Glossary of mycology#basipetal

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This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found in glossary of biology and glossary of botany, among others. List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names and Botanical Latin may also be relevant, although some prefixes and suffixes very common in mycology are repeated here for clarity.

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A

{{term|term=a- |content=a- {{anchor|an-}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|an-}}

Prefix meaning "without" or "not".AGoM 1971, p. 1; DF10 2008, p. 1.}}

{{defn|1= An asexually-produced (parthenogenetic) {{gli|oospore}}.DF10 2008, p. 1; IDoM 2000, p. 18.}}

{{defn|1= Terminating suddenly; appearing to be cut off transversely; truncate. For example, the {{gli|stipe}} of some Hohenbuehelia has this characteristic.DF10 2008, p. 2; IDoM 2000, p. 18.}}

{{defn|1= Separation, such as a spore detaching from a sporogenous cell. From Latin abscissio, breaking off.DF10 2008, p. 2; IDoM 2000, p. 18.}}

{{defn|1= A method of spore formation in fungi characterized by abjunction and then abscission. Spores are produced in a sporogenous filament. In abjunction, they are then separated by transverse walls or septa, with the result spores are grouped in short chains. In abscission, successive portions are cut off and released.DF10 2008, p. 2; IDoM 2000, p. 18.}}

{{term|term=acidophilous |content=acidophilous {{anchor|acidophilic}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|acidophilic}}

Organisms that can grow in high-acidity environments; in mycology, lichens that can grow in peaty soil or on acidic tree bark.DF10 2008, p. 6; IDoM 2000, p. 20.}}

{{defn|1= A chain of conidia where new spores are formed at the apex, with the oldest at the base. Compare with {{gli|basipetal}}.DF8 1995, p. 5; AGoM 1971, p. 2.}}

{{term|term=acropleurogenous |content=acropleurogenous {{anchor|pleuroacrogenous}}}}

{{defn|1= File:PSM_V09_D429_Tricothesium_roseum.jpg

Formed at the apex and along the sides; e.g. conidia of Trichothecium.DF10 2008, p. 7; IDoM 2000, p. 21.}}

{{defn|1= Conidium of Emmonsia parva. A large spore that increases notably in size, but does not divide. Upon being inhalted in the lungs of humans and animals, can cause adiaspiromycosis disease. From Gr. a-, without, dia, separating.DF10 2008, p. 10; IDoM 2000, p. 24.}}

{{term|term=adnate |content=adnate {{anchor|attached|adherent}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|attached, adherent}}

Adhering; attached to the {{gli|stipe}} throughout its width, esp. of {{gli|lamellae}} or tubes. Compare with {{gli|free}}.DF10 2008, p. 10; IDoM 2000, p. 24.}}

{{defn|1= Aquatic fungi that grow in water, but spread their spores via air.DF10 2008, p. 10; IDoM 2000, p. 26.}}

{{term|term=aethalium |content=aethalium {{anchor|aethalia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. aethalia}}

The relatively large {{gli|fruiting body}} of many {{gli|slime mold}}s (Myxomycetes). From Gr. aíthalos, soot.DF8 1995, p. 8; IDoM 2000, p. 27.}}

{{defn|1= File:Plaatjezwam.jpg

A member of the order Agaricales; a {{gli|mushroom}} or toadstool. Contains many iconic and highly studied fungi. Agarics have a macroscopic (human-visible) {{gli|fleshy}} basidioma with a clearly differentiated {{gli|stipe}} (stalk), {{gli|pileus}} (cap), and {{gli|lamellae}} (gills) on the underside of the pileus.DF8 1995, p. 8; AGoM 1971, p. 4.}}

{{defn|1= A single-celled, non-septate cell in {{gli|mitosporic fungi}}; compare with {{gli|dictyospore}} and {{gli|phragmospore}}.DF8 1995, p. 15.}}

{{term|term=anamorph |content=anamorph {{anchor|Imperfect state}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Imperfect state}}

An asexual state of a fungus, characterized by the presence of {{gli|conidia}} and the absence of sexual {{gli|spore}}s.DF10 2008, p. 661.}}

{{defn|1= Fusion between branches of hyphae to make a network.DF8 1995, p. 18; AGoM 1971, p. 8.}}

{{defn|1= File:Scopulariopsis brevicaulis.jpg, its annellides, and the ring-shaped annellations emanating from them]]

A type of {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. The conidiogenous cell (also called an annellide) produces a {{gli|basipetal}} sequence of conidia called annelloconidia or annellospores. The distal end is marked by ring-shaped bands called annellations. Examples include many {{gli|aquatic Hyphomycetes}}, Venturia inaequalis, and Microascus brevicaulis.DF8 1995, p. 19; IDoM 2000, p. 37.}}

{{defn|1= Ring-like; an arrangement in the style of a ring. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Resembling an {{gli|annulus}}.DF8 1995, p. 19; AGoM 1971, p. 9. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=annulus |content=annulus {{anchor|apical veil}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|apical veil}}

A ring-like covering around the {{gli|stipe}} after expansion of the {{gli|pileus}}.DF10 2008, p. 38; IDoM 2000, p. 405.}}

{{term|term=antheridium |content=antheridium {{anchor|antheridia|antherid}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. antheridia, antherid}}

The male sexual organ (gametangium) of fungi. Produces either antherozoids (flagellate gametes or sperm) or gametic nuclei.AGoM 1971, p. 9; DF10 2008, p. 39.}}

{{term|term=apical |content=apical {{anchor|acro-}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|acro-}}

At the tip or end (apex).DF10 2008, p. 42.}}

{{defn|1= A short projection at the end of a spore.DF10 2008, p. 42.}}

{{defn|1= A non-motile asexual spore in some {{gli|Zygomycetes}}, contained in {{gli|globose}} {{gli|sporangia}} or cylindrical {{gli|merosporangia}}. From Gr. planos, roaming.{{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=24}}}}

{{term|term=apodial |content=apodial {{anchor|apodal|apodous|sessile}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|apodal, apodous, sessile}}

Having no stem or {{gli|pedicel}}, such as a {{gli|pileus}} lacking a {{gli|stipe}} and directly attached to the {{gli|substrate}}. Found in sporangia of Perichanea for example. From Gr. podos, foot.AGoM 1971, p. 149; DF10 2008, p. 43; IDoM 2000, p. 349.}}

{{term|term=apothecium |content=apothecium {{anchor|apothecia|discocarp}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. apothecia, discocarp}}

A type of {{gli|fruiting body}} that, at maturity, opens to expose the {{gli|hymenium}} of {{gli|asci}}; commonly assumes shape of a cup or saucer. The {{gli|stipe}} is sometimes lichenized. From Gr. apotheke, storehouse.DF10 2008, p. 44.}}

{{defn|1= A swelling or a swollen {{gli|filament}}. Associated with the swollen end of a {{gli|sporangiophore}} in Mucorales or the protuberance found beneath the sporocarp of some fungi, especially Protosteliales.DF10 2008, p. 44; IDoM 2000, p. 41.}}

{{term|term=appressed |content=appressed {{anchor|applanate}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|applanate}}

Flattened, or closely applied; e.g. of scales or fibers.DF10 2008, p. 45; IDoM 2000, p. 43.}}

{{term|term=appressorium |content=appressorium {{anchor|appresoria}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. appresoria}}

A swelling at the end of a {{gli|germ tube}} or other hypha that adheres to the surface of its host and penetrates it with infection hyphae. Characteristic of plant pathogenic fungi such as Phytophthora and Colletotrichum, as well as parasites of animals such as Entomophthora.DF10 2008, p. 45; IDoM 2000, p. 43.}}

{{term|term=aquatic fungi |content=aquatic fungi {{anchor|hydrofungi|aquatic hyphomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|hydrofungi}}

Fungi that live in water. Sometimes subdivided into freshwater-living fungi and marine fungi for saltwater-living fungi. Freshwater fungi include: Many zoosporic fungi of Chytridiomycota, Chytridiales, and Saprolegniales; some {{gli|saxicolous}} lichens of Lichinaceae that live on submerged rocks; aquatic hyphomycetes or Ingoldian fungi, a group of {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} that live in freshwater with branched or sigmoidial spores, often growing on dead leaves in streams; {{gli|smut}}s of aquatic plants; and certain {{gli|yeast}}s.DF8 1995, p. 209; DF10 2008, p. 45.}}

{{defn|1= The cell, hypha, or coil of Ascomycetes that later becomes the {{gli|ascoma}}, or part of it.DF8 1995, p. 25; AGoM 1971, p. 12.}}

{{defn|1= A small spot-like {{gli|apothecium}}, as in the lichen Arthonia. From Latin ardere, to sprinkle.DF8 1995, p. 26; AGoM 1971, p. 12.}}

{{term|term=areola |content=areola {{anchor|aerole}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|aerole}}

A delimited space on a surface, separated from others by fissures or cracks.DF8 1995, p. 27; IDoM 2000, p. 45.}}

{{term|term=arthric |content=arthric {{anchor|thallic-arthric}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|thallic-arthric}}

A method of {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenesis that converts a hyphal element into a {{gli|conindium}} (also called an arthrospore), fragmenting the hypha. Common in many {{gli|basidiomycetes}}. Compare with {{gli|holothallic}}. From Gr. arthron, joint.DF8 1995, p. 27; AGoM 1971, p. 13; IDoM 2000, p. 384.}}

{{term|term=asc- |content=asc- {{anchor|asco-|ascidi-}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|asco-, ascidi-}}

A prefix meaning sac, bladder, or ascus. From Gr. askós, vessel, bag, or wineskin.AGoM 1971, p. 13.}}

{{term|term=ascoma |content=ascoma {{anchor|ascocarp|ascomata}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|ascocarp; pl. ascomata}}

The {{gli|asci}}-bearing {{gli|fruiting body}} of Ascomycetes.DF8 1995, p. 30; AGoM 1971, p. 13.}}

{{term|term=Ascomycota |content=Ascomycota {{anchor|Ascomycetes|sac fungi}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Rhizopogon rubescens.jpg from a Rhizopogon, one of the ascomycetes]]

A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of an {{gli|ascus}}, a sac-like structure where ascospores are produced. The largest group of fungi. Includes cup fungi or {{gli|Discomycetes}}; most {{gli|dermatophyte}}s; the {{gli|mycobiont}} part of most lichens; powdery mildews; and fungi that produce {{gli|truffle}}s.DF8 1995, p. 30; AGoM 1971, p. 13.}}

{{defn|1= Spores formed in the developing ascus, generally as a result of {{gli|karyogamy}} (nuclear fusion) followed by meiosis. Commonly, four haploid daughter nuclei divide to make eight haploid nuclei, around which eight ascospores are created by depositing wall material around them, a process sometimes called free cell formation.DF8 1995, p. 34; IDoM 2000, p. 158; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|pp=25–26}}.}}

{{term|term=ascus |content=ascus {{anchor|asci}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. asci}}

The reproductive cell of ascomycetes; where ascospores form and are contained. While sometimes traditionally restricted to only sexual reproduction, purely asexual {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} have since been classified as having asci as well (List of mitosporic Ascomycota).DF8 1995, p. 30, 34; AGoM 1971, p. 14.}}

{{term|term=assimilative |content=assimilative {{anchor|vegetative|somatic}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|vegetative, somatic}}

Hyphae related to growth, nutrition, and asexual reproduction as opposed to sexual reproduction; the {{gli|soma}}.AGoM 1971, p. 175; DF10 2008, p. 64.}}

{{defn|1= Indigenous, especially to a type of soil or earth. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Continuously active, as opposed to organisms that only become active when a suitable substrate becomes available such as yeasts ({{gli|zymogenous}}).DF10 2008, p. 72; IDoM 2000, p. 53. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= A spore close in form to a {{gli|zygospore}}, but developed asexually (parthogenesis). Found in many species of Mucorales and some species of Entomophthorales, such as Entomophthora muscae. The structure that contains it is called an azygosporangium.DF10 2008, p. 73; IDoM 2000, p. 55.}}

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B

{{defn|1= A forcibly discharged {{gli|basidiospore}}; the most typical kind. Compare with {{gli|statismospore}}. From Latin ballista.DF8 1995, p. 46; IDoM 2000, p. 57.}}

{{term|term=basidioma |content=basidioma {{anchor|basidiocarp|basidiomata}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Basidium schematic.svg, and basidia]]

A basidium-producing organ; the {{gli|fruiting body}} of Basidiomycota.DF8 1995, p. 47; AGoM 1971, p. 18.}}

{{term|term=Basidiomycota |content=Basidiomycota {{anchor|Basidiomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Lactarius indigo 48568.jpg, a milk-cap mushroom and basidiomycete]]

A phylum of fungi. Generally defined by sexual reproduction via basidiospores formed from a basidium, although a few purely anamorphic basidiomycetes exist. Typically mycelial, although some are yeasts and some are {{gli|dimorphic}}. Basidiomycetes include earth balls; earthstars; false {{gli|truffle}}s; {{gli|jelly fungus|jelly fungi}}; many {{gli|mushroom}}s; polypores; {{gli|puffball}}s; most {{gli|rust}}s; most {{gli|smut}}s; and stinkhorns.DF8 1995, p. 48; AGoM 1971, p. 18.}}

{{defn|1= A propagative sexual spore produced on a basidium, typically following karyogamy and meiosis, typically containing one or two haploid nuclei.DF8 1995, p. 49; AGoM 1971, p. 18.}}

{{term|term=basidium |content=basidium {{anchor|basidia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. basidia}}

A cell or organ where basidiospores are produced, generally four. Basidia are characteristic of basidiomycetes. From Greek basis, base.DF8 1995, p. 49; AGoM 1971, p. 18.}}

