Hamburg

{{Main|History of Hamburg}}

{{For timeline}}

Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century AD) reported the first name for the vicinity as Treva.{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/mapping-ancient-germania-berlin-researchers-crack-the-ptolemy-code-a-720513-2.html|title=Mapping Ancient Germania: Berlin Researchers Crack the Ptolemy Code|first=Matthias|last=Schulz|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=1 October 2010|via=Spiegel Online}}

The name Hamburg comes from the first permanent building on the site, a castle which the Emperor Charlemagne ordered constructed in AD 808. It rose on rocky terrain in a marsh between the River Alster and the River Elbe as a defence against Slavic incursion, and acquired the name Hammaburg, burg meaning castle or fort. The origin of the Hamma term remains uncertain,{{Citation|ref=Verg |last1=Verg |first1=Erich |last2=Verg|first2=Martin|year=2007 |title=Das Abenteuer das Hamburg heißt |edition=4th |location=Hamburg |publisher=Ellert&Richter |isbn=978-3-8319-0137-1 |page=8|language=de}}

but its location is estimated to be at the site of today's Hammaburgplatz.{{Cite web|last=Gretzschel|first=Sven Kummereincke und Matthias|date=24 January 2014|title=Sensation: Wissenschaftler entdecken die Hammaburg|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article124212644/Sensation-Wissenschaftler-entdecken-die-Hammaburg.html|access-date=20 December 2020|website=www.abendblatt.de|language=de-DE}}{{cite news |title=Hammaburg – der große Irrtum |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2007/12/12/826430.html |date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |access-date=30 September 2008|language=de}}

File:Hamburg in 1150.jpg

In 834 CE, Hamburg was designated as the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop, Ansgar, became known as the Apostle of the North. Two years later, Hamburg was united with Bremen as the Bishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.Verg (2007), p.15

Hamburg was destroyed and occupied several times. In 845, six hundred Viking ships sailed up the River Elbe and destroyed Hamburg, at that time a town of around 500 inhabitants. In 1030, King Mieszko II Lambert of Poland burned down the city. Valdemar II of Denmark raided and occupied Hamburg in 1201 and in 1214. The Black Death killed at least 60% of the population in 1350.

Hamburg experienced several great fires in the medieval period.{{Cite web|url=https://en.wtcf.org.cn/MemberCities/Overview/Introduction/201407308185.html|title=Hamburg – Introduction – WTCF-Better City Life through Tourism|website=en.wtcf.org.cn|access-date=9 March 2020}}

In 1189, by imperial charter, Frederick I "Barbarossa" granted Hamburg the status of a Free Imperial City and tax-free access (or free-trade zone) up the Lower Elbe into the North Sea. In 1265, an allegedly forged letter was presented to or by the Rath of Hamburg.Verg (2007), p. 26 This charter, along with Hamburg's proximity to the main trade routes of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, quickly made it a major port in Northern Europe. Its trade alliance with Lübeck in 1241 marks the origin and core of the powerful Hanseatic League of trading cities. On 8 November 1266, a contract between Henry III and Hamburg's traders allowed them to establish a hanse in London. This was the first time in history that the word hanse was used for the trading guild of the Hanseatic League.Verg (2007), p. 30

In 1270, the solicitor of the senate of Hamburg, Jordan von Boitzenburg, wrote the first description of civil, criminal and procedural law for a city in Germany in the German language, the Ordeelbook (Ordeel: sentence).

{{Citation |title=The Medieval Origins of Modern Legal Education: Between Church and State |first=David S. |last=Clark |journal=The American Journal of Comparative Law |volume=35 |year=1987 |pages=653–719 |publisher=American Society of Comparative Law |doi=10.2307/840129 |issue=4 |jstor=840129|doi-access=free }}

On 10 August 1410, civil unrest forced a compromise (German: Rezeß, literally meaning: withdrawal). This is considered the first constitution of Hamburg.Verg (2007), p. 39

In 1356, the Matthiae-Mahl feast dinner for Hanseatic League cities was celebrated for the first time on 25 February, the first day of spring in medieval times. It continues today as the world's oldest ceremonial meal.{{cite news |title=The Matthiae meal |url=https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220 |agency=EU Screen |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=2003 |access-date=12 February 2023 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212180228/https://www.euscreen.eu/item.html?id=EUS_0065DB52E4BF42279013651EE15AE220 |url-status=dead }}

File:Hamburg um 1600 Brook.jpg

In 1529, the city embraced Lutheranism, and it received Reformed refugees from the Netherlands and France.

When Jan van Valckenborgh introduced a second layer to the fortifications to protect against the Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century, he extended Hamburg and created a "New Town" (Neustadt) whose street names are still based upon the grid system of roads he introduced.[http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf History of the area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206104950/http://www.carltoepferstiftung.de/img/pdf/tourist_information_inner_pages.pdf |date=6 February 2013 }}, accessed 3 November 2012

From the autumn of 1696 to the spring of 1697 the Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies was active in Hamburg. While it was unsuccessful in raising capital locally, it commissioned the construction of four vessels in the port. The Caledonia, a ship of 600 tons with 56 guns, and the Instuaration (later renamed the St. Andrew), a vessel of 350 tons, were launched in March 1697.Watt, Douglas (2024), The Price of Scotland: Darien, Union and the Wealth of Nations, Luath Press Limited, Edinburgh, pp. 97 - 103 & 117 - 121, {{isbn|9781913025595}}

Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Free Imperial City of Hamburg was not incorporated into a larger administrative area while retaining special privileges (mediatised), but became a sovereign state with the official title of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. Hamburg was briefly annexed by Napoleon I to the First French Empire (1804–1814/1815). Russian forces under General Bennigsen finally freed the city in 1814. Hamburg re-assumed its pre-1811 status as a city-state in 1814. The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Hamburg's independence and it became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation (1815–1866).

In 1842, about a quarter of the inner city was destroyed in the "Great Fire". The fire started on the night of 4 May and was not extinguished until 8 May. It destroyed three churches, the town hall, and many other buildings, killing 51 people and leaving an estimated 20,000 homeless. Reconstruction took more than 40 years.

File:JMDavid Hamburg vom westlichen Wall 1811.jpg

After periodic political unrest, particularly in 1848, Hamburg adopted in 1860 a semidemocratic constitution that provided for the election of the Senate, the governing body of the city-state, by adult taxpaying males. Other innovations included the separation of powers, the separation of Church and State, freedom of the press, of assembly and association. Hamburg became a member of the North German Confederation (1866–1871) and of the German Empire (1871–1918), and maintained its self-ruling status during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Hamburg acceded to the German Customs Union or Zollverein in 1888, the last (along with Bremen) of the German states to join. The city experienced its fastest growth during the second half of the 19th century when its population more than quadrupled to 800,000 as the growth of the city's Atlantic trade helped make it Europe's second-largest port.{{Cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202011.pdf|website=aapa-ports.org|department=American Association of Port Authorities

|title=World Port Ranking 2011}} The Hamburg-America Line, with Albert Ballin as its director, became the world's largest transatlantic shipping company around the start of the 20th century. Shipping companies sailing to South America, Africa, India and East Asia were based in the city. Hamburg was the departure port for many Germans and Eastern Europeans to emigrate to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Trading communities from all over the world established themselves there.

A major outbreak of cholera in 1892 was badly handled by the city government, which retained an unusual degree of independence for a German city. About 8,600 died in the largest German epidemic of the late 19th century, and the last major cholera epidemic in a major city of the Western world.

File:Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CL3400.jpg after the 1943 bombing; today around 25% of Hamburg's buildings are from before the Second World War{{cite web |url=https://zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Publikationen/Aufsaetze_Archiv/2015_12_NI_GWZ_endgueltig.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=4 |title=Zensus 2011: Gebäude- und Wohnungsbestand in Deutschland |language=de |publisher=Statistische Ämter Des Bundes Und Der Länder |date=2015 |access-date=15 January 2025}}]]

Hamburg was a {{lang|de|Gau}} within the administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1934 until 1945. During the Second World War, the Allied bombing of Hamburg devastated much of the city and the harbour. On 23 July 1943, the Royal Air Force (RAF) and United States Army Air Force firebombing created a firestorm which spread from the {{lang|de|Hauptbahnhof}} (main railway station) and quickly moved south-east, completely destroying entire boroughs such as Hammerbrook, Billbrook and Hamm South. Thousands of people perished in these densely populated working class boroughs. The raids, codenamed Operation Gomorrah by the RAF, killed at least 42,600 civilians; the precise number is not known.{{citation needed |date=December 2024}} About one million civilians were evacuated in the aftermath of the raids. While some of the boroughs destroyed were rebuilt as residential districts after the war, others such as Hammerbrook were entirely developed into office, retail and limited residential or industrial districts.

The Hamburg Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery is in the greater Ohlsdorf Cemetery in the north of Hamburg.

At least 42,900 people are thought to have perished{{cite web|url=http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |title=Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslager Neuengamme |publisher=Kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de |access-date=14 September 2013}} in the Neuengamme concentration camp (about {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on|disp=comma}} outside the city in the marshlands), mostly from epidemics and in the destruction of Kriegsmarine vessels housing evacuees at the end of the war.

Systematic deportations of Jewish Germans and Gentile Germans of Jewish descent started on 18 October 1941. These were all directed to ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe or to concentration camps. Most deported persons perished in the Holocaust. By the end of 1942, the Jüdischer Religionsverband in Hamburg was dissolved as an independent legal entity and its remaining assets and staff were assumed by the Reich Association of Jews in Germany (District Northwest). On 10 June 1943, the Reich Security Main Office dissolved the association by a decree.Cf. 'Schreiben der Geheimen Staatspolizei – Staatspolizeileitstelle Hamburg – an den Oberfinanzpräsidenten, Vermögensverwaltungsstelle vom 1. Juni 1943', Staatsarchiv Hamburg, Bestand Oberfinanzpräsident, Arb. Sign. 31/1 A, here after: Vierhundert Jahre Juden in Hamburg: eine Ausstellung des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte vom 8. November 1991 bis 29. März 1992, Ulrich Bauche (ed.), Hamburg: Dölling und Galitz, 1991, (Die Geschichte der Juden in Hamburg; vol. 1), p. 492, {{ISBN|3-926174-31-5}} The few remaining employees not somewhat protected by a mixed marriage were deported from Hamburg on 23 June to Theresienstadt, where most of them perished. About 7800 Hamburg Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, of the nearly 17 thousand who had lived in the city before Hitler's rise to power.{{Cite web |title=Hamburg |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206350.pdf |website=Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies}}

File:Phb dt 8107 CTA.jpg

The city was surrendered to British Forces on 3 May 1945, in the Battle of Hamburg,Ortwin Pelc, Kriegsende in Hamburg, Hamburg 2005 three days after Adolf Hitler's death. After the Second World War, Hamburg formed part of the British Zone of Occupation; it became a state of West Germany in 1949.

On 16 February 1962, a North Sea flood caused the Elbe to rise to an all-time high, inundating one-fifth of Hamburg and killing more than 300 people.

The inner German border – only {{convert|50|km|mi|-1}} east of Hamburg – separated the city from most of its hinterland and reduced Hamburg's global trade. Since German reunification in 1990, and the accession of several Central European and Baltic countries into the European Union in 2004, the Port of Hamburg has restarted ambitions for regaining its position as the region's largest deep-sea port for container shipping and its major commercial and trading centre.

Hamburg is at a sheltered natural harbour on the southern fanning-out of the Jutland Peninsula, between Continental Europe to the south and Scandinavia to the north, with the North Sea to the west and the Baltic Sea to the northeast. It is on the River Elbe at its confluence with the Alster and Bille. The city centre is around the Binnenalster ("Inner Alster") and Außenalster ("Outer Alster"), both formed by damming the River Alster to create lakes. The islands of Neuwerk, Scharhörn, and Nigehörn, {{convert|100|km|mi|-1}} away in the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park, are also part of the city of Hamburg.Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park Act {{Citation |title=Gesetz über den Nationalpark Hamburgisches Wattenmeer |url=http://www.landesrecht.hamburg.de/jportal/portal/page/bshaprod.psml?doc.id=jlr-WattMGHArahmen&st=lr&showdoccase=1¶mfromHL=true#focuspoint|date=9 April 1990 |access-date=26 February 2011|language=de}}

The neighbourhoods of Neuenfelde, Cranz, Francop and Finkenwerder are part of the Altes Land (old land) region, the largest contiguous fruit-producing region in Central Europe. Neugraben-Fischbek has Hamburg's highest elevation, the Hasselbrack at {{convert|116.2|m|0}} AMSL.{{Citation |author=Geologisches Landesamt Hamburg (Hamburg State Geological Department) |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2007/2008 |journal=Statistisches Jahrbuch Hamburg |year=2007 |publisher=Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein |location=Hamburg |issn=1614-8045|language=de}} Hamburg borders the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.

Hamburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb; Trewartha: Dobk), influenced by its proximity to the coast and maritime influences that originate over the Atlantic Ocean. The location in the north of Germany provides extremes greater than typical marine climates, but definitely in the category due to the prevailing westerlies.{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74101&cityname=Hamburg,+Hamburg,+Germany&units=metric|title=Hamburg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=7 February 2019|archive-date=25 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725055124/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74101&cityname=Hamburg,+Hamburg,+Germany&units=metric|url-status=dead}} Nearby wetlands enjoy a maritime temperate climate. The amount of snowfall has varied greatly in recent decades. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, heavy snowfall sometimes occurred,[http://www.ndr.de/kultur/geschichte/chronologie/197879-Schneekatastrophe-legt-Norden-lahm,schneechaosindex100.html Report] on the snowfall disaster of 1978/1979 in northern Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016. the winters of recent years have been less cold, with snowfall just a few days per year.[http://scienceblogs.de/primaklima/2010/12/07/kalte-winter-in-europa/ Article] on the winters in Germany, retrieved on 20 July 2016.[http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf;jsessionid=20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 Comparison] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007000947/http://www.winterchronik.de/winter-chronik.jsf%3Bjsessionid%3D20F25C886A43B1A698DA6B01BB5FCA95 |date=7 October 2016 }} of the weather and snowfall in German winters (from 1950 on), retrieved on 20 July 2016.

