap death. The attacks in #SriLanka churches testify to a real genocide perpetrated against Christians. Let us pray for the innocent victims and work towards religious freedom around the world. |url=https://twitter.com/EP_President/status/1119871493637324800 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429230640/https://twitter.com/EP_President/status/1119871493637324800 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2019 |website=Twitter |access-date=29 April 2019}}{{cite news |title=Factbox: Reaction to Sri Lanka attacks |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sri-lanka-blasts-reaction-factbox/factbox-reaction-to-sri-lanka-attacks-idUKKCN1RX09G?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |work=Reuters |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504114233/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sri-lanka-blasts-reaction-factbox/factbox-reaction-to-sri-lanka-attacks-idUKKCN1RX09G?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews |url-status=dead}}

{{main|Chechen genocide|Chechen–Russian conflict|History of Chechnya#Dissolution of the Soviet Union and afterwards|Russian war crimes#Chechnya}}

{{see also|First Chechen War|Second Chechen War|Casualties of the Second Chechen War}}

File:Fosse commune de Saadi-Kotar.jpg

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chechnya declared its independence from the Russian Federation. Russian President Boris Yeltsin refused to accept Chechnya's independence; subsequently, the conflict between Chechnya and the Russian Federation escalated until it reached its climax when Russian troops invaded Chechnya and launched the First Chechen War in December 1994, and in September 1999, they invaded Chechnya again and launched the Second Chechen War. By 2009, Chechen resistance was crushed and the war ended with Russia re-establishing its control over Chechnya. Numerous war crimes were committed during both conflicts.{{cite web |title=War Crimes In Chechnya and the Response of the West |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=29 February 2000 |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/29/war-crimes-chechnya-and-response-west |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102073333/https://www.hrw.org/news/2000/02/29/war-crimes-chechnya-and-response-west |url-status=live}} Amnesty International estimated that in the First Chechen War alone, between 20,000 and 30,000 Chechens were killed, mostly in indiscriminate attacks which were launched against them by Russian forces in densely populated areas,{{cite web |title=Brief summary of concerns about human rights violations in the Chechen Republic |publisher=Amnesty International |date=April 1996 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/168000/eur460201996en.pdf |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118205600/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/168000/eur460201996en.pdf |url-status=live}} and that a further 25,000 civilians died in the Second Chechen War.{{cite web |title=Russian Federation: What justice for Chechnya's disappeared? |publisher=Amnesty International |year=2007 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/eur460202007en.pdf |page=1 |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317150654/https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/eur460202007en.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2023}}

Some scholars estimated that the Russian government's brutal attacks against such a small ethnic group amounted to a crime of genocide.{{cite journal |last=Haque |first=Mozammel |journal=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs |year=1999 |title=Genocide in Chechnya and the World Community |jstor=41394437 |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=15–29}}{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Adam |year=2011 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.554083 |title=Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=199–202 |s2cid=71276051}} The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya.Sarah Reinke (2005). {{lang|de|2=[http://www.gfbv.de/show_file.php?type=report&property=download&id=15 Schleichender Völkermord in Tschetschenien. Verschwindenlassen – ethnische Verfolgung in Russland – Scheitern der internationalen Politik]}}. {{lang|la|italic=no|Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker}}, 2005, p. 8. {{Cite web |url=http://www.gfbv.de/show_file.php?type=report&property=download&id=15 |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812015310/http://www.gfbv.de/show_file.php?type=report&property=download&id=15 |url-status=bot: unknown}}) On 18 October 2022, Ukraine's parliament condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" during the First and Second Chechen War.{{cite news |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news |date=18 October 2022 |work=Novaya Gazeta |title=Ukraine's parliament declares the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 'temporarily occupied by Russia' and condemns 'genocide of Chechens' |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153903/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news |archive-date=27 November 2023}}{{cite news |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory |date=18 October 2022 |work=Meduza |title=Ukraine's parliament declares 'Chechen Republic of Ichkeria' Russian-occupied territory |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523213111/https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory |archive-date=23 May 2024}}

{{further|Boko Haram insurgency|Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria}}

Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 Nigerian Christians have been killed by the terrorist group Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen and other groups.{{cite web |last1=Haverluck |first1=Michael F. |title='Silent slaughter' – 2 decades of genocide in Nigeria |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2020/08/07/Silent-slaughter-%E2%80%93-2-decades-of-genocide-in-Nigeria |website=Genocide Watch |date=7 August 2020 |publisher=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021112931/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/2020/08/07/silent-slaughter-2-decades-of-genocide-in-nigeria |archive-date=21 October 2023}}{{cite web |title=ICON Launches New Report Proving Nigerian Genocide |url=https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/icon-launches-new-report-proving-genocide-in-nigeria/ |website=Missions Box |date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316143458/https://missionsbox.org/press-releases/icon-launches-new-report-proving-genocide-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=16 March 2024}} The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.{{cite report |title=Nigeria's Silent Slaughter Genocide in Nigeria and the Implications for the International Community |publisher=International Committee on Nigeria |url=https://clientwebproof.com/Nigeria-Silent-Slaughter/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240913141435/https://clientwebproof.com/Nigeria-Silent-Slaughter/ |archive-date=13 September 2024}}

During the Congo Civil War (1998–2003), pygmies, who were considered subhuman, were hunted down and eaten by both of the sides which were involved in the conflict.{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Clayton |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |title=Pygmies struggle to survive in war zone where abuse is routine |work=The Times |date=16 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095020/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article402970.ece |archive-date=25 May 2010}} Sinafasi Makelo, a representative of Mbuti pygmies, asked the UN Security Council to recognise cannibalism as both a crime against humanity and an act of genocide.{{cite web |title=Press Conference by Indigenous People of Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/indigenousDRCpc.doc.htm |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172831/https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/indigenousDRCpc.doc.htm |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm |title=DR Congo pygmies appeal to UN |agency=BBC News |date=23 May 2003 |access-date=15 February 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023950/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2933524.stm |url-status=live}} Minority Rights Group International reported evidence of mass killings, cannibalism and rape. The report, which labeled these events as a campaign of extermination, linked the violence to beliefs about special powers held by the Bambuti.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3869489.stm |title=DR Congo pygmies 'exterminated' |work=BBC News |date=6 July 2004 |access-date=15 February 2016 |archive-date=1 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101163258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3869489.stm |url-status=live}} In Ituri district, rebel forces ran an operation code-named "Effacer le tableau" (to wipe the slate clean). The aim of the operation, according to witnesses, was to rid the forest of pygmies.{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=9&ReportId=58647 |title=Africa: Pygmy rights and continued discrimination |work=irinnews.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117203329/http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=9&ReportId=58647 |archive-date=17 November 2008}}{{cite news |first=Basildon |last=Peta |author-link=Basildon Peta |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-eating-pygmies-as-mass-slaughter-continues-in-congo-despite-peace-agreement-601088.html |title=Rebels 'eating Pygmies' as mass slaughter continues in Congo despite peace agreement |newspaper=The Independent |location=Beni, Congo |date=9 January 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226172041/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rebels-eating-pygmies-as-mass-slaughter-continues-in-congo-despite-peace-agreement-601088.html |archive-date=26 December 2010}}

{{main|Darfur genocide}}

The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the ongoing conflict in Western Sudan.{{cite book |last1=January |first1=Brendan |title=Genocide: Modern Crimes Against Humanity |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidemoderncr0000janu |url-access=registration |date=2007 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-7613-3421-7 |pages=114–115}}{{Cite web |title=Darfur |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/darfur |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810062543/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/darfur |archive-date=10 August 2024}} It has become known as the first genocide of the 21st century.{{sfn|Williams|2012|p=192}} The genocide, which was committed against the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa tribes, led the International Criminal Court (ICC) to indict several people for crimes against humanity, rape, forced transfer and torture.{{cite news |title=Omar al-Bashir: Sudan agrees ex-president must face ICC |work=BBC News |date=11 February 2020 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51462613 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508062659/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51462613 |url-status=live}} Over 2.8 million civilians have been displaced and the death toll is estimated to number 300,000.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3496731.stm |title=Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120525105453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3496731.stm |archive-date=25 May 2012}}

{{main|Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party|Freedom of religion in China|Human rights in China|Penal system in China|Racism in China|Religion in China#People's Republic of China}}

{{main|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}

{{see also|Islamophobia in China|History of Xinjiang#People's Republic of China (1949–present)|Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China|Xinjiang conflict|List of concentration and internment camps#People's Republic of China|Xinjiang internment camps|Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act}}

The Chinese government has committed a series of human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other ethnic and religious minorities which live both in and around the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China.{{Cite news |date=3 October 2020 |title=Uyghur American Association holds rally in US to raise awareness about Muslim genocide in China |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/uyghur-american-association-holds-rally-in-us-to-raise-awareness-about-muslim-genocide-in-china/story-3CudRMYaUrcvHUpUO3BeBO.html |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328221906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/uyghur-american-association-holds-rally-in-us-to-raise-awareness-about-muslim-genocide-in-china/story-3CudRMYaUrcvHUpUO3BeBO.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Allen-Ebrahimian |first=Bethany |date=10 February 2021 |title=Norway's youth parties call for end to China free trade talks |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/norways-youth-parties-call-for-end-to-china-free-trade-talks-cd070721-7390-4e7e-a6e9-b6494793d411.html |quote=[O]pposition to China's Uyghur genocide is gaining momentum in Norway, where some politicians are fearful of jeopardizing ties with Beijing. |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210183539/https://www.axios.com/norways-youth-parties-call-for-end-to-china-free-trade-talks-cd070721-7390-4e7e-a6e9-b6494793d411.html |url-status=live}}{{sfn|Landale|2021}} Since 2014,{{Cite news |last=Davidson |first=Helen |date=18 September 2020 |title=Clues to scale of Xinjiang labour operation emerge as China defends camps |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/clues-to-scale-of-xinjiang-labour-operation-emerge-as-china-defends-camps|access-date= |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306024300/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/clues-to-scale-of-xinjiang-labour-operation-emerge-as-china-defends-camps |url-status=live}} the Chinese government, under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, has pursued policies which have led to the internment of more than one million Muslims{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |date=10 August 2018 |title=One million Muslim Uighurs held in secret China camps: UN panel |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/8/10/one-million-muslim-uighurs-held-in-secret-china-camps-un-panel |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211028144800/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/8/10/one-million-muslim-uighurs-held-in-secret-china-camps-un-panel |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |last1=Welch |first1=Dylan |last2=Hui |first2=Echo |last3=Hutcheon |first3=Stephen |date=24 November 2019 |title=The China Cables: Leak reveals the scale of Beijing's repressive control over Xinjiang |publisher=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-25/china-cables-beijings-xinjiang-secrets-revealed/11719016 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210415200557/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-25/china-cables-beijings-xinjiang-secrets-revealed/11719016 |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |last=Mourenza |first=Andrés |date=31 January 2021 |title=Los exiliados uigures en Turquía temen la larga mano china |language=es |trans-title=Uighur exiles in Türkiye fear China's long hand |work=El País |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-01-31/los-exiliados-uigures-en-turquia-temen-la-larga-mano-china.html |archive-date=23 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323205050/https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-01-31/los-exiliados-uigures-en-turquia-temen-la-larga-mano-china.html |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |last=Child |first=David |date=27 January 2021 |title=Holocaust Memorial Day: Jewish figures condemn Uighur persecution |publisher=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/27/holduk-jewish-leaders-use-holocaust-day-to-denounce-uighur-abuses |archive-date=31 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331102854/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/27/holduk-jewish-leaders-use-holocaust-day-to-denounce-uighur-abuses |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |date=28 June 2020 |title=Trump signs bill pressuring China over Uighur Muslim crackdown |work=The Daily Star |url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2020/Jun-18/507667-trump-signs-bill-pressuring-china-over-uighur-muslim-crackdown.ashx |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212004618/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2020/Jun-18/507667-trump-signs-bill-pressuring-china-over-uighur-muslim-crackdown.ashx |url-status=live}}