{{defn|1= A chain of conidia in which new spores are formed at the base and the oldest are at the apex. Compare with {{gli|acropetal}}.DF8 1995, p. 51; AGoM 1971, p. 18.}}

{{defn|1= One of the two basic forms of {{gli|conidiogenesis}}, with {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenesis. Characterized by the enlargement of the conidia initial before it is delimited by a septum. In holoblastic, both inner and outer walls of the blastic conidiogenous cell contribute to the formation of the conidium; in enteroblastic, only the inner walls enlarge and contribute. Monoblastic is from a single conidiogenous locus; polyblastic is when a conindiogenous cell has multiple conidiogenous loci.DF8 1995, p. 59; IDoM 2000, p. 66.}}

{{defn|1= An asexual spore that forms by {{gli|budding}}. One of the conidia types that can be produced in {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. Examples include yeasts such as Candida glabrata and Kloeckera, and the plant pathogenic Monilinia and Cladosporium mold.DF10 2008, p. 94; IDoM 2000, p. 67.}}

{{defn|1= An iconic variety of mushroom characterized by {{gli|fleshy}} fruit bodies and a poroid {{gli|hymenophore}} (marked by {{gli|pore}}s rather than the gill-marked cap of {{gli|agaric}}s). They are often edible. Boletes are members of the order Boletales.DF10 2008, p. 96; IDoM 2000, p. 67.}}

{{term|term=budding |content=budding {{anchor|gemmation}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|gemmation}}

A type of asexual cellular multiplication. A small outgrowth or bud from a parent cell enlarges and eventually separates from the parent cell. Typical in {{gli|yeast}}s and many {{gli|mold}}s. Sometimes divided by how many buds are made, with monopolar, bipolar, and multipolar budding for one/two/many respectively.DF10 2008, p. 105; IDoM 2000, p. 168.}}

{{defn|1= A compact multicellular {{gli|propagule}}, with its thin-walled, undifferentiated cells produced in {{gli|acropetal}} succession from the hyphae. Superficially resembles plant tissue at maturity ({{gli|pseudoparenchymatous}}) such as raspberries, hence the resemblance to bulbils in botany. Found in certain basidiomycetes; characteristic of {{gli|aero-aquatic fungi}} such as Bulbillomyces farinosus, where they grow on leaves or tree branches previously submerged in water.DF8 1995, p. 67.}}

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C

{{term|term=capitulum |content=capitulum {{anchor|sphaeridium}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|sphaeridium}}

The stalked, globose, apical {{gli|apothecium}} of lichens of the order Caliciales.AGoM 1971, p. 26; DF10 2008, p. 117; IDoM 2000, p. 76.}}

{{term|term=carp- |content=carp- {{anchor|Carpo-|-carp}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|carpo-, -carp}}

Combining forms meaning "fruit". From Gr. karpós, fruit.AGoM 1971, p. 26.}}

{{defn|1= File:Cryptococcus neoformans using a light India ink staining preparation PHIL 3771 lores.jpg; the capsules are the circular outer borders of the yeast cells.]]

A clear, gelatinous covering or sheath around the cell wall of certain yeasts, e.g. Cryptococcus, and some {{gli|ascospore}}s such as those of Sordaria fimicola.DF10 2008, p. 118; IDoM 2000, p. 77.}}

{{term|term=catenate |content=catenate {{anchor|Catenulate}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Catenulate}}

Arranged in chains or end-to-end series. Catenulate is the diminutive form for small chains. From Latin catena, a chain.DF8 1995, p. 76; AGoM 1971, p. 27.}}

{{defn|1= A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls, generally as part of a chitin-glucan complex. From Gr. chiton, tunic.AGoM 1971, p. 29.}}

{{defn|1= An obsolete division of fungi, meaning possessing mycelium; subsumed by {{gli|Eumycota}} in later literature.AGoM 1971, p. 29.}}

{{defn|1= A small spheroidal organelle in many fungi that synthesizes chitin using chitin synthase zymogen, to use for cell wall synthesis.DF8 1995, p. 86; IDoM 2000, p. 83.}}

{{defn|1= File:C albicans en.jpg, including a chlamydospore]]

An asexual thick-walled spore developed from hyphae, generally for perennation rather than dissemination. From Gr. chlamys, cloak, -ydos, spore.DF8 1995, p. 86; AGoM 1971, p. 29.}}

{{term|term=Chytridiomycota |content=Chytridiomycota {{anchor|Chytridomycetes|chytrid|chytrids}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Chytridomycetes}}

A phylum of fungi. Informally known as chytrids. Characterized by chitinous cell walls and reproduction via {{gli|zoospore}}s, which are usually uniflagellate in the posterior although rarely polyflagellate. Many are {{gli|saprobe}}s that live in freshwater (see {{gli|aquatic fungi}}) or the soil.DF10 2008, p. 142; IDoM 2000, p. 84.}}

{{term|term=cirrus |content=cirrus {{anchor|cirrhus|spore horn}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|cirrhus; spore horn}}

A curl-like tuft; usually refers to a tendril-like mass of forced-out spores.DF8 1995, p. 91; AGoM 1971, p. 31.}}

{{term|term=clamp connection |content=clamp connection {{anchor|clamp|fibula}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Clamp connections fungi.svg

A hyphal outgrowth that makes a connection during cell division between the resulting two cells by fusion. Generally associated with mycelium of {{gli|Basidiomycetes}}.DF8 1995, p. 93; AGoM 1971, p. 31; IDoM 2000, p. 151.}}

{{defn|1= Narrowing at the base and then thickening; club-shaped.DF8 1995, p. 95; AGoM 1971, p. 32.}}

{{term|term=cleistothecium |content=cleistothecium {{anchor|cleistothecia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. cleistothecia}}

A closed {{gli|fruit body}} that has no pre-defined opening; opens by rupture. Seen, e.g., in ascoma of Thielavia or in Erysiphales.DF8 1995, p. 96; AGoM 1971, p. 32.}}

{{defn|1= An artificial taxon for {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} with pycnidial and acervular states, i.e. they form their spores in an internal cavity. From Gtk. koilos, hollow.AGoM 1971, p. 33; IDoM 2000, p. 155.}}

{{defn|1= Prefix meaning "multinucleate". From Gr. koinós, shared or in common.DF8 1995, p. 99; AGoM 1971, p. 33.}}

{{defn|1= Hyphae that lack {{gli|septa}} and are multi-nucleate; seen in {{gli|Zygomycota}} and {{gli|Oomycota}}. From Gr. kytos, cell. Distinct from a {{gli|synctium}}, a multinucleate structure resulting from fusion of protoplasts.DF8 1995, p. 99; AGoM 1971, p. 33.}}

{{defn|1= A massed group of hyphae and spores of a single species, especially if all are grown from a single spore (e.g. in a lab).DF8 1995, p. 102; IDoM 2000, p. 92.}}

{{term|term=columella |content=columella {{anchor|columellae}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. columellae}}

A sterile central axis within a {{gli|fruiting body}} (sporocarp) or {{gli|sporangium}}.DF8 1995, p. 103; AGoM 1971, p. 34.}}

{{defn|1= Bent or folded on itself. From Latin plicare, to fold.DF8 1995, p. 103; AGoM 1971, p. 35.}}

{{defn|1= The process of producing {{gli|conidia}}. Subdivided into {{gli|blastic}} and {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenesis.DF10 2008, p. 164; IDoM 2000, p. 96.}}

{{defn|1= Producing {{gli|conidia}}. Generally used as "conidiogenous cell", fertile cells that produce conidia; or "conidiogenous locus", for the particular point on a hypha or a cell where conidia are generated.DF10 2008, p. 164; IDoM 2000, p. 96.}}

{{term|term=conidioma |content=conidioma {{anchor|conidiomata}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. conidiomata}}

Any multi-hyphal, {{gli|conidia}}-bearing structure. An umbrella term that includes various traditional conidia-bearing structures such as a {{gli|synnema}}, a sporodochium, an acervulus, or a {{gli|pycnidium}}.DF10 2008, p. 164; IDoM 2000, p. 96.}}

{{term|term=conidiophore |content=conidiophore {{anchor|fertile hypha}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|fertile hypha}}

A specialized hypha bearing or consisting of conidiogenous cells upon which {{gli|conidia}} develop.DF10 2008, p. 164; IDoM 2000, p. 96.}}

{{term|term=conidium |content=conidium {{anchor|conidia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. conidia}}

A thin-walled, asexual spore borne on specialized hypha known as {{gli|conidiophore}}s. From Gr. konidion, diminutive of konis (dust).DF8 1995, p. 105; AGoM 1971, p. 36.}}

{{term|term=coprophilous |content=coprophilous {{anchor|coprophilous|coprophile}}}}

{{term|term=cortex |content=cortex {{anchor|rind}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|rind}}

A thick outer-covering or rind, generally of a {{gli|fruiting body}}. From Latin cortice, bark.DF8 1995, p. 110, 398; AGoM 1971, p. 38.}}

{{defn|1= File:Cortinarius claricolor 01.jpg claricolor]]

Of {{gli|agaric}}s, the remnants of the {{gli|partial veil}}, frequently web-like, that covers mature gills. Thin and evanescent; eventually breaks up and disappears.DF8 1995, p. 110; AGoM 1971, p. 38; IDoM 2000, p. 102.}}

{{term|term=crozier |content=crozier {{anchor|ascus crook}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|ascus crook}}

The hook of an ascogenous hypha before development of the ascus.DF8 1995, p. 113; AGoM 1971, p. 39.}}

{{defn|1= In the form of a cross.DF8 1995, p. 113; AGoM 1971, p. 39.}}

{{term|term=crustose |content=crustose {{anchor|crustaceous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|crustaceous}}

Crust-like or having a hard surface layer, e.g. in a sporocarp; in lichens, a thallus firmly fixed to the substratum by the whole of their lower surface, generally lacking a distinct lower cortex.DF8 1995, p. 113; AGoM 1971, p. 39.}}

{{term|term=cyphella |content=cyphella {{anchor|cyphellae}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. cyphellae}}

A break in the lower cortex of a lichen thallus which appears as a cup-like structure or marking. Characteristic of Sticta. From Gr. kyphella, the hollow of an ear.AGoM 1971, p. 41; IDoM 2000, p. 187.}}

{{defn|1= A {{gli|zoospore}} protected by a resistant cell wall; seen in "lower fungi" such as aquatic {{gli|chytrids}} and Amoebidiales.AGoM 1971, p. 41; DF10 2008, p. 188; IDoM 2000, p. 108. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=cystidium |content=cystidium {{anchor|Cystidia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Cystidia}}

A large, sterile cell on the surface of a {{gli|basidioma}}, particularly the {{gli|hymenium}} from which it frequently projects.DF8 1995, p. 120; AGoM 1971, p. 41.}}

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D

{{defn|1= Toothed, e.g. of {{gli|gill}}s.DF8 1995, p. 127; AGoM 1971, p. 44.}}

{{defn|1= A small, tooth-like projection, especially one on which spores are borne.DF8 1995, p. 127; AGoM 1971, p. 44.}}

{{defn|1= A parasitic fungus that focuses on tissue with keratin (skin, hair, nails) of humans and animals. Associated with the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton.DF8 1995, p. 128; AGoM 1971, p. 44.}}

{{term|term=dermatophytosis |content=dermatophytosis {{anchor|ringworm|tinea}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Toplin des dieles tiesse vea.jpg]]

The skin condition caused by a dermatophyte infection.DF8 1995, p. 128; AGoM 1971, p. 44; IDoM 2000, p. 386.}}

{{defn|1= Forking into roughly equal pairs, often repeatedly, e.g. in hyphal branching. Compare with {{gli|monopodial}}.DF8 1995, p. 131; AGoM 1971, p. 46.}}

{{defn|1=

File:Spores Amerospore Didyomospore Phragmospores Dictyospore.png

Divided by intersecting septa in more than one plane, both transverse and longitudinal; a {{gli|muriform}} spore. Found in Alternaria alternata as an example.DF8 1995, p. 132; AGoM 1971, p. 46; IDoM 2000, p. 119.}}

{{defn|1= A two-celled spore divided by a single septum. Usually applied to mitosporic fungi. Compare with {{gli|amerospore}} and {{gli|phragmospore}}.DF10 2008, p. 526; IDoM 2000, p. 119.}}

{{defn|1= A subkingdom of Fungi that includes Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, or "higher fungi."DF10 2008, p. 209.}}

{{term|term=dikaryotic |content=dikaryotic {{anchor|dicaryotic|secondary mycelium}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|dicaryotic, secondary mycelium}}

A single cell (dikaryon) having two genetically distinct haploid nuclei.AGoM 1971, p. 46; DF10 2008, p. 209.}}

{{term|term=dimorphic |content=dimorphic {{anchor|dimorphism}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|dimorphism}}

Having two forms, e.g. both yeast and mycelial forms. Examples include Histoplasma and Sporothrix.AGoM 1971, p. 47; DF10 2008, p. 210; IDoM 2000, p. 120.}}

{{defn|1= A life cycle with two types of zoospores (dimorphic), primary and secondary.DF10 2008, p. 211; IDoM 2000, p. 121.}}

{{term|term=Discomycetes |content=Discomycetes {{anchor|cup fungi}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|cup fungi}}

A class of saucer-shaped and cup-shaped Ascomycetes in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity; one in which the fruit body is an apothecium (discocarp). Prominent members include Pezizales, Helotiales, Ostropales, and Lecanorales.DF8 1995, p. 138; AGoM 1971, p. 49.}}

{{defn|1= An {{gli|evanescent}} connective, consisting of either a cell or cell wall material. It develops through the pores of septal lamellae of adjoining conidia in a chain, before later fragmenting and releasing the conidia.DF8 1995, p. 139; IDoM 2000, p. 121.}}

{{defn|1= File:Parenthesome miguelferig.jpgs (1) "cap" a dolipore septum; (2) the cell wall; (3) swells around the septal pore to form a barrel-shaped ring. Perforations in the parenthesome allow cytoplasm to flow between (4) and (5).]]