The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures of {{convert|20.1|to|22.5|C|F}}. The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures of {{convert|-0.3|to|1.0|C|F}}.{{cite web

|url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm

|title = World Weather Information Service – Hamburg

|access-date = 6 April 2012

|publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst

|archive-date = 3 March 2016

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230802/http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00055.htm

|url-status = dead

}} The annual extreme temperatures range from {{Convert|-29.1|C}} on 13 February 1940, to {{Convert|40.1|C}} on 20 July 2022, and the latter was measured at Hamburg-Neuwiedenthal Meteorological Station, on the same day, a high temperature record of {{Convert|39.1|C}} was recorded at Hamburg Airport.

{{Weather box

|location = Hamburg-Fuhlsbuttel
WMO ID: 10147; coordinates {{coordinates|53|37|59|N|9|59|17|E}}; elevation: {{cvt|10.7|m}}; 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present

|metric first = Yes

|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 15.7

|Feb record high C = 18.9

|Mar record high C = 23.5

|Apr record high C = 29.7

|May record high C = 33.5

|Jun record high C = 34.8

|Jul record high C = 39.1

|Aug record high C = 37.3

|Sep record high C = 32.3

|Oct record high C = 27.1

|Nov record high C = 20.2

|Dec record high C = 15.7

|year record high C = 39.1

|Jan avg record high C = 10.9

|Feb avg record high C = 11.9

|Mar avg record high C = 16.6

|Apr avg record high C = 22.3

|May avg record high C = 26.8

|Jun avg record high C = 29.6

|Jul avg record high C = 31.1

|Aug avg record high C = 31.0

|Sep avg record high C = 25.6

|Oct avg record high C = 20.0

|Nov avg record high C = 14.5

|Dec avg record high C = 11.4

|year avg record high C = 32.2

|Jan high C = 4.2

|Feb high C = 5.2

|Mar high C = 8.7

|Apr high C = 13.9

|May high C = 18.0

|Jun high C = 20.9

|Jul high C = 23.2

|Aug high C = 23.0

|Sep high C = 18.8

|Oct high C = 13.6

|Nov high C = 8.2

|Dec high C = 5.0

|year high C = 13.6

|Jan mean C = 2.1

|Feb mean C = 2.4

|Mar mean C = 4.9

|Apr mean C = 9.1

|May mean C = 13.0

|Jun mean C = 16.0

|Jul mean C = 18.3

|Aug mean C = 18.0

|Sep mean C = 14.4

|Oct mean C = 10.0

|Nov mean C = 5.7

|Dec mean C = 2.9

|year mean C = 9.7

|Jan low C = -0.5

|Feb low C = -0.5

|Mar low C = 1.1

|Apr low C = 4.0

|May low C = 7.6

|Jun low C = 10.8

|Jul low C = 13.3

|Aug low C = 13.1

|Sep low C = 10.1

|Oct low C = 6.3

|Nov low C = 2.9

|Dec low C = 0.4

|year low C = 5.7

|Jan avg record low C = -9.5

|Feb avg record low C = -8.1

|Mar avg record low C = -5.5

|Apr avg record low C = -2.7

|May avg record low C = 0.7

|Jun avg record low C = 5.5

|Jul avg record low C = 8.6

|Aug avg record low C = 7.9

|Sep avg record low C = 4.2

|Oct avg record low C = -0.9

|Nov avg record low C = -3.7

|Dec avg record low C = -7.4

|year avg record low C = -11.6

|Jan record low C = -22.8

|Feb record low C = -29.1

|Mar record low C = -15.3

|Apr record low C = -7.1

|May record low C = -5.0

|Jun record low C = 0.6

|Jul record low C = 3.4

|Aug record low C = 1.8

|Sep record low C = -1.2

|Oct record low C = -7.1

|Nov record low C = -15.4

|Dec record low C = -18.5

|year record low C = -29.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 66.7

|Feb precipitation mm = 54.9

|Mar precipitation mm = 56.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 39.2

|May precipitation mm = 57.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 74.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 81.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 77.5

|Sep precipitation mm = 64.7

|Oct precipitation mm = 63.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 61.1

|Dec precipitation mm = 72.6

|year precipitation mm = 770.5

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 17.7

|Feb precipitation days = 16.2

|Mar precipitation days = 15.2

|Apr precipitation days = 12.8

|May precipitation days = 13.8

|Jun precipitation days = 15.3

|Jul precipitation days = 16.0

|Aug precipitation days = 15.8

|Sep precipitation days = 14.5

|Oct precipitation days = 16.2

|Nov precipitation days = 16.9

|Dec precipitation days = 18.0

|year precipitation days = 188.4

|Jan snow depth cm = 3.9

|Feb snow depth cm = 4.3

|Mar snow depth cm = 4.1

|Apr snow depth cm = trace

|May snow depth cm = 0

|Jun snow depth cm = 0

|Jul snow depth cm = 0

|Aug snow depth cm = 0

|Sep snow depth cm = 0

|Oct snow depth cm = 0

|Nov snow depth cm = 1.0

|Dec snow depth cm = 2.8

|year snow depth cm = 8.8

|unit snow days = 1.0 cm

|Jan snow days = 5.9

|Feb snow days = 5.0

|Mar snow days = 2.9

|Apr snow days = 0

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 1.2

|Dec snow days = 3.5

|year snow days =

|Jan sun = 44.9

|Feb sun = 66.8

|Mar sun = 119.9

|Apr sun = 182.8

|May sun = 221.2

|Jun sun = 210.3

|Jul sun = 218.8

|Aug sun = 202.7

|Sep sun = 152.4

|Oct sun = 109.3

|Nov sun = 51.4

|Dec sun = 36.1

|year sun = 1616.7

|humidity colour = green

|Jan humidity = 85.8

|Feb humidity = 82.6

|Mar humidity = 77.7

|Apr humidity = 71.0

|May humidity = 70.8

|Jun humidity = 72.1

|Jul humidity = 72.6

|Aug humidity = 74.3

|Sep humidity = 79.4

|Oct humidity = 83.4

|Nov humidity = 87.1

|Dec humidity = 87.6

|Jan uv = 0

|Feb uv = 1

|Mar uv = 2

|Apr uv = 4

|May uv = 5

|Jun uv = 6

|Jul uv = 6

|Aug uv = 5

|Sep uv = 4

|Oct uv = 2

|Nov uv = 1

|Dec uv = 0

|source 1 = World Meteorological Organization{{cite web

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012155627/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel_10147.csv

|archive-date = 12 October 2023

|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Hamburg-Fuhlsbuettel_10147.csv

|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020

|work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|access-date = 12 October 2023}}

|source 2 = DWD{{cite web

|url = http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue

|title = Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte

|url-status = dead

|access-date = 24 June 2014

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140612043121/http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue

|archive-date = 12 June 2014

}}{{cite web

|url = http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2

|title = Monatsauswertung

|website = sklima.de

|publisher = SKlima

|language = de

|access-date = 23 October 2024}} and Weather Atlas{{Cite web

|url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/germany/hamburg-climate

|title = Hamburg, Germany – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast

|publisher = Yu Media Group

|website = Weather Atlas

|language = en

|access-date = 2 July 2019}}

View climate chart 1986–2016 or 1960–1990}}

{{Main|Demographics of Hamburg}}

File:Hamburg population pyramid in 2022.svg

{{historical populations

|percentages=pagr

|950|500

|1430|16000

|1840|136956

|1900|705738

|1910|931035

|1920|1026989

|1930|1145124

|1940|1725500

|1945|1350278

|1950|1605606

|1961|1840543

|1970|1793640

|1975|1717383

|1980|1645095

|1985|1579884

|1990|1652363

|2001|1726363|2011|1706696|2022|1808846|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}

On 31 December 2016, there were 1,860,759 people registered as living in Hamburg in an area of {{convert|755.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The population density was {{convert|2464|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |title=Hamburger Melderegister|year=2016 |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf |language=de}} The metropolitan area of the Hamburg region (Hamburg Metropolitan Region) is home to 5,107,429 living on {{convert|196|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{Citation |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx |format=PDF |title=Hamburg Metropolitan Area fact sheet |publisher=Office of Statistics for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein (Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein) |access-date=25 July 2017 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134416/https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Tabellen%2C_Tabellenb%C3%A4nde%2C_Brosch%C3%BCren/Metropolregion_Hamburg/T01_Bev%C3%B6lkerung.xlsx |url-status=dead }}

There were 915,319 women and 945,440 men in Hamburg. For every 1,000 females, there were 1,033 males. In 2015, there were 19,768 births in Hamburg (of which 38.3% were to unmarried women); 6422 marriages and 3190 divorces, and 17,565 deaths. In the city, 16.1% of the population was under the age of 18, while 18.3% was 65 years of age or older. There were 356 people in Hamburg over the age of 100.[https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistische_Berichte/bevoelkerung/A_I_S_1_j_H/A_I_S1_j16.pdf Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2016] statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023

According to the Statistical Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, there were 631,246 residents with a migrant background, representing 34% of the population.[https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_V_2017_Korrektur.pdf Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund in den Hamburger Stadtteilen Ende 2016] statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023 Immigrants come from 200 countries. 5,891 people have acquired German cititzenship in 2016.[https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Jahrb%C3%BCcher/Hamburg/JB16HH_Gesamt_Internet_min.pdf Statistisches Jahrbuch. Hamburg 2016] statistik-nord.de (in German) Retrieved 27 June 2023

In 2016, there were 1,021,666 households, of which 17.8% had children under the age of 18; 54.4% of all households were made up of singles. 25.6% of all households were single parent households. The average household size was 1.8.Selectable data base: {{Citation |author=Source: Residents registration office |publisher=Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein |url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Statistik_informiert_SPEZIAL/SI_SPEZIAL_VI_2017_Korrektur.pdf |title=Regionalergebnisse |access-date=25 July 2016|language=de}}

Hamburg has the largest Portuguese community in Germany; the city is home to about 30,000 people of Portuguese heritage. Many Portuguese sailors and merchants came to Hamburg beginning in the 15th century due to its port. Since the 1970s, there has been a district in Hamburg called the {{Interlanguage link|Portugiesenviertel|de|Portugiesenviertel}} (Portuguese quarter) where many Portuguese people settled and which has a variety of Portuguese restaurants, cafes and shops that attract many tourists. There are several statues, squares and streets in Hamburg that are named after Portuguese historical figures. These include the Vasco da Gama statue on the Kornhaus bridge, which was suggested by Portuguese residents to bring visibility to the Portuguese community in Hamburg.{{cite web |title=Wie Portugiesen in Hamburg heimisch wurden |url=https://www.welt.de/wams_print/article1466208/Wie-Portugiesen-in-Hamburg-heimisch-wurden.html |website=www.welt.de |date=16 November 2011 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=de}}

{{see also|Afghans in Germany|Afghan diaspora}}

Hamburg's Afghan community of about 50,000 people is the largest not only in Germany, but also in Europe. They first came to Hamburg in the 1970s before expanding during the Afghan conflict in the 1980s and 1990s where many Afghan migrants chose to live in Hamburg.{{citation|url=https://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/migration/laenderprofile/288934/afghan-migration-to-germany|title=Afghan Migration to Germany: History and Current Debates|date=5 April 2019 }} After 2015 the Afghan population almost doubled due to a new influx from the migrant crisis. There is an area in Hamburg behind the central station where many Afghan restaurants and shops are located. Many carpet businesses in Speicherstadt are operated by Afghan traders,{{cite web |title=Warum es viele Afghanen nach Hamburg zieht |url=https://www.welt.de/regionales/hamburg/article233317215/Evakuierung-aus-Afghanistan-Warum-es-viele-Afghanen-nach-Hamburg-zieht.html |website=www.welt.de |date=23 August 2021 |access-date=24 July 2023 |language=de}} with Hamburg still a global leader in the trade of oriental rugs.{{cite web | url=https://worldheritage.hamburg/kehrwieder-the-way-to-the-top/ | title=Welterbe Info Point Hamburg - All info on the UNESCO World Heritage Site | date=16 June 2020 }}

The breakdown of all Hamburg residents with foreign citizenship (as of 31 December 2016) by their continent of origin is as follows:

{{See also|Hamburgisch dialect}}

As elsewhere in Germany, Standard German is spoken in Hamburg, but as typical for northern Germany, the original language of Hamburg is Low German, usually referred to as Hamborger Platt (German Hamburger Platt) or Hamborgsch. Since large-scale standardisation of the German language beginning in earnest in the 18th century, various Low German-coloured dialects have developed (contact-varieties of German on Low Saxon substrates). Originally, there was a range of such Missingsch varieties, the best-known being the low-prestige ones of the working classes and the somewhat more bourgeois Hanseatendeutsch (Hanseatic German), although the term is used in appreciation.{{Citation |contribution=Die deutsche Sprache—eine Dialektlandschaft |title=Nationalatlas Bundesrepublik Deutschland |last=Bausch |first=Karl-Heinz |url=http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |year=2007 |access-date=24 September 2008 |publisher=Leibniz-Institut für Länderkunde |location=Leipzig |isbn=978-3-8274-0947-8 |pages=94–95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043439/http://www.ifl-nationalatlas.de/download/bsppdf/Band_6_bsp.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011|language=de}} All of these are now moribund due to the influences of Standard German used by education and media. However, the former importance of Low German is indicated by several songs, such as the sea shanty Hamborger Veermaster, written in the 19th century when Low German was used more frequently. Many toponyms and street names reflect Low Saxon vocabulary, partially even in Low Saxon spelling, which is not standardised, and to some part in forms adapted to Standard German.Several places are named ...brook (Billbrook, Brooktor, Grasbrook, Hammerbrook, Hellbrook, Iserbrook) rather than Standard German ...bruch (neutr.; =brook riverscape), Bullenhusen rather than Bullenhausen, Lohbrügge rather than Lohbrücke, several localities starting with Nien... (Niendorf, Nienstedten) rather than Neuen..., or ending ...hude (Dockenhuden, Harvestehude, Winterhude) rather than ...hut[ung] (fem.; =pasture), Uhlenhorst rather than Eulenhorst, several places and water bodies are named ...bek (Barmbek, Eilbek, Fischbek, Flottbek, Goldbek, Isebek, Kirchsteinbek, Langenbek, Osterbek, Pepermölenbek, Wandsbek) rather than ...bach, several places and water bodies are called ...fleet (Alsterfleet, Bleichenfleet, Moorfleet) rather than ...fließ (=brook, stream). Further toponyms with no close Standard German correspondents appear, such as ...büttel (=inhabited place; Eimsbüttel, Fuhlsbüttel, Hummelsbüttel, Poppenbüttel, Wellingsbüttel) or Twiete (=alley wedged between buildings). Like in other parts of Northern Germany ...stedt (Bergstedt, Billstedt, Duvenstedt, Eidelstedt, Lokstedt, Mellingstedt, Nienstedten, Ohlstedt, Rahlstedt) prevails over ...stadt (=town, originally simply stead).

{{bar box

|title=Religion in Hamburg – 2018

|left1=Religion

|right1=Percent

|float=left

|bars=

{{bar percent|None or other|SlateGray|65.2}}

{{bar percent|EKD Protestants|DodgerBlue|24.9}}

{{bar percent|Roman Catholics|DarkOrchid|9.9}}

}}

In 2018, 65.2% of the population was not religious or adhered to religions other than the Evangelical Church or Catholicism.[https://www.ekd.de/ekd_de/ds_doc/Ber_Kirchenmitglieder_2018.pdf Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018] EKD, January 2020

In 2018, 24.9% of the population belonged to the North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church, the largest religious body, and 9.9% to the Roman Catholic Church. Hamburg is the seat of one of the three bishops of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany, as well as of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hamburg.

According to the publication {{lang|de|text= Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland|italic= yes}} ("Muslim life in Germany"), an estimated 141,900 Muslim migrants (from nearly 50 countries of origin) lived in Hamburg in 2008.Sonja Haug et al.: Muslimisches Leben in Deutschland, Nuremberg, 2009 About three years later (May 2011) calculations based on census data for 21 countries of origin resulted in a figure of about 143,200 Muslim migrants in Hamburg, making up 8.4% percent of the population.{{cite web |url=https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |title=Kartenseite: Muslime in den Landkreisen beim Zensus 2011 |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025135/https://kartenseite.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/brd_muslime_in_den_landkreisen_beim_zensus2011_sortiert_nach_regionalschluessel1.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2017 |url-status=dead }} {{As of|2021}}, there were more than 50 mosques in the city,{{cite web | url=https://www.hamburg.de/branchenbuch/hamburg/10280938/n0/ | title=Moschee in Hamburg | publisher=Hamburg.de | access-date=10 August 2021}} including the Ahmadiyya run Fazle Omar Mosque, which is the oldest in the city,{{cite news | url=http://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article473742/Deutschlands-aelteste-Moschee-wurde-50.html | title=Deutschlands älteste Moschee wurde 50 | date=19 June 2007 | access-date=8 June 2014}} and which hosts the Islamic Centre Hamburg.

A Jewish Community also exists.{{Citation |first=Dovid |last=Zaklikowski |url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/561998/jewish/School-Returns-to-Hamburg-Building-Left-Judenrein.htm |title=Jewish School Returns to Hamburg Building Left Judenrein by Nazis |date=30 August 2007 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=chabad.org}} As of 2022, around 2,500 Jews live in Hamburg.{{cite web|url=https://jguideeurope.org/en/region/germany/hamburg/|title=Hamburg - jewish heritage, history, synagogues, museums, areas and sites to visit|language=en|access-date=1 January 2024}}

{{Further|Government of Hamburg|List of mayors of Hamburg}}

File:Hamburg Rathausmarkt und Rathaus.jpg

The city of Hamburg is one of 16 German states, therefore the Mayor of Hamburg's office corresponds more to the role of a minister-president than to that of a city mayor. As a German state government, it is responsible for public education, correctional institutions and public safety; as a municipality, it is additionally responsible for libraries, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services.

Since 1897, the seat of the government has been Hamburg City Hall (Hamburg Rathaus), with the office of the mayor, the meeting room for the Senate and the floor for the Hamburg Parliament.{{Citation |title=Kleiner Rathausführer |location=Hamburg |publisher=State Chancellery |year=2006|language=de}} From 2001 until 2010, the mayor of Hamburg was Ole von Beust,{{Citation |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-02-24-Germany-elections_N.htm |title=German conservatives win most votes |access-date=13 August 2008 |work=USA Today |date=24 February 2008}} who governed in Germany's first statewide "black-green" coalition, consisting of the conservative CDU Hamburg and the alternative GAL, which are Hamburg's regional wing of the Alliance 90/The Greens party.{{Citation

|last=Kopp

|first=Martin

|title=Geheime Absprachen zwischen CDU und Grünen

|year=2007

|location=Hamburg

|publisher=Die Welt

|url=https://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html

|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090629204340/http://www.welt.de/hamburg/arti2318261/Geheime_Absprachen_zwischen_CDU_und_Gruenen.html

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=29 June 2009

|access-date=13 August 2008 |language=de

}} Von Beust was briefly succeeded by Christoph Ahlhaus in 2010, but the coalition broke apart on 28 November 2010.[http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2010-11/cdu-gruene-hamburg Schwarz-Grün in Hamburg am Ende] in Die Zeit – online, revisited on November, 28. 2010. On 7 March 2011 Olaf Scholz (SPD) became mayor. After the 2015 election the SPD and the Alliance 90/The Greens formed a coalition.

{{Main|Boroughs and quarters of Hamburg}}

File:Hamburg Subdivisions.svg

Hamburg is made up of seven boroughs (German: Bezirke), which are subdivided into 104 quarters (German: Stadtteile). There are 181 localities (German: Ortsteile). The urban organisation is regulated by the Constitution of Hamburg and several laws.Borough Administration Act {{Citation |title=Bezirksverwaltungsgesetz (BezVG) |url=http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |access-date=21 September 2008 |date=6 July 2006 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070813163835/http://hh.juris.de/hh/gesamt/BezVwG_HA_2006.htm |archive-date=13 August 2007 }} Most of the quarters were former independent cities, towns or villages annexed into Hamburg proper. The last large annexation was done through the Greater Hamburg Act of 1937, when the cities Altona, Harburg, and Wandsbek were merged into the state of Hamburg.Greater Hamburg Act {{Citation |title=Groß-Hamburg-Gesetz |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |date=26 January 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117155225/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37.htm |url-status=dead }} The Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg established Hamburg as a state and a municipality.Reich Act of the Constitution and Administration of Hanseatic city of Hamburg {{Citation |title=Reichsgesetz über die Verfassung und Verwaltung der Hansestadt Hamburg |url=http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |date=9 December 1937 |access-date=24 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227082432/http://www.verfassungen.de/de/hh/hamburg37-1.htm |url-status=dead }} Some of the boroughs and quarters have been rearranged several times.

Each borough is governed by a Borough Council (German: Bezirksversammlung) and administered by a Municipal Administrator (German: Bezirksamtsleiter). The boroughs are not independent municipalities: their power is limited and subordinate to the Senate of Hamburg. The borough administrator is elected by the Borough Council and thereafter requires confirmation and appointment by Hamburg's Senate. The quarters have no governing bodies of their own.

File:Germany (2), Neuwerk, Scharhörn, Nigehörn.jpg and belongs administratively to the borough of Hamburg-Mitte. Some 50 people live here on the island Neuwerk (visible just above the centre).]]

Following the latest territorial reform of March 2008, the boroughs are Hamburg-Mitte, Altona, Eimsbüttel, Hamburg-Nord, Wandsbek, Bergedorf, and Harburg.{{Cite web|title=Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG) |date=6 July 2006 |url=https://www.landesrecht-hamburg.de/bsha/document/jlr-RGlGHArahmen |access-date=26 November 2022 |language=de |trans-title=Hamburg Act of Areal Organization }}[https://www.hamburg.de/bezirke/24312/startseite-bezirke/ Gebietsreform Bezirke], Stadtportal hamburg.de. Retrieved 26 November 2022.

Hamburg-Mitte ("Hamburg Centre") covers mostly the urban centre of the city and consists of the quarters Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof, and Wilhelmsburg. The quarters Hamburg-Altstadt ("old town") and Neustadt ("new town") are the historical origin of Hamburg.

Altona is the westernmost urban borough, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. Politically, the following quarters are part of Altona: Altona-Altstadt, Altona-Nord, Bahrenfeld, Ottensen, Othmarschen, Groß Flottbek, Osdorf, Lurup, Nienstedten, Blankenese, Iserbrook, Sülldorf, Rissen, and Sternschanze.

Bergedorf consists of the quarters Allermöhe, Altengamme, Bergedorf—the centre of the former independent town, Billwerder, Curslack, Kirchwerder, Lohbrügge, Moorfleet, Neuengamme, Neuallermöhe, Ochsenwerder, Reitbrook, Spadenland, and Tatenberg.

Eimsbüttel is split into nine quarters: Eidelstedt, Eimsbüttel, Harvestehude, Hoheluft-West, Lokstedt, Niendorf, Rotherbaum, Schnelsen, and Stellingen. Located within this borough is former Jewish neighbourhood of Grindel.

Hamburg-Nord contains the quarters Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf with Ohlsdorf cemetery, Uhlenhorst, and Winterhude.

Harburg is situated on the southern shores of the river Elbe and covers parts of the port of Hamburg, residential and rural areas, and some research institutes. The quarters are Altenwerder, Cranz, Eißendorf, Francop, Gut Moor, Harburg, Hausbruch, Heimfeld, Langenbek, Marmstorf, Moorburg, Neuenfelde, Neugraben-Fischbek, Neuland, Rönneburg, Sinstorf, and Wilstorf.

Wandsbek is divided into the quarters Bergstedt, Bramfeld, Duvenstedt, Eilbek, Farmsen-Berne, Hummelsbüttel, Jenfeld, Lemsahl-Mellingstedt, Marienthal, Poppenbüttel, Rahlstedt, Sasel, Steilshoop, Tonndorf, Volksdorf, Wandsbek, Wellingsbüttel, and Wohldorf-Ohlstedt.

{{wide image|AlsterPanorama.jpg|900px|Panoramic view of the Hamburg skyline of the Binnenalster, taken from Lombardsbrücke}}

File:Palmaille 126 126b.JPG. Nearly 25,000 buildings in Hamburg are from those Gründerzeit times.]]

File:Marco-Polo-Center und Unilever Haus am Strandhafen der Norderelbe in Hamburg Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann P1270870.jpg

{{Further|topic=a building type for school buildings in Hamburg|Kreuzbau (Hamburg)|label1=Kreuzbau}}

Hamburg has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles and just one skyscraper under construction (see List of tallest buildings in Hamburg). Churches are important landmarks, such as St Nicholas', which for a short time in the 19th century was the world's tallest building. The skyline features the tall spires of the most important churches (Hauptkirchen) St Michael's (nicknamed "Michel"), St Peter's, St James's (St. Jacobi), and St. Catherine's covered with copper plates, and the Heinrich-Hertz-Turm, the radio and television tower (no longer publicly accessible).

File:Chilehaus - Hamburg.jpg

The many streams, rivers, and canals are crossed by some 2,500 bridges, more than London, Amsterdam, and Venice put together.{{Citation |title=Hamburg – Grüne Metropole am Wasser |url=http://www.hamburg.de/umwelt/wasser/150782/stadt-am-wasser.html |date=1 July 2007 |author= |publisher=Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt |location=Hamburg |access-date=24 September 2008|language=de}} Hamburg has more bridges inside its city limits than any other city in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.europeupclose.com/article/hamburg-germanys-window-to-the-world/#.T4dDRoHXhwQ |title=Hamburg: Germany's Window to the World |publisher=EuropeUpClose.com |date=18 April 2012 |access-date=12 March 2013}} The Köhlbrandbrücke, Freihafen Elbbrücken, Lombardsbrücke, and Kennedybrücke dividing Binnenalster from Aussenalster are important roadways.

The town hall is a richly decorated Neo-Renaissance building finished in 1897.