}} and they are currently being held in secretive internment camps without any legal process (the majority of them are Uyghurs){{Cite news |last=Stroup |first=David R. |date=19 November 2019 |title=Why Xi Jinping's Xinjiang policy is a major change in China's ethnic politics |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/19/why-xi-jinpings-xinjiang-policy-is-major-change-chinas-ethnic-politics/|access-date=24 November 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120135950/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/19/why-xi-jinpings-xinjiang-policy-is-major-change-chinas-ethnic-politics/ |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |date=10 July 2019 |title=UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217070044/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses |archive-date=17 December 2019 |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}} in what has become the largest-scale detention of ethnic and religious minorities since the Holocaust.{{Cite news |last=McNeill |first=Sophie |date=14 July 2019 |title=The Missing: The families torn apart by China's campaign of cultural genocide |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-14/chinas-crackdown-on-uyghurs-tearing-families-apart/11221614 |quote=It appears to be the largest imprisonment of people on the basis of religion since the Holocaust. |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427084719/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-14/chinas-crackdown-on-uyghurs-tearing-families-apart/11221614 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Megha |last2=Killing |first2=Alison |date=3 December 2020 |title=Inside A Xinjiang Detention Camp |work=BuzzFeed News |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/inside-xinjiang-detention-camp |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305010052/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/inside-xinjiang-detention-camp |url-status=live}} Critics of the policy have described it as the Sinicisation of Xinjiang and have called it an ethnocide or cultural genocide,{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |title='Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education' |work=The Independent |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422051855/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |title='Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs |work=The Times |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425012712/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |title=China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide' |work=Der Spiegel |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121105242/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |archive-date=21 January 2020 |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite journal |title=The Uyghur Minority in China: A Case Study of Cultural Genocide, Minority Rights and the Insufficiency of the International Legal Framework in Preventing State-Imposed Extinction |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/laws9010001 |doi-access=free |last1=Finnegan |first1=Ciara |journal=Laws |volume=9 |page=1}}

| {{Cite journal |last1=Fallon |first1=Joseph E. |date=Summer 2019 |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=508909415820545;res=IELIAC |title=China's crime against Uyghurs is a form of genocide |work=Fourth World Journal |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=76–88 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201093948/https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=508909415820545;res=IELIAC |archive-date=1 February 2020 |url-status=live}}

}} while some governments, activists, independent NGOs, human rights experts, academics, government officials, and the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile have called it a genocide.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite web |title=Menendez, Cornyn Introduce Bipartisan Resolution to Designate Uyghur Human Rights Abuses by China as Genocide |publisher=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations |date=27 October 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-cornyn-introduce-bipartisan-resolution-to-designate-uyghur-human-rights-abuses-by-china-as-genocide |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029063910/https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-cornyn-introduce-bipartisan-resolution-to-designate-uyghur-human-rights-abuses-by-china-as-genocide |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite web |title=Blackburn Responds to Offensive Comments by Chinese State Media |publisher=U.S. Senator Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee |date=3 December 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.blackburn.senate.gov/2020/12/blackburn-responds-to-offensive-comments-by-chinese-state-media/accb2b20-54e8-4926-a643-5f2a1cde31fa |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113125852/https://www.blackburn.senate.gov/2020/12/blackburn-responds-to-offensive-comments-by-chinese-state-media/accb2b20-54e8-4926-a643-5f2a1cde31fa |url-status=live}}

| {{harvnb|Alecci|2020}}

| {{Cite web |title=Committee News Release – October 21, 2020 – SDIR (43–2) |publisher=House of Commons of Canada |date=21 October 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/SDIR/news-release/10903199 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024021902/https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/SDIR/news-release/10903199 |url-status=live}}

| {{harvnb|Landale|2021}}

}}

In particular, critics have highlighted the concentration of Uyghurs in state-sponsored internment camps,{{Cite news |url=https://apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe |title=Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp |last=Danilova |first=Maria |date=27 November 2018 |work=Associated Press |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213063324/https://apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-concentrationcamps-idUSKCN1S925K |title=China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says |last=Stewart |first=Phil |date=4 May 2019 |work=Reuters |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208091303/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-concentrationcamps-idUSKCN1S925K |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=live}} suppression of Uyghur religious practices,{{Cite journal |last=Congressional Research Service |date=18 June 2019 |title=Uyghurs in China |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf |journal=Congressional Research Service |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=18 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075723/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canadian-went-to-china-to-debunk-reports-of-anti-muslim-repression-but-was-shocked-by-treatment-of-uyghurs |title=Canadian went to China to debunk reports of anti-Muslim repression, but was 'shocked' by treatment of Uyghurs |last=Blackwell |first=Tom |date=25 September 2019 |work=National Post |access-date=2 December 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190926093402/https://nationalpost.com/news/canadian-went-to-china-to-debunk-reports-of-anti-muslim-repression-but-was-shocked-by-treatment-of-uyghurs |url-status=live}} political indoctrination,{{Cite news |title=Muslim minority in China's Xinjiang face 'political indoctrination': Human Rights Watch |work=Reuters |date=9 September 2018 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/muslim-minority-in-chinas-xinjiang-face-political-indoctrination-human-rights-watch-idUSKCN1LQ01F |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032307/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/muslim-minority-in-chinas-xinjiang-face-political-indoctrination-human-rights-watch-idUSKCN1LQ01F |url-status=live}} severe ill-treatment,{{cite web |url=https://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020-Responsibility-of-States-to-Uyghurs_Final.pdf |title=Responsibility of States under International Law to Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, China |publisher=Bar Human Rights Committee |access-date=18 December 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921202046/https://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020-Responsibility-of-States-to-Uyghurs_Final.pdf |url-status=live}} and testimonials of alleged human rights abuses including forced sterilisation, contraception,{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_china-forces-birth-control-uighurs-suppress-population/6191919.html |title=China Forces Birth Control on Uighurs to Suppress Population |date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523115445/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/china-forces-birth-control-uighurs-suppress-population |url-status=live}} and abortion.{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/china-uighur-women-reportedly-sterilized-in-attempt-to-suppress-population/a-54018051 |title=China: Uighur women reportedly sterilized in attempt to suppress population |work=Deutsche Welle |date=1 July 2020 |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210108002713/https://www.dw.com/en/china-uighur-women-reportedly-sterilized-in-attempt-to-suppress-population/a-54018051 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |date=29 June 2020 |title=China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713 |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222610/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713 |url-status=live}} Chinese government statistics show that from 2015 to 2018, birth rates in the mostly Uyghur regions of Hotan and Kashgar fell by 84%.{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22311356/china-uyghur-birthrate-sterilization-genocide |title=China's genocide against the Uyghurs of Xinjiang, in 4 disturbing charts |website=Vox |date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210310182535/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/22311356/china-uyghur-birthrate-sterilization-genocide |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |title=China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization |work=Associated Press |date=28 June 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |url-status=live}} In the same period, the birth rate of the whole country decreased by 9.69%, from 12.07 to 10.9 per 1,000 people.{{Cite web |title=Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) – China |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=2 January 2021 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?start=2015&end=2018&locations=CN |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403201916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?start=2015&end=2018&locations=CN |url-status=live}} Chinese authorities acknowledged that birth rates dropped by almost a third in 2018 in Xinjiang, but denied reports of forced sterilisation and genocide.{{cite news |author=Ivan Watson, Rebecca Wright and Ben Westcott |title=Xinjiang government confirms huge birth rate drop but denies forced sterilization of women |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=CNN |date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111925/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live}} Birth rates have continued to plummet in Xinjiang, falling nearly 24% in 2019 alone when compared to just 4.2% nationwide.

In July 2020, German anthropologist Adrian Zenz wrote in Foreign Policy that his estimate had increased since November 2019, estimating that a total of 1.8 million Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities had been extrajudicially detained in what he described as "the largest incarceration of an ethnoreligious minority since the Holocaust", arguing that the Chinese Government was engaging in policies in violation of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.{{Cite news |last=Zenz |first=Adrian |date=1 July 2020 |title=China's Own Documents Show Potentially Genocidal Sterilization Plans in Xinjiang |work=Foreign Policy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/01/china-documents-uighur-genocidal-sterilization-xinjiang/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112015328/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/01/china-documents-uighur-genocidal-sterilization-xinjiang/ |archive-date=12 January 2024}} Ethan Gutmann estimated in December 2020 that 5 to 10% of detainees had died each year in the camps.{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/crematorium-11132020144027.html |title=Internment Camps in Xinjiang's Aksu Separated by Crematorium |website=Radio Free Asia |date=13 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605141846/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/crematorium-11132020144027.html |archive-date=5 June 2024}}{{bsn|date=March 2025}}

{{Main|Rohingya genocide}}

{{Further|Rohingya genocide case|Freedom of religion in Myanmar|Human rights in Myanmar|Myanmar conflict|Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar|Rohingya conflict}}

File:Rohingya refugees entering Bangladesh after being driven out of Myanmar, 2017.JPG, 2017]]

Myanmar's government has been accused of committing crimes that are alleged to amount to genocide against the Muslim Rohingya minority. For many years, the Rohingya had been one the primary targets of hate crimes and discrimination in the country, much of which was given tacit encouragement by extremist nationalist Buddhist monks and the military-controlled government. Muslim groups have claimed that they were subjected to genocide, torture, arbitrary detention, and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment.{{cite web |title=Burma – United to End Genocide |url=http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/burma/ |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006194333/http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/burma/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Muslim groups sue Myanmar president for Rohingya 'genocide' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/06/muslim-groups-sue-myanmar-president-for-rohingya-genocide |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=7 October 2015 |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=6 October 2015 |archive-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012211024/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/06/muslim-groups-sue-myanmar-president-for-rohingya-genocide |url-status=live}}

On 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military forces and local Buddhist extremists started attacking the Rohingya people and committing atrocities against them in the country's north-west Rakhine State. The atrocities included attacks on Rohingya people and locations, looting Rohingya villages and burning them down, the mass killing of Rohingya civilians, gang rapes, and other acts of sexual violence.

In December 2017, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) estimated that during the persecution, the military and local Buddhists killed at least 10,000 Rohingya people.{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 |title=Rohingya death toll likely above 10,000, MSF says amid exodus |first=James |last=Bennett |date=14 December 2017 |work=ABC News |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111112018/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-14/rohingya-death-toll-in-the-thousands-says-msf/9260552 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/sites/usa/files/summary_of_findings_-_msf_mortality_surveys_-_coxs_bazar.pdf |title=Rohingya crisis in Bangladesh: A summary of findings from six pooled surveys |website=Médecins Sans Frontières |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164514/https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/sites/usa/files/summary_of_findings_-_msf_mortality_surveys_-_coxs_bazar.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2018 |url-status=dead}} At least 392 Rohingya villages in Rakhine state were reported as burned down and destroyed,{{Cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23575&LangID=E |title=Myanmar: UN Fact-Finding Mission releases its full account of massive violations by military in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan States |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070325/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23575&LangID=E |url-status=live}} as well as the looting of many Rohingya houses,{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/myanmar-rakhine-events/ |title=Massacre in Myanmar: One grave for 10 Rohingya men |author1=Wa Lone |author2=Kyaw Soe Oo |date=8 February 2018 |work=Reuters |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211050619/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/myanmar-rakhine-events/ |url-status=live}} and widespread gang rapes and other forms of sexual violence against the Rohingya Muslim women and girls.{{cite news |title=Rohingya crisis: Burmese military guilty of widespread rape of fleeing women and girls, Human Rights Watch says |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/rohingya-crisis-latest-today-burmese-military-rape-accusation-human-rights-watch-muslim-refugees-a8057846.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=16 November 2017 |first=Michelle |last=Nichols |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142155/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/rohingya-crisis-latest-today-burmese-military-rape-accusation-human-rights-watch-muslim-refugees-a8057846.html |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Rohingya women gang-raped by Myanmar army |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rohingya-girls-gang-raped-myanmar-army-1490278 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=13 November 2017 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203123834/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/rohingya-girls-gang-raped-myanmar-army-1490278 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Rohingya Were Raped Systematically by Myanmar's Military |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/16/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-rapes.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 November 2017 |first=Rick |last=Gladstone |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203125955/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/16/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-rapes.html?_r=0 |url-status=live}} The military drive also displaced a large number of Rohingya people and made them refugees. According to the United Nations reports, {{as of|2018|September|lc=y}}, over 700,000 Rohingya people had either fled or were driven out of Rakhine state and then, they took shelter as refugees in neighboring Bangladesh.{{cn|date=January 2025}} In December 2017, two Reuters journalists who had been covering the Inn Din massacre event were arrested and imprisoned.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The 2017 persecution of the Rohingya Muslims and non-Muslims has been classified as an act of ethnic cleansing and genocide by various United Nations agencies, International Criminal Court officials, human rights groups, and governments.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/myanmar-mass-graves-latest-rohingya-slaughter-genocide-ap/ |work=CBS News |title=AP finds mass graves, latest evidence of Rohingya genocide in Myanmar |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174445/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/myanmar-mass-graves-latest-rohingya-slaughter-genocide-ap/ |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-myanmar-rohingyas-20180313-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |title=U.N. genocide advisor: Myanmar waged 'scorched-earth campaign' against the Rohingya |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174500/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-myanmar-rohingyas-20180313-story.html |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/12/asia/myanmar-rohingya-un-violence-genocide-intl/index.html |work=CNN |title=UN official convinced of Myanmar Rohingya 'genocide' |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174221/https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/12/asia/myanmar-rohingya-un-violence-genocide-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}

| {{cite web |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/un-security-council-end-disgraceful-inaction-on-myanmars-rohingya-crisis/ |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=10 April 2018 |title=UN Security Council: End disgraceful inaction on Myanmar's Rohingya crisis |archive-date=11 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174225/https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/un-security-council-end-disgraceful-inaction-on-myanmars-rohingya-crisis/ |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/22/politics/tillerson-myanmar-ethnic-cleansing/index.html |work=CNN |title=Tillerson: Myanmar clearly 'ethnic cleansing' the Rohingya |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410132738/https://www.cnn.com/2017/11/22/politics/tillerson-myanmar-ethnic-cleansing/index.html |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/rohingya-crisis-icc-prosecutor-seeks-power-to-investigate-crimes-against-humanity |work=The Guardian |title='Hallmarks of genocide': ICC prosecutor seeks justice for Rohingya |access-date=5 October 2019 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410052257/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/10/rohingya-crisis-icc-prosecutor-seeks-power-to-investigate-crimes-against-humanity |url-status=live}}

| {{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/17/burma-new-satellite-images-confirm-mass-destruction |title=Burma: New Satellite Images Confirm Mass Destruction |date=17 October 2017 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106003237/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/17/burma-new-satellite-images-confirm-mass-destruction |url-status=live}}