A {{gli|septum}} found in Basidiomycetes that flares out in the middle to form a channel.DF8 1995, p. 140; AGoM 1971, p. 50.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

E

{{defn|1= Having sharply pointed spines, e.g. of spores. Its diminutive is echinulate, for delicate spines. Sometimes synonymous with {{gli|spinose}}. From Gr. echinos, hedgehog.DF8 1995, p. 144; AGoM 1971, p. 51.}}

{{defn|1= Past the bearing period; overmature, e.g. a fruiting body that has emptied its spores.DF8 1995, p. 146; AGoM 1971, p. 52.}}

{{defn|1= Expanded; stretched out flat, e.g. a film-like growth. From Latin fundere, to pour.DF8 1995, p. 146; AGoM 1971, p. 52.}}

{{defn|1= File:Helvella leucomelaena MO.jpg]]Ascomata of Pezizales. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Scarlet elf cup: An ascoma of Sarcoscypha coccinea. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Green elf cup: Ascomata of Helotiales, such as Chlorociboria.DF8 1995, p. 147, 406; AGoM 1971, p. 53. |no=3 }}

{{defn|1= Prefix meaning "inner" or "inside", from Gr. éndon.DF10 2008, p. 232.}}

{{defn|1= Growing within anther living organism.DF8 1995, p. 148; AGoM 1971, p. 54.}}

{{defn|1= An organism that lives within a plant; in mycology, specifically fungi that live within plants but do not show external signs or damage to the plants. This is usually endomycorrhizial fungi in root systems and asymptomatic fungi in aerial plant partsDF8 1995, p. 150; IDoM 2000, p. 133.}}

{{defn|1= An endogenous spore, e.g. a sporgangiospore, often resembling an ascospore. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= The innermost wall of a {{gli|spore wall}} (endosporium).DF8 1995, p. 151; AGoM 1971, p. 54. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Living within hair. Generally associated with parasitic dermatophyte infections.DF8 1995, p. 151; AGoM 1971, p. 55.}}

{{defn|1= Growing on the outer surface of another organism.DF8 1995, p. 154; AGoM 1971, p. 56.}}

{{defn|1= A thin layer on top of the {{gli|cortex}}; e.g. a sugar-like layer over some Parmeliaceae lichens or a layer on the {{gli|apothecium}} of some PezizalesDF8 1995, p. 154; AGoM 1971, p. 56.}}

{{defn|1= Upright; not curved.DF8 1995, p. 155; AGoM 1971, p. 57.}}

{{defn|1= File:Rogge moederkoren Claviceps purpurea on Secale cereale.jpg-infested rye of the fungus Claviceps purpurea]]A disease of cereals and grasses caused by the fungus Claviceps. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= The ergot fungus itself, or its {{gli|sclerotia}}.DF8 1995, p. 156; AGoM 1971, p. 57. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Breaking through the surface of the substratum.DF8 1995, p. 157; AGoM 1971, p. 57.}}

{{defn|1= The study of the use of fungi by human cultures.DF8 1995, p. 158.}}

{{defn|1= Having a short existence; soon disappearing, e.g. of a veil, an annulus, etc. From Latin evanscere, to disappear.DF8 1995, p. 160; AGoM 1971, p. 58.}}

{{term|term=eucarpic |content=eucarpic {{anchor|eucarpous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|eucarpous}}

{{gli|Thalli}} where reproductive structures only develop on limited portions during fructication. The rest of the thallus remains in its original assimilative function. Compare {{gli|holocarpic}}. If they have one {{gli|sporangium}}, they are monocentric; if they have several sporgangia, they are polycentric. The vast majority of fungi are eucarpic.DF8 1995, p. 158; AGoM 1971, p. 58; IDoM 2000, p. 141.}}

{{defn|1= Fungi. From Greek for "true fungi". Generally used to distinguish fungi from related {{gli|Pseudofungi}} traditionally also studied in mycology, as well as recently separated sister organisms such as {{gli|Rozellida}}. The four traditional phyla of (true) fungi are Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota; Glomeromycota and Microsporidia have split off more recently.DF8 1995, p. 158, 169; DF10 2008, p. 248, 265; IDoM 2000, p. 141.}}

{{defn|1= With exposed {{gli|basidia}}. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Separated by a wall from the basidium.DF8 1995, p. 160; AGoM 1971, p. 59. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=exochthonus |content=exochthonus {{anchor|allochthonous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|allochthonous}}

Invasive, not indigenous; especially for organisms not adapted to a particular soil.DF8 1995, p. 160; AGoM 1971, p. 59.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

F

{{defn|1= File:Fairy Ring 0004 (cropped).JPG]]

Mushrooms or puffballs forming in a circle, started from a central {{gli|mycelium}} in the soil. Fairy rings expand with time if undisturbed, and are generally associated with {{gli|basidiomycetes}}.DF8 1995, p. 161; AGoM 1971, p. 60; IDoM 2000, p. 147.}}

{{term|term=falcate |content=falcate {{anchor|Falciform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Falciform}}

Curved, like a sickle or scythe. From Latin falx and falcis, sickle.DF8 1995, p. 162; AGoM 1971, p. 60; IDoM 2000, p. 147.}}

{{term|term=fermentation |content=fermentation {{anchor|zymosis}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Stefano Lubiana Pinot Noir ferment vintage 2010.jpg grapes being fermented by yeasts in winemaking]]

A chemical change caused by enzymes of living organisms. In mycology, typically yeasts and molds performing anaerobic breakdowns such as changing carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohol. Part of the creation of fermented foods and fermented drinks (most notably alcoholic beverages).DF10 2008, p. 255; IDoM 2000, p. 149.}}

{{defn|1= A fine thread. Commonly used for hyphal threads or other simple thread-like fungal structures. From Latin filum, thread.AGoM 1971, p. 61; IDoM 2000, p. 151.}}

{{term|term=filamentous |content=filamentous {{anchor|filamentose}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|filamentose}}

1. Thread-like, or composed of filaments.}}

{{defn|1= In lichens, when the photobiont forms in threads surrounded by hyphae of the mycobiont; the fungi forms the outer structure. (e.g. Coenogonium, Cystocoleous, Racodium)DF8 1995, p. 164247; AGoM 1971, p. 61; IDoM 2000, p. 151. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= In the shape of a thread; thin.DF10 2008, p. 256; IDoM 2000, p. 151.}}

{{defn|1= Soft, not cartilaginous or wood-like. Associated with agarics and boletes.AGoM 1971, p. 62; DF10 2008, p. 259.}}

{{term|term=flexuous |content=flexuous {{anchor|flexuose}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|flexuose}}

Wavy. From Latin flexus, bend.DF8 1995, p. 166; IDoM 2000, p. 154.}}

{{defn|1= Fluffy or cottony; byssoid. Common among many colonies of fungi. Its diminutive form is flocculose, for a small and delicate floccose element. From Latin floccus, a tuft of wool.DF10 2008, p. 259; IDoM 2000, p. 154.}}

{{defn|1= The {{gli|aethalium}} of Fuligo septica. Commonly found in tannin-containing tubs drying hides into leather.DF10 2008, p. 259; IDoM 2000, p. 154.}}

{{defn|1= The rapidly growing stage of a mycelium, especially in mushrooms.DF8 1995, p. 166; IDoM 2000, p. 154.}}

{{defn|1= Living on leaves, e.g. foliicolous lichen.DF8 1995, p. 166; AGoM 1971, p. 63.}}

{{defn|1= Of lichens, foliose lichens, characterised by flattened leaf-like thalli.DF8 1995, p. 166; AGoM 1971, p. 63; IDoM 2000, p. 156. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=foot cell |content=foot cell {{anchor|basal cell}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|basal cell}}

1. A hyphal cell that supports a sporogenous cell or thallus, specifically the support of the conidiophore in Aspergillus and the macroconidium of Fusarium.}}

{{defn|1= The thallus in the aquatic fungi of Blastocladiales.DF8 1995, p. 167; DF10 2008, p. 261; IDoM 2000, p. 156. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= File:PanellusStipticusAug12 2009.jpg, an example of luminiscient fungi (long exposure photograph)]]

A phosphorescent light emitted by moist, decaying wood; one of the most famous forms of fungal bioluminescence.AGoM 1971, p. 63.}}

{{defn|1= Not adhering; not attached to the {{gli|stipe}}, esp. of {{gli|lamellae}} or tubes. Compare with {{gli|adnate}}.DF8 1995, p. 168; AGoM 1971, p. 63.}}

{{term|term=fructicolous |content=fructicolous {{anchor|fructicolous|fructicole}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|fructicole}}

Living on fruit. From Latin fructus, fruit.DF8 1995, p. 168; AGoM 1971, p. 64.}}

{{term|term=fruticolous |content=fruticolous {{anchor|fruticole}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|fruticole}}

Living on shrubs. From Latin frutex, shrubs.DF8 1995, p. 168; AGoM 1971, p. 64.}}

{{defn|1= A substance able to kill fungi, especially at low concentration. From Latin caedere, to kill. Generally used for chemical substances rather than heat, light, radiation, etc. which are called sterilization instead.DF8 1995, p. 169; AGoM 1971, p. 65.}}

{{term|term=fungivorous |content=fungivorous {{anchor|mycetophagous}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Amanita amerimuscaria 126174.jpg feeding on Amanita. Many animals are opportunistic fungivores and eat fungi if available, but only a few near-exclusively target them.]]

Fungus-eating.DF8 1995, p. 173; AGoM 1971, p. 65; IDoM 2000, p. 162.}}

{{term|term=fungoid |content=fungoid {{anchor|fungous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|fungous}}

Similar to a fungus in texture or morphology.IDoM 2000, p. 162.}}

{{term|term=fungus |content=fungus {{anchor|fungi}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. fungi}}

A kingdom of organisms in Eukaryota. Fungi are distinguished based on their morphology, nutritional modes, and ecology. Typical traits are that they lack plastids, are osmotrophic (absorb nutrients from their environment), are never phagotrophic, lack an ameboid pseudopodal phase, cell walls are composed of a chitin-glucan complex, mitochondria have flattened cristae and perioxomes are nearly always present, and are mostly non-flagellate; flagella when present lack mastigonemes. From Gr. sphongos, σπόγγος, sponge.DF8 1995, p. 169; AGoM 1971, p. 65; DF10 2008, p. 265; IDoM 2000, p. 162.}}

{{defn|1= Cord-like. From Latin funis, rope.DF8 1995, p. 173; AGoM 1971, p. 65.}}

{{defn|1= (Of hyphae) Aggregated into cord-like strands.DF8 1995, p. 173; AGoM 1971, p. 65.}}

{{defn|1= Spindle-shaped; narrowing toward the ends. Of spores, {{gli|stipe}}, {{gli|cystidia}}, etc. From Latin fusus, spindle.DF8 1995, p. 175; AGoM 1971, p. 66.}}

{{defn|1= Somewhat {{gli|fusiform}}.DF8 1995, p. 175; AGoM 1971, p. 66.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

G

{{defn|1= Hooded; hat-shaped. From Latin galea, helmet.DF8 1995, p. 175; AGoM 1971, p. 66.}}

{{defn|1= A sexual cell; a uninucleate haploid reproductive cell capable of fusing with another. From Gr. gámos, marriage, union.DF8 1995, p. 176; AGoM 1971, p. 66; IDoM 2000, p. 166.}}

{{term|term=gemma |content=gemma {{anchor|gemmae}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. gemmae}}

1. Another term for {{gli|chlamydospore}}s, sometimes restricted to specifically spores that broke free from the {{gli|mycelium}} to be dispersed, often via water. From Latin gemma, "jewel"}}

{{defn|1= A bud or propagule produced by {{gli|gemmation}}, as in {{gli|yeast}}s.DF8 1995, p. 178; AGoM 1971, p. 67; IDoM 2000, p. 168. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Preferring an environment in soil, as in Microsporum cookei or fungi that produce {{gli|truffle}}s.IDoM 2000, p. 169.}}

{{defn|1= A hole in a {{gli|spore wall}}, frequently {{gli|apical}}, through which it germinates. {{gli|Germ tube}}s emerge through it. Associated with {{gli|rust}}s.DF8 1995, p. 181; DF10 2008, p. 281; IDoM 2000, p. 169.}}

{{defn|1= A sporangium at the end of a germ tube. Originates by germination of an {{gli|oospore}} or of a zygosporangium.IDoM 2000, p. 170.}}

{{defn|1= File:C albicans germ tubes.jpgs forming in Candida albicans, at 600x magnification]]

A short hypha that sprouts from the {{gli|germ pore}} during germination. If conditions are favorable, will form a full {{gli|mycelium}}. In plant pathogenic fungi, forms an {{gli|appressorium}}, from which the infective hypha spread and penetrate the tissues of the host.DF10 2008, p. 281; IDoM 2000, p. 170.}}

{{defn|1= Smooth, not hairy; e.g. of the surface of a {{gli|pileus}} or {{gli|stipe}}.DF8 1995, p. 183; AGoM 1971, p. 68; IDoM 2000, p. 171.}}