The tower is {{convert|112|m|0}} high. Its façade, {{convert|111|m|0|abbr=on}} long, depicts the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, since Hamburg was, as a Free Imperial City, only under the sovereignty of the emperor.{{Citation | first = Eike Manfred | last = Buba | url = http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | title = Auf dem Rathausmarkt | year = 1998 | publisher = Hamburg website | access-date = 13 August 2008 | language = de | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081010030120/http://fhh1.hamburg.de/fhh/internetausstellungen/rathausfuehrung/rathausmarkt.htm | archive-date = 10 October 2008 | df = dmy-all }} The Chilehaus, a brick expressionist office building built in 1922 and designed by architect Fritz Höger, is shaped like an ocean liner.

Europe's largest urban development since 2008, the HafenCity, will house about 15,000 inhabitants and 45,000 workers.{{Citation |author= |title=Facts & figures Tunes: HafenCity |url=https://www.hafencity.com/en/overview/facts-figures |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}} The plan includes designs by Rem Koolhaas and Renzo Piano. The Elbphilharmonie (Elbe Philharmonic Hall), opened in January 2017, houses concerts in a sail-shaped building on top of an old warehouse, designed by architects Herzog & de Meuron.{{Citation |author= |title=River Tunes: Elbe Philharmonic Hall by Herzog & de Meuron |url=http://www.archnewsnow.com/features/Feature223.htm |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=23 August 2008 |publisher=ArchNewsNow.com}}{{Citation|last=Jaeger |first=Falk |title=Waterfront Living and Working: Hamburg's HafenCity |url=http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |publisher=Goethe-Institut |date=May 2008 |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602083717/http://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/sls/en3356905.htm |archive-date=2 June 2008 |url-status=live }}

The many parks are distributed over the whole city, which makes Hamburg a very verdant city. The biggest parks are the Stadtpark, the Ohlsdorf Cemetery, and Planten un Blomen. The Stadtpark, Hamburg's "Central Park", has a great lawn and a huge water tower, which houses one of Europe's biggest planetaria. The park and its buildings were designed by Fritz Schumacher in the 1910s.

{{See also|List of parks and gardens in Hamburg}}

File:Wasserlichtkonzert 3.jpg

The lavish and spacious Planten un Blomen park (Low German dialect for "plants and flowers") located in the centre of Hamburg is the green heart of the city. Within the park are various thematic gardens, the biggest Japanese garden in Germany, and the Alter Botanischer Garten Hamburg, which is a historic botanical garden that now consists primarily of greenhouses.

The Botanischer Garten Hamburg is a modern botanical garden maintained by the University of Hamburg. Besides these, there are many more parks of various sizes. In 2014 Hamburg celebrated a birthday of park culture, where many parks were reconstructed and cleaned up. Moreover, every year there are water-light-concerts in the Planten un Blomen park, from May to early October.

File:Abel Seyler silhouette - Basel.svg, one of the great theatre principals of 18th-century Europe, established Hamburg as a major centre of theatrical innovation in the 1760s.]]

From the 1760s, the theatre director Abel Seyler—the leader of the Hamburg National Theatre and subsequently the Seyler Theatre Company—established Hamburg as one of the leading European centres of theatrical innovation, promoting experimental productions and pioneering a new more realist style of acting, introducing Shakespeare to a German language audience, and promoting the concept of a national theatre in the tradition of Ludvig Holberg, the Sturm und Drang playwrights, and serious German opera.Bettine Menke, Wolfgang Struck (2022), Theatermaschinen – Maschinentheater: Von Mechaniken, Machinationen und Spektakeln (pp. 96–97), transcript Verlag

Today Hamburg has more than 40 theatres, 60 museums, and 100 music venues and clubs. With 6.6 music venues per 100,000 inhabitants, Hamburg has the second-highest density of music venues of Germany's largest cities, after Munich and ahead of Cologne and Berlin.{{Cite web |url=https://www.fazemag.de/clubstudie-2021-initiative-musik-legt-einzelauswertungen-der-bundeslaender-vor/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer vor |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Initiative Musik presents individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Faze Magazin |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |title=Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundesländer |trans-title=Club Study 2021: Individual evaluations of the German federal states |work=Initiative Musik |language=German |date=20 September 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103211434/https://www.initiative-musik.de/clubstudie/clubstudie-bundeslaender/ |url-status=dead }} In 2005, more than 18 million people visited concerts, exhibitions, theatres, cinemas, museums, and cultural events, and 8,552 taxable companies (average size: 3.16 employees) were engaged in the culture sector, which includes music, performing arts, and literature.{{Citation |author=Institut für Kultur- und Medienmanagement |url=http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |title=Kulturwirtschaftsbericht 2006 |date= August 2006|publisher=Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien |location=Hamburg |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109014826/http://www.hamburg.de/servlet/contentblob/182046/kwb-hh-2006-neu/data.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2008|language=de}} The creative industries represent almost one-fifth of all companies in Hamburg.{{Cite web |url=https://kreativgesellschaft.org/uber-uns/kreativwirtschaft/kreativwirtschaftsbericht-fur-hamburg/ |title=2. Kreativwirtschaftsbericht für Hamburg |trans-title=2nd Creative Industries Report for Hamburg |work=Hamburg Kreativ Gesellschaft |language=German |date=December 2016 |access-date=6 January 2022}}

Hamburg has entered the European Green Capital Award scheme, and was awarded the title of European Green Capital for 2011.

{{See also|List of theatres in Hamburg}}

File:Deutsches Schauspielhaus at Hamburg.jpg

Theatres in the city include the state-owned Deutsches Schauspielhaus, the Thalia Theatre, Ohnsorg Theatre, "Schmidts Tivoli", and the Kampnagel.{{Citation |author=Kulturstiftung des Bundes |url=http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628230655/http://www.kulturstiftung-des-bundes.de/main.jsp?applicationID=203&languageID=2&articleID=3076 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2012 |title=Bayreuth Was Yesterday – New Opera at Kampnagel |access-date=13 August 2008 }}

The English Theatre of Hamburg, near the U3 station Mundsburg, was founded in 1976 and is the oldest professional English-language theatre in Germany, with exclusively English-speaking actors in its company.

{{See also|List of museums in Hamburg}}

Hamburg has several large museums and galleries showing classical and contemporary art, for example the Kunsthalle Hamburg with its contemporary art gallery (Galerie der Gegenwart), the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe (Museum of Art and Design), and the Deichtorhallen (with the House of Photography and Hall of Contemporary Art). The Internationales Maritimes Museum Hamburg opened in the HafenCity quarter in 2008. There are various specialised museums in Hamburg, such as the Archäologisches Museum Hamburg (Hamburg Archaeological Museum) in the Harburg borough, the Hamburg Museum of Work (Museum der Arbeit), and several museums of local history, such as the {{ill|Kiekeberg Open Air Museum|de|Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg}} (Freilichtmuseum am Kiekeberg) at Kiekeberg in the Harburg Hills, just outside of Hamburg, in Rosengarten. Two museum ships near St. Pauli Piers (Landungsbrücken) bear witness to the freight ship (Cap San Diego) and cargo sailing ship era (Rickmer Rickmers).{{cite web |url=http://www.museen-in-hamburg.de/ |title=Museums in Hamburg |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-date=31 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831101455/http://www.museen-in-hamburg.de/ |url-status=dead }} In 2017 the Hamburg-built iron-hulled sailing ship Peking returned to the city and was installed in the German Port Museum in 2020. The world's largest model railway museum, Miniatur Wunderland, with {{convert|15.4|km|2|abbr=on}} total railway length, is also situated near St. Pauli Piers in a former warehouse.

BallinStadt, a memorial park and former emigration station, is dedicated to the millions of Europeans who emigrated to North and South America between 1850 and 1939. Visitors descending from those overseas emigrants may search for their ancestors at computer terminals.

File:Hamburg-Elbphilharmonie.jpg

Hamburg State Opera is a leading opera company. Its orchestra is the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The city's other major orchestra is the NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchestra. The main concert venue is the new concert hall Elbphilharmonie. Before it was the Laeiszhalle, Musikhalle Hamburg. The Laeiszhalle also houses a third orchestra, the Hamburger Symphoniker. György Ligeti and Alfred Schnittke taught at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg.{{Citation |title=Transcript of the John Tusa Interview with Gyorgy Ligeti |author= |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |year=1999 |publisher=BBC |access-date=24 September 2008 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720230923/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/johntusainterview/ligeti_transcript.shtml |url-status=dead }}{{Citation |title=Alfred Schnittke |author= |url=http://www.boosey.com/pages/cr/composer/composer_main.asp?composerid=2731&ttype=BIOGRAPHY&ttitle=Biography/ |publisher=Boosey & Hawkes |access-date=24 September 2008}}

Hamburg is the birthplace of Johannes Brahms, who spent his formative early years in the city, and the birthplace and home of waltz composer Oscar Fetrás, who wrote the "Mondnacht auf der Alster" waltz.

Since the German premiere of Cats in 1986, there have always been musicals running, including The Phantom of the Opera, The Lion King, Dirty Dancing, and Dance of the Vampires (musical). This density, the highest in Germany, is partly due to the major musical production company Stage Entertainment being based in the city.

In addition to musicals, opera houses, concert halls, and theatres, the cityscape is characterised by a large music scene. This includes, among other things, over 100 music venues, several annual festivals and over 50 event organisers based in Hamburg.{{Cite web|url=https://clubkombinat.de/presse/|title=Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit|date=10 May 2021 |accessdate=27 June 2023}} Larger venues include the Barclaycard Arena, the Bahrenfeld harness racing track, and Hamburg City Park.

Hamburg was an important centre of rock music in the early 1960s. The Beatles lived and played in Hamburg from August 1960 to December 1962. They proved popular and gained local acclaim. Prior to the group's initial recording and widespread fame, Hamburg provided residency and performing venues for the band during the time they performed there. One of the venues they performed at was the Star Club on St. Pauli.

Pop musicians from Hamburg include Udo Lindenberg, Deichkind, and Jan Delay. The singer Annett Louisan lives in the city.{{Cite web |title=Annett Louisan Annett Louisan {{!}} Home |url=https://www.annettlouisan.de/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.annettlouisan.de |language=de}}

An important meeting place for Hamburg musicians from the 1970s to the mid-1980s was the jazz pub Onkel Pö, which was originally founded in the Pöseldorf neighbourhood and later moved to Eppendorf. Many musicians who were counted as part of the "{{ill|Hamburg scene|de|Hamburger_Szene|vertical-align=sup}}" met here. In addition to Udo Lindenberg, these included Otto Waalkes, Hans Scheibner and groups such as Torfrock and Frumpy. One of the members of the band Frumpy was the Hamburg-born singer and composer Inga Rumpf.

Hamburg is the origin of the "Hamburger Schule", a term used for alternative music bands like Tocotronic, Blumfeld, Tomte or Kante. The meeting point of the Hamburg School was long considered to be the {{ill|Golden Pudel Club|de|Golden_Pudel_Club|vertical-align=sup}} in Altona's old town, near the Fischmarkt. Alongside clubs such as the Pal, the Moondoo or the Waagenbau, today the Pudel is a central location of the Hamburg electro scene. Artists of this scene include the DJ duo Moonbootica, Mladen Solomun, and Helena Hauff.{{Cite web|title=Elektronische Musik – Vom Kult am Mischpult|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/das-ist-hamburg/musikmetropole/musik-live-in-hamburg/elektronische-musik/|website=Hamburg Tourismus}}

Hamburg is also home to many music labels, music distributors and publishers. These include Warner Music, Kontor Records, PIAS, Edel SE & Co. KGaA, Believe Digital, and Indigo. The high proportion of independent labels in the city, which include Audiolith, Dial Records, Grand Hotel van Cleef, among others, is striking. Before its closure, the label L'Âge d'or also belonged to these.

In addition, Hamburg has a considerable alternative and punk scene, which gathers around the Rote Flora, a squatted former theatre located in the Sternschanze.

The city was a major centre for heavy metal music in the 1980s. Helloween, Gamma Ray, Running Wild, and Grave Digger started in Hamburg.{{Citation|last=Rivadavia|first=Eduardo|title=allmusic (((Helloween> Biography )))|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p4471|pure_url=yes}}|publisher=allmusic|access-date=24 September 2008}} The industrial rock band KMFDM was also formed in Hamburg, initially as a performance art project. The influences of these and other bands from the area helped establish the subgenre of power metal.