}} British prime minister Theresa May and United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson called it "ethnic cleansing" while the French President Emmanuel Macron described the situation as "genocide".{{cite news |title=Downing Street says Burma's treatment of Rohingya Muslims looks like 'ethnic cleansing' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/downing-street-burma-rohingya-muslims-theresa-may-ethnic-cleansing-military-forces-a8052031.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=13 November 2017 |first1=Joe |last1=Watts |first2=Caroline |last2=Mortimer |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033211/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/downing-street-burma-rohingya-muslims-theresa-may-ethnic-cleansing-military-forces-a8052031.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/11/275848.htm |title=Efforts To Address Burma's Rakhine State Crisis |first=Rex W. |last=Tillerson |author-link=Rex Tillerson |date=22 November 2017 |publisher=U.S. State Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033359/https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2017/11/275848.htm |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}{{cite news |title=French President labels attacks on Rohingya minority as 'genocide' |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/french-president-labels-attacks-on-rohingya-minority-as-genocide |newspaper=SBS News |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033142/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/french-president-labels-attacks-on-rohingya-minority-as-genocide |url-status=live}} The United Nations described the persecution as "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing". In late September that year, a seven-member panel of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal found the Myanmar military and the Myanmar authority guilty of the crime of genocide against the Rohingya and the Kachin minority groups.{{cite news |title=Permanent Peoples Tribunal finds Myanmar guilty of genocide |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/282864/permanent-peoples-tribunal-finds-myanmar-guilty-genocide |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=22 September 2017 |author=Bernama |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201192958/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/09/282864/permanent-peoples-tribunal-finds-myanmar-guilty-genocide |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Myanmar found guilty of genocide |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/mayanmar-rohingya-refugee-crisis-myanmar-found-guilty-genocide-1466263 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=23 September 2017 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000356/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/mayanmar-rohingya-refugee-crisis-myanmar-found-guilty-genocide-1466263 |url-status=live}} The Myanmar leader and State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi was again criticised for her silence on the issue and her support of the military's actions.{{cite news |last=Ramzy |first=Austin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-refugees-270000.html?mcubz=1&mcubz=1 |title=270,000 Rohingya Have Fled Myanmar, U.N. Says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929204643/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-refugees-270000.html?mcubz=1&mcubz=1 |archive-date=29 September 2017 |date=8 September 2017 |work=The New York Times |access-date=9 September 2017}} Subsequently, in November 2017, the governments of Bangladesh and Myanmar signed a deal to facilitate the return of Rohingya refugees to their native Rakhine state within two months, drawing a mixed response from international onlookers.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42094060 |title=Myanmar Rohingya crisis: Deal to allow return of Muslim refugees |date=23 November 2017 |access-date=26 November 2017 |work=BBC News |archive-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125224244/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42094060 |url-status=live}}

In August 2018, the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, reporting the findings of its investigation into the August–September 2017 events, declared that the Myanmar military—the Tatmadaw, and several of its commanders (including Commander-in-chief Senior General Min Aung Hlaing)—should face charges in the International Criminal Court for "crimes against humanity", including acts of "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide", particularly for the August–September 2017 attacks on the Rohingya.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite report |url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFM-Myanmar/A_HRC_39_64.pdf |title=Human rights situations that require the Council's attention: Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905194830/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFM-Myanmar/A_HRC_39_64.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2018 |edition=Advance Unedited Version: English |date=24 August 2018 |publisher=United Nations, Human Rights Council, 39th session, 10–28 September 2018, Agenda item 4 |access-date=28 August 2018}}

| {{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Nebehay |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un/myanmar-generals-had-genocidal-intent-against-rohingya-must-face-justice-u-n-idUSKCN1LC0KN |title=U.N. calls for Myanmar generals to be tried for genocide, blames Facebook for incitement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905155407/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-rohingya-un/myanmar-generals-had-genocidal-intent-against-rohingya-must-face-justice-u-n-idUSKCN1LC0KN |archive-date=5 September 2018 |date=27 August 2018 |work=Reuters News Service |access-date=28 August 2018}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-45318982 |title=Myanmar Rohingya: UN says military leaders must face genocide charges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906060034/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-45318982 |archive-date=6 September 2018 |date=27 August 2018 |work=BBC News |access-date=28 August 2018}}

| {{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya-crisis-myanmar-genocide-military-commanders-un-human-rights-mission/ |title=Investigators call for genocide prosecutions over slaughter of Rohingyas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829073709/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rohingya-crisis-myanmar-genocide-military-commanders-un-human-rights-mission/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 |date=27 August 2018 |work=CBS News |access-date=28 August 2018}}

| {{cite news |last=Beech |first=Hannah |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/world/asia/rohingya-myanmar-ethnic-cleansing-anniversary.html |title=Year After Rohingya Massacres, Top Generals Unrepentant and Unpunished |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902110118/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/25/world/asia/rohingya-myanmar-ethnic-cleansing-anniversary.html |archive-date=2 September 2018 |date=27 August 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=28 August 2018}}

}}

{{Main|Ethnic violence in South Sudan|Human rights in South Sudan}}

During the South Sudanese Civil War there were ethnic undertones to the conflict between the South Sudan People's Defence Forces and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition, which has been accused of being dominated by the Dinka ethnic group. A Dinka lobbying group known as the "Jieng Council of Elders" was often accused of being behind hardline SPLM policies.{{cite news |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/dinka-council-elders-welcomes-kiir’s-decision-firing-ministers-allied-machar |title=Dinka council of elders welcomes Kiir's decision firing ministers allied to Machar |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=9 March 2017 |work=Radio Tamazuj |archive-date=15 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315021733/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/dinka-council-elders-welcomes-kiir%E2%80%99s-decision-firing-ministers-allied-machar |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59719 |title=Jieng Council of Elders caused "coup" in SPLM-IO: official |date=24 July 2015 |access-date=9 March 2017 |work=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044511/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59719 |url-status=live}} While the army used to attract men who were members of different tribes, during the war, a large number of the SPLA's soldiers were from the Dinka stronghold of Bahr el Ghazal,{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/opinion/south-sudan-cannot-be-allowed-to-collapse.html?_r=1 |title=South Sudan must not be allowed to collapse |date=20 January 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830062448/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/opinion/south-sudan-cannot-be-allowed-to-collapse.html?_r=1 |url-status=live}} and within the country the army was often referred to as "the Dinka army". Many of the atrocities committed are blamed on a group known as "Dot Ke Beny" (Rescue the President) or "Mathiang Anyoor" (Brown caterpillar), while the SPLA claim that it is just another battalion.{{cite web |url=http://africanarguments.org/2016/07/11/whos-behind-south-sudans-return-to-fighting/ |title=Who's behind South Sudan's return to fighting? |date=11 July 2016 |access-date=26 January 2017 |work=African arguments |archive-date=12 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712131454/http://africanarguments.org/2016/07/11/whos-behind-south-sudans-return-to-fighting/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39209280 |title=South Sudan conflict: 'Soldiers will kill you for no reason in Yei' |first=Alastair |last=Leithead |date=9 March 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |work=BBC News |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309030451/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39209280 |url-status=live}} Immediately after the alleged coup in 2013, Dinka troops, and particularly Mathiang Anyoor,{{cite news |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/28/report-mass-graves-rape-cannibalism-in-south-sudan.html |title=Mass Graves, Rape Cannibalism in South Sudan |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=26 January 2017 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504061011/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/10/28/report-mass-graves-rape-cannibalism-in-south-sudan.html |url-status=live}} were accused of carrying out pogroms, assisted by guides, in house to house searches of Nuer suburbs,{{cite web |title=South Sudan: ethnic targeting, widespread killings |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/16/south-sudan-ethnic-targeting-widespread-killings |website=Human Rights Watch |date=16 January 2014 |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027030838/https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/16/south-sudan-ethnic-targeting-widespread-killings |url-status=live}} while similar door to door searches of Nuers were reported in government held Malakal.{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/sudan-troops-39-door-door-39-seized-town-215351156.html |title=Sudan troops go 'door to door' in seized town |website=Yahoo! News |agency=Agence France-Presse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140126065608/http://news.yahoo.com/sudan-troops-39-door-door-39-seized-town-215351156.html |archive-date=26 January 2014}} About 240 Nuer men were killed at a police station in Juba's Gudele neighborhood.{{cite news |title=South Sudan, the state that fell apart in a week |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/23/south-sudan-state-that-fell-apart-in-a-week |date=23 December 2013 |newspaper=The Guardian |place=United Kingdom |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225021638/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/23/south-sudan-state-that-fell-apart-in-a-week |url-status=live}}{{cite news |first=James |last=Copnall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25502457 |title=South Sudan sees 'mass ethnic killings' |work=BBC News |date=24 December 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224074035/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25502457 |url-status=live}} During the fighting in 2016–17 in the Upper Nile region between the SPLA and the SPLA-IO allied Upper Nile faction of Uliny, Shilluk in Wau Shilluk were forced from their homes and Yasmin Sooka, chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan, claimed that the government was engaging in "social engineering" after it transported 2,000 mostly Dinka people to the abandoned areas.{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-15/un-warns-of-south-sudan-27social-engineering27/8354958 |title=South Sudan: UN warns of 'social engineering' amid looming threat of genocide |work=ABC News |access-date=17 March 2017 |date=14 March 2017 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317081414/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-15/un-warns-of-south-sudan-27social-engineering27/8354958 |url-status=live}} The king of the Shilluk Kingdom, Kwongo Dak Padiet, claimed his people were at risk of physical and cultural extinction.{{cite news |url=http://www.startribune.com/south-sudan-experiencing-ethnic-cleansing-un-report-says/415571874/ |title=South Sudan experiencing ethnic cleansing, UN report says |newspaper=Star Tribune |access-date=9 March 2017 |date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308104227/http://www.startribune.com/south-sudan-experiencing-ethnic-cleansing-un-report-says/415571874/ |url-status=live}} In the Equatoria region, Dinka soldiers were accused of targeting civilians on ethnic lines against the dozens of ethnic groups among the Equatorians, with much of the atrocities being blamed on Mathiang Anyoor. Adama Dieng, the U.N.'s Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, warned of genocide after visiting areas of fighting in Yei.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-uganda-refugees-idUSKBN1441QU |title=Hatred spills beyond South Sudan along with refugees |date=15 December 2016 |work=Reuters |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830083221/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-uganda-refugees-idUSKBN1441QU |url-status=live}} Khalid Boutros of the Cobra faction as well as officials of the Murle led Boma State accuse the SPLA of aiding attacks by Dinka from Jonglei state against Boma state,{{cite news |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/ssdm-cobra-faction-dissolved-merged-cirillos-rebels |title=SSDM-Cobra Faction dissolved, merged with Cirillo's rebels |date=9 March 2017 |access-date=9 March 2017 |work=Radio Tamazuj |archive-date=9 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309183844/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/ssdm-cobra-faction-dissolved-merged-cirillos-rebels |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/gunmen-attack-boma-villages-displaced-residents-official |title=Gunmen attack on Boma villages displaced residents: Official |date=8 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |work=Radio Tamazuj |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313151033/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/gunmen-attack-boma-villages-displaced-residents-official |url-status=live}} and soldiers from Jonglei captured Kotchar in Boma in 2017.{{cite news |url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/boma-deputy-governor-says-gunmen-jonglei-captured-kotchar |title=Boma deputy governor says gunmen from Jonglei captured Kotchar |date=8 March 2017 |access-date=12 March 2017 |work=Radio Tamazuj |archive-date=13 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133942/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/boma-deputy-governor-says-gunmen-jonglei-captured-kotchar |url-status=live}} In 2010, Dennis Blair, the United States Director of National Intelligence, issued a warning that "over the next five years, ... a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."{{cite news |last1=Abramowitz |first1=Michael |last2=Woocher |first2=Lawrence |title=How Genocide Became a National Security Threat |work=Foreign Policy |date=26 February 2010 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/26/how_genocide_became_a_national_security_threat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723141059/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/26/how_genocide_became_a_national_security_threat |archive-date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Sudan: Transcending tribe |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113359/http://english.aljazeera.net//photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html |archive-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=dead}} In April 2017, Priti Patel, the Secretary of the United Kingdom's Department for International Development, declared the violence in South Sudan as genocide.{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-sudan-africa-genocide-uk-priti-patel-un-violence-a7681361.html |title=UK goes beyond UN to say South Sudan violence 'is now genocide' |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |work=The Independent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415220306/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/south-sudan-africa-genocide-uk-priti-patel-un-violence-a7681361.html |archive-date=15 April 2017 |url-status=live}}