{{term|term=gleba |content=gleba {{anchor|glebae}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. glebae}}

The central, internal portion of the {{gli|fruiting body}} of Gasteromycetes and underground Pezizales.DF10 2008, p. 283; IDoM 2000, p. 171.}}

{{defn|1= Having tear-like drops. From Latin gutta, drop. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Spotted as if stained by drops of liquid, e.g. of a {{gli|pileus}}.DF8 1995, p. 190; AGoM 1971, p. 71. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=guttulate |content=guttulate {{anchor|guttiferous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|guttiferous}}

Spores bearing one or more guttules (oil-like drops) inside, e.g. the ascospores of Podospora comata.DF8 1995, p. 190; AGoM 1971, p. 71; IDoM 2000, p. 176.}}

{{term|term=guttule |content=guttule {{anchor|guttula}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|guttula}}

A small drop or drop-like particle, especially oil-like globules in a spore resembling a nucleus.DF8 1995, p. 190; AGoM 1971, p. 71.}}

{{term|term=Gymnomycota |content=Gymnomycota {{anchor|Gymnomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Gymnomycetes}}

An obsolete division of fungi, characterized as having a {{gli|plasmodium}}. Subsumed by {{gli|Myxomycota}} (true slime molds) in later literature.AGoM 1971, p. 71.}}

{{term|term=gymnothecium |content=gymnothecium {{anchor|gymnothecia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. gymnothecia}}

An {{gli|ascoma}} in which the {{gli|perithecium}} is in a loose {{gli|hyphal}} network.DF8 1995, p. 191; IDoM 2000, p. 177.}}

{{term|term=gyrate |content=gyrate {{anchor|gyrose}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|gyrose}}

Curved; folded and wavy, like a brain.DF8 1995, p. 191; AGoM 1971, p. 72.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

H

{{defn|1= Collective term for hyphae and tissues between asci; interascal tissue.DF8 1995, p. 194.}}

{{term|term=haustorium |content=haustorium {{anchor|haustoria}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. haustoria}} File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg infiltrating cells of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, at 400x magnification. The stained dark blue spheres are the haustoria.]]

A {{gli|hyphal}} branch for absorption of food. It penetrates the wall of the living host cell. Found in certain parasitic fungal plant pathogens, such as Phytophthora.DF10 2008, p. 306; IDoM 2000, p. 181.}}

{{term|term=heterokaryotic |content=heterokaryotic {{anchor|heterocaryotic}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|heterocaryotic}}

Having two or more genetically distinct nuclei in a common cytoplasm, making a combined cell.DF8 1995, p. 202; AGoM 1971, p. 75.}}

{{term|term=heterokont |content=heterokont {{anchor|heterocont|Straminipila}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|heterocont, Straminipila}}

1. A grouping of organisms within Chromista that includes {{gli|Pseudofungi}}.}}

{{defn|1= A condition where a flagellum possess two rows of tripartite tubular hairs.DF8 1995, p. 202; AGoM 1971, p. 75; IDoM 2000, p. 184. |no=3 }}

{{defn|1= In lichens, when the thallus is stratified. The photobiont is distributed in a compact layer, and the hyphal tissue of the fungi are separated into an outer rind and an inner stratum. From Gr. hetero, different, and meros, part.DF8 1995, p. 437; AGoM 1971, p. 76.}}

{{defn|1= Fungi that require the interaction of two different {{gli|thalli}} for sexual conjugation to occur.DF8 1995, p. 203; AGoM 1971, p. 76; IDoM 2000, p. 185.}}

{{term|term=hilum |content=hilum {{anchor|hila}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. hila}}

A scar after a spore is discharged; was previously the point of attachment of a basidiospore to the {{gli|sterigma}}. From Latin hilum, mask.DF8 1995, p. 203; AGoM 1971, p. 77; IDoM 2000, p. 187.}}

{{defn|1= Covered thickly with silk-like hairs, especially of a {{gli|pileus}} or {{gli|stipe}}, often grayish or white.DF8 1995, p. 205; AGoM 1971, p. 77; IDoM 2000, p. 187.}}

{{defn|1= Having all of the thallus converted into the fruiting body at the end of maturation; compare {{gli|eucarpic}}. The somatic and reproductive phases do not coexist as a result. Examples include Olpidiaceae and Synchytriaceae.DF8 1995, p. 205; IDoM 2000, p. 188.}}

{{defn|1= Term describing the whole fungus throughout all its morphs (states, phases). Generally includes a single {{gli|teleomorph}} phase and one or more {{gli|anamorph}} phases.DF8 1995, p. 437; IDoM 2000, p. 189.}}

{{defn|1= A method of {{gli|thallic}} conidiogenous in which a hyphal element is converted as a whole into a single conidium. All the cell wall layers are involved. Compare with {{gli|arthric}}. From Gr. holos, whole.IDoM 2000, p. 384.}}

{{defn|1= In lichens, when the photobiont is are distributed uniformly or at random throughout the thallus. From Gr. homoios, similar.DF8 1995, p. 247; AGoM 1971, p. 79.}}

{{term|term=homokaryotic |content=homokaryotic {{anchor|homocaryotic}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|homocaryotic}}

Having genetically identical (or near-identical) nuclei, e.g. in a {{gli|mycelium}}.DF8 1995, p. 205; IDoM 2000, p. 189.}}

{{defn|1= The condition where sexual reproduction can occur in a single {{gli|thallus}}, without the interaction of two separate thalli.DF8 1995, p. 206; AGoM 1971, p. 79.}}

{{defn|1= Preferring an aquatic habitat. Common among zygomycetes, as {{gli|zoospore}}s rely on water to move.IDoM 2000, p. 192.}}

{{defn|1= Preferring a moist habitat. Common among fungi.DF10 2008, p. 326.}}

{{defn|1= Becoming soft in wet air, hard in dry; readily absorbing moisture from the atmosphere. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= (of a sporocarp) Opening and discharging spores in dry air.DF8 1995, p. 209; AGoM 1971, p. 80. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= The spore-bearing fruiting surface of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. An aggregation of asci or basidia in a layer (palisade) mixed with other sterile cells.DF8 1995, p. 210; AGoM 1971, p. 81.}}

{{defn|1= The portion of a basidioma or ascoma bearing the {{gli|hymenium}}.DF8 1995, p. 210; AGoM 1971, p. 81.}}

{{term|term=hypha |content=hypha {{anchor|hyphae}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Rhizoctonia hyphae 160X.png hyphae]]

A single {{gli|filament}} of a {{gli|mycelium}}. From Gr. hyphe, weaving.DF8 1995, p. 211; AGoM 1971, p. 81.}}

{{defn|1= Of, or pertaining to, a {{gli|hypha}}.DF8 1995, p. 211; AGoM 1971, p. 81.}}

{{term|term=Hyphomycetes |content=Hyphomycetes {{anchor|Hyphales}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Hyphales}}

An artificial class of {{gli|mitosporic fungi}} that reproduces asexually. Traditionally subdivided into Agonomycetales, Hyphomycetales, Stilbellales, and Tuberculariales.DF8 1995, p. 215; AGoM 1971, p. 82.}}

{{term|term=hypnospore |content=hypnospore {{anchor|resting spore}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|resting spore}}

A thick-walled resting spore; germinates only after a lapse of weeks or months. From Gr. hypnos, sleep.DF8 1995, p. 215; AGoM 1971, p. 82, 141.}}

{{defn|1= Prefix meaning "under" or "lower". From Gr. hypo.DF8 1995, p. 215; AGoM 1971, p. 82.}}

{{term|term=hypothallus |content=hypothallus {{anchor|protothallus}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|protothallus}}

1. (Of lichens) The first growth of the {{gli|hyphae}}, before differentiation has taken place. Usually of a crustaceous lichen's earliest stage, lacking a {{gli|cortex}} and {{gli|photobiont}}. Often persists as a colored layer on the bottom of the later stages of maturation.}}

{{defn|1= (of slime molds) a thin layer on the surface not used up in sporangial development.DF8 1995, p. 217; AGoM 1971, p. 83. |no=2 }}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

I

{{defn|1= Not operculate; lacking an {{gli|operculum}}. Generally refers to {{gli|asci}} or {{gli|sporangia}} that discharge spores by an irregular apical opening or pore instead. Found in various {{gli|Discomycetes}} and most other ascomycetes.DF10 2008, p. 340; IDoM 2000, p. 204.}}

{{defn|1= (of growth) Between the apex and the base; not apical. From Latin intercalare, to insert. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= (of cells) Between two cells.DF8 1995, p. 221; AGoM 1971, p. 86. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=isidium |content=isidium {{anchor|isidia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. isidia}}

A {{gli|propagule}} for {{gli|lichen}} growth; can both increase the surface area of a lichen and become detached from the thallus to disperse the lichen. Isidia are structures larger than {{gli|soredia}}, and contain both the {{gli|mycobiont}} and the {{gli|photobiont}}. They are usually cylindrical, but can also be {{gli|verrucose}}, {{gli|clavate}}, and other shapes.DF8 1995, p. 223; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=448}}.}}

{{term|term=isokont |content=isokont {{anchor|isocont}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|isocont}}

{{gli|Zoospore}}s with flagella of roughly equal length. Seen in Ectrogella bacillariacearum and other aquatic zoosporic fungi. From Gr. kontos, a pole.AGoM 1971, p. 87; IDoM 2000, p. 208.}}

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J

{{defn|1= File:Gele trilzwam (Tremella mesenterica) op dode tak van een eik 15-01-2021. (actm.) 02.jpg, Tremella mesenterica]]

Fungi of the Tremellales or trembling fungi. Known for having a soft, elastic consistency, similar to gelatin or jelly.DF10 2008, p. 347; IDoM 2000, p. 211.}}

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K

{{term|term=kary- |content=kary- {{anchor|karya-|karyo-|cary-|carya-|caryo-}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|karya-, karyo-, cary-, carya-, caryo-}}

A prefix meaning "nucleus." From Gr. karyon.AGoM 1971, p. 27.}}

{{term|term=karyogamy |content=karyogamy {{anchor|caryogamy|nuclear fusion}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|caryogamy, nuclear fusion}}

The final stage in the fusion of two sexual nuclei, after plasmogamy, that forms the {{gli|zygote}} nucleus, but before meiosis.AGoM 1971, p. 27; DF10 2008, p. 349; IDoM 2000, p. 213.}}

{{term|term=kinetosome |content=kinetosome {{anchor|basal body}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|basal body}}

An organelle that is the base of a {{gli|zoospore}} flagellum. Connected to the nuclear membrane by means of a rhizoplast. Found in Blastocladia and Rhizophydiales, for example.DF10 2008, p. 351; IDoM 2000, p. 213.}}

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L

{{defn|1= Flask-shaped; swollen at base, narrowed at top.DF8 1995, p. 232; AGoM 1971, p. 90.}}

{{term|term=lamella |content=lamella {{anchor|lamellae|gill}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. lamellae}}

A gill; a {{gli|hymenium}}-covered vertical plate, generally of an {{gli|agaric}}. Attaches to the {{gli|stipe}} in a variety of ways, including: {{gli|free}}, unattached; {{gli|adnate}}, attached; adnexed, a partial attachment; sinuate, similar to adnate but with an S-shaped curve; decurrent, attached and also running further down the surface of the stipe. From Latin lamina, a thin plate.DF8 1995, p. 233; AGoM 1971, p. 90; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=523}}.}}

{{defn|1= Made up of thin plates.DF8 1995, p. 233; AGoM 1971, p. 90. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=lanate |content=lanate {{anchor|lanose}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|lanose}}

Like wool; covered with short-hair-like elements.DF8 1995, p. 233; AGoM 1971, p. 90.}}

{{defn|1= At the side, e.g. of a {{gli|stipe}}.DF8 1995, p. 235; AGoM 1971, p. 90; IDoM 2000, p. 220.}}

{{defn|1= File:Lactarius quietus 2010 G1 crop.jpg exuding cream-colored latex from gills upon being cut]]

A milk-like juice that flows from some fungi when cut or damaged, as in Lactarius.DF8 1995, p. 235; AGoM 1971, p. 91; IDoM 2000, p. 220.}}

{{defn|1= Cross-barred. (See also Clathrus, lattice-work fungus, especially Clathrus ruber.)DF8 1995, p. 235; AGoM 1971, p. 91.}}

{{term|term=lenticular |content=lenticular {{anchor|lentiform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|lentiform}}

Shaped like a double convex lens.DF8 1995, p. 239; AGoM 1971, p. 91; IDoM 2000, p. 221.}}

{{defn|1= Covered in small scales; for example, the {{gli|pileus}} of Lepiota.DF8 1995, p. 240; AGoM 1971, p. 91; IDoM 2000, p. 221.}}

{{defn|1= File:Crustose lichen William St Brisbane P1150112.jpgs can grow on surfaces hostile to most other lifeforms, such as concrete walls and bare boulders.]]