In the late 1990s, Hamburg was considered one of the strongholds of the German hip-hop scene. Bands like Beginner shaped the city's hip-hop style and made it a serious location for the hip-hop scene through songs like "Hamburg City Blues". In addition to Beginner, German hip-hop acts from Hamburg include Fünf Sterne Deluxe, Samy Deluxe, Fettes Brot, and 187 Strassenbande.{{Cite web|url=https://marketing.hamburg.de/hamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html|title=Hamburg – die pulsierende Hip-Hop Metropole – Hamburg Marketing|website=marketing.hamburg.de|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://marketing.hamburg.de/hamburg-die-pulsierende-hip-hop-metropole.html|url-status=dead}}

Hamburg has a vibrant psychedelic trance community, with record labels such as Spirit Zone.{{Citation |title=Spirit Zone Recordings |author= |url=http://www.discogs.com/label/Spirit+Zone+Recordings |publisher=discogs.com |access-date=24 September 2008}}

File:Hamburger Hafengeburtstag.jpg

Hamburg is noted for several festivals and regular events. Some of them are street festivals, such as the LGBT pride Hamburg Pride festival{{cite web |title=Hamburg Pride |url=http://www.hamburg-pride.de/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}} or the Alster fair (German: Alstervergnügen),{{cite web |title=Alstervergnügen Hamburg |url=http://www.alstervergnuegen.net/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}} held at the Binnenalster. The Hamburger DOM is northern Germany's biggest funfair, held three times a year.{{cite web | title = Wann ist DOM | url = http://www.hamburger-dom.de/wann_ist_dom.html | access-date = 5 October 2008 | language = de }} Hafengeburtstag is a funfair to honour the birthday of the port of Hamburg with a party and a ship parade.{{cite web |title=Hafengeburtstag Hamburg |date=4 January 2024 |url=https://hammer-entruempelung.de/hafengeburtstag-hamburg/ |access-date=4 January 2024}} The annual biker's service in Saint Michael's Church attracts tens of thousands of bikers.{{cite magazine |title=Zehntausende Biker und ein schwerer Unfall |url=http://www.spiegel.de/auto/aktuell/0,1518,565599,00.html |date=13 July 2008 |magazine=Spiegel Online |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}} Christmas markets in December are held at the Hamburg Rathaus square, among other places.{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |title=Weihnachtsmärkte in Hamburg-Mitte 2008 |publisher=Bezirk Hamburg-Mitte |access-date=30 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918144638/http://www.hamburg.de/weihnachtsmaerkte/ |archive-date= 18 September 2009|language=de}} The long night of museums (German: Lange Nacht der Museen) offers one entrance fee for about 40 museums until midnight.{{cite web |title=Lange Nacht der Museen |url=http://www.hamburg.de/lange-nacht-der-museen-hamburg/ |access-date=5 October 2008|language=de}} The sixth Festival of Cultures was held in September 2008, celebrating multi-cultural life.{{cite web |title=6. Festival der Kulturen Hamburg |url=http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020613150718/http://www.karneval-kulturen-hamburg.de/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2002 |access-date=5 October 2008 }} The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the 1950s Film Days (German: Film Tage) — presents a wide range of films.{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |title=Filmfest Hamburg |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121031422/http://www.filmfest-hamburg.de/en/index.php |url-status=dead }} The Hamburg Messe and Congress offers a venue for trade shows, such hanseboot, an international boat show, or Du und deine Welt, a large consumer products show.{{cite web |url=http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201212334/http://www.hamburg-messe.de/hmc/content/hmc/en/start.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2005 |title=Welcoming the world |access-date=5 October 2008 }} Regular sports events—some open to pro and amateur participants—are the cycling competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, the Hamburg Marathon, the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin,{{cite web |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=5 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }} the tennis tournament Hamburg Masters, and equestrian events like the Deutsches Derby.

Hamburg is also known for its music and festival culture. For example, the Reeperbahn alone has between 25 and 30 million visitors every year. In addition, there are over a million visitors to the annual festivals and major music events.{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=35–36|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}} Hamburg's festivals include the [https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf Elbjazz Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.elbjazz.de/de/pressekit?file=files/pdf%20downloads/ELBJAZZ_2020_Presseinfo_Basistext.pdf |date=20 April 2021 }}, which takes place 2 days a year (usually on the Whitsun weekend) in Hamburg's harbour and HafenCity.

File:Shellac-Band Live-Hamburg-2014.jpg

For contemporary and experimental music, the "[https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts blurred edges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084311/https://www.vamh.de/index.php?what=blurred_edges&year=2020&sub=concerts |date=20 April 2021 }}" festival usually follows in May at various venues within Hamburg. In mid-August, the MS Dockville music and arts festival has run annually since 2007 in the Wilhelmsburg district.{{cite web|title=Dockville|url=http://www.dockville.de|access-date=19 June 2009}} This is followed at the end of September by the {{ill|Reeperbahn Festival|de|Reeperbahn_Festival|vertical-align=sup}}, which has been running since 2006. As Europe's largest club festival, it offers several hundred program points around the Reeperbahn in Hamburg over four days and is one of the most important meeting places for the music industry worldwide.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reeperbahnfestival.com/de/info/ueber-uns|title=Über uns – Reeperbahn Festival|website=Über Uns}} In November, the ÜBERJAZZ Festival, which aims to expand the stylistic boundaries of the concept of jazz, starts every year at Kampnagel.{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamburg-tourism.de/sehen-erleben/veranstaltungen/ueberjazz/|title=Überjazz – Jazzfestival auf Kampnagel | Hamburg Tourismus|website=www.hamburg-tourism.de}}

{{Main|Cuisine of Hamburg}}

File:2017-05-01 Scholle Finkenwerder Art.JPG, Finkenwerder style]]

Original Hamburg dishes include Birnen, Bohnen und Speck (green beans cooked with pears and bacon).{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/07/05/43504.html |title=Birnen, Bohnen, Speck – Schmeckt vorzüglich |date=5 July 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}} Aalsuppe (Hamburgisch Oolsupp) is often mistaken to be German for "eel soup" (Aal/Ool translated 'eel'), but the name probably comes from the Low Saxon allns {{IPA|[aˑlns]}}, meaning "all", "everything and the kitchen sink", not necessarily eel. Today eel is often included to meet the expectations of unsuspecting diners.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39651.html |title=Aalsuppe – Frage des Geschmacks |date=25 June 2002|access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}} There is Bratkartoffeln (pan-fried potato slices), Finkenwerder Scholle (Low Saxon Finkwarder Scholl, pan-fried plaice), Pannfisch (pan-fried fish with mustard sauce),{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39713.html |title=Maischollen – Zart gebraten |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}} Rote Grütze (Low Saxon Rode Grütt, related to Danish rødgrød, a type of summer pudding made mostly from berries and usually served with cream, like Danish rødgrød med fløde),{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendbla |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39656.html |title=Grütze – Mit kalter Milch |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}} and Labskaus (a mixture of corned beef, mashed potatoes, and beetroot, a cousin of the Norwegian lapskaus and Liverpool's lobscouse, all offshoots off an old-time one-pot meal that used to be the main component of the common sailor's humdrum diet on the high seas).{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/06/25/39664.html |title=Labskaus – Essen der Matrosen |date=25 June 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}

Alsterwasser (in reference to the city's river, the Alster) is the local name for a type of shandy, a concoction of equal parts of beer and carbonated lemonade (Zitronenlimonade), the lemonade being added to the beer.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/01/52867.html |title=Alsterwasser – Bier und Limonade |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}

A regional dessert pastry called "Franzbrötchen" is similar in preparation to a croissant, but includes a cinnamon and sugar filling, often with raisins or brown sugar streusel. Ordinary bread rolls tend to be oval-shaped and of the French bread variety. The local name is Schrippe (scored lengthways) for the oval kind and, for the round kind, Rundstück ("round piece" rather than mainstream German Brötchen, diminutive form of Brot "bread"),{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/08/05/53895.html |title=Rundstück – Hamburger Brötchen |date=5 August 2002 |access-date=6 June 2008|language=de}} a relative of Denmark's rundstykke. The cuisines of Hamburg and Denmark, especially of Copenhagen, have a lot in common. This also includes a predilection for open-faced sandwiches of all sorts, especially topped with cold-smoked or pickled fish.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The American hamburger may have developed from Hamburg's Frikadeller: a pan-fried patty (usually larger and thicker than its American counterpart) made from a mixture of ground beef, soaked stale bread, egg, chopped onion, salt, and pepper, usually served with potatoes and vegetables like any other piece of meat, not usually on a bun. The Oxford Dictionary defined a Hamburger steak in 1802: a sometimes-smoked and -salted piece of meat, that, according to some sources, came from Hamburg to America.{{Citation |last=Stradley |first=Linda |title=History of Hamburgers |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/HamburgerHistory.htm |year=2004 |access-date=23 August 2008}} The name and food, "hamburger", has entered all English-speaking countries, and derivative words in non-English speaking countries.

There are restaurants which offer most of these dishes, especially in the HafenCity.

File:Hamburg Elbphilharmonie 2016.jpg|Elbphilharmonie ("Elphi")

File:Hamburger Hafen-St. Michaelis.jpg|Port of Hamburg

File:Freedom-of-the-Seas--in-Hamburg.jpg|St. Pauli Piers and cruise ship

File:Speicherstadt abends.jpg|Speicherstadt (Warehouse district)

File:Rathaus Hamburg bei Nacht.jpg|Hamburg City Hall

File:St. Michaelis.jpg|St. Michael's Church ("Michel")

File:Reeperbahn.jpg|Reeperbahn, nightlife district of St. Pauli

File:Miniatur wunderland.jpg|Miniatur Wunderland (Miniature Wonderland)

File:Grosse Freiheit Hamburg.jpg|Große Freiheit ("Great Freedom")

File:St. Nikolai Memorial Church.jpg|Nikolai Memorial

File:Sandtorpark 2013-05-24 12-03-35 Germany Hamburg-HafenCity 2h.jpg|HafenCity

File:Dockland by Night.jpg|Dockland at night

File:Alstereisvergnügen 11-02-2012 09.jpg|View over frozen Alster towards Radisson Hotel and Hertz-Turm

File:Hamburg Wallanlagen Brunnen.jpg|Planten un Blomen

File:DE Hamburg Centerview.JPG|Jungfernstieg Boulevard

File:Hamburg-Blankenese(01).JPG|Hills and mansions in Blankenese

File:Laeisz-Halle (Hamburg-Neustadt).1.29179.ajb.jpg|Laeiszhalle concert venue

File:2013-06-08 Highflyer HP L4729.JPG|Hamburg Hauptbahnhof, the busiest railway station in Germany

File:Hamburg OLG 1.jpg|Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht ("HansOLG"), upper court

File:Neue Skyline Hamburg.JPG|Highrises in St. Pauli (Hafenkrone)

File:Köhlbrandbrücke 2010.jpg|Köhlbrand Bridge

File:Heinrich-Hertz-Turm - PHB.jpg|TV Tower

File:HafenCity Traditionsschiffhafen Sandtorkai Hamburg 3943 v3.jpg|Traditional sailing ships at Sandtorkai in HafenCity

File:HP_L4224.JPG|View over Hamburg and the Alster

File:Rote Flora Sternschanze.jpg in the Sternschanze neighbourhood, Hamburg]]

Hamburg has long been a centre of alternative music and counter-culture movements. The boroughs of St. Pauli, Sternschanze, and Altona are known for being home to many radical left-wing and anarchist groups, culminating every year during the traditional May Day demonstrations.{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/1-mai-demo-in-hamburg-was-soll-der-krawall-auf-der-schanze-noch-a-1090104.html |title=1. Mai-Demo in Hamburg: Was soll der Krawall auf der Schanze noch? |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=30 April 2016 |access-date= 9 February 2017|publisher=spiegel.de|last1=Weßling |first1=Kathrin }}

During the 2017 G20 summit, which took place in Hamburg from 7–8 July that year, protestors clashed violently with the police in the Sternschanze area and particularly around the Rote Flora. On 7 July, several cars were set on fire and street barricades were erected to prevent the police from entering the area. In response to that, the police made heavy use of water cannons and tear gas in order to scatter the protestors. However, this was met with strong resistance by protestors, resulting in a total of 160 injured police and 75 arrested participants in the protests.{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/video/g20-gipfel-in-hamburg-randalierer-setzen-autos-in-brand-video-1780686.html |title=Raid of "Krawalle beim G20-Gipfel – Randalierer setzen Autos in Brand |newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=7 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=spiegel.de}}

After the summit, however, the Rote Flora issued a statement, in which it condemns the arbitrary acts of violence that were committed by some of the protestors whilst generally defending the right to use violence as a means of self-defence against police oppression. In particular, the spokesperson of the Rote Flora said that the autonomous cultural centre had a traditionally good relationship with its neighbours and local residents, since they were united in their fight against gentrification in that neighbourhood.{{cite web |url=http://www.rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/g20-gipfel-rote-flora-distanziert-sich-von-gewaltausbruechen-aid-1.6935697 |title=Krawalle in Hamburg beim G20-Gipfel – Rote Flora distanziert sich von Gewaltausbrüchen |date=8 July 2017 |access-date= 11 July 2017|publisher=rp-online.de}}

File:Hammonia-Bad 01.jpg

There are several English-speaking communities, such as the Caledonian Society of Hamburg, The British Club Hamburg, British and Commonwealth Luncheon Club, Anglo-German Club e.V.,{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-german-club.de/ |title=Website of the Anglo-German Club |access-date=15 December 2015}} Professional Women's Forum,{{cite web |url=http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |title=Britain in Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=ning.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718203909/http://www.britaininhamburg.de/ |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead }} The British Decorative and Fine Arts Society, The English Speaking Union of the Commonwealth, The Scottish Country Dancers of Hamburg, The Hamburg Players e.V. English Language Theatre Group, The Hamburg Exiles Rugby Club, several cricket clubs, and The Morris Minor Register of Hamburg. Furthermore, the Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge No. 850{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |title=Anglo-Hanseatic Lodge 850 |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428001221/http://gl-bfg.com/850/index.htm |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }} within the Grand Lodge of British Freemasons of Germany{{cite web |url=http://gl-bfg.com/ |title=Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=gl-bfg.com |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232557/http://gl-bfg.com/ |url-status=dead }} under the United Grand Lodges of Germany{{cite web |url=http://freimaurer.org/ |title=United Grand Lodges of Germany |access-date=14 September 2015 |publisher=freimaurer.org}} works in Hamburg, and has a diverse expat membership. There is also a 400-year-old Anglican church community worshipping at St Thomas Becket Church.{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-church-hamburg.de|title=The Anglican Church of St Thomas Becket – A welcoming, active and inclusive church, growing in our relationship with God and the wider community|work=anglican-church-hamburg.de}}

American and international English-speaking organisations include The American Club of Hamburg e.V.,{{cite web |url=http://www.americanclub.de |title=Website of the American Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 September 2009}} the American Women's Club of Hamburg,{{cite web |url=http://www.awchamburg.org |title=Website of the American Women's Club of Hamburg |access-date=13 April 2014}} the English Speaking Union, the German-American Women's Club,Hamburg Führer Verlag GmbH: Hamburg Guide, May 2009, p. 61 and The International Women's Club of Hamburg e.V. The American Chamber of Commerce handles matters related to business affairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.amcham.de|title=American Chamber of Commerce in Germany|first=AmCham|last=Germany|work=amcham.de}} The International School of Hamburg serves school children.