{{Main|Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State|Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State|Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State|Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory|Iraqi Turkmen genocide}}

File:QineiSinjarVOA.JPG in the Sinjar District after a massacre was perpetrated by ISIL in 2015]]

ISIL or ISIS compels people who live in the areas that it controls to live according to its interpretation of sharia law.{{cite news |last=McCoy |first=Terrence |date=13 June 2013 |title=ISIL, beheadings and the success of horrifying violence |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/13/isis-beheadings-and-the-success-of-horrifying-violence/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009194016/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/06/13/Isis-beheadings-and-the-success-of-horrifying-violence/ |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Bulos |first=Nabih |date=20 June 2014 |title=Islamic State of Iraq and Syria aims to recruit Westerners with video |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-isis-video-20140620-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=17 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813111642/http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-isis-video-20140620-story.html |archive-date=13 August 2014 |url-status=live}} There have been many reports of the group's use of death threats, torture and mutilation in order to compel people to convert to Islam, as well as reports of clerics being killed for refusing to pledge allegiance to the so-called "Islamic State". ISIL commits violence against Shia Muslims, Alawites, Assyrian and Armenian Christians, Yazidis, Druze, Shabaks and Mandeans in particular.{{cite news |last1=Abi-Habib |first1=Maria |title=Iraq's Christian Minority Feels Militant Threat |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/iraqs-christian-minority-feels-militant-threat-1403826576 |access-date=6 July 2014 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 June 2014 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702061230/http://online.wsj.com/articles/iraqs-christian-minority-feels-militant-threat-1403826576 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=live}}

Among the known killings of civilians who were members of religious and other minority groups by ISIL were those killings which ISIL committed in the villages and towns of Quiniyeh (70–90 Yazidis killed), Hardan (60 Yazidis killed), Sinjar (500–2,000 Yazidis killed), Ramadi Jabal (60–70 Yazidis killed), Dhola (50 Yazidis killed), Khana Sor (100 Yazidis killed), Hardan area (250–300 Yazidis killed), al-Shimal (dozens of Yazidis killed), Khocho (400 Yazidis killed and 1,000 abducted), Jadala (14 Yazidis killed){{cite report |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/UNAMI_OHCHR_POC_Report_FINAL_6July_10September2014.pdf |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |title=Report on the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict in Iraq: 6 July – 10 September 2014 |access-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002132143/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/UNAMI_OHCHR_POC_Report_FINAL_6July_10September2014.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=live}} and Beshir (700 Shia Turkmen killed),{{Cite news |first=John |last=Phillips |date=28 August 2014 |title=Women and children among massacred Iraqi Turkmen |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/women-and-children-among-massacred-iraqi-turkmen/127217 |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=Anadolu Agency |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802050024/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/women-and-children-among-massacred-iraqi-turkmen/127217 |url-status=live}} and others committed near Mosul (670 Shia inmates of the Badush prison killed),{{Cite news |first1=Stephanie |last1=Nebehay |first2=Ahmed |last2=Rasheed |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-idUKKBN0GP0L220140825 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305203431/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-iraq-security-idUKKBN0GP0L220140825 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2016 |title=U.N. accuses Islamic State of mass killings |work=Reuters |date=25 August 2014}} and in Tal Afar prison, Iraq (200 Yazidis killed for refusing conversion). The UN estimated that 5,000 Yazidis were killed by ISIL during the takeover of parts of northern Iraq in August 2014.{{cite journal |last1=Cetorelli |first1=Valeria |title=Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey |journal=PLOS Medicine |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=e1002297 |date=9 May 2017 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002297 |pmid=28486492 |pmc=5423550 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.gfbv.de/en/news/4-years-ago-the-genocide-against-the-yazidis-in-northern-iraq-august-3-2014-9323/ |title=4 years ago: the genocide against the Yazidis in northern Iraq (August 3, 2014) |website=Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV) |language=en-us |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423104454/https://www.gfbv.de/en/news/4-years-ago-the-genocide-against-the-yazidis-in-northern-iraq-august-3-2014-9323/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |url-status=live}} In late May 2014, 150 Kurdish boys from Kobani aged 14–16 were abducted and subjected to torture and abuse, according to Human Rights Watch.{{cite news |last1=Lucas |first1=Ryan |title=ISIS Tortured Kurdish Children Captured in Kobani: Group |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/04/isis-kobani-children-torture_n_6099500.html |access-date=4 November 2014 |agency=Associated Press |work=HuffPost |date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105035214/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/04/isis-kobani-children-torture_n_6099500.html |archive-date=5 November 2014}} In the Syrian towns of Ghraneij, Abu Haman and Kashkiyeh 700 members of the Sunni Al-Shaitat tribe were killed for attempting to launch an uprising against ISIL rule.{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/islamic-state-group-executes-700-syria-2014816123945662121.html |title=Islamic State group 'executes 700' in Syria |work=Al Jazeera |date=17 August 2014 |access-date=20 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015061846/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/islamic-state-group-executes-700-syria-2014816123945662121.html |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |first=Liz |last=Sly |title=Syria tribal revolt against Islamic State ignored, fueling resentment |date=20 October 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=7 November 2014 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syria-tribal-revolt-against-islamic-state-ignored-fueling-resentment/2014/10/20/25401beb-8de8-49f2-8e64-c1cfbee45232_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128074311/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syria-tribal-revolt-against-islamic-state-ignored-fueling-resentment/2014/10/20/25401beb-8de8-49f2-8e64-c1cfbee45232_story.html |archive-date=28 January 2015 |url-status=live}} The UN reported that in June 2014 ISIL had killed a number of Sunni Islamic clerics who refused to pledge allegiance to it.{{cite web |last1=Zarocostas |first1=John |title=U.N.: Islamic State executed imam of mosque where Baghdadi preached |url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/08/232563/un-islamic-state-executed-imam.html |website=McClatchyDC |access-date=10 October 2014 |date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017115108/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2014/07/08/232563/un-islamic-state-executed-imam.html |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead}} By 2014, a U.N. Humans Rights commission counted that 9,347 civilians had been murdered by ISIL in Iraq,{{cite news |last1=Obeidallah |first1=Dean |title=ISIS's Gruesome Muslim Death Toll |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/isiss-gruesome-muslim-death-toll |website=The Daily Beast |date=7 October 2014 |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607183716/http://www.thedailybeast.com/isiss-gruesome-muslim-death-toll |archive-date=7 June 2017 |url-status=live}} then however; by 2016 a second report by the United Nations estimated 18,802 deaths.{{cite web |last1=Jamieson |first1=Alastair |title=ISIS Death Toll: 18,800 Killed in Iraq in 2 Years, U.N. Says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-death-toll-18-800-killed-iraq-2-years-u-n499426 |work=NBC News |date=19 January 2016 |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170604110533/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/isis-death-toll-18-800-killed-iraq-2-years-u-n499426 |archive-date=4 June 2017 |url-status=live}}

The Sinjar massacre in 2014 resulted in the killings of between 2,000{{cite news |last=Levs |first=Josh |date=7 August 2014 |title=Will anyone stop ISIS? |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/meast/stopping-isis |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807191105/http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/07/world/meast/stopping-isis |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=8 March 2015}}{{cite magazine |author-link=George Packer |last=Packer |first=George |date=6 August 2014 |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/friend-flees-horror-isis |title=A Friend Flees the Horror of ISIS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013075635/https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/friend-flees-horror-isis |archive-date=13 October 2017}} and 5,000{{cite web |last=Spencer |first=Richard |title=Isil carried out massacres and mass sexual enslavement of Yazidis, UN confirms |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |work=Daily Telegraph |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212102709/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11160906/Isil-carried-out-massacres-and-mass-sexual-enslavement-of-Yazidis-UN-confirms.html |archive-date=12 February 2019 |url-status=live}} civilians.

== Yemen ==

{{Main|Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)}}

File:Months after an airstrike on a neighborhood populated by black Yemenis or "Muhamasheen" more than a hundred buildings still remain in rubble and survivors continue to search for any valuables - Sanaa - Yemen - Oct-9-2015.png after Saudi-led airstrikes in October 2015]]

The actions of Saudi Arabia and the UAE in Yemen have been variously described as genocidal.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite book |last=Blumi |first=Isa |date=2018 |title=Destroying Yemen: What Chaos in Arabia Tells Us about the World |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520968783 |page=xi}}

| {{cite journal |first=Jeffrey S. |last=Bachman |date=2019 |title=A 'synchronised attack' on life: the Saudi-led coalition's 'hidden and holistic' genocide in Yemen and the shared responsibility of the US and UK |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=40 |number=2 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2018.1539910 |pages=298–316}}

| {{cite book |last1=Tyner |first1=James |last2=Cromley |first2=Gordon A. |date=27 September 2019 |chapter=Geography, genocide, and global militarism: an agenda for the twenty-first century |title=A Research Agenda for Military Geographies |editor-last=Woodward |editor-first=Rachel |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=-9781786438874 |pages=26–39}}

| {{cite journal |first1=Shmuel |last1=Lederman |first2=Zohar |last2=Lederman |date=1 May 2024 |title=(Un)Noticing Yemen: The Forgotten War in Yemen and Critical Genocide Studies |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2346405 |pages=1–18 [16–17] |doi-access=free}}

| {{harvnb|Bachman|Ruiz|2025|p=75}}

}} In 2015, coalition forces led by Saudi Arabia and the UAE, intervened in the already ongoing Yemeni Civil War on behalf of the government forces. The intervention has been described as a genocide against Yemenis by some commentators due to war crimes and its role in the humanitarian crisis in Yemen.{{bulleted list|,

| {{cite news |date=9 October 2016 |title=Saudi-led coalition in Yemen accused of 'genocide' after airstrike on funeral hall kills 140 |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-air-strike-bomb-kills-140-saudi-arabia-usa-white-house-a7352386.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531144447/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-air-strike-bomb-kills-140-saudi-arabia-usa-white-house-a7352386.html |archive-date=31 May 2022}}

| {{cite news |date=9 October 2018 |title=Calls for accountability as Yemen suffers genocide by starvation |work=Business Live |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-10-09-calls-for-accountability-as-yemen-suffers-genocide-by-starvation/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220213859/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2018-10-09-calls-for-accountability-as-yemen-suffers-genocide-by-starvation/ |archive-date=20 December 2021}}

| {{cite web |last1=Bachman |first1=Jeff |date=13 December 2018 |title=Genocide in Yemen? |publisher=World Peace Foundation, Tufts University |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2018/12/13/genocide-in-yemen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028143327/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2018/12/13/genocide-in-yemen/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=14 June 2022}}

| {{cite news |date=30 November 2018 |title=Saudi aggression in Yemen: Our exports support Arab genocide |work=Irish Examiner |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/views/ourview/saudi-aggression-in-yemen-our-exports-support-arab-genocide-888892.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614190006/https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/ourview/arid-30888892.html |archive-date=14 June 2022}}

| {{cite news |date=15 November 2018 |title=When will America stop participating in Yemen's genocidal war? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/15/america-stop-participating-yemen-war |url-status=live |access-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322100818/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/nov/15/america-stop-participating-yemen-war |archive-date=22 March 2022}}