A dual organism that arises from an association of {{gli|fungi}} (mycobiont) and algae or cyanobacteria (photobiont). The two coexist in a mutualistic relationship as partners; the resulting lifeform differs markedly from its isolated components.DF8 1995, p. 247; IDoM 2000, p. 222.}}

{{defn|1= Growing on or in lichens. Can apply to both lichenicolous fungus and other lichens.DF8 1995, p. 244–245; AGoM 1971, p. 92.}}

{{term|term=lichenin |content=lichenin {{anchor|lichenen|moss starch}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|lichenen, moss starch}}

A polycarbohydrate found in wall of the hyphae of many lichen-forming fungi, most characteristically Iceland moss.DF8 1995, p. 244; AGoM 1971, p. 92.}}

{{defn|1= Resembling a lichen.DF8 1995, p. 244; AGoM 1971, p. 92.}}

{{defn|1= The scientific study of lichens.DF8 1995, p. 244; AGoM 1971, p. 92.}}

{{defn|1= File:Landkartenflechte Rhizocarpon geographicum Valais1.jpg) in Switzerland]]

A technique for studying the exposure age of rock surfaces based on the size and diameter of {{gli|lichen}} thalli. Used extensively in glaciology. Most frequently uses map lichen for dating. Lichenometry has been used to date Easter Island moai among other elements.DF8 1995, p. 245; IDoM 2000, p. 223.}}

{{defn|1= File:Fomes fasciatus - Flickr - Dick Culbert.jpg on a tree]]

Wood-like; having the consistency of wood, such as the fruiting body in Fomes, Ganoderma, or other Aphyllophorales.DF10 2008, p. 382; IDoM 2000, p. 223.}}

{{term|term=lignicolous |content=lignicolous {{anchor|xylogenous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|xylogenous}}

Living in or on wood, although not necessarily deriving nourishment from it, as do wood-decay fungi.DF10 2008, p. 382; IDoM 2000, p. 223.}}

{{term|term=lunate |content=lunate {{anchor|luniform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|luniform}}

Crescent-shaped, like a crescent moon. Sometimes synonymous with {{gli|falcate}}. From Latin luna, moon.DF8 1995, p. 257; AGoM 1971, p. 94.}}

{{defn|1= The central cavity of a structure, usually referring to a cell bounded by tissue or cell walls.DF8 1995, p. 257; AGoM 1971, p. 94.}}

{{term|term=luminescent fungi |content=luminescent fungi {{anchor|bioluminscient fungi}}}}

{{defn|1= File:PanellusStipticusJuly5 2010 cropped.jpg displaying bioluminescence]]

Fungi that exhibit bioluminescence, emitting light in certain conditions.DF8 1995, p. 257.}}

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M

{{defn|1= In fungi with multiple types of {{gli|conidia}}, the larger; compare {{gli|microconidia}}, mesoconidia.DF8 1995, p. 259; AGoM 1971, p. 95.}}

{{defn|1= Large fungi with visible {{gli|sporocarp}}s, such as mushrooms.DF8 1995, p. 259.}}

{{defn|1= Having a morphologically different {{gli|conidiophore}} from the {{gli|vegetative}} hyphae; a specialized conidiophore.DF8 1995, p. 260; IDoM 2000, p. 230.}}

{{term|term=maculate |content=maculate {{anchor|macular|maculose}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|macular, maculose}}

Spotted; blotched.DF8 1995, p. 260; AGoM 1971, p. 96.}}

{{defn|1= File:Ectomycorrhiza illustration.jpg]]

A layer of {{gli|hyphae}} covering the roots of ectomycorrhizal plants, generally trees. Connected to a Hartig net on the inside, and extramatrical hyphae on the outside.DF8 1995, p. 262; IDoM 2000, p. 231.}}

{{defn|1= The mucilaginous material in which {{gli|conidia}} and some ascospores are produced.DF8 1995, p. 265; AGoM 1971, p. 97. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= In {{gli|agaric}}s and {{gli|bolete}}s, a proliferation of {{gli|hyphae}} on the edge of the {{gli|pileus}} that protects the developing {{gli|hymenium}}.DF8 1995, p. 262; AGoM 1971, p. 97.}}

{{defn|1= File:Cetraria islandica tablets.jpg (Iceland moss)]]

The use of fungi such as yeast in medicines.DF8 1995, p. 268.}}

{{defn|1= A series of two successive nuclear divisions that reduces the number of chromosomes by one-half, going from a diploid state to a haploid one. The last part of the {{gli|sexual phase}} in many fungi, following {{gli|plasmogamy}} and {{gli|karyogamy}}. Contrast with {{gli|mitosis}}.IDoM 2000, p. 233.}}

{{term|term=merosporangium |content=merosporangium {{anchor|merosporangia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. merosporangia}}

A {{gli|sporangium}} that is a cylindrical outgrowth from the swollen tip of a {{gli|sporangiophore}}. A chain-like row of sporangiospores are produced there. Characteristic of Mucorales; also found in some other zygomycetes.DF8 1995, p. 273; AGoM 1971, p. 99.}}

{{defn|1= All of the microorganisms present in an area, including algae, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Compare {{gli|mycobiota}}.DF8 1995, p. 277.}}

{{defn|1= In fungi with multiple types of {{gli|conidia}}, the smaller; compare {{gli|macroconidia}}, mesoconidia.DF8 1995, p. 277; AGoM 1971, p. 101.}}

{{term|term=micronematous |content=micronematous {{anchor|micronemous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|micronemous}}

1. Having {{gli|hyphae}} of small diameter.}}

{{defn|1= Having conidiophores similar morphologically to vegetative hyphae.DF8 1995, p. 279; AGoM 1971, p. 101. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= File:UncinulaNecatorOnGrapes.jpg, a powdery mildew that grows on grapes]]

Fungi that grow on host plants. Subdivided into powdery mildew ("true"), downy mildew ("false"), and dark mildew. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= The plant disease caused by such fungi.DF8 1995, p. 281; AGoM 1971, p. 102. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= The normal division of a nucleus. Results in two child nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the parent.IDoM 2000, p. 241.}}

{{defn|1= A thin-walled sporangium of certain Blastocladiales producing uninucleate diploid {{gli|zoospore}}s (mitospores) by mitosis.DF8 1995, p. 282; AGoM 1971, p. 102.}}

{{defn|1= A {{gli|zoospore}} from a {{gli|mitosporangium}}. From Gr. mitos, thread.DF8 1995, p. 282; AGoM 1971, p. 102.}}

{{term|term=mitosporic fungi |content=mitosporic fungi {{anchor|Fungi imperfecti|Deuteromycetes|ana-holomorph|conidial fungi|asexual fungi}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Fungi imperfecti; Deuteromycetes; ana-holomorph; conidial fungi; asexual fungi}}

Purely asexual fungi that reproduce by mitosis.DF8 1995, p. 168; IDoM 2000, p. 241.}}

{{term|term=mold |content=mold {{anchor|mould|Micromycetes|microfungi}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|mould, Micromycetes, microfungi}}

A fungus of very small size, usually with microscopic {{gli|sporocarp}}s.DF10 2008, p. 425, 440; IDoM 2000, p. 242.}}

{{term|term=monokaryotic |content=monokaryotic {{anchor|monocaryotic}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|monocaryotic}}

Cells having a single nucleus each; having genetically identical haploid nuclei (monokaryon or haplont). Found, for example, in the mycelium of Agaricales.DF8 1995, p. 291; AGoM 1971, p. 103; IDoM 2000, p. 244.}}

{{defn|1= A type of branching where there is a persistent main axis from which branches split from, one at a time, often in alternate or spiral series. Often uses {{gli|acropetal}} succession. Compare with {{gli|dichotomous}}.DF8 1995, p. 292; AGoM 1971, p. 104.}}

{{defn|1= Form. From Gr. μορφή, morphḗ, form.DF8 1995, p. 293.}}

{{defn|1= File:Caribou moss.jpg or caribou moss, which is truly a lichen]]

Flowerless plants; not fungi. However, some lichens were given misnomers in the past that misidentified them as mosses, including oakmoss, Swedish moss, dyer's moss, Iceland moss, beard moss, and reindeer moss.AGoM 1971, p. 105.}}

{{defn|1= Sticky or viscous when wet; slimy. Present in many fungi and especially slime molds.DF10 2008, p. 441; IDoM 2000, p. 246.}}

{{term|term=mucoid |content=mucoid {{anchor|mucose|mucous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|mucose, mucous}}

Like mucus, having the consistency of mucilage; slimy.AGoM 1971, p. 105; IDoM 2000, p. 247.}}

{{defn|1= A division of fungi broken off from {{gli|Zygomycota}} in the 2010s that includes many of the {{gli|mold}}s, microscopic fungi. Includes Mucorales, the largest and most closely studied order of zygomycetes.{{harvnb|Spatafora et al.|2016}}.}}

{{defn|1= Having more than one {{gli|septum}}.AGoM 1971, p. 105; DF10 2008, p. 443.}}

{{defn|1= Spores arranged like bricks in a wall; having both longitudinal and transverse septa. From Latin murus, wall.DF8 1995, p. 132; AGoM 1971, p. 105.}}

{{defn|1= File:Amanita muscaria Marriott Falls 1.jpg (fly agaric), an iconic mushroom]]

Large {{gli|agaric}}s, or other {{gli|fleshy}} fungi such as {{gli|bolete}}s. Commonly divided into mushrooms (human-edible) and toadstools (inedible).AGoM 1971, p. 106.}}

{{term|term=myc- |content=myc- {{anchor|mycet-|myceto-|myco-}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|mycet-, myceto-, myco-}}

Combining prefixes that mean "fungus". From Gr. mykēs and mykētos (μύκης), fungus.AGoM 1971, p. 106.}}

{{defn|1= A discrete aggregation of hyphae. Compared to a {{gli|rhizomorph}}, it is undifferentiated from other hyphae and has no apical meristem.DF8 1995, p. 297.}}

{{term|term=mycelium |content=mycelium {{anchor|mycelia|mycelial}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. mycelia}}

A mass of hyphae or fungal {{gli|filament}}s; the {{gli|thallus}}.AGoM 1971, p. 106.}}

{{defn|1= Fungi. As a suffix (-mycetes), the recommended ending for the names of fungal classes.AGoM 1971, p. 106.}}

{{term|term=mycetism |content=mycetism {{anchor|mycetismus|mushroom poisoning}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|mycetismus, mushroom poisoning}}

Poisoning by larger fungi, usually mushrooms.DF8 1995, p. 297; AGoM 1971, p. 106.}}

{{term|term=mycetoma |content=mycetoma {{anchor|madura foot|maduramycosis}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|madura foot, maduramycosis}}

A fungal disease of the skin, usually of the foot.DF8 1995, p. 298; AGoM 1971, p. 106.}}

{{defn|1= The fungal part of a {{gli|lichen}}.DF8 1995, p. 298; AGoM 1971, p. 107.}}

{{term|term=mycobiota |content=mycobiota {{anchor|funga}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|funga}}

Aggregate fungal life in the area under consideration; equivalent of the term flora in plants or fauna in animals.DF8 1995, p. 298; AGoM 1971, p. 107.}}

{{defn|1= Coming from fungi; growing on fungi.DF8 1995, p. 299; AGoM 1971, p. 107.}}

{{defn|1= The scientific study of fungi. From Gr. lógos, discourse.DF8 1995, p. 299; AGoM 1971, p. 107.}}

{{defn|1= File:2010-09-13 Leccinum aurantiacum 6555637461 crop.jpg, a bolete that has a mycorrhizal relationship with a host tree]]

A symbiotic association between a fungus and the root system of a plant, usually trees. Traditionally subdivided into ectotrophic, where the fungus forms a sheaf on the surface of the root to create a 'Hartig net', and endotropic, where fungal hyphae directly enter the cortical cells of the root. Later, more precise divisions included ectomycorrhiza, arbuscular mycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, orchid mycorrhiza, arbutoid mycorrhiza, and monotropoid mycorrhiza.DF8 1995, p. 301; AGoM 1971, p. 108.}}

{{term|term=mycosis |content=mycosis {{anchor|mycoses}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. mycoses}}

Fungal diseases of humans and animals (rarely, plants as well).DF8 1995, p. 302.}}

{{defn|1= The recommended ending of the name of fungal phyla.AGoM 1971, p. 108.}}

{{defn|1= Toxins (the product of one organism injurious to another) produced by fungi. Studied by mycotoxicology. Poisonings are called mycotoxicoses.DF8 1995, p. 303; AGoM 1971, p. 108.}}

{{term|term=Myxomycota |content=Myxomycota {{anchor|Myxomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Hemitrichia serpula 57955.jpg serpula, commonly called pretzel slime, a true slime mold]]

True slime molds. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature, and still studied in mycology; now considered part of Amorphea. Since reclassified as Myxogastria. From Gr. myxa, slime.DF8 1995, p. 305.}}

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N

{{term|term=nematophagous |content=nematophagous {{anchor|vermivorous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|vermivorous}}

Predatory fungi that trap, devour, and digest nematodes in the soil.DF10 2008, p. 462; IDoM 2000, p. 260.}}

{{defn|1= File:Riesling Grapes with gray rot.jpg (gray rot), causing a color change]]

A condition from the mold Botrytis growing on overripe grapes. Used in the production of certain sweet wines.DF8 1995, p. 312.}}

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O

{{defn|1= (of spores, stipe, cystidia, etc.) The reverse of {{gli|clavate}}; widest at the base.DF8 1995, p. 318; AGoM 1971, p. 112.}}

{{defn|1= The reverse of pear-shaped or {{gli|pyriform}}.DF8 1995, p. 318; AGoM 1971, p. 112.}}

{{defn|1= The reverse of egg-shaped or {{gli|ovoid}}; the narrower end is on bottom.DF8 1995, p. 318; AGoM 1971, p. 112.}}

{{term|term=oogonium |content=oogonium {{anchor|oogonia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. oogonia}}

The female sexual organ of Oomycetes, which at maturity contains one or more {{gli|oospore}}s. From Gr. gonos, progeny.AGoM 1971, p. 114; IDoM 2000, p. 269.}}

{{term|term=Oomycota |content=Oomycota {{anchor|Peronosporomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Albugo candida.jpg (white rust), a water mold, on a mayflower]]