William Wordsworth, Dorothy Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge spent the last two weeks of September 1798 at Hamburg. Dorothy wrote a detailed journal of their stay, labelled "The Hamburg Journal (1798) by noted Wordsworth scholar Edward de Selincourt.Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth, Macmillan 1959.

A Hamburg saying, referring to its anglophile nature, is: "Wenn es in London anfängt zu regnen, spannen die Hamburger den Schirm auf". ... "When it starts raining in London, people in Hamburg open their umbrellas".

A memorial for English engineer William Lindley,{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lindley, William |volume= 16 | page = 719 |short= 1}} who, beginning in 1842, reorganised the drinking water and sewerage system and thus helped to fight against cholera, is near Baumwall railway station in Vorsetzen street.{{Cite web |title=William Lindley and Sir William Heerlein Lindley {{!}} Civil Engineers {{!}} Blue Plaques |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/lindley-and-lindley/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=English Heritage}} {{Coord|53.544198|9.979411|region:DE-HH_type:landmark|display=inline}}

In 2009, more than 2,500 "stumbling blocks" (Stolpersteine) were laid, engraved with the names of deported and murdered citizens. Inserted into the pavement in front of their former houses, the blocks draw attention to the victims of Nazi persecution.{{citation |title=Die Orte bleibe |last1=Behling |first1=Heidburg |last2=Garbe |first2=Detlef |newspaper=Mittelungen des Freundeskreises KZ-Gedenkstätte Neuengamme |date= January 2009|page=3 |issue=11|language=de}}

The gross domestic product (GDP) of Hamburg was €119.0 billion in 2018, accounting for 3.6% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €59,600 or 197% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 132% of the EU average.{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58|title=Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018|website=Eurostat}} The city has a relatively high employment rate, at 88 percent of the working-age population, employed in over 160,000 businesses. The median gross salary in 2021 was €47,544, which is 9.29% higher than the median gross salary in Germany overall.{{Cite web |last=gral |title=Der Medianlohn in Hamburg ist fast 10 % höher als in Westdeutschland. {{!}} Elbe Wochenblatt |url=https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/ |access-date=28 August 2022 |language=de-DE |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828204030/https://www.elbe-wochenblatt.de/2022/08/22/der-medianlohn-in-hamburg-ist-fast-10-hoeher-als-in-westdeutschland/ |url-status=dead }}

The unemployment rate stood at 6.1% in October 2018 and was higher than the German average.{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/|title=Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 {{!}} Statista|website=Statista|language=de|access-date=13 November 2018}}

File:Hh-boerse.jpg

Hamburg has for centuries been a commercial centre of Northern Europe, and is the most important banking city of Northern Germany. The city is the seat of Germany's oldest bank, the Berenberg Bank, M.M.Warburg & CO, and Hamburg Commercial Bank. The Hamburg Stock Exchange is the oldest of its kind in Germany.

{{Main|Port of Hamburg}}

File:Ankunft der Queen Mary 2 in Hamburg - panoramio - Arnold Schott (3).jpg at the Port of Hamburg]]

The most significant economic unit is the Port of Hamburg, which ranks third to Rotterdam and Antwerpen in Europe and 17th-largest worldwide, with transshipments of {{TEU|8.9 million|first=yes}} of cargo and 138.2 million tons of goods in 2016.{{cite web|url=https://www.hafen-hamburg.de/en/statistics|title=Welcome to the Port of Hamburg|website=The official website of the Port of Hamburg.|language=en|access-date=1 November 2017}} International trade is also the reason for the large number of consulates in the city. Although situated {{convert|110|km|mi|-1}} up the Elbe, it is considered a seaport due to its ability to handle large ocean-going vessels.M. Ramesh: {{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |title=Making Hamburg Europe's preferred port |author=M. Ramesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720060759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/12/25/stories/092559vq.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009 |date=25 December 2000 |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Hinduonnet.com}}

Heavy industry of Hamburg includes the making of steel, aluminium, copper and various large shipyards such as Blohm + Voss.*{{Citation |url=http://www.mittalsteel.com/Facilities/Europe/Hamburg/ |title=ArcelorMittal Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

• {{Citation |url=http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |title=Trimet Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719095348/http://www.trimet.de/hamburg0.html |url-status=dead }}
• {{Citation |url=http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |title=Aurubis Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308182802/http://www.aurubis.com/en/corporate-group/group-structure/sites/ |archive-date=8 March 2011 }}
• {{Citation |url=http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |title=Blohm + Voss Website / Hamburg |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328081957/http://www.blohmvossyachts.com/index.php?level=2&CatID=2.8&inhalt_id=8 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}

Hamburg, along with Seattle and Toulouse, is an important location of the civil aerospace industry. Airbus, which operates the Hamburg-Finkenwerder assembly plant in Finkenwerder, employs over 13,000 people.{{Citation |publisher=Spiegel Online |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,428905,00.html |title=Past Cost-Cutting and Layoffs Haunt Airbus in Germany |date=28 July 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008}}

{{Main|HafenCity}}

File:Projekt Heißluftballon - Highflyer -IMG-1414.jpg

The HafenCity is Europe's largest urban development project and is located in the Hamburg-Mitte district. It consists of the area of the Great Grasbrook, the northern part of the former Elbe island Grasbrook, and the warehouse district on the former Elbe island Kehrwieder and Wandrahm. It is bordered to the north, separated by the customs channel to Hamburg's city centre, west and south by the Elbe, and to the east, bounded by the upper harbour, Rothenburgsort. The district is full of rivers and streams and is surrounded by channels, and has a total area of about {{Convert|2.2|km2}}.

HafenCity has {{convert|155|ha|lk=on|0}} in the area formerly belonging to the free port north of the Great Grasbrook. Residential units for up to 12,000 people are planned to be built on the site by around the mid-2020s, and jobs for up to 40,000 people, mainly in the office sector, should be created. It is the largest ongoing urban development project in Hamburg.

Construction work started in 2003, and in 2009 the first part of the urban development project was finished with the completion of the Dalmannkai / Sandtorkai neighbourhood – which is the first stage of the HafenCity project. According to the person responsible for the development and commercialisation of HafenCity, HafenCity Hamburg GmbH, half of the master plan underlying structural construction is already completed, whereas the other half is either under construction or is in the construction preparation stages.

File:Hamburg-logo.svg

File:HH Neuer Wall Dezember 2012.jpg, one of Europe's most luxurious shopping streets]]

In 2017, more than 6,783,000 visitors with 13,822,000 overnight stays visited the city.{{Cite news|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Presseinformationen/SI18_032.pdf|title=Tourismus in Hamburg 2017 [in German]|date=21 February 2018|work=Statistik informiert ...|access-date=20 January 2019}} The tourism sector employs more than 175,000 people full-time and brings in revenue of almost €9 billion, making the tourism industry a major economic force in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. Hamburg has one of the fastest-growing tourism industries in Germany. From 2001 to 2007, the overnight stays in the city increased by 55.2% (Berlin +52.7%, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern +33%).{{Citation |publisher=Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien |url=http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |title=Umsatzbringer und Jobmotor Tourismus |author= |date=11 July 2008 |access-date=13 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809030041/http://www.hamburg.de/daten-fakten/349180/aktuelles.html |archive-date=9 August 2010|language=de}}

The area of Reeperbahn, in the quarter St. Pauli, is Europe's largest red light district and home of strip clubs, brothels, bars, and nightclubs. The singer and actor Hans Albers is strongly associated with St. Pauli, and wrote the neighbourhood's unofficial anthem, "Auf der Reeperbahn Nachts um Halb Eins" ("On the Reeperbahn at Half Past Midnight"), in the 1940s. The Beatles had stints on the Reeperbahn early in their careers. Others prefer the laid-back neighbourhood Schanze, with its street cafés, or a barbecue on one of the beaches along the river Elbe. Hamburg's zoo, the Tierpark Hagenbeck, was founded in 1907 by Carl Hagenbeck as the first zoo with moated, barless enclosures.{{Cite news |publisher=National Audubon Society |work=Audubon Magazine |title=The New Zoo |url=http://audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |author=Rene S. Ebersole |date=November 2001 |access-date=1 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906144905/http://www.audubonmagazine.org/features0111/newzoo.html |archive-date=6 September 2007 }}

In 2016, the average visitor spent two nights in Hamburg.{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-nord.de/zahlen-fakten/handel-tourismus-dienstleistungen/tourismus/dokumentenansicht/tourismus-in-hamburg-im-dezember-und-im-gesamten-jahr-2016-59350/|title=Tourismus in Hamburg im Dezember und im gesamten Jahr 2016 – Statistikamt Nord|website=www.statistik-nord.de|language=de-DE|access-date=1 November 2017}} The majority of visitors come from Germany. Most foreigners are European, especially from Denmark (395,681 overnight stays), the United Kingdom (301,000 overnight stays), Switzerland (340,156 overnight stays), Austria (about 252,397 overnight stays), and the Netherlands (about 182,610 overnight stays). The largest group from outside Europe comes from the United States (206,614 overnight stays).

The Queen Mary 2 has docked regularly since 2004, and there were six departures planned from 2010 onwards."Hamburg wird heimlicher Heimathafen der Queen Mary 2" (in English: Hamburg nearly a home port for Queen Mary 2). In: Hamburger Abendblatt from 15 January 2010, p. 13

File:Spiegel building Hamburg, Ericusspitze, at night.jpg

Media businesses employ over 70,000 people.{{Citation |author= |url=http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |title=Von der Faszination, in Hamburg zu arbeiten |access-date=6 August 2008 |publisher=hamburg.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309015715/http://www.hamburg.de/medien-hamburg/nofl/8930/arbeiten-in-hamburg.html |archive-date=9 March 2012|language=de}} The Norddeutscher Rundfunk, which includes the television station NDR Fernsehen, is based in Hamburg, including the news program Tagesschau, as are the commercial television station Hamburg 1, the Christian television station Bibel TV, and the civil media outlet Tide TV. There are regional radio stations such as Radio Hamburg. Some of Germany's largest publishing companies, Axel Springer AG, Gruner + Jahr, and Bauer Media Group, are located in the city. Many national newspapers and magazines, such as {{Lang|de|Der Spiegel}} and {{lang|de|Die Zeit}}, are produced in Hamburg, as well as some special-interest newspapers such as Financial Times Deutschland. Hamburger Abendblatt and Hamburger Morgenpost are daily regional newspapers with a large circulation. There are music publishers, such as Warner Bros. Records Germany, and ICT firms such as Adobe Systems and Google Germany.

A total of about 2,000 companies are located in Hamburg that are active in the music industry. With over 17,000 employees and a gross value added of around 640 million euros, this industry is one of the strongest in the city.{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Standpunktepapier Musikstadt Hamburg|url=https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg|pages=20–22|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420084312/https://www.hk24.de/blueprint/servlet/resource/blob/1153140/1e79ca8d3c2459ca01f9fea387f7ff2f/standpunktepapier-musikstadt-data.pdf|url-status=dead}} The {{ill|Interessengemeinschaft Hamburger Musikwirtschaft|de|Interessengemeinschaft_Hamburger_Musikwirtschaft|vertical-align=sup}} and the [https://clubkombinat.de/ Clubkombinat] represent the companies in the industry. The interests of Hamburg musicians* are represented, for example, by [https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/ RockCity Hamburg e.V.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509065236/https://www.rockcity.de/rockcity/vision/ |date=9 May 2021 }}.

Hamburg was one of the locations for the James Bond series film Tomorrow Never Dies. The Reeperbahn has been the location for many scenes, including the 1994 Beatles film Backbeat.{{cite web |title=Backbeat filming locations |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |publisher=movielocations.com |access-date=1 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829233007/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/b/backbeat.html |archive-date=29 August 2008 |url-status=dead }} The film A Most Wanted Man was set in and filmed in Hamburg. Hamburg was also shown in An American Tail, where Fievel Mousekewitz and his family immigrate to America in the hopes to escape cats.

Hamburg has 54 hospitals. The University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, with about 1,736 beds, houses a large medical school. There are also smaller private hospitals. On 1 January 2011 there were about 12,507 hospital beds.{{Citation|title=Krankenhausplan 2020 der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Hospital plan of Hamburg)|date=1 January 2016|url=http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019202856/http://www.hamburg.de/contentblob/792064/5776e214fe3612a2ceca034996473029/data/krankenhausstandorte.pdf|url-status=dead|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=19 October 2016}} The city had 5,663 physicians in private practice and 456 pharmacies in 2010.{{Citation |url=http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |title=Statistik Nord (statistics for Northern Germany) |date=June 2011 |access-date=30 August 2012 |language=de |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617222809/http://www.statistik-nord.de/fileadmin/regional/regional.php |archive-date=17 June 2008 }}

{{Main|Transport in Hamburg}}

File:CTB-CTW Port of Hamburg-Waltershof.jpg on the river Elbe]]

File:U-Bahnhof Baumwall 2015 01.jpg station of the Hamburg U-Bahn]]

File:Hamburg.NorderElbbrücken.2.wmt.jpg

Hamburg is a major transportation hub, connected to four Autobahnen (motorways) and the most important railway junction on the route to Scandinavia.