}} The Saudi-led campaign had a dramatic worsening effect on the humanitarian crisis in Yemen by contributing to the famine in Yemen.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/05/saudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20 m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster |date=5 June 2015 |first=Julian |last=Borger |author-link=Julian Borger |access-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228151415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/05/saudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster |archive-date=28 February 2025}} The UN Special Rapporteurs on the Right of Food and for the Prevention of Genocide have called for investigations of Saudi Arabia for crimes against humanity based on their deliberate starvation of the population of Yemen.{{cite journal |first1=Robin |last1=Hering |first2=Bernhard |last2=Stahl |date=24 February 2022 |title=When mass atrocities are silenced: Germany and the cases of Yemen, South Sudan, and Myanmar |journal=Journal of International Relations and Development |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=608–634 [620–621] |doi=10.1057/s41268-022-00254-2}}{{cite journal |last=Orkaby |first=Asher |date=November–December 2017 |title=Yemen's Humanitarian Nightmare: The Real Roots of the Conflict |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=96 |number=6 |pages=93–101 [98] |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |jstor=44823824}} Over 78% of the population, 20 million people, were in need of humanitarian assistance in 2015 according to the UN. The intervention also contributed to the outbreak of cholera which has infected hundreds of thousands.{{cite news |date=28 July 2015 |title=Durable ceasefire needed as 'humanitarian catastrophe' leaves millions suffering in Yemen – UN relief chief |publisher=UN News Centre |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51516 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729021147/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51516 |archive-date=29 July 2015}}{{cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=European Commission steps up humanitarian aid for Yemen crisis |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dqN1KtTh?url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis |archive-date=17 December 2015 |publisher=European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations |via=ReliefWeb}} Original source: {{cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=European Commission steps up humanitarian aid for Yemen crisis |url=http://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dqNESGuF?url=http://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/european-commission-steps-humanitarian-aid-yemen-crisis_en |archive-date=17 December 2015}}{{cite news |date=24 August 2015 |title=Yemen crisis: How bad is the humanitarian situation? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34011187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182117/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34011187 |archive-date=24 September 2015}} The blockade of Yemen by Saudi warships which began in 2015 also worsened the situation, leaving the many in without access to food, water and medical aid.{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title=Aid flights to Yemen blocked after Saudi Arabian jets bomb airport runway |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/28/aid-flights-to-yemen-blocked-after-saudi-arabia-bombs-airport-runway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128132227/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/28/aid-flights-to-yemen-blocked-after-saudi-arabia-bombs-airport-runway |archive-date=28 January 2025}}{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=7 November 2018 |title=Battle rages in Yemen's vital port as showdown looms |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen-hodeidah-airstrikes-saudi-led-coalition-ceasefire-calls |quote=The port has been blockaded by the Saudi-led coalition for the past three years, a decision aid organizations say has been the main contributing factor to the famine that threatens to engulf half of Yemen's 28 million population. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221092251/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/07/yemen-hodeidah-airstrikes-saudi-led-coalition-ceasefire-calls |archive-date=21 February 2025}} Aid to Yemen to relieve the situation was often delayed by the Saudi blockade, leading to further deaths.{{cite news |first=Samuel |last=Osborne |date=1 March 2017 |title=Saudi Arabia delaying aid to Yemen is 'killing children', warns Save the Children; Saudi-led coalition accused of 'turning aid and commercial supplies into weapons of war' |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-yemen-aid-delay-killing-children-save-the-children-warn-a7606411.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323031800/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-yemen-aid-delay-killing-children-save-the-children-warn-a7606411.html |archive-date=23 March 2025}} On 1 July 2015, the UN declared for Yemen a "level-three" emergency—the highest UN emergency level—for a period of six months.{{cite web |date=22 November 2015 |title=2016 Humanitarian Needs Overview |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/2016-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dHFRb9fu?url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/2016-humanitarian-needs-overview |archive-date=24 November 2015 |publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |via=ReliefWeb}} PDF: {{cite web |title=2016 Humanitarian Needs Overview |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2016_HNO_English_%20FINAL.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dHFXhhD3?url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/2016_HNO_English_%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2015}}{{cite web |date=1 July 2015 |title=Yemen: highest emergency response level declared for six months |url=http://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/yemen-highest-emergency-response-level-declared-six-months |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702080509/http://www.unocha.org/top-stories/all-stories/yemen-highest-emergency-response-level-declared-six-months |archive-date=2 July 2015 |access-date=7 April 2020 |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs}} By December 2015, 2.5 million Yemeni people were internally displaced by the fighting,{{cite web |date=10 December 2015 |title=Task Force on Population Movement, 6th Report, 10 December 2015 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task-force-population-movement-6th-report-10-december-2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dnRaxQyv?url=http://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/task-force-population-movement-6th-report-10-december-2015 |archive-date=15 December 2015 |publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Protection Cluster}} ({{cite web |title=PDF |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tfpm_6th_report_10_december_2015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6dnRv5N9M?url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tfpm_6th_report_10_december_2015.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2015}}) and 1 million more fled the country.{{cite news |date=30 November 2015 |title=KSA shelters 1 million Yemeni refugees |newspaper=Arab News |url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/843191}}

The coalition forces have been accused of war crimes, including deliberately targeting civilian areas,{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Van Esveld |date=10 April 2020 |title=The UN's Timid Responses to War Crimes Against Children |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/uns-timid-responses-war-crimes-against-children |access-date=10 April 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016120140/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/10/uns-timid-responses-war-crimes-against-children |archive-date=16 October 2023}}{{cite news |date=27 January 2016 |title=Yemen conflict: Saudi-led coalition targeting civilians, UN says |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35423282 |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120102555/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35423282 |archive-date=20 January 2024}} including hospitals, schools, refugee camps, and public infrastructure.{{bulleted list|,

| {{cite news |date=13 April 2015 |title=Saudi Coalition/US: Curb Civilian Harm in Yemen |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi-coalition/us-curb-civilian-harm-yemen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523055019/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/13/saudi-coalition/us-curb-civilian-harm-yemen |archive-date=23 May 2024}}

| {{cite news |date=15 April 2015 |title=Yemen: Factory Airstrike Killed 31 Civilians |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen-factory-airstrike-killed-31-civilians-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524041536/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/04/15/yemen-factory-airstrike-killed-31-civilians-0 |archive-date=24 May 2024}}

| {{cite news |date=25 January 2016 |title=Yemen: Health facilities under attack – MSF wants answers |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=http://www.msf.org/article/yemen-health-facilities-under-attack-msf-wants-answers |access-date=22 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026091310/https://www.msf.org/yemen-health-facilities-under-attack-msf-wants-answers |archive-date=26 October 2023}}

| {{cite news |date=22 December 2015 |title=UN: Most Attacks on Yemen Civilians From Saudi-Led Coalition |newspaper=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/12/22/world/middleeast/ap-un-united-nations-yemen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151224235210/http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/12/22/world/middleeast/ap-un-united-nations-yemen.html?_r=0 |archive-date=24 December 2015}}

}} The entire Saada Governorate was declared a military target by the coalition in May 2015; Human Rights Watch (HRW) later expressed concern that the bombing was causing unnecessarily harming civilians.{{cite news |last=Miles |first=Tom |date=9 May 2015 |title=Saudi-led strikes in Yemen break international law: U.N. coordinator |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-security-saudi-un-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518080810/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/09/us-yemen-security-saudi-un-idUSKBN0NU0PN20150509 |archive-date=18 May 2015}}{{cite web |title=Statement by the Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen, Johannes Van Der Klaauw |date=9 May 2015 |url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084543/http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/HC%20Statement%20on%20Yemen%209%20May%202015.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2015 |publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair, UN Humanitarian Coordinator in Yemen}} Cluster munitions,{{cite news |first1=Ben |last1=Brumfield |first2=Slma |last2=Shelbayah |date=3 May 2015 |title=Report: Saudi Arabia used U.S.-supplied cluster bombs in Yemen |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/03/middleeast/yemen-hrw-cluster-munitions-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604153019/https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/03/middleeast/yemen-hrw-cluster-munitions-saudi-arabia/ |archive-date=4 June 2024}}{{cite news |last=Fahim |first=Kareem |date=3 May 2015 |title=Saudi-Led Group Said to Use Cluster Bombs in Yemen |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/world/middleeast/saudi-led-group-said-to-use-cluster-bombs-in-yemen.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506002022/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/world/middleeast/saudi-led-group-said-to-use-cluster-bombs-in-yemen.html |archive-date=6 May 2015}}{{cite news |first1=Rowena |last1=Mason |first2=Ewen |last2=MacAskill |author2-link=Ewen MacAskill |date=19 December 2016 |title=Saudi Arabia admits it used UK-made cluster bombs in Yemen; Confirmation by Saudi-led coalition raises pressure on UK government which has refused to curb arms sales to Riyadh |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/saudi-arabia-admits-use-uk-made-cluster-bombs-yemen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009014317/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/saudi-arabia-admits-use-uk-made-cluster-bombs-yemen |archive-date=9 October 2022}} and white phosphorus munitions were reportedly used on multiple occasions by the coalition.{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Gibbons-Neff |date=19 September 2016 |title=Saudi Arabia appears to be using U.S.-supplied white phosphorus in its war in Yemen |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/09/19/saudi-arabia-appears-to-be-using-u-s-supplied-white-phosphorus-in-its-war-in-yemen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105045035/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/09/19/saudi-arabia-appears-to-be-using-u-s-supplied-white-phosphorus-in-its-war-in-yemen/ |archive-date=5 January 2017}} In March 2017, HRW reported that "Since the start of the current conflict, at least 4,773 civilians had been killed and 8,272 wounded, the majority by coalition airstrikes. ... Human Rights Watch has documented 62 apparently unlawful coalition airstrikes, some of which may amount to war crimes, that have killed nearly 900 civilians, and documented seven indiscriminate attacks by Houthi-Saleh forces in Aden and Taizz that killed 139 people, including at least eight children."{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/26/yemen-attack-refugee-boat-likely-war-crime |title=Yemen: Attack on Refugee Boat Likely War Crime |website=Human Rights Watch |date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913010809/https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/03/26/yemen-attack-refugee-boat-likely-war-crime |archive-date=13 September 2024}}

{{Main|Genocide in Tigray|Predictions of a genocide in Ethiopia|Amhara genocide|War crimes in the Tigray War}}

File:Funeral services for victims of mass murders in the city of Mai-kadra held at Abu Aregawi Church.png

File:Mass grave of civilian victims in Tigray VOAT 11 June 2021.png – Tigrinya |date=11 June 2021 |url=https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/residents-dig-mass-graves-to-bury-tigray-war-victims/5925704.html |script-title=ti:'ነበርቲ ሓውዜን ግዳያት ኵናት ትግራይ ብጅምላ ይቐብርሉ ኣለው'ፀብፃብ ሄዘር ሞርዶክ |title='nabarǝti ḥāwǝzen gǝdāyāt kʷǝnāt tǝgǝrāy bǝǧǝmǝlā yǝq̲abǝrǝlu ālaw'ḍabǝḍāb hezar morǝdok |language=ti |trans-title='Hawzen residents are burying Tigray war victims en masse' reports Heather Murdoch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185113/https://tigrigna.voanews.com/a/residents-dig-mass-graves-to-bury-tigray-war-victims/5925704.html |archive-date=9 July 2021}}]]

The Ethiopian and Eritrean governments have repeatedly been accused of committing a genocide in the Tigray Region.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |date=16 June 2021 |title=US congressman Michael McCaul raises spectre of 'genocide' in Tigray |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/the-americas/us-congressman-michael-mccaul-raises-spectre-of-genocide-in-tigray-1.1242853 |access-date=24 June 2021 |work=The National |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225142515/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/the-americas/us-congressman-michael-mccaul-raises-spectre-of-genocide-in-tigray-1.1242853 |archive-date=25 February 2024}}

| {{Cite news |date=8 May 2021 |title=Ethiopian patriarch pleads for international help to stop rape and genocide by government troops |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/08/ethiopian-patriarch-pleads-for-international-help-to-stop-and-genocide-by-government-troops |access-date=24 June 2021 |work=The Observer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605064009/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/08/ethiopian-patriarch-pleads-for-international-help-to-stop-and-genocide-by-government-troops |archive-date=5 June 2024}}

| {{Cite news |date=28 May 2021 |title=Ethiopia Tigray crisis: Warnings of genocide and famine |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57226551 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901144117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57226551 |archive-date=1 September 2024}}

| {{Cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Helen |last2=Lapsley |first2=Michael |last3=Alton |first3=David |date=26 November 2021 |title=The warning signs are there for genocide in Ethiopia – the world must act to prevent it |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029115635/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed |archive-date=29 October 2022 |work=The Guardian}}

}}

In November 2020, Genocide Watch upgraded its alert status for Ethiopia as a whole to the ninth stage of genocide, extermination, referring to the Gawa Qanqa massacre, casualties of the Tigray War, 2020 Ethiopia bus attack and the Metekel massacre and listing affected groups as the Amhara, Tigrayans, Oromo, Gedeo, Gumuz, Agaw and Qemant.{{cite web |title=Update: Genocide emergency alert on Ethiopia – November 2020 |website=Genocide Watch |year=2020 |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/ethiopia |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210212170531/https://www.genocidewatch.com/ethiopia |archive-date=12 February 2021 |url-status=live}}

Peace researcher and founder of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Mulugeta Gebrehiwot, stated on 27 January 2021 that the killings of Tigrayans by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) were "literally genocide by decree. Wherever they're moving, whomever they find, they kill him or her, [whether it's] an old man, a child, a nursing women, or anything."{{cite web |last1=de Waal |first1=Alex |author1-link=Alex de Waal |last2=Gebrehiwot Berhe |first2=Mulugeta |author2-link=Mulugeta Gebrehiwot |title=Transcript – Call between Mulugeta Gebrehiwot and Alex de Waal 27 January 2021 |website=World Peace Foundation |date=27 January 2021 |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2021/01/Mulugeta-Call-27-Jan-Full-transcript1-1.pdf |access-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211458/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/files/2021/01/Mulugeta-Call-27-Jan-Full-transcript1-1.pdf |archive-date=29 January 2021 |url-status=live}} On 20 November 2021, Genocide Watch again issued a Genocide Emergency Alert for Ethiopia, stating that "both sides are committing genocide", and that "Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's hate speech and calls for war" together with attacks by the ENDF and TPLF put Ethiopia into stages 4 (dehumanisation), 6 (polarisation), 8 (persecution), and 9 (extermination) of the ten stages of genocide.{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Eric |last2=Hill |first2=Nat |title=Genocide Emergency: Ethiopia |website=Genocide Watch |date=20 November 2021 |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-ethiopia-1 |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123151639/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-emergency-ethiopia-1 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |url-status=live}}