Water molds. Traditionally considered fungi, but now classed as closer to algae. Part of the Chromista kingdom. Contain cellulose in their cell walls rather than {{gli|chitin}}, and {{gli|coenocytic}} hypae rather than {{gli|septate}} hyphae.DF8 1995, p. 322; IDoM 2000, p. 269.}}

{{defn|1= Female gamete of oomycetes; "egg" of the oogonium.DF8 1995, p. 322; AGoM 1971, p. 114.}}

{{defn|1= File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-oospore-2.jpgs of Hyaloperonospora parasitica, a downy mildew]]

The resting spore formed as a result of fertilization of the oosphere. Has a thick, resistant wall. Subdivided into centric, subcentric, subeccentric, and eccentric oospores by its structure.DF8 1995, p. 322; AGoM 1971, p. 114; IDoM 2000, p. 269.}}

{{term|term=orchil |content=orchil {{anchor|archil|orcein}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|archil, orcein}}

A reddish-purple dye traditionally extracted from lichen.DF8 1995, p. 143; AGoM 1971, p. 12.}}

{{term|term=operculum |content=operculum {{anchor|opercula}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. opercula}}

A lid or cover. Usually refers to the lid-like apex of a sporangium or ascus found in some {{gli|chytrids}} and Pezizales.DF10 2008, p. 483; IDoM 2000, p. 270.}}

{{defn|1= Absorbing nutrients from surroundings via osmosis. True of all fungi.DF10 2008, p. 272; IDoM 2000, p. 488.}}

{{defn|1= A cavity ending in a pore at the neck of a {{gli|perithecium}} (ascocarp) of ascomycetes. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Any pore by which spores are freed from a fruit body, including both the ascocarp version as well as the opening of a pycnidium.DF8 1995, p. 326; AGoM 1971, p. 115. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Egg-shaped; the narrower end is on top.DF8 1995, p. 327; AGoM 1971, p. 115.}}

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P

{{defn|1= A small rounded elevation. Generally refers to an elevation on the wall of the {{gli|sporangium}} which on breaking serves as the exit point of zoospores and planogametes.DF10 2008, p. 493; IDoM 2000, p. 276.}}

{{term|term=paraphysis |content=paraphysis {{anchor|paraphyses}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. paraphyses}}

A sterile upward-growing, basally-attached hypha in a {{gli|hymenium}}, especially in {{gli|ascomata}} of ascomycetes where they are generally {{gli|filiform}} and {{gli|clavate}}. The free ends frequently converge toward the {{gli|ostiole}} and make a structure called an epithecium over the {{gli|asci}}. Part of the {{gli|hamathecium}}. Has a number of minor variants distinguished by names such as paraphysoid, pseudoparaphysis, pseudophysis, dikaryoparaphysis, and hyphidium.DF8 1995, p. 331; AGoM 1971, p. 117.}}

{{defn|1= File:Basidioma agaric veils.png

A layer of tissue that joins the stipe to the edge of the pileus in {{gli|agaric}}s, covering the gills during {{gli|hymenium}} development. May become an {{gli|annulus}} or a {{gli|cortina}} after development is complete.DF10 2008, p. 500; IDoM 2000, p. 405.}}

{{defn|1= Resembling the teeth of a comb, e.g. of the margin of a {{gli|pileus}}.DF8 1995, p. 335; AGoM 1971, p. 119.}}

{{defn|1= A small or slender stalk.DF8 1995, p. 335; AGoM 1971, p. 119.}}

{{defn|1= A thin film-like growth on the surface of a liquid culture, e.g. on {{gli|yeast}}s. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= (of agaric basidiomata) A delicate skin-like cuticle of the {{gli|pileus}} that can break off.AGoM 1971, p. 119; DF10 2008, p. 503; IDoM 2000, p. 283. |no=3 }}

{{term|term=penicillus |content=penicillus {{anchor|penicilli}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. penicilli}}

An asexual conidial head in the shape of a brush. Consists of a {{gli|pedicel}} or {{gli|conidiophore}} that supports a cluster of conidiogenous cells ({{gli|phialide}}s). Characteristic of Penicillium {{gli|stipe}}s.DF10 2008, p. 507; IDoM 2000, p. 284.}}

{{defn|1= Conidiogenous cell growth where a {{gli|conidiophore}} or {{gli|germ tube}} grows through a preexisting pore. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Of a {{gli|columella}}, extending throughout the entire length, from the base of the gleba through to the peridium's apex. Found in gastromycetes such as Podaxis. Also called a stipe-columella or dendritic columella.DF10 2008, p. 507; IDoM 2000, p. 285. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= The outer wall of a {{gli|sporangium}} or other {{gli|fruiting body}}. Can be either acellular or composed of plectenchyma.DF10 2008, p. 508; IDoM 2000, p. 286.}}

{{term|term=perithecium |content=perithecium {{anchor|pyrenocarp|perithecia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pyrenocarp; pl. perithecia}}

A rounded, oval ascocarp, characteristic of Pyrenomycetes and pyrenolichens. Can commonly be pyriform, obpyriform, beaked, or lageniform.DF8 1995, p. 340; AGoM 1971, p. 121; IDoM 2000, p. 288.}}

{{defn|1= Feeding by engulfing food; extending a pseudopod or other protoplasmic extension, as seen in protozoa. Never seen in true fungi ({{gli|Eumycota}}), but some Pseudofungi use this in addition to osmocytosis, e.g. Myxomycetes.DF10 2008, p. 519; IDoM 2000, p. 290.}}

{{defn|1= A type of conidiogenous cell, bottle-shaped, that produces {{gli|blastic}} conidia (phialospores) in {{gli|basipetal}} succession. The philade itself does not increase in length. The most common conidiogenous cell among conidial fungi. From Gr. phiale, jar.DF10 2008, p. 521; IDoM 2000, p. 291.}}

{{defn|1= An asexual spore formed from the tip of a phialide. Formed by {{gli|abstriction}}.DF10 2008, p. 521; IDoM 2000, p. 292.}}

{{defn|1= The photosynthetic element in a {{gli|lichen}}. Either algae (a phycobiont) or cyanobacteria (a cyanobiont).IDoM 2000, p. 292.}}

{{defn|1= A tropic phenomenon driven by light, where growth curves toward or against light stimuli. For example, sporangiphores of Pilobus and Phycomyces direct themselves toward light.DF10 2008, p. 705; IDoM 2000, p. 293.}}

{{defn|1= An asexual reproductive spore partitioned by two or more transverse septa. Most commonly found in {{gli|mitosporic fungi}}. Compare with {{gli|amerospore}} and {{gli|didymospore}}.DF10 2008, p. 526; IDoM 2000, p. 293.}}

{{term|term=physiological race |content=physiological race {{anchor|race|strain|biotype}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|race, strain, biotype}}

A group of forms alike in morphology. Often means a group of organisms that are potentially interbreeding. In plant pathology, it means a group with similar preferences in plants targeted; a race may be adapted to target only a single cultivar of a plant. Tracking the history of an organism is phylogeny. From Old Italian razza, generation.DF10 2008, p. 534; IDoM 2000, p. 327.}}

{{defn|1= A fungal infection of the hair, characterized by stony, hard nodules along hair shafts. A type of {{gli|dermatocytosis}}.AGoM 1971, p. 124; IDoM 2000, p. 295.}}

{{term|term=pileus |content=pileus {{anchor|mushroom cap}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Mushroom Cap Close-up Macro PLT-FG-8.jpg

The cap of {{gli|basidiomata}} that bears the fertile {{gli|hymenium}}.AGoM 1971, p. 124; IDoM 2000, p. 296.}}

{{defn|1= Covered with long, soft filaments; hairy. Oudemansiella pilosa is an example. From Latin pilus, hair.DF10 2008, p. 538; IDoM 2000, p. 296.}}

{{defn|1= A motile mass seen in the growth phase of acellular slime molds. Generally multinucleate and lacking cell walls. See also protoplasmodium, aphanoplasmodium, phaneroplasmodium, filoplasmodium, and pseudoplasmodium.DF8 1995, p. 362.}}

{{defn|1= The fusion of two cells or plasmodial cytoplasms, resulting in the nuclei juxtaposed and a {{gli|dikaryon}} formed. In many {{gli|sexual phase}}s of fungi, the first step which precedes {{gli|karyogamy}} (nuclear fusion) and meiosis.DF10 2008, p. 543; IDoM 2000, p. 300.}}

{{defn|1= A thick, packed tissue of twisted {{gli|hyphae}} formed during {{gli|basidiocarp}} development as it enlarges and generative hyphae begin to differentiate. From Gr. plektos, to twist, and enchyma, infusion.{{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=520}};AGoM 1971, p. 126.}}

{{term|term=pleomorphic |content=pleomorphic {{anchor|polymorphic}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|polymorphic}}

1. Fungi having more than one form in its life cycle, e.g. {{gli|holomorph}}s comprising a teleomorph and one or more anamorphs.}}

{{defn|1= Of {{gli|dermatophyte}}s, having variations, especially changes brought by degeneration over time.DF8 1995, p. 364; AGoM 1971, p. 127. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Growing from the sides, e.g. of hyphae.DF8 1995, p. 365; AGoM 1971, p. 127.}}

{{defn|1= A small opening, as in {{gli|tretic}} conidiogenesis. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= The mouth of a tube in certain fungi, such as Polyporaceae and Boletaceae.DF8 1995, p. 371; AGoM 1971, p. 129. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=potato blight |content=potato blight {{anchor|potato late blight|potato murrain}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Phytophthora infestans 5619.JPG]]

A fungal disease caused by the water mold Phytophthora infestans; cause of the Great Famine of Ireland and other potato famines.AGoM 1971, p. 129.}}

{{term|term=propagule |content=propagule {{anchor|propagulum}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|propagulum}}

Any structure that serves to spread the organism, both via propagation of new organisms as well as vegetatively increasing a single organism's size. In fungi, generally {{gli|spore}}s, {{gli|bulbil}}s, fragments of {{gli|mycelium}}, {{gli|isidia}}, {{gli|soredia}}, and others.IDoM 2000, p. 311.}}

{{defn|1= Separated hyphal cells capable of germination.DF8 1995, p. 379; AGoM 1971, p. 134.}}

{{term|term=Pseudofungi |content=Pseudofungi {{anchor|Pseudomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Pseudomycetes}}

A subdivision of stramenopiles consisting of organisms similar to fungi and traditionally studied in mycology, including Oomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Labyrinthulomycota, and Thraustochytriales. Contrasted with {{gli|Eumycota}}, true fungi.DF10 2008, p. 569.}}

{{term|term=pseudoparenchyma|content=pseudoparenchyma {{anchor|pseudoparenchyma|pseudoparenchymata|pseudoparenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. pseudoparenchymata}} A type of plectenchyma made of tightly packed, angular or polyhedral cells.IDoM 2000, p. 515.}}

{{term|term=pseudostroma |content=pseudostroma {{anchor|pseudostromata}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. pseudostromata}}

A {{gli|stroma}} formed of both fungal tissue and remnant tissues of a host plant.DF10 2008, p. 573; IDoM 2000, p. 318.}}

{{term|term=puffball |content=puffball {{anchor|fuzzball|puff-ball}}}}

{{defn|1= File:2012-07-01 Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff 232780.jpgs of the species Lycoperdon pyriforme]]

Fruit body ({{gli|basidioma}}) of Lycoperdales. Emits a cloud of spores when disturbed ("puffing").AGoM 1971, p. 136; IDoM 2000, p. 581.}}

{{defn|1= Very small (but still visible to unaided eyesight), e.g. with {{gli|rust}} {{gli|sori}}.DF8 1995, p. 384; AGoM 1971, p. 137.}}

{{term|term=punctulate |content=punctulate {{anchor|punctate}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|punctate}}

Marked with small points.DF8 1995, p. 384; AGoM 1971, p. 137.}}

{{defn|1= Decaying; becoming soft. From Latin putrescere, to grow rotten.DF8 1995, p. 385; AGoM 1971, p. 137.}}

{{term|term=pycnidium |content=pycnidium {{anchor|pycnidia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. pycnidia}}

An asexual fruiting body ({{gli|conidioma}}), generally flask-shaped, lined entirely by conidiogenous cells.DF8 1995, p. 385; AGoM 1971, p. 138.}}

{{term|term=pyriform |content=pyriform {{anchor|piriform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|piriform}}

Pear-shaped.DF8 1995, p. 388; AGoM 1971, p. 138; DF10 2008, p. 586.}}

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R

{{defn|1= A {{gli|geniculate}} or zig-zag holoblastic extension of a conidiogenous cell from {{gli|sympodial}} conidiogenous cell development. Such cells having a rachis are called rachiform. From Gr. ráchis, axis, spine.DF10 2008, p. 588; IDoM 2000, p. 327.}}

{{defn|1= A hyphal cell having a swelling at one end, resembling a tennis racket; found in {{gli|dermatophyte}}s.DF8 1995, p. 389; AGoM 1971, p. 139.}}

{{defn|1= Living on plant branches or twigs.DF8 1995, p. 390; AGoM 1971, p. 139.}}

{{term|term=reniform |content=reniform {{anchor|fabiform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|fabiform}}

Kidney-like or bean-like in form, e.g. of spores. From Latin renes, kidney, or faba, a broad bean.DF8 1995, p. 392; AGoM 1971, p. 141; DF10 2008, p. 595; IDoM 2000, p. 147, 331.}}