Bridges and tunnels connect the northern and southern parts of the city, such as the old Elbe Tunnel (Alter Elbtunnel) or St. Pauli Elbtunnel (official name), which opened in 1911, today a major tourist sight, and the Elbe Tunnel (Elbtunnel), the crossing of a motorway.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2002/09/10/67509.html |title=Elbe ohne e – Buchstaben fallen weg |date=10 August 2002 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}

Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany still in operation.{{Citation |title=Handelskammer Hamburg – Hamburg Airport: Facts, figures, and the Chamber's viewpoint |url=http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |author= |date=28 March 2008 |publisher=Handelskammer Hamburg (Hamburg chamber of commerce) |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070609023119/http://www.hk24.de/servicemarken/englische_website/location_politics/airport.jsp |archive-date= 9 June 2007}}{{Citation |author=Press release |title=The airport celebrates its 90th anniversary |url=http://www.ham.airport.de/en/pressearchiv.phtml?start=0&year=&month=&searchterm=oldest&showdetail=4 |publisher=Hamburg Airport |date=8 January 2001 |access-date=25 September 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} There is also the smaller Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport, used only as a company airport for Airbus. Some airlines market Lübeck Airport in Lübeck as serving Hamburg.{{Citation |title=Hamburg Lübeck Airport Guide |url=http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/Germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |author= |publisher=travel-library.com |access-date=27 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915005003/http://www.travel-library.com/airports/europe/germany/hamburg/hamburg_lubeck_airport.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}

Hamburg's licence plate prefix is "HH" (Hansestadt Hamburg; English: Hanseatic City of Hamburg), used between 1906 and 1945 and from 1956 onwards, rather than the single letter normally used for large cities since the federal registration reform in 1956, such as B for Berlin or M for Munich. "H" was Hamburg's prefix in the years between 1945 and 1947; it has used by Hanover since 1956.other prefixes used between 1945 and 1956 were "MGH" (Military Government, Hamburg: 1945 only), "HG" (1947 only) and "BH" (British Zone, Hamburg) between 1948 and 1956.

File:Bahnlinien im HVV.png Public transport by rail, bus, and ship is organised by the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund ("Hamburg transit authority") (HVV). Tickets sold by one company are valid on all other HVV companies' services. The HVV was the first organisation of this kind worldwide.{{Citation |title=HVV – Mehr als ein Ziel – Historie |url=http://www.hvv.de/ueber-uns/historie/ |author= |publisher=Hamburger Verkehrsverbund |access-date=25 September 2008 |language=de |archive-date=17 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217044951/http://www.hvv.de/ueber-uns/historie/ |url-status=dead }}

Thirty-three mass transit rail lines across the city are the backbone of public transport.{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/#zahlen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004525/http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/#zahlen|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2017|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017}} The S-Bahn (commuter train system) comprises six lines and the U-Bahn four lines – U-Bahn is short for Untergrundbahn (underground railway). Approximately {{convert|41|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of {{convert|101|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of the U-Bahn is underground; most is on embankments or viaduct or at ground level. Older residents still speak of the system as Hochbahn (elevated railway), also because the operating company of the subway is the Hamburger Hochbahn. The AKN railway connects satellite towns in Schleswig-Holstein to the city. On some routes regional trains of Germany's major railway company Deutsche Bahn AG and the regional metronom trains may be used with an HVV ticket. Regional trains stop at various stations within city limits such as the four larger stations, Hauptbahnhof, Dammtor, Altona, and Harburg, as well as Hamburg Hasselbrook and Hamburg Bergedorf. The tram system was opened in 1866 and shut down in 1978.{{cite book|title=Tramway & Light Railway Atlas – Germany 1996|year=1995|publisher=Light Rail Transit Association|location=London|isbn=0-948106-18-2|page=262}}

Gaps in the rail network are filled by more than 669 bus routes, operated by single-deck two-, three- and four-axle diesel buses. Hamburg has no trams or trolleybuses, but has hydrogen-fuelled buses. The buses run frequently during working hours, with buses on the MetroBus routes running every ten minutes from 6 am to 9 pm. On special weekday night lines the intervals can be 30 minutes or more, while on normal days (Monday-Friday) normal buses stop running at night (some lines run 24 hours a day, every day of the year at least every half hour).{{Cite web |title=Bus Hamburg |url=https://www.hamburg.de/bus/2310408/busse-in-hamburg/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=hamburg.de |language=de}}

There are eight ferry lines along the River Elbe, operated by HADAG, that fall under the aegis of the HVV. While mainly used by citizens and dock workers, they can also be used for sightseeing tours.{{cite web|url=http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/|title=Zahlen {{!}} HVV-Verbundbericht|website=www.hvv-verbundbericht.de|language=en-US|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004525/http://www.hvv-verbundbericht.de/zahlen/|url-status=dead}}

File:A321 final assembly (9351765668).jpg on final assembly line 3 in the Airbus Hamburg-Finkenwerder plant]]

The international airport serving Hamburg, Hamburg Airport Helmut Schmidt (IATA: HAM, ICAO: EDDH), is the fifth biggest and oldest airport in Germany, having been established in 1912 and located about {{convert|5|mi|0|abbr=off}} from the city centre. About 60 airlines provide service to 125 destination airports, including some long-distance destinations like Newark, New Jersey on United Airlines, Dubai on Emirates, and Tehran on Iran Air. Hamburg is a secondary hub for Lufthansa, which is the largest carrier at the airport, and the airline also operates one of its biggest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities there. The second airport is located in Hamburg-Finkenwerder, officially named Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (IATA: XFW, ICAO: EDHI). It is about {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre and is a nonpublic airport for the Airbus plant. It is the second biggest Airbus plant, after Toulouse, and the third biggest aviation manufacturing plant after Seattle and Toulouse; the plant houses the final assembly lines for A318, A319, A320, A321, and A380 aircraft.{{Citation |title=Airbus in Germany |url=http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |author= |publisher=Airbus |access-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123102122/http://www.airbus.com/company/worldwide-presence/airbus-in-germany/ |archive-date=23 January 2012 }}

;Public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Hamburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 58 min. 16% of public transit riders, ride for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 11% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.9 km, while 21% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.{{cite web|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Germany_Hamburg-3300|title=Hamburg Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|access-date=19 June 2017}} 50x50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Electricity for Hamburg and Northern Germany is largely provided by Vattenfall Europe, formerly the state-owned Hamburgische Electricitäts-Werke. Vattenfall Europe used to operate the Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant and Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant, both taken out of service as part of the nuclear power phase-out. In addition, E.ON operates the Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant, near Hamburg.

There are also the coal-fired Wedel, Tiefstack, and Moorburg CHP Plant, and the fuel-cell power plant in the HafenCity quarter. VERA Klärschlammverbrennung uses the biosolids of the Hamburg wastewater treatment plant; the Pumpspeicherwerk Geesthacht is a pump storage power plant and a solid waste combustion power station is Müllverwertung Borsigstraße.{{Citation | title = MVB | author= | url = http://www.mvb-hh.de | date = 30 June 2017 | publisher = {{ill|Müllverwertung Borsigstraße Hamburg|de|lt=MVB}} | access-date = 30 June 2017}}

In June 2019, Hamburg introduced a law governing the phasing out of coal based thermal and electric energy production ("Kohleausstiegsgesetz").{{Cite web|date=25 June 2019|title=Kohleausstieg für die Hamburger Fernwärme|url=https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613091141/https://www.buergerschaft-hh.de/parldok/vorgaenge/66861/1|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020|website=Hamburgische Bürgerschaft|language=de}} This move was the result of negotiations between parliamentary parties and representatives of a campaign called Tschuess Kohle] ("Goodbye Coal"). In 2020, the city's Ministry for Environment and Energy announced a partnership with Namibia as a potential supplier of woody biomass, sourced through landscape maintenance in areas affected by woody plant encroachment, to replace coal.{{Cite web|date=12 May 2020|title=Klimapartnerschaft – Hamburg und Namibia prüfen nachhaltige Verwertung von Biomasse|url=https://www.hamburg.de/pressearchiv-fhh/13910588/2020-05-12-bue-verwertung-biomasse/|access-date=12 June 2020|website=Stadtportal Hansestadt Hamburg|language=de}}

{{Main|Sport in Hamburg}}

File:Hamburg City Man 2007.jpg

File:Barclaycard-Arena-Hamburg-Aussendarstellung.JPG]]

File:HH imtech arena.jpg

Hamburger SV is a football team playing in the 2. Bundesliga. HSV was six times German champion, three times winner of the German Cup, and triumphed in the European Cup in 1983, as well as having participated in the group stages of the Champions League twice: in 2000–01 and 2006–07. They play at the Volksparkstadion (average attendance in the 12–13 season was 52,916). The HSV was the oldest team of the Bundesliga, playing in the league since its beginning in 1963, until a change of results saw them relegated from the Bundesliga in 2018. In addition, FC St. Pauli is a Bundesliga football club that came in second place in the 2009–10 2. Bundesliga season and qualified to play alongside Hamburger SV in the first division for the first time since the 2001–02 season. They are currently a division above HSV for the first time ever following promotion to the Bundesliga in the 2023-24 season. St. Pauli's home games take place at the Millerntor-Stadion.

The Hamburg Freezers represented Hamburg until 2016 in the DEL, the premier ice hockey league in Germany.

HSV Handball represented Hamburg until 2016 in the German handball league. In 2007, HSV Handball won the European Cupwinners Cup. The Club won the league in the 2010–11 season and had an average attendance of 10.690 in the O2 World Hamburg the same year. The most recent success for the team was the EHF Champions League win in 2013. Since 2014, the club has suffered from economic problems and was almost not allowed the playing licence for the 2014–15 season; but due to economic support from the former club president/sponsor Andreas Rudolf, the club was allowed the licence in the last minute. On 20 January 2016, however, their licence was removed due to violations following the continued economic struggles. In 2016–17, they were not allowed to play in the first or second league. The team lives on through their former second team (now their main team) in the third division (2016–2018) and in second division (since 2018).

The BCJ Hamburg played in the Basketball Bundesliga from 1999 to 2001. Later, the Hamburg Towers became the city's prime team. The Towers promoted to Germany's top division in 2019. In 2022, they already reached the playoffs. The Towers play their home games at the Inselpark Arena in Wilhelmsburg.

Hamburg is the nation's field hockey capital and dominates the men's as well as the women's Bundesliga. As of 2025, the city hosted 5 of the 12 men's first league teams: Der Club an der Alster, Hamburger Polo Club, Großflottbeker TGHC, Harvesterhuder THC, and Uhlenhorster Hockey Club.

The Hamburg Warriors are one of Germany's top lacrosse clubs.{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburgwarriors.com/ |title=HTHC Hamburg Warriors |publisher=Hamburgwarriors.com |access-date=25 January 2010}} The club has grown immensely in the last several years and includes at least one youth team, three men's, and two women's teams. The team participates in the Deutsch Lacrosse Verein. The Hamburg Warriors are part of the Harvestehuder Tennis- und Hockey-Club e.V (HTHC).{{Citation |first=Ross |last=Forman |publisher=Outsports.com |url=http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |title=Out lacrosse coach lands in Germany |date=10 June 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604121143/http://www.outsports.com/os/index.php/2008032471/People/2008-People/Out-lacrosse-coach-lands-in-Germany.html |url-status=dead }}

Hamburg Blue Devils was one of the prominent American Football teams playing in German Football League before its exit in 2017.[http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409 Hamburg Blue Devils ziehen sich zuruck] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226153225/http://www.gfl.info/text.php?Inhalt=newsmeldung&ID=8409|date=26 February 2014}} {{in lang|de}} GFL website, published: 18 January 2014, accessed: 14 May 2014 Hamburg Sea Devils is a team of European League of Football (ELF), which is a planned professional league, that is set to become the first fully professional league in Europe since the demise of NFL Europe.{{cite web|title=Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF|url=https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073|access-date=9 March 2021|date=9 March 2021|website=ran.de|language=German}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Sea Devils will start playing games in June 2021.{{cite web |title=Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft |url=https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt|access-date=17 February 2021 |language=German|date=17 February 2021}}

There are also the Hamburg Dockers, an Australian rules football club.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2005/07/18/460404.html |title=Australian Football im Stadtpark |date=18 July 2005 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}} The FC St. Pauli team dominates women's rugby in Germany. Other first-league teams include VT Aurubis Hamburg (Volleyball) and Hamburger Polo Club.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2008/08/11/920015.html |title=Hamburg Blue Devils vor Einzug in die Play-offs |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}} Eimsbütteler TV plays in the German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga. There are also several minority sports clubs, including four cricket clubs.

File:Tennis am Rothenbaum.jpg.]]