As of late 2022, the combined impact of wartime violence, famine and a lack of medical access had killed an estimated 385,000–600,000 people,{{Cite news |last=York |first=Geoffrey |date=21 October 2022 |title=Surge of dehumanizing hate speech points to mounting risk of mass atrocities in northern Ethiopia, experts say |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-surge-of-dehumanizing-hate-speech-points-to-mounting-risk-of-mass/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022002129/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-surge-of-dehumanizing-hate-speech-points-to-mounting-risk-of-mass/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |website=The Globe and Mail |quote=Independent scholars, based at Ghent University in Belgium, suggest that the death toll in Tigray is now between 385,000 and 600,000.}} with other reported estimates reaching numbers as high as 700,000–800,000 killed.{{Cite news |last1=Chothia |first1=Farouk |last2=Bekit |first2=Teklemariam |date=19 October 2022 |title=Ethiopia civil war: Hyenas scavenge on corpses as Tigray forces retreat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022032616/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63291747 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |work=BBC News}}

{{Main|Allegations of genocide in Donbas|Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians in the Russo-Ukrainian War|Ukrainian culture during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}

File:Bucha after Russian invasion (2022-04-06) 07.jpg in Bucha after the Russian Army committed a massacre in 2022 ]]

On 24 February 2022, Russian leader Vladimir Putin ordered the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Following months of massive war crimes against Ukrainians, several scholars assumed that a genocide was being committed in Ukraine. The Siege of Mariupol, the Bucha massacre, and the deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia so they could be forcibly adopted by Russian families were all classified as genocidal acts, while the words of Putin's officials, such as "There is no Ukraine", have been cited as examples of genocidal intent.{{cite journal |volume=17 |issue=100404 |year=2022 |title=How can the international community respond to evidence of genocide in Ukraine? |first1=Martin |last1=McKee |author1-link=Martin McKee |first2=Amir |last2=Attaran |author2-link=Amir Attaran |first3=Jutta |last3=Lindert |doi=10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100404 |journal=The Lancet |page=100404 |pmid=35721696 |pmc=9198961}} Historian Alexander Etkind wrote that the genocidal aspects of Russian war crimes in Ukraine did not just include mass murder and deportation, they also included the intentional destruction of Ukrainian cultural sites, and he also wrote that Putin framed his genocide as the "victim's revenge" for the previous one.{{cite journal |title=Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences |first=Alexander |last=Etkind |author-link=Alexander Etkind |doi=10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911|journal=Journal of Genocide Research |year=2022 |volume=25 |issue=3–4 |page=1 |s2cid=249527690}} Political scientist Scott Straus declared that "genocide may be an appropriate term to describe the violence" following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{cite journal |title=Ukraine and the politics of political violence |first=Scott |last=Strauss |author-link=Scott Straus |year=2022 |doi=10.1177/26330024221105767 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=3–10 |journal=Violence |s2cid=249252280}}

Russian social media users and state media pundits demonised Ukrainians, describing them as "vermin", "rats", "unpeople", "diseased", and they also wrote that Ukraine itself must be "erased".{{cite journal |title="We've Got to Kill Them": Responses to Bucha on Russian Social Media Groups |first=Ian |last=Garner |doi=10.1080/14623528.2022.2074020 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |issue=1 |year=2022 |volume=25 |pages=1–8 |s2cid=248680376 |doi-access=free}} On 6 April 2022, an op-ed article which was written by Timofey Sergeytsev, What Russia Should Do with Ukraine,{{cite news |last=Ball |first=Tom |title=Russia's vision for renaming Ukraine includes executing rebels |newspaper=The Times |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/russias-vision-for-renaming-ukraine-includes-executing-rebels-snl53h9fs |access-date=6 April 2022 |issn=0140-0460}} was published by the Russian state-owned news agency RIA Novosti.{{cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=Ukraine 'to be renamed' after war |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/world/the-times/ukraine-to-be-renamed-after-war/news-story/53982bf183b7209a744b62ad0feb470e |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The Australian |language=en}} It called for the full destruction of Ukraine as a state and the full destruction of the Ukrainian people's national identity.{{cite news |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/gastbeitrag-bei-ria-novosti-russische-nachrichtenagentur-ruft-zur-vernichtung-der-ukraine-auf/28226232.html |title=Russische Nachrichtenagentur ruft zur Vernichtung der Ukraine auf |language=de |trans-title=Russian news agency calls for annihilation of Ukraine |first1=Benjamin |last1=Reuter |first2=Christopher |last2=Stolz |newspaper=Der Tagesspiegel Online |date=4 April 2022 |via=Tagesspiegel |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220405055814/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/gastbeitrag-bei-ria-novosti-russische-nachrichtenagentur-ruft-zur-vernichtung-der-ukraine-auf/28226232.html |archive-date=5 April 2022}} American historian Timothy D. Snyder cited it as an example to illustrate Russia's genocidal intent.{{cite news |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Snyder |date=8 April 2022 |title=Russia's genocide handbook – The evidence of atrocity and of intent mounts |work=Thinking about... – Opening the future by understanding the past |publisher=Substack |url=https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook |url-status=live |access-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411190711/https://snyder.substack.com/p/russias-genocide-handbook?s=r |archive-date=11 April 2022}}

National parliaments, including those of Poland, Ukraine, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Republic of Ireland declared that a genocide was taking place in Ukraine.{{cite web |title=Compilation of Countries' Statements Calling Russian Actions in Ukraine "Genocide" |first=Elizabeth |last=Whatcott |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/81564/compilation-of-countries-statements-calling-russian-actions-in-ukraine-genocide/ |work=Just Security |date=20 May 2022 |access-date=15 June 2022}} On 27 May 2022, a report by the New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy and the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights concluded that there were reasonable grounds to infer that Russia breached two articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention, by publicly inciting genocide through its denial of Ukraine's right to exist as a state and its denial of the Ukrainian people's right to exist as a nation, as well as through its forcible transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia, which is a genocidal act under article II of the convention.{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Borger |title=Russia is guilty of inciting genocide in Ukraine, expert report concludes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |work=The Guardian |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725082747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/27/russia-guilty-inciting-genocide-ukraine-expert-report |archive-date=25 July 2024}} A Foreign Policy article acknowledged that Putin's goal was to "erase Ukraine as a political and national entity and Russify its inhabitants", warning that Russia's war could become a genocide.{{cite news |first=Azeem |last=Ibrahim |title=Russia's War in Ukraine Could Become Genocide |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/27/russia-war-ukraine-genocide/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=27 May 2022 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220527182019/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/05/27/russia-war-ukraine-genocide/ |archive-date=27 May 2022}}

{{Main|Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians|Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–present)#Genocide risk factors|Republic of Armenia v. Republic of Azerbaijan}}

File:Armenians in Washington held a protest in front of the White House.jpg due to Azerbaijan's attack on Artsakh in September 2023]]

In September 2023, human rights organisations and experts in genocide prevention issued alerts stating that the indigenous Armenian population in Nagorno-Karabakh was at risk of genocide,{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan's attack on Nagorno-Karabakh raises the risk of genocide against ethnic Armenians in the region |url=https://www.fidh.org/en/region/europe-central-asia/armenia/azerbaijan-s-attack-on-nagorno-karabakh-raises-the-risk-of-genocide |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=International Federation for Human Rights |quote="'We have to prevent a mass expulsion of ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh,' remarks Oleksandra Matviichuk, FIDH's Vice-President, 'and we fear that the worst is yet to come for civilians who are left at the mercy of the advancing hostile forces unless the international community intervenes.' The international community must intervene to prevent genocide." |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923055217/https://www.fidh.org/en/region/europe-central-asia/armenia/azerbaijan-s-attack-on-nagorno-karabakh-raises-the-risk-of-genocide |url-status=live}}

| {{cite web |title=Genocide Warning: Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh |date=23 September 2022 |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-warning-azerbaijan-and-nagorno-karabakh-september-2022 |work=Genocide Watch |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225603/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-warning-azerbaijan-and-nagorno-karabakh-september-2022 |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite web |title=Red Flag Alert for Genocide – Azerbaijan Update 4 |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---azerbaijan-update-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227225601/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/red-flag-alerts-1/red-flag-alert-for-genocide---azerbaijan-update-4 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=22 December 2022 |work=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention}}

| {{Cite web |last=Rhodes |first=January |date=31 January 2023 |title=Museum Statement: Artsakh Crisis |url=https://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/museum-statement-artsakh/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504043106/https://www.ilholocaustmuseum.org/museum-statement-artsakh/ |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=Illinois Holocaust Museum}}

| {{Cite web |last=Gregorian |first=Alin K. |date=20 December 2022 |title=Difficult Road Ahead for Karabakh and Armenia|url=https://mirrorspectator.com/2022/12/20/difficult-road-ahead-for-karabakh-and-armenia-2/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |work=The Armenian Mirror-Spectator |archive-date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302181402/https://mirrorspectator.com/2022/12/20/difficult-road-ahead-for-karabakh-and-armenia-2/ |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Azerbaijani activists end Nagorno-Karabakh sit-in as Baku tightens grip on region |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/azerbaijan-armenia-activists-end-nagorno-karabakh-demonstration/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=Politico |quote=France's foreign minister has joined international observers in warning of the risk of 'ethnic cleansing' in the breakaway region. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920124843/https://www.politico.eu/article/azerbaijan-armenia-activists-end-nagorno-karabakh-demonstration/ |url-status=live}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Gzoyan |first1=Edita G. |last2=Chakhmakhchyan |first2=Svetah A. |last3=Meyroyan |first3=Edgar S. |date=2023 |title=Ethnic Cleansing in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh): Issues of Definition and Criminal Responsibility |journal=International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies |volume=8 |number=2 |pages=56–85 [57–58] |doi=10.51442/ijags.0045 |doi-access=free}}

| {{harvnb|Hofmann|2024|pp=107–108}}

| {{cite journal |last=Yacoubian |first=George S. |date=Summer 2023 |title=Applying International Criminal Law To The Artsakh Conflict |journal=World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues |volume=27 |number=2 |pages=92–99 |publisher=Kapur Surya Foundation |jstor=48749438}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Yacoubian |first1=George S. |last2=Bardakjian |first2=Lena |date=Summer 2024 |title=Abjuration of the Genocide Convention: Artsakh, the Lachin Corridor, and the Frustration of International Criminal Law |journal=Suffolk Transnational Law Review |volume=47 |number=2 |pages=233–261}}

}} while others stated that Azerbaijan was already carrying out such actions.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Genocide Alert: Artsakh surrenders to Azerbaijan |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-alert-azerbaijan-attacks-artsakh |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Genocide Watch |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923055120/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/genocide-alert-azerbaijan-attacks-artsakh |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=CSI calls for Evacuation of Armenians Trapped in Artsakh |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/csi-calls-for-evacuation-of-armenians-trapped-in-artsakh |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Genocide Watch |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923055121/https://www.genocidewatch.com/single-post/csi-calls-for-evacuation-of-armenians-trapped-in-artsakh |url-status=live}}

| {{cite journal |last=Marsoobian |first=Armen T. |date=Spring 2023 |title=Genocide by Other Means: Heritage Destruction, National Narratives, and the Azeri Assault on the Indigenous Armenians of Karabakh |journal=Genocide Studies International |volume=15 |number=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.3138/GSI-2023-0009}}

| {{cite journal |last=Joeden-Forgey |first=Elisa von |date=2023 |title=Why Prevention Fails: Chronicling the Genocide in Artsakh |journal=International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies |volume=8 |number=2 |pages=86–107 |doi=10.51442/ijags.0046 |doi-access=free}}