{{defn|1= Turned or bent backward.DF8 1995, p. 393; AGoM 1971, p. 142.}}

{{defn|1= A slender, tapered structure of anucleate {{gli|filament}}s bearing a superficial resemblance to a plant root, as it is extended by the thallus of {{gli|chytrids}} as a feeding organ. Generally part of a root system-like aggregation of branched hyphae.AGoM 1971, p. 142; DF10 2008, p. 598; IDoM 2000, p. 335.}}

{{defn|1= A strand or cord of mycelium, often with a dark-colored rind surrounding a central core of colorless cells, penetrating a soft substratum or between portions of it (e.g. between bark and wood). Unlike a mycelial cord, features distinct tissue, unlike "normal" hyphae. Functions as organ of absorption of nutritive substances. Seen in some Agaricales and Gasteromycetes.AGoM 1971, p. 142; DF10 2008, p. 598; IDoM 2000, p. 335.}}

{{defn|1= A branched system of {{gli|rhizoid}}s that resembles a mycelium in {{gli|chytrids}}.DF10 2008, p. 599; IDoM 2000, p. 335.}}

{{term|term=Rozellida |content=Rozellida {{anchor|Cryptomycota }}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Cryptomycota }}

A sister group of quasi-fungi that lack chitinous cell walls. Traditionally considered {{gli|chytrids}}, but have since been separated and reclassified in the 2010s. Phagotrophs rather than osmotrophes. Rozella, a group of obligate endoparasites, is possibly the earliest diverging lineage of fungi.DF10 2008, p. 608.}}

{{defn|1= Fungi having a high growth rate, rapid germination of spores, and short life expectancy.AGoM 1971, p. 144; DF10 2008, p. 608; IDoM 2000, p. 339. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Wrinkled. Seen, e.g., in basidiospores of Panaeolina foenisecii. From Latin ruga, wrinkle or crease.DF8 1995, p. 400; AGoM 1971, p. 144; IDoM 2000, p. 339.}}

{{defn|1=File:Endophyllum euphorbiae-sylvaticae 135015352.jpg

Plant diseases caused by fungi of the order Pucciniales. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= A fungus of the Pucciniales.DF8 1995, p. 401; AGoM 1971, p. 144. |no=2 }}

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S

{{term|term=saprobe |content=saprobe {{anchor|saprogen|saprotroph}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|saprogen, saprotroph}}

An organism that uses dead organic material as food.AGoM 1971, p. 145; DF10 2008, p. 615.}}

{{defn|1= Growing on rocks (e.g. Lichenothelia).DF8 1995, p. 406; AGoM 1971, p. 146.}}

{{term|term=sclerotium |content=sclerotium {{anchor|sclerotia}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum sclerortia.jpg sclerotia]]

A hardened, often rounded, mass of hyphae, normally having no spores. May give rise to a fruit body, a stroma (as in ergot), conidiophores, or mycelium. Can be a store of nutrients as part of perennation; can reinitiate vegetative growth after conditions have improved and a season has passed.DF8 1995, p. 410; AGoM 1971, p. 147; IDoM 2000, p. 344.}}

{{term|term=scutate |content=scutate {{anchor|scutiform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|scutiform}}

Like a shield or round plate in shape. From Latin scutum, shield.DF10 2008, p. 626; IDoM 2000, p. 346.}}

{{defn|1= A fruiting body with the appearance of an unopened {{gli|agaric}} or {{gli|bolete}}. The margin of the {{gli|pileus}} does not break free of the columella-stipe, generally seen in vertical development (e.g. Podaxis pistillaris).DF10 2008, p. 627; IDoM 2000, p. 347.}}

{{term|term=seminicolous |content=seminicolous {{anchor|seminicolous}}}}

{{defn|1= Living in seeds; seed-borne fungi. Examples include Ascochyta pisi, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Microdochium panattonianum, and others.DF10 2008, p. 628; IDoM 2000, p. 348.}}

{{defn|1= Having a slightly morphologically different {{gli|conidiophore}} from the {{gli|vegetative}} hyphae.DF10 2008, p. 629.}}

{{defn|1= Growing old. From Latin senescere, to grow old. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= The degeneration over time that makes indefinite propagation of certain fungi cultures impossible, especially in isolation such as a lab environment.DF8 1995, p. 413; AGoM 1971, p. 149; IDoM 2000, p. 348. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= Having septa; divided by partitions.DF8 1995, p. 414; AGoM 1971, p. 149.}}

{{term|term=septum |content=septum {{anchor|septa}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. septa}}

A cell wall in a {{gli|hypha}}.DF8 1995, p. 414; AGoM 1971, p. 149.}}

{{defn|1= Edged with teeth, like a comb or saw, e.g. of gills; its diminutive form is serrulate.DF8 1995, p. 416; AGoM 1971, p. 149.}}

{{defn|1= The phase of the fungal life cycle when sexually reproductive cells and organs are formed. This term is preferred over sex in animals, as the fungal process is not equivalent.IDoM 2000, p. 351.}}

{{defn|1= File:Acrasis rosea 31095.jpg, a cellular slime mold]]

A eukaryotic lifeform that spreads via spores. Has both ameba (cellular slime molds) and plasmoidial (multi-nucleate) varieties. No longer categorized as fungi, but were formerly categorized as such in older literature. Cellular slime molds are part of Acrasiomycota or Dictyosteliomycota; plasmodial slime molds were traditionally part of the class {{gli|Myxomycota}}, since renamed Myxogastria. From Gr. myxa, slime.DF8 1995, p. 305; IDoM 2000, p. 354.}}

{{defn|1= File:Ustilago nuda barley, stuifbrand op gerst (3).jpg of barley, caused by Ustilago nuda]]

A class of destructive plant diseases, generally of cereal grasses, caused by parasitic fungi of Ustilaginomycetes. Distinguished by transformation of plant organs permeated by hyphae into a dark mass of spores. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= Smut-causing fungi themselves in Ustilaginomycetes. Characterized by being host-specific endophytes. Its spores are called {{gli|ustilospore|ustilospores}}. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= "False" smuts outside Ustilaginomycetes but that cause similar effects, such as Microbotryales and Exobasidiales.DF10 2008, p. 716; IDoM 2000, p. 354. |no=3 }}

{{term|term=soma |content=soma {{anchor|somata}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. somata}}

1. The {{gli|assimilative}} (sustaining) body of an organism, distinguished from reproductive parts or phases. From Gr. soma, body.}}

{{defn|1= Possibly the hallucinogenic Amanita muscaria mushroom in ancient Aryan religion; see botanical identity of soma–haoma.DF8 1995, p. 425; AGoM 1971, p. 152. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= The fusion of {{gli|somatic}} (vegetative) cells during {{gli|plasmogamy}} but not {{gli|karyogamy}}. Found in the majority of basidiomycetes, many species of yeasts (such as Saccharomyces), and some chytrids (such as Chytriomyces).DF10 2008, p. 643; IDoM 2000, p. 354.}}

{{term|term=soredium |content=soredium {{anchor|soredia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. soredia}}

A {{gli|propagule}} for vegetative lichen growth; a combination of {{gli|photobiont|phycobiont}} algae wrapped by {{gli|mycobiont}} hyphae, and produced on a lichen thallus. Has the appearance of a powdery granule. From Latin soredium, a small heap.DF8 1995, p. 426; AGoM 1971, p. 152.}}

{{term|term=sorus |content=sorus {{anchor|sori}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. sori}}

A heap of spores. Fruiting structure in certain fungi, including the spore mass of rusts, but also Acrasidae and Synchytriaceae. From Gr. soros, heap.DF8 1995, p. 426; AGoM 1971, p. 152.}}

{{defn|1= {{gli|Mycelium}} used for starting fungal cultures, especially mushrooms; e.g. bricks of manure interlaced with mycelia.DF8 1995, p. 427; AGoM 1971, p. 152.}}

{{term|term=spinose |content=spinose {{anchor|spinuous}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|spinuous}}

Having spines.DF8 1995, p. 431; AGoM 1971, p. 154.}}

{{defn|1= Having small, delicate spines (spinules).DF8 1995, p. 431; AGoM 1971, p. 154.}}

{{term|term=Spitzenkörper |content=Spitzenkörper {{anchor|apical body}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|apical body}}

A {{gli|vesicle}}-rich body surrounded by actin filaments found in the growing tips of most fungi during periods of growth. Densely staining.DF8 1995, p. 431; DF10 2008, p. 652.}}

{{term|term=spor- |content=spor- {{anchor|spori-|sporo-|-spore}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|spori-, sporo-, -spore}}

Prefixes meaning "spore". From Gr. spora, seed.}}

{{term|term=sporangiolum |content=sporangiolum {{anchor|sporangiola}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. sporangiola}}

A small sporangium of Mucorales producing a small number of sporangiospores.DF8 1995, p. 432; AGoM 1971, p. 155.}}

{{defn|1= A thallus element bearing one or more {{gli|sporangia}}.DF8 1995, p. 432; AGoM 1971, p. 155.}}

{{defn|1= A walled spore produced within a sporangium.DF8 1995, p. 432; AGoM 1971, p. 155.}}

{{term|term=sporangium |content=sporangium {{anchor|sporangia}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. sporangia}}

A sac-like structure that produces spores endogenously. From Gr. angeion, vessel.DF8 1995, p. 432; AGoM 1971, p. 155.}}

{{defn|1= A reproductive structure in fungi. Can result from both sexual and asexual processes.DF8 1995, p. 432; IDoM 2000, p. 363.}}

{{defn|1= The layered wall defining a spore. Considered to have five layers. From within to outwards: the thin interior endosporium, the thick episporium, the exosporium (or tunic), the perisporium, and ectosporium, although the outermost two layers are fleeting and can be absorbed back into the perisporium and exosporium.DF10 2008, p. 655.}}

{{term|term=sporocarp |content=sporocarp {{anchor|fruit body|fruiting body}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|fruit body, fruiting body}}

A unit for production, protection, and dissemination of spores. Sometimes divided into {{gli|ascocarp}}, {{gli|basidiocarp}}, and zyogosporocarp.DF8 1995, p. 435; AGoM 1971, p. 64.}}

{{defn|1= A cluster of {{gli|conidiophore}}s bearing the spore mass, like a cushion.DF8 1995, p. 435; AGoM 1971, p. 156.}}

{{defn|1= A spore that is not forcibly discharged, unlike a {{gli|ballistospore}}. Seen in the basidiospores of Gastromycetes. From Gr. statis, immobility.DF10 2008, p. 662; IDoM 2000, p. 367.}}

{{defn|1= Like a star in form, especially spores.DF8 1995, p. 439; AGoM 1971, p. 157.}}

{{term|term=sterigma |content=sterigma {{anchor|sterigmata}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. sterigmata}}

The small, spicule-like (pointed) {{gli|pedicel}} or structure upon which a {{gli|basidiospore}} forms. From Gr. sterigma, support.DF8 1995, p. 440; AGoM 1971, p. 157.}}

{{defn|1= The stem or stalk of {{gli|agaric}}s, {{gli|bolete}}s, polypores, etc. From Latin stipes, trunk.DF8 1995, p. 442; AGoM 1971, p. 158.}}

{{defn|1= A horizontal {{gli|hypha}} that sprouts where it touches the substrate, in Mucorales. Connects groups of {{gli|rhizoid}}s.AGoM 1971, p. 158; IDoM 2000, p. 370.}}

{{defn|1= Having minute radiating lines or ridges, such as the margin of a {{gli|pileus}}.AGoM 1971, p. 159; DF10 2008, p. 669.}}

{{term|term=stroma |content=stroma {{anchor|stromata}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Stroma2.PNG, an ascomycete]]

A mass of {{gli|vegetative}} hyphae where fertile hyphae, fruiting bodies, and spores are produced. Common among {{gli|ascomycetes}} and anamorphic fungi; a few Pucciniales have them as well.DF10 2008, p. 670; IDoM 2000, p. 372.}}

{{defn|1= Not quite spherical.DF8 1995, p. 445; AGoM 1971, p. 160.}}

{{defn|1= The substances used for growth, e.g. the culture medium in a lab. |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= A synonym for {{gli|substratum}}.DF8 1995, p. 445; AGoM 1971, p. 161. |no=3 }}

{{defn|1= The material on which the organism is growing or is attached; the ecology in the directly local sense.DF8 1995, p. 445; AGoM 1971, p. 161.}}

{{defn|1= A mode of {{gli|conidiogenous}} cell growth which results in the development of conidia on a {{gli|geniculate}} or zig-zag {{gli|rachis}}, due to repeated termination and branching. Examples include Cercospora and Helminthosporium.DF10 2008, p. 674; IDoM 2000, p. 378.}}

{{defn|1= Fungi which have multiple {{gli|anamorph}}, or imperfect, phases.DF8 1995, p. 437; DF10 2008, p. 662; IDoM 2000, p. 378.}}

{{defn|1= A multinucleate structure resulting from the fusion of several uninucleate ameboid cells (myxameba), found in {{gli|myxomycetes}}.DF10 2008, p. 156; IDoM 2000, p. 379.}}

{{term|term=synnema |content=synnema {{anchor|synnemata}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. synnemata}}

A bundle of {{gli|erect}} and sometimes fused {{gli|conidiophore}}s that make a {{gli|conidioma}} together. Conidia are born at the apex, and sometimes along the sides as well. Characteristic of certain {{gli|asexual fungi}} including Doratomyces, Dendrostilbella, and Graphium.DF8 1995, p. 447; DF10 2008, p. 676; IDoM 2000, p. 379.}}

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T

{{term|term=teleomorph |content=teleomorph {{anchor|Perfect state}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|Perfect state}}