The Centre Court of the Tennis Am Rothenbaum venue, with a capacity of 13,200 people, is the largest in Germany.{{Citation |author= |title=Center Court / Rothenbaum Stadion |url=http://www.dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |access-date=16 August 2008 |publisher=Deutscher Tennis Bund |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061029/http://dtb-tennis.de/AmRothenbaum/9695.php?selected=9115 |archive-date=1 February 2009|language=de}}

Hamburg also hosts equestrian events at Reitstadion Klein Flottbek (Deutsches Derby in jumping and dressage) and Horner Rennbahn (Deutsches Derby flat racing).{{Citation |first=Jack |last=Shinar |url=http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |title=Kamsin Easily Wins Deutsches Derby |date=9 July 2008 |publisher=news.bloodhorse.com |access-date=11 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709165240/http://news.bloodhorse.com/article/46018.htm |archive-date=9 July 2008 }} The city also owns the harness racing track "Trabrennbahn Bahrenfeld". The Hamburg Marathon is the biggest marathon in Germany after Berlin's. In 2008, 23,230 participants were registered.{{Citation |author= |publisher=IAAF |url=http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid=44599.html |title=Mandago, Timofeyeva impress at Hamburg Marathon |date=27 April 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094424/http://www.iaaf.org/LRR08/news/newsid%3D44599.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead }} World Cup events in cycling, the UCI ProTour competition EuroEyes Cyclassics, and the triathlon ITU World Cup event Hamburg City Man are also held in here.{{Citation |author= |publisher=Hamburger Abendblatt |url=http://www.abendblatt.de/daten/2006/02/02/529362.html |title=Hamburg City Man 2006 als WM-Generalprobe |date=2 February 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008|language=de}}

Volksparkstadion was used as a site for the 2006 World Cup. In 2010 UEFA held the final of the UEFA Europa League in the arena.{{Citation |first=Ahmed |last=Bilal |url=http://soccerlens.com/2010-champions-league-final-in-madrid-2010-uefa-cup-final-in-hamburg/6864/ |title=2010 Champions League Final in Madrid, 2010 UEFA Cup final in Hamburg |date=29 March 2008|access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Soccerlens.com}}

Hamburg made a bid for the 2024 Olympic Games, but 51.7 percent of those city residents participating in a referendum in November 2015 voted against continuing Hamburg's bid to host the games. Meanwhile, Hamburg's partner city Kiel voted in favour of hosting the event, with almost 66 percent of all participants supporting the bid. Opponents of the bid had argued that hosting the 33rd Olympic Games would cost the city too much in public funds.{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2F2015-11%2Folympia-bewerbung-hamburg-referendum|title=ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|website=www.zeit.de|access-date=19 May 2022|archive-date=19 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519041717/https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/2015-11/olympia-bewerbung-hamburg-referendum|url-status=dead}}

{{See also|Education in Hamburg|Education in Germany}}

File:2013-06-08 Projekt Heißluftballon DSCF0784.jpg

File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg

The school system is managed by the Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung). The system had approximately 191,148 students in 221 primary schools and 188 secondary schools in 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.hamburg.de/schuljahr-in-zahlen/4661914/schulen/|title=Wie viele Schulen gibt es?|website=hamburg.de|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017}} There are 32 public libraries in Hamburg.{{Citation|title=Wir über uns (Hamburg Libraries about us)|url=http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|publisher=Bücherhallen Hamburg|language=de|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629095558/http://www.buecherhallen.de/aw/home/~cf/ueber_uns/|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=dead}}

Nineteen universities are located in Hamburg, with about 100,589 university students in total, including 9,000 resident students.{{Cite news|url=https://www.abendblatt.de/hamburg/article208791261/Hamburg-hat-so-viele-Studenten-wie-nie-zuvor.html|title=Hamburg hat so viele Studenten wie nie zuvor|last=Hamburg|first=Hamburger Abendblatt -|access-date=1 November 2017|language=de-DE}} Six universities are public, including the largest, the University of Hamburg (Universität Hamburg) with the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, the University of Music and Theatre, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, the HafenCity University Hamburg, and the Hamburg University of Technology. Seven universities are private, like the Bucerius Law School, the Kühne Logistics University, and the HSBA Hamburg School of Business Administration. The city has also smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as the Helmut Schmidt University (formerly the University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg).{{Citation |author= |url=http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |title=Science Portal Hamburg |publisher=Ministry of Science and Research (Behörde für Wissenschaft und Forschung) |access-date=5 August 2008 |language=de |archive-date=10 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810210626/http://www.wissenschaft.hamburg.de/index.php/article/detail/1383 |url-status=dead }}

Hamburg is home to one of the oldest international schools in Germany, the International School of Hamburg.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}

Hamburg is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.hamburg.de/partnerstaedte/|website=hamburg.de|publisher=Hamburg|language=de|access-date=12 February 2021}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|RUS}} Saint Petersburg, Russia (1957)
• {{flagicon|FRA}} Marseille, France (1958)
• {{flagicon|CHN}} Shanghai, China (1986)
• {{flagicon|GER}} Dresden, Germany (1987)
• {{flagicon|NIC}} León, Nicaragua (1989)
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Osaka, Japan (1989)
• {{flagicon|CZE}} Prague, Czech Republic (1990)
• {{flagicon|USA}} Chicago, United States (1994)
• {{flagicon|TZA}} Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (2010)

{{div col end}}

{{Further|Category:People from Hamburg}}

{{Blockquote|text=In Hamburg it's hard to find a native Hamburger. A hurried and superficial search turns up only crayfish, people from Pinneberg, and those from Bergedorf. One accompanies the contented little kippers of a striving society; mackerels from Stade, sole from Finkenwerder, herrings from Cuxhaven swim in expectant throngs through the streets of my city and lobsters patrol the stock exchange with open claws.... The first so-called unguarded glance always lands on the bottom of the sea and falls into twilight of the aquarium. Heinrich Heine must have had the same experience when he tried, with his cultivated scorn and gifted melancholy, to find the people of Hamburg.|author=Siegfried Lenz|source=in Leute von Hamburg (People of Hamburg) {{ISBN|978-3-423-11538-4}}.{{Citation |first=Jennifer |last=Jenkins |title=Provincial modernity: local culture and liberal politics in fin-de-siècle Hamburg |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8014-4025-4}}}}

File:Barthold Heinrich Brockes.jpg]]

File:Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy.jpg Bartholdy, 1833]]

File:JohannesBrahms.jpg, 1899]]

File:Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt.jpg, 1977]]

File:Unterzeichnung des Koalitionsvertrages der 18. Wahlperiode des Bundestages (Martin Rulsch) 079.jpg, 2013]]

• Lucas Holstenius (1596–1661), German Catholic humanist, geographer, historian and librarian{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Holstenius, Lucas |volume= 13 | page = 619 |short= 1}}
• Andreas Schlüter ({{Circa|1659|1714}}), German baroque sculptor and architect{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schlüter, Andreas |volume= 24 | page = 343 |short= 1}}
• Barthold Heinrich Brockes (1680–1747), German poet{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brockes, Barthold Heinrich |volume= 4 | page = 624 |short= 1}}
• Hermann Samuel Reimarus (1694–1768), German philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Reimarus, Hermann Samuel |volume= 23 | page = 53 |short= 1}}
• Konrad Ekhof (1720–1778), the foremost German actor of the 18th century{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Ekhof, Konrad |volume= 9 | pages = 139–140 |short= 1}}
• Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724–1790), German educational reformer, teacher and writer{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Basedow, Johann Bernhard |volume= 3 | pages = 461–462 |short= 1}}
• Meta Klopstock (1728–1758), writer{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=K.M. | title=An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers | publisher=Garland Pub. | issue=v. 1 | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA641 | access-date=3 March 2023 | page=641}}
• Abel Seyler (1730–1800), one of the foremost theatre principals of 18th century Europe, who made Hamburg a center of theatrical innovationAndrea Heinz: "[http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118613642.html Seyler, Abel]." In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Vol. 24, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-428-11205-0}}, p. 300.
• Marie Elizabeth de LaFite (1737–1794), German-born translator and author
• Johann Joachim Eschenburg (1743–1820), German critic and literary historian{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Eschenburg, Johann Joachim |volume= 9 | page = 764 |short= 1}}
• Johann Elert Bode (1747–1826), astronomer. He named and determined the orbit of Uranus.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bode, Johann Elert |volume= 4 | page = 108 |short= 1}}
• Johann Dominicus Fiorillo (1748–1821), German painter and historian of art{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus |volume= 10 | page = 394 |short= 1}}
• Christian, Count of Stolberg-Stolberg (1748–1821), poet, brother of Frederick Leopold{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953;see para 2|quote=Stolberg's brother, Christian, Graf zu Stolberg (1748–1821).....|short= 1}}
• Friedrich Leopold Graf zu Stolberg-Stolberg (1750–1819), German lawyer and translator{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Stolberg, Friedrich Leopold, Graf zu |volume= 25 | page = 953 |short= 1}}
• Georg Friedrich von Martens (1756–1821), German jurist and diplomat{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Martens, Georg Friedrich von |volume= 17 | pages = 786–787 |short= 1}}
• Ludwig Erdwin Seyler (1758–1836), banker and politician
• Johann Franz Encke (1791–1865), astronomer. He measured the distance from Earth to the Sun.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Encke, Johann Franz |volume= 9 |last= Clerke |first= Agnes Mary |author-link= Agnes Mary Clerke | page = 369 |short= 1}}
• Ami Boué (1794–1881), geologist of French Huguenot origin{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Boué, Ami|volume= 4 | page = 315 |short= 1}}
• Gustav Friedrich Waagen (1794–1868), German art historian{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Waagen, Gustav Friedrich |volume= 28 | pages = 223–224 |short= 1}}
• Johann Christian Poggendorff (1796–1877), physicist. He dealt with electricity and magnetism.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Poggendorff, Johann Christian |volume= 21 | page = 890 |short= 1}}
• Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881), German botanist, co-founder of cell theory{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Schleiden, Matthias Jakob |volume= 24 | page = 330 |short= 1}}
• Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–1888), Orthodox rabbi. He founded the Torah im Derech Eretz.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hirsch, Samson Raphael |volume= 13 |last= Abrahams |first= Israel |author-link= Israel Abrahams | page = 525 |short= 1}}
• Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), German composer, pianist, organist and conductor{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Jakob Ludwig Felix |volume= 18 |last1= Rockstro |first1= William Smyth |author1-link= William Smyth Rockstro |last2= Tovey |first2= Donald Francis |author2-link= Donald Francis Tovey | pages = 123–124 |short= 1}}
• Ludwig Preller (1809–1861), German philologist and antiquarian{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Preller, Ludwig |volume= 22 | page = 278 |short= 1}}
• Friedrich Gerstäcker (1816–1872), German traveler, writer and novelist{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Gerstäcker, Friedrich |volume= 11 | pages = 906–907 |short= 1}}
• Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth (1818–1892), German geologist and mineralogist{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Roth, Justus Ludwig Adolf |volume= 23 | page = 756 |short= 1}}
• Heinrich Barth (1821–1865), German explorer of Africa and a scholar{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Barth, Heinrich |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}
• Jacob Bernays (1824–1881), German philologist and philosophical writer{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800 |short= 1}}
• Julius Oppert (1825–1905), French-German Assyriologist{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Oppert, Julius |volume= 20 | page = 140 |short= 1}}
• Thérèse Tietjens (1831–1877), leading opera and oratorio soprano{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tietjens, Thérèse Johanne Alexandra |volume= 26 | page = 966 |short= 1}}
• Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), German composer, pianist and conductor{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Brahms, Johannes |volume= 4 |last= Maitland |first= John Alexander Fuller | author-link= John Alexander Fuller Maitland | pages = 389–390 |short= 1}}
• Michael Bernays (1834–1897), German literary historian, scholar of Goethe and Shakespeare{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bernays, Jakob |volume= 3 | page = 800; see para 2|quote=His brother, Michael Bernays (1834–1897).....|short= 1}}
• Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig (1835–1910), German chemist. He discovered the pinacol coupling reaction.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Fittig, Rudolf |volume= 10 | page = 440 |short= 1}}
• Gustav Solomon Oppert (1836–1908), Indologist and professor{{Cite web |last1=Singer |first1=Isidore |author-link=Isidore Singer |last2=Gray |first2=Louis H. |author-link2=Louis Herbert Gray |date=1906 |title=Oppert, Gustav Solomon |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11744-oppert-gustav-solomon |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=JewishEncyclopedia.com}}
• Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900), German physiologist. He coined the word "enzyme" in 1878.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kühne, Willy |volume= 15 | page = 942 |short= 1}}
• Carl Rosa (1842–1889), musical impresario. He founded the Carl Rosa Opera Company in London.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Rosa, Carl August Nicholas |volume= 23 | page = 720 |short= 1}}
• Carl Hagenbeck (1844–1913), a merchant of wild animals who supplied many European zoos{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hagenbeck, Carl |volume= 12 | page = 814 |short= 1}}
• Hans Hinrich Wendt (1853–1928), German Protestant theologian{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Wendt, Hans Hinrich |volume= 28 | page = 518 |short= 1}}
• Hans von Bartels (1856–1913), German painter{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bartels, Hans von |volume= 3 | page = 447 |short= 1}}
• Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894), physicist who first proved the existence of electromagnetic waves{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf |volume= 13 | pages = 400–401 |short= 1}}
• Hans Albers (1891–1960), actor and one of the most popular German movie stars of the 20th century.
• Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015), politician and chancellor of West Germany from 1974 to 1982
• Marione Ingram (born 1935), Holocaust survivor, civil rights activist, author and artist.
• Angela Merkel (born 1954), retired politician and scientist, chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021
• Olaf Scholz (born 1958), politician, First Mayor of Hamburg from 2011 to 2018, and the current chancellor of Germany since 2021
• The Hamburg Cell's terrorists, committed the 9/11 attacks

{{Portal|Hamburg|Germany|Europe|Geography}}

• Novo Hamburgo

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{{reflist}}

{{Sister project links|voy=Hamburg }}

• {{Official website|1=https://www.hamburg.com/}}
• {{Osmrelation-inline|62782}}
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hamburg (city)}}
• [http://hamburg-von-oben.de/ Hamburg panorama view]

{{Geographic location

|Center =Hamburg

|North =Kiel

|Northeast= Lübeck

|East =Schwerin

|Southeast= Lüneburg, Berlin

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|West =Bremerhaven, Stade

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