}}

The Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention states "There is no doubt in the minds of experts in genocide prevention – at the Lemkin Institute, but also at Genocide Watch, the International Association of Genocide Scholars, and among legal experts such as former ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo – that what Armenians are facing from Azerbaijan is genocide."{{Cite web |title=SOS – Artsakh |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/sos-alerts-1/sos---artsakh |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921184333/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/sos-alerts-1/sos---artsakh |url-status=live}}{{sfn|Hofmann|2024|pp=107–108}} Experts in genocide prevention have stated that Azerbaijan's ongoing blockade of Artsakh and sabotage of public infrastructure constitutes genocide according to the Genocide Convention: "Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction" and that there are various indicators that Azerbaijan possesses genocidal intent: President Aliyev's public statements, his regime's openly Armenophobic practices and noncompliance with the International Court of Justice orders to end the blockade.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |date=9 August 2023 |title=Top International Lawyer Calls Azerbaijani Blockade Of Nagorno-Karabakh Genocide |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |url=https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32540730.html |access-date=22 September 2023 |quote='...there is reasonable basis to believe that President Aliyev has Genocidal intentions: he has knowingly, willingly and voluntarily blockaded the Lachin Corridor even after having been placed on notice regarding the consequences of his actions by the ICJ's provisional orders,' the founding prosecutor of the International Criminal Court wrote in his conclusion. |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811183548/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32540730.html |url-status=live}}

| {{Cite web |last=Ocampo |first=Luis Moreno |date=11 August 2023 |title=Starvation as a Means of Genocide: Azerbaijan's Blockade of the Lachin Corridor Between Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh – Just Security |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/87574/starvation-as-a-means-of-genocide-azerbaijans-blockade-of-the-lachin-corridor-between-armenia-and-nagorno-karabakh/ |access-date=11 August 2023 |work=justsecurity.org |archive-date=23 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923055122/https://www.justsecurity.org/87574/starvation-as-a-means-of-genocide-azerbaijans-blockade-of-the-lachin-corridor-between-armenia-and-nagorno-karabakh/ |url-status=live}}

| {{cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Madeleine |date=October 2023 |title=Legacy of Loss: The Armenian Genocide in the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict |journal=Journal of Peace and War Studies |pages=204–220}}

}}{{Cite web |title=Risk Factors and Indicators of the Crime of Genocide in the Republic of Artsakh: Applying the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes to the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict |date=19 September 2023 |url=https://www.lemkininstitute.com/_files/ugd/9bc553_2e3babd9d7834d7fbcfa262f88c9fa74.pdf |work=Lemkin Institute for Genocide Prevention |quote=President Aliyev's intention to commit genocide against the Armenian of Nagorno-Karabakh "should be deduced from his informed, voluntary and antagonistic decisions with full disregard of the International Court of Justice orders." ... President Aliyev's public statements, coupled with his government's openly Armenophobic practices, clearly display the Azerbaijani regime's goal to completely eliminate the ethnic Armenian community residing in Artsakh, striving to eradicate any Armenian presence from the region. These verbalized aspirations, frequently translated into legal measures and manifested through the cited criminal acts detailed in this report, meet the criteria for the essential intent necessary for classifying these actions as genocidal. |access-date=19 September 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920071126/https://www.lemkininstitute.com/_files/ugd/9bc553_2e3babd9d7834d7fbcfa262f88c9fa74.pdf |url-status=live}}

Historian Elyse Semerdjian highlights similarities between Azerbaijan's attack on Nagorno-Karabakh and Israel's attack on Gaza, saying that both employ tools of "genocidal warfare", namely aerial bombardment and starvation.{{cite journal |last=Semerdjian |first=Elyse |date=17 July 2024 |title=Gazafication and Genocide by Attrition in Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh and the Occupied Palestinian Territories |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871}}{{cite journal |first=Eldad Ben |last=Aharon |date=27 September 2024 |title=Israel's Foreign Policy and the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Reflection on Regional Security and Diplomacy |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2406100}}

{{Main|Gaza genocide|Israeli war crimes#Gaza war (2023–present)|Palestinian genocide accusation|Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel|Second Holocaust|South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)|War crimes in the Gaza war}}

Israel has been accused of inciting or carrying out genocide against the Palestinians. Proponents of this accusation have linked it to their belief that Israel is a settler colonialist state.{{cite book |first1=Haifa |last1=Rashed |first2=Damien |last2=Short |author2-link=Damien Short |title=New Directions in the Sociology of Human Rights |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-53994-2 |editor1-last=Hynes |editor1-first=Patricia |chapter=Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation? |doi=10.4324/9781315539942 |editor2-last=Lamb |editor2-first=Michele |editor3-last=Short |editor3-first=Damien |editor3-link=Damien Short |editor4-last=Waites |editor4-first=Matthew |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315539942-3/genocide-settler-colonialism-lemkin-inspired-genocide-perspective-aid-understanding-palestinian-situation-haifa-rashed-damien-short |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019171735/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315539942-3/genocide-settler-colonialism-lemkin-inspired-genocide-perspective-aid-understanding-palestinian-situation-haifa-rashed-damien-short |archive-date=19 October 2023}}{{cite book |last1=Short |first1=Damien |author-link=Damien Short |title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-84813-546-8 |language=en |page=10}} Those who take this stance say that Israel has committed genocide in accordance with its anti-Palestinianism, Islamophobia, anti-Arab racism and the proposal to annex the West Bank. Proponents of this claim cite the Nakba,{{bulleted list|

| {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |last2=Bartov |first2=Omer |author2-link=Omer Bartov |date=2010 |title=The question of genocide in Palestine, 1948: an exchange between Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |pages=243–259 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2010.529698 |s2cid=71620701}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=2010 |title=Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide |journal=Holy Land Studies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 [2–3, 20–21] |doi=10.3366/hls.2010.0001}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author1-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=2013 |title=Palestine and Genocide: An International Historical Perspective Revisited |journal=Holy Land Studies |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 [4–5] |doi=10.3366/hls.2013.0056}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |date=3 January 2024 |title=Inescapably Genocidal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–5 [2] |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2300555 |s2cid=266778978}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Docker |first1=John |date=2012 |title=Instrumentalising the Holocaust: Israel, Settler-Colonialism, Genocide (Creating a Conversation Between Raphaël Lemkin and Ilan Pappé) |journal=Holy Land Studies |language=en |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=1–32 [22–24] |doi=10.3366/hls.2012.0027 |issn=1474-9475}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Rashed |first1=Haifa |last2=Short |first2=Damien |author2-link=Damien Short |last3=Docker |first3=John |date=2014 |title=Nakba Memoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/hls.2014.0076 |journal=Holy Land Studies |language=en |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 [13–14] |doi=10.3366/hls.2014.0076 |issn=1474-9475}}

}} the Sabra and Shatila massacre which was perpetrated by Lebanese militants,{{bulleted list|

| {{cite web |title=U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982 |url=https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/A_RES_37_123_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226110946/https://www.hlrn.org/img/documents/A_RES_37_123_EN.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |publisher=United Nations}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Rashed |first1=Haifa |last2=Short |first2=Damien |author2-link=Damien Short |date=2012 |title=Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation? |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=1142–1169 [1154–1155] |doi=10.1080/13642987.2012.735494 |s2cid=145422458}}

| {{cite thesis |last=Ali |first=Zarefa Akram |date=11 September 2012 |title=A Narration Without an End: Palestine and The Continuing Nakba |url=https://fada.birzeit.edu/bitstream/20.500.11889/1502/1/thesis_19022013_102752.pdf |publisher=Birzeit University |page=16 |type=MA}}

}} the blockade of the Gaza Strip,{{bulleted list|

| {{cite book |last1=Lendman |first1=Steve |title=The Plight of the Palestinians |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-28656-0 |editor1-last=Cook |editor1-first=William |pages=29–38 [30] |language=en |chapter=Israel's Slow-Motion Genocide in Occupied Palestine |doi=10.1057/9780230107922_2 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012083039/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_2 |archive-date=12 October 2023}}

| {{cite book |last1=Pappé |first1=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |title=The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-10792-2 |pages=201–205 |language=en |chapter=Genocide in Gaza |doi=10.1057/9780230107922_26 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019171736/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_26 |archive-date=19 October 2023}}

| {{cite journal |last=Nijim |first=Mohammed |date=2023 |title=Genocide in Palestine: Gaza as a case study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=165–200 [165, 173, 176–177] |doi=10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261 |issn=1364-2987 |eissn=1744-053X |s2cid=248334822 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016025119/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=2 January 2024}}

}} the 2014 Gaza War, and the 2023 Gaza war as instances of genocidal violence. International law and genocide scholars accuse Israeli officials of using dehumanising language.{{Cite web |title=Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza |url=https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |date=17 October 2023 |work=Third World Approaches to International Law Review |quote=Statements of Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 suggest that beyond the killings and restriction of basic conditions for life perpetrated against Palestinians in Gaza, there are also indications that the ongoing and imminent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip are being conducted with potentially genocidal intent. Language used by Israeli political and military figures appears to reproduce rhetoric and tropes associated with genocide and incitement to genocide. Dehumanising descriptions of Palestinians have been prevalent. Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that "we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly". He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to "a full-scale response" and he also announced that he had "removed every restriction" on Israeli forces, as well as stating: "Gaza won’t return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything." On 10 October, the head of the Israeli army’s Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, directly addressed a message to Gaza residents: "Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell". The same day, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari acknowledged the wanton and intentionally destructive nature of Israel's bombing campaign in Gaza: "The emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy." |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117143548/https://twailr.com/public-statement-scholars-warn-of-potential-genocide-in-gaza/ |archive-date=17 November 2023}}

Through 2024, an increasing number of genocide scholars have concluded that Israel's actions during the Gaza war amount to genocide.{{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |last1=Omer |first1=Bartov |author-link=Omer Bartov |title=As a former IDF soldier and historian of genocide, I was deeply disturbed by my recent visit to Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/13/israel-gaza-historian-omer-bartov |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 August 2024 |language=en |date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814194520/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/13/israel-gaza-historian-omer-bartov |archive-date=14 August 2024}}

| {{cite magazine |last1=Feroz |first1=Elias |title=Israeli Historian: This Is Exactly What Genocide Looks Like |url=https://jacobin.com/2024/07/amos-goldberg-genocide-gaza-israel |magazine=Jacobin |access-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723131812/https://jacobin.com/2024/07/amos-goldberg-genocide-gaza-israel |archive-date=23 July 2024}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Levene |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Levene |title=Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |eissn=1469-9494 |date=21 January 2024 |issue=Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2301866 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380792867 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240704174612/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark-Levene/publication/380792867_Gaza_2023_Words_Matter_Lives_Matter_More/links/664f1becbc86444c72f9e294/Gaza-2023-Words-Matter-Lives-Matter-More.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2024}}

| {{cite news |last=Neier |first=Aryeh |author-link=Aryeh Neier |date=6 June 2024 |title=Is Israel committing genocide? |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/06/06/is-israel-committing-genocide-aryeh-neier/ |work=The New York Review |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240617232508/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/06/06/is-israel-committing-genocide-aryeh-neier/ |archive-date=17 June 2024}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Segal |first1=Raz |author1-link=Raz Segal |last2=Daniele |first2=Luigi |date=5 March 2024 |title=Gaza as Twilight of Israel Exceptionalism: Holocaust and Genocide Studies from Unprecedented Crisis to Unprecedented Change |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2325804 |doi-access=free}}

| {{cite news |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=28 June 2024 |language=en |title=International laws against genocide exist: so why don't they work? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/genocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721 |work=CBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714231001/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/genocide-convention-william-schabas-1.7249721 |archive-date=14 July 2024}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Martin |author-link=Martin Shaw (sociologist) |title=Inescapably Genocidal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=3 January 2024 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2300555 |s2cid=266778978}}

| {{cite journal |last1=Üngör |first1=Uğur Ümit |author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör |title=Screaming, Silence, and Mass Violence in Israel/Palestine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=26 January 2024 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2309709 |s2cid= |doi-access=free}}

}} In November 2024 a UN special committee concluded that Israel was conducting a genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip,{{Cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=UN Special Committee finds Israel's warfare methods in Gaza consistent with genocide, including use of starvation as weapon of war |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250215113630/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/11/un-special-committee-finds-israels-warfare-methods-gaza-consistent-genocide?__cf_chl_rt_tk=j6uL5Vv.MlLo9UfjqgszP3mwppoJ07KJPmjxLoFE_EI-1739619390-1.0.1.1-ufO1R.Q0nlOefSLMMMqgTOVhcFVCKapIBIdwplv5sTU |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=23 February 2025 |website=OHCHR |language=en}} followed in October by a report released by Forensic Architecture that concluded "Israel's military campaign in Gaza is organised, systematic, and intended to destroy conditions of life and life-sustaining infrastructure".{{Cite web |title=A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza Since October 2023 |date=7 October 2024 |url=https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide |access-date=27 October 2024 |website=Forensic Architecture |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241028155707/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/a-cartography-of-genocide |archive-date=28 October 2024}} In December 2024 reports were released by Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and {{lang|fr|Médecins Sans Frontières}}. Amnesty International's investigation into Gaza concluded that Israel had "committed and is continuing to commit genocide against Palestinians in the occupied Gaza Strip".{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211204759/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |archive-date=11 December 2024}}

| {{Cite news |last=Bashir |first=Nada |date=5 December 2024 |title=Amnesty International says there is 'sufficient evidence' to accuse Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/04/world/amnesty-international-israel-genocide-gaza-intl/index.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209011431/https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/04/world/amnesty-international-israel-genocide-gaza-intl/index.html |archive-date=9 December 2024}}

| {{harvnb|Amnesty International report|2024|p=13}}: "This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide."