The sexual state (or perfect state) of a fungus whose spores are produced by {{gli|meiosis}}, i.e. characterized by {{gli|ascomata}} or {{gli|basidiomata}}.DF8 1995, p. 437; IDoM 2000, p. 382.}}

{{defn|1= One of the two basic forms of {{gli|conidiogenesis}}, with {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. Characterized by the conidia initial being delimited by one or more {{gli|septa}} before it begins enlargement. The result is that the conidium is differentiated from the whole cell. By comparison, in blastic conidiogenesis, enlargement occurs within the cell before being delimited later.DF8 1995, p. 453; IDoM 2000, p. 384.}}

{{term|term=thallus |content=thallus {{anchor|thalli}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|pl. thalli}}

1. The {{gli|vegetative}} tissue of a thallophyte. Usually synonymous with {{gli|mycelium}} in fungi. From Latin thallus, young branch.}}

{{defn|1= A mode of conidial ontogeny where a conidium is formed from a pre-existing hyphal segment or cell.DF8 1995, p. 453; AGoM 1971, p. 166. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=torulose |content=torulose {{anchor|torulous|torose|moniliform}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|torulous, torose, moniliform}}

Elongated in shape with swellings and constrictions at intervals. Found, e.g., in mycelia of Torula.DF8 1995, p. 460; AGoM 1971, p. 169; IDoM 2000, p. 387.}}

{{defn|1= A layer of hyphae in the central part of an {{gli|agaric}} running from the underside of the {{gli|mushroom cap|cap}} to the {{gli|lamella}}, often supporting the {{gli|hymenium}}. Sometimes called a hymenophoral trama to distinguish it from the second definition. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= In old literature, any {{gli|fleshy}} part of the {{gli|pileus}}, although this use has since been discouraged.DF8 1995, p. 460; AGoM 1971, p. 169; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=523}}. |no=2 }}

{{term|term=trehalose |content=trehalose {{anchor|mycose|mushroom sugar}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|mycose, mushroom sugar}}

A reserve sugar of fungi, especially yeasts and ergots, and lichens. Hydrolyzed by the enzyme trehalase.AGoM 1971, p. 108; DF10 2008, p. 696.}}

{{defn|1= A form of {{gli|blastic}} conidiogenesis. Each conidium (tretoconidium, porospore) is delimited via the inner wall of the conidiogenous cell.DF8 1995, p. 462; AGoM 1971, p. 129.}}

{{defn|1= A type of {{gli|zygospore}}; a sporangia bearing a single spore. Usually coiled. Characteristic of the order Harpellales (formerly part of Trichomycetes).DF10 2008, p. 702; IDoM 2000, p. 389.}}

{{defn|1= A group of fruit bodies from a single {{gli|mycelium}}.DF8 1995, p. 467; AGoM 1971, p. 171.}}

{{defn|1= File:Tuber aestivum Valnerina 014.jpg or summer truffle]]

The edible, subterranean fruit ({{gli|ascoma}}) of Tubers. Sometimes extended to "false truffles" as well such as Pezizales or Hymenogastrales.DF8 1995, p. 467; AGoM 1971, p. 171.}}

{{defn|1= Ending abruptly, as if cut off. From Latin truncare, to maim.DF8 1995, p. 468; AGoM 1971, p. 171.}}

{{term|term=tubercle |content=tubercle {{anchor|tubercule}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|tubercule}}

A knob-like or wart-like excrescence.DF8 1995, p. 469; AGoM 1971, p. 171.}}

{{term|term=tubercular |content=tubercular {{anchor|tuberculate}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|tuberculate}}

Having {{gli|tubercle}}s.DF8 1995, p. 469; AGoM 1971, p. 171.}}

{{defn|1= Swollen; inflated; e.g. of a {{gli|stipe}}.DF8 1995, p. 470; AGoM 1971, p. 172.}}

{{defn|1= Tightly swollen, e.g. from hydrostatic pressure of endosmosed water. From Latin turgidus, distended.DF8 1995, p. 470; AGoM 1971, p. 172.}}

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U

{{defn|1= In some foliose lichens (e.g. Umbilicaria), the central, strongly attaching organ of the {{gli|thallus}}.DF10 2008, p. 713.}}

{{defn|1= Arranged in a single row or series. Generally used to differentiate how {{gli|phialide}}s are arranged in species of Aspergillus; in uniseriate, they are directly on the conidial head, contrasted with biseriate where phialides rest on intermediate outgrowths of sterile cells called metulae.DF10 2008, p. 714; IDoM 2000, p. 398.}}

{{defn|1= File:Amanita muscaria 3 vliegenzwammen op rij.jpg mushrooms are cap scales, remnants of the universal veil.]]

A layer of tissue covering the {{gli|basidioma}} during its early development, in {{gli|agaric}}s and Gasteromycetes. As the {{gli|pileus}} grows, the veil is broken, with its upper remnants becoming cap scales, and the lower section becoming the {{gli|volva}}.DF10 2008, p. 714; IDoM 2000, p. 405.}}

{{defn|1= The {{gli|spore}} of a {{gli|smut}} fungus.DF10 2008, p. 718.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

V

{{defn|1= Warty; having rounded bumps. Verruculose is the diminutive version for delicate or small warts.}}

{{defn|1= Having parts in rings (verticils); whorled. Develops due to branching in which branches or pedicels are borne at the same level on the {{gli|hypha}}, and grow obliquely upward with respect to the central axis. Named after the conidiophores of Verticillium, but appears in other fungi such as the {{gli|sporangiophore}} of Actinomucor. From New Latin verticillatus, arranged in a verticil.DF10 2008, p. 724; IDoM 2000, p. 407.}}

{{defn|1= A bladder-like sac, especially of Peronosporales where {{gli|zoospore}}s mature. |no=1}}

{{defn|1= The swollen apex of the {{gli|conidiophore}} of Aspergillus |no=2 }}

{{defn|1= The subsporangial swelling in species of Pilobolus.DF8 1995, p. 483; AGoM 1971, p. 176; IDoM 2000, p. 408. |no=3 }}

{{defn|1= Banded or streaked. Generally applied to the surface of the {{gli|pileus}} of a {{gli|basidiocarp}}. From Latin virga, a twig, wand, rod, stripe, or streak.AGoM 1971, p. 177; IDoM 2000, p. 725.}}

{{defn|1= The cup-like remnant of the {{gli|universal veil}} at the base of the {{gli|stipe}} in the {{gli|basidiocarp}} of {{gli|agaric}}s and Gasteromycetes. Generally beneath the soil as a result, hidden from view unless the fungus is uprooted.DF8 1995, p. 485; AGoM 1971, p. 178.}}

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W

{{defn|1= File:Synchytridium endobioticum.jpg on potatoes]]

A fungal disease of the potato caused by Synchytrium endobioticum, a {{gli|chytrid}}.DF8 1995, p. 486; AGoM 1971, p. 178.}}

{{defn|1= Massed outgrowths on branches of woody plants caused by mites, viruses, and/or fungi, especially {{gli|rust}}-causing fungi.DF8 1995, p. 488; AGoM 1971, p. 179.}}

{{defn|1= Basidioma of Exidia glandulosa (or, in America, Tremella lutescens). Supposedly effective in witchcraft when thrown into a fire.DF8 1995, p. 488; AGoM 1971, p. 179.}}

{{term|term=wood-decay fungus |content=wood-decay fungus {{anchor|xylophagous fungus}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|xylophagous fungus}}

Fungi that digest wood. Mostly basidiomycetes, although a few ascomycetes also possess this ability. Generally categorized into brown rot, which digests a tree's cellulose and hemicellulose but not its lignin; white rot, which can also digest lignin; and soft rots, which are similar to brown rots in attacking cellulose and hemicellulose, but require moist wood and available nitrogen, e.g. from nearby soil. Two other notable types are dry rot (a slight misnomer, as some dampness is still required), a brown rot caused by Serpula lacrimans; and wet rot, several other species including cellar fungus.DF10 2008, p. 733; IDoM 2000, p. 339.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

X

{{defn|1= Preferring a dry habitat, or at least capable of subsisting in one. Rare among fungal species, but fungi with this capability can be exceptionally common, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium whose spores can be found in nearly any soil sample.DF8 1995, p. 491; AGoM 1971, p. 179; {{harvnb|Webster|Weber|2007|p=297}}.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

Y

{{defn|1= File:Клетки дрожжей из напитка комбуча 2.tif cells under magnification from kombucha, a fermented sweet tea drink]]

Unicellular, {{gli|budding}} fungi. Not a formal taxonomic unit; a cross-phyla grouping of filamentous fungi. Classifications include sporogenous yeasts, asporogenous yeasts, apiculate yeasts, baker's yeast, brewer's yeast and beer yeasts, black yeasts, bottom yeasts, top yeasts, Chinese yeasts, flor yeasts, food yeasts, petite yeasts, shadow yeasts, springer yeasts, toddy yeasts, and wine yeasts. From Old High German jesan, ferment.DF8 1995, p. 493; AGoM 1971, p. 179.}}

{{defn|1= Rice discolored and contaminated by Penicillium fungi.DF8 1995, p. 493.}}

{{defn|1= Various fungal diseases of plants causing yellowing, most notably cabbage (Fusarium oxysporum). See also {{gli|yellow rice}}.DF8 1995, p. 493; AGoM 1971, p. 180.}}

{{compact ToC |side=yes |center=yes |nobreak=yes |seealso=no |refs=yes |num=no |extlinks=no}}

Z

{{defn|1= A subdivision of Zygomycota broken off into a separate classification in the 2010s. Typically microscopic and obligate parasites.{{harvnb|Spatafora et al.|2016}}.}}

{{term|term=zoospore |content=zoospore {{anchor|swarm spore|zoöspore}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|swarm spore, zoöspore}}

A {{gli|motile}} {{gli|sporangiospore}}, i.e. having flagella.DF8 1995, p. 495.}}

{{term|term=Zygomycota |content=Zygomycota {{anchor|Zygomycetes}}}}

{{defn|1= File:Endogone pisiformis 56016.jpg pisiformus growing on sphagnum in a wet area]]

A traditional major phylum of fungi; characterized by {{gli|coenocytic}} mycelia. Divided into Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota in 2016. Frequently {{gli|saprobe}}s or parasites of arthropods.DF8 1995, p. 495; {{harvnb|Spatafora et al.|2016}}.}}

{{defn|1= A thick-walled sexual spore formed by the fusion of two similar gametangia; characteristic of the Zygomycetes.DF8 1995, p. 496; AGoM 1971, p. 181; DF10 2008, p. 746.}}

{{defn|1= A cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes of opposite sex.AGoM 1971, p. 181; DF10 2008, p. 746.}}

{{defn|1= Prefix meaning "yeast". From Gr. zymos, yeast.IDoM 2000, p. 421.}}

{{defn|1= Ferment-producing.DF8 1995, p. 496; AGoM 1971, p. 181.}}

{{term|term=zymology |content=zymology {{anchor|zymurgy}}}}

{{defn|1= {{ghat|zymurgy}}

The practice and study of {{gli|yeast}}s and {{gli|fermentation}} in brewing and wine-making.DF8 1995, p. 496; IDoM 2000, p. 421.}}

References

=Bibliography=

{{cite book |last1=Hawksworth |first1=David L. |author-link=David Leslie Hawksworth |last3=Sutton |first3=Brian C. |author3-link=Brian C. Sutton |last2=Kirk |first2=Paul M. |author-link2=Paul M. Kirk |last4=Pegler |first4=David N. |author4-link=David Pegler |title=Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford |date=1995 |edition=8th |isbn=0-85198-885-7 }}
{{cite book |last1=Kirk |first1=Paul M. |author-link=Paul M. Kirk |last2=Cannon |first2=Paul F. |author2-link=Paul F. Cannon |last3=Minter |first3=David W. |author3-link=David W. Minter |last4=Stalpers |first4=Joost A. |author4-link=Joost A. Stalpers |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |publisher=CAB International |location=Oxon |date=2008 |edition=10th |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8 }}
{{cite book |last1=Snell |first1=Walter H. |author-link=Wally Snell |last2=Dick |first2=Esther A. |date=1971 |title=A Glossary of Mycology |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |edition=Revised |lccn=77-134946}}
{{cite journal|last1=Spatafora|first1=Joseph W.|last2=Chang|first2=Ying|last3=Benny|first3=Gerald L.|last4=Lazarus|first4=Katy|last5=Smith|first5=Matthew E.|last6=Berbee|first6=Mary L.|last7=Bonito|first7=Gregory|last8=Corradi|first8=Nicolas|last9=Grigoriev|first9=Igor |display-authors=1 |date=2016|title=A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data |journal=Mycologia |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=1028–1046 |doi=10.3852/16-042 |issn=0027-5514 |last10=Gryganskyi|first10=Andrii|last11=James|first11=Timothy Y.|last12=O'Donnell|first12=Kerry|last13=Roberson|first13=Robert W.|last14=Taylor|first14=Thomas N.|last15=Uehling|first15=Jessie|last16=Vilgalys|first16=Rytas|last17=White|first17=Merlin M.|last18=Stajich|first18=Jason E. |pmc=6078412 |pmid=27738200 |ref={{harvid|Spatafora et al.|2016}}}}
{{cite book |last1=Ulloa |first1=Miguel |last2=Hanlin |first2=Richard T. |date=2000 |orig-date=1991 |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology |location= |publisher=APS Press |page= |isbn=0-89054-257-0}}
{{cite book |last1=Webster |first1=John |author-link=John Webster (mycologist) |last2=Weber |first2=Roland W. S. |date=2007 |title=Introduction to Fungi |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-80739-5}}

Category:Mycology

mycology

Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists