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Harbor#Ice-free harbors

{{short description|Sheltered body of water where ships may shelter}}

{{Other uses}}

File:Lower Manhattan Areal April 2013b.jpg and the Hudson River in the foreground; the East River in the background.]]

File:Jebel Ali Port 2 Imresolt.jpg

File:Montevideouruguaynasa.jpg's natural harbor is clearly seen from above.]]

File:Capri harbour from Anacapri 2013.jpg harbor, Italy seen from Anacapri]]

File:Koyilandy harbour 03720.jpg Harbour, Kerala, India]]

A harbor (American English), or harbour (Australian English, British English, Canadian English, Indian English, Irish English, New Zealand English; see spelling differences), is a sheltered body of water where ships, boats, and barges can be moored. The term harbor is often used interchangeably with port, which is a man-made facility built for loading and unloading vessels and dropping off and picking up passengers. Harbors usually include one or more ports. Alexandria Port in Egypt, meanwhile, is an example of a port with two harbors.

Harbors may be natural or artificial. An artificial harbor can have deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jetties or they can be constructed by dredging, which requires maintenance by further periodic dredging. An example of an artificial harbor is Long Beach Harbor, California, United States, which was an array of salt marshes and tidal flats too shallow for modern merchant ships before it was first dredged in the early 20th century.{{cite web |url=http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/geology303/geol303chapter8.html |title=Geology 303 Ch 8 Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbors |access-date=2014-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223191432/http://geology.campus.ad.csulb.edu/people/bperry/geology303/geol303chapter8.html |archive-date=2014-02-23 }} In contrast, a natural harbor is surrounded