| {{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Adil Ahmad |author-link=Adil Ahmad Haque |date=16 December 2024 |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/105629/amnesty-international-gaza-genocide-report/ |title=The Amnesty International Report on Genocide in Gaza |website=Just Security |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220103911/https://www.justsecurity.org/105629/amnesty-international-gaza-genocide-report/ |archive-date=20 December 2024}}

}} The report, using evidence gathered over nine months, asserted that in multiple instances Israeli forces and government authorities had committed three of five acts prohibited under the United Nations' Genocide Convention, "namely killing, causing serious bodily or mental harm, and deliberately inflicting on Palestinians in Gaza conditions of life calculated to bring about their physical destruction" with the "specific intent to destroy Palestinians".{{Cite news |date=5 December 2024 |title=Israel's war in Gaza amounts to genocide, Amnesty International report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/05/israels-war-in-gaza-amounts-to-genocide-amnesty-international-report-finds |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212055139/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/05/israels-war-in-gaza-amounts-to-genocide-amnesty-international-report-finds |archive-date=12 December 2024}} Human Rights Watch also accused Israel of committing acts of genocide in Gaza by targeting water and sanitation infrastructure and depriving Palestinians of adequate access to water. The report alleges that Israel intentionally damaged and targeted solar panels powering treatment plants, a reservoir, and warehouses, while blocking repair materials and fuel for generators, cutting electricity supplies, and attacking workers.{{cite report |author= |date=19 December 2024 |title=Extermination and Acts of Genocide: Israel Deliberately Depriving Palestinians in Gaza of Water |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/19/extermination-and-acts-genocide/israel-deliberately-depriving-palestinians-gaza |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=20 January 2025 |quote=Israeli authorities' and forces' actions to deprive the population of Gaza of access to water amount to acts of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specifically, their actions amount to deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza. Genocidal intent may also be inferred from Israeli authorities' and forces' continued actions to deprive Palestinians in Gaza of water, despite clear data and warnings from the United Nations since October and orders from the International Court of Justice calling for the provision of water since January, alongside Israeli authorities' statements, and therefore these acts may amount to the crime of genocide. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209092600/https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/12/19/extermination-and-acts-genocide/israel-deliberately-depriving-palestinians-gaza |archive-date=9 February 2025}}{{cite news |last=Berg |first=Raffi |date=19 December 2024 |title=HRW accuses Israel of acts of genocide over Gaza water access |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wqr0k3dyo |access-date=21 December 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220111016/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wqr0k3dyo |archive-date=20 December 2024 |url-status=live}} {{lang|fr|Médecins Sans Frontières}}' report said its "firsthand observations of the medical and humanitarian catastrophe inflicted on Gaza are consistent with the descriptions provided by an increasing number of legal experts and organizations concluding that genocide is taking place in Gaza."{{Cite report |date=December 2024 |title=Gaza: Life in a death trap |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |url=https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Report-Gaza-Life-in-a-death-trap.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219091543/https://www.medicisenzafrontiere.it/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Report-Gaza-Life-in-a-death-trap.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2024 |page=5 |quote=Our firsthand observations of the medical and humanitarian catastrophe inflicted on Gaza are consistent with the descriptions provided by an increasing number of legal experts and organisations concluding that genocide is taking place in Gaza. While we don't have legal authority to establish intentionality, the signs of ethnic cleansing and the ongoing devastation—including mass killings, severe physical and mental health injuries, forced displacement, and impossible conditions of life for Palestinians under siege and bombardment—are undeniable.}}{{cite web |date=30 December 2024 |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-01/the-middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question-19.php |title=The Middle East, including the Palestinian Question |website=Security Council Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124115932/https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2025-01/the-middle-east-including-the-palestinian-question-19.php |archive-date=24 January 2025}} The estimates of Palestinians killed as a result of Israel's bombardment and siege of the Gaza Strip vary, with the most conservative estimates placing the number at 121,300 killed as of September 30, 2024.{{Cite web |title=The Human Toll: Indirect Deaths from War in Gaza and the West Bank, October 7, 2023 Forward {{!}} Costs of War |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/papers/2024/IndirectDeathsGaza |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=The Costs of War |language=en}}. While a more liberal assessment placed the death toll in Gaza at 335,500 as of September 4, 2024.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-30 |title=Scientists are closing in on the true, horrifying scale of death and disease in Gaza {{!}} Devi Sridhar {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130100120/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/sep/05/scientists-death-disease-gaza-polio-vaccinations-israel |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=web.archive.org}}

Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups committed numerous war crimes during the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel.{{cite news |title=In Hamas' horrific killings, Israeli trauma over the Holocaust resurfaces |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-holocaust-war-7a05336b15666e6306845cffa617b699 |work=AP News |date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803115911/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-gaza-holocaust-war-7a05336b15666e6306845cffa617b699 |archive-date=3 August 2024}} The attack involved the killing of around 800 Israeli civilians,{{Cite web |title=Swords of Iron: Civilian Casualties Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.gov.il/en/pages/swords-of-iron-civilian-casualties |website=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs}} but the attack has not been accused by any human rights organization independent of the conflict to be a genocide.

Helen Clark, Michael Lapsley and David Alton, writing in The Guardian, stated that the reasons for the Rwandan genocide and crimes such as the Bosnian genocide of the Yugoslav Wars had been analysed in depth and they also stated that methods to prevent future genocides had been extensively discussed. They described the analyses as producing "reams of paper [that] were dedicated to analysing the past and pledging to heed warning signs and prevent genocide".{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Helen |author1-link=Helen Clark (British politician) |last2=Lapsley |first2=Michael |author2-link=Michael Lapsley |last3=Alton |first3=David |author3-link=David Alton |title=The warning signs are there for genocide in Ethiopia – the world must act to prevent it |date=26 November 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127031651/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/26/ethiopia-genocide-warning-signs-abiy-ahmed |archive-date=27 November 2021 |url-status=live}} A group of 34 non-governmental organisations and 31 individuals, calling themselves African Citizens, referred to the Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide report prepared by a panel headed by former Botswana president Quett Masire for the Organisation of African Unity.{{cite web |author1=International panel of eminent personalities |title=Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide |website=African Union |date=21 January 2004 |url=https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/report-rowanda-genocide.pdf |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090941/https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/report-rowanda-genocide.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |url-status=live}}{{efn|The Organisation of African Unity later became the African Union.}} African Citizens highlighted the sentences, "Indisputably, the most important truth that emerges from our investigation is that the Rwandan genocide could have been prevented by those in the international community who had the position and means to do so. ... The world failed Rwanda. ... [The United Nations] simply did not care enough about Rwanda to intervene appropriately."{{cite web |last1=Mustapha |first1=Ogunsakin |title=Group warns UN over imminent genocide in Ethiopia |website= Citizens' Gavel |date=26 November 2021 |url=https://thegavel.com.ng/group-warns-un-over-imminent-genocide-in-ethiopia |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20211127163856/https://thegavel.com.ng/group-warns-un-over-imminent-genocide-in-ethiopia/ |archive-date=27 November 2021 |url-status=live}} Chidi Odinkalu, former head of the National Human Rights Commission of Nigeria, was one of the African Citizens.{{cite web |last1=Odinkalu |first1=Chidi |author1-link=Chidi Odinkalu |title=Lessons from Rwanda: dangers of an Ethiopian genocide increase as rebels threaten Addis |website=Eritrea Hub |date=21 November 2021 |url=https://eritreahub.org/lessons-from-rwanda-dangers-of-an-ethiopian-genocide-increase-as-rebels-threaten-addis |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122014534/https://eritreahub.org/lessons-from-rwanda-dangers-of-an-ethiopian-genocide-increase-as-rebels-threaten-addis |archive-date=22 November 2021 |url-status=usurped}}

On 20 November 2021, Genocide Watch called for the prevention of genocide in Ethiopia, predicted in the context of the war crimes in the Tigray War and the Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present). On 21 November, Chidi Odinkalu called for genocide prevention, stating, "We need to focus on an urgent programme of Genocide Prevention advocacy on Ethiopia NOW. It may be too late in 2 weeks, guys." On 26 November, African Citizens and Clark, Lapsley & Alton also called for the predicted genocide to be prevented.

{{excerpt|Genocides in history|See also}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{Cite web |last=Alecci |first=Scilla |date=14 October 2020 |title=British lawmakers call for sanctions over Uighur human rights abuses |publisher=International Consortium of Investigative Journalists |access-date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/ |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015153647/https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite report |date=4 December 2024 |title='You Feel Like You Are Subhuman': Israel's Genocide Against Palestinians In Gaza |url=https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205121850/https://amnesty.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Amnesty-International-Gaza-Genocide-Report-December-4-2024.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2024 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Amnesty International report|2024}} }}
• {{cite book |last1=Bachman |first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Ruiz |first2=Esther Brito |date=2025 |title=A Modern History of Forgotten Genocides and Mass Atrocities |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-36575-4}}
• {{cite book |last1=Chalk |first1=Frank |last2=Jonassohn |first2=Kurt |title=The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-300-04446-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historysociology00chal}}
• {{cite book |last=Gangopadhyay |first=Partha |date=2016 |chapter=Economic Foundations of Religious Killings and Genocide with Special Reference to Pakistan, 1978–2012 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KdHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA510 |title=Economic Aspects of Genocides, Other Mass Atrocities, and Their Prevention |editor1-first=Charles H. |editor1-last=Anderton |editor2-first=Jurgen |editor2-last=Brauer |editor2-link=Jurgen Brauer |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-937829-6 |pages=510–535}}
• {{cite book |last1=Gellately |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Gellately |last2=Kiernan |first2=Ben |author2-link=Ben Kiernan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay76mYBLU3sC |title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-52750-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Christian |author-link=Christian Gerlach |title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49351-2 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&q=%22Genocide+is+an+action-oriented+model+designed+for%22&pg=PA6 |date=2010 |via=Google Books}}
• {{cite journal |last=Hofmann |first=Tessa |date=2024 |title=Wars, Genocides, Blockades |journal=Armenological Issues |volume=1 |number=1 |pages=96–115 |doi=10.46991/ai.2024.1.27.004}}
• {{cite journal |last=Hollander |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Hollander |title=Perspectives on Norman Naimark's Stalin's Genocides |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |date=1 July 2012 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=149–189 |doi=10.1162/JCWS_a_00250 |s2cid=57560838}}
• {{cite book |last=Kakar |first=Mohammed Hassan |date=1995 |title=Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h&brand=eschol |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-5209-1914-3 |via=Google Books}}
• {{Cite news |last=Landale |first=James |date=8 February 2021 |title=Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215 |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210208184814/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Berel |title=Genocide and Human Rights: A Philosophical Guide |date=2005 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-55483-2 |pages=5–17 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230554832_1 |language=en |chapter=The Evil in Genocide |doi=10.1057/9780230554832_1}}
• {{Cite web |last=Rugira |first=Lonzen |date=20 April 2022 |title=Why Genocide is "the crime of crimes" |url=https://panafricanreview.com/why-genocide-is-the-crime-of-crimes/ |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=Pan African Review |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613194309/https://panafricanreview.com/why-genocide-is-the-crime-of-crimes/ |archive-date=13 June 2024}}
• {{cite book |last=Schabas |first=William A. |author-link=William Schabas |year=2000 |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/56846/1/4.pdf |title=Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-78262-7 |edition=1st |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616093051/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/56846/1/4.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2024}}
• {{cite book |last=Schabas |first=William A. |year=2009 |title=Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-71900-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Staub |first=Ervin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29u-vt_KgGEC |title=The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-42214-7 |year=1989}}
• {{Cite book |last=Straus |first=Scott |author-link=Scott Straus |year=2022 |url=https://archive.org/details/genocide-the-power-and-problems-of-a-concept-9780228009511_compress_202404 |title=Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-2280-0951-1 |editor1-last=Graziosi |editor1-first=Andrea |language=en |editor2-last=Sysyn |editor2-first=Frank E.}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Towner |first=Emil B. |date=2011 |title=Quantifying Genocide: What Are We Really Counting (On)? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41709663 |journal=JAC |volume=31 |issue=3/4 |pages=625–638 |jstor=41709663 |issn=2162-5190}}
• {{cite journal |last=Weiss-Wendt |first=Anton |date=December 2005 |title=Hostage of Politics: Raphael Lemkin on 'Soviet Genocide' |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |publisher=Routledge |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=551–559 |doi=10.1080/14623520500350017 |s2cid=144612446 |issn=1462-3528}}
• {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Dianne |title=Race, Ethnicity, and Crime |date=2012 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-915-5}}

{{refend}}

{{Main|Bibliography of Genocide studies}}

{{excerpt|Genocides in history|Further reading}}

{{Genocide navbox}}

*4

Category:21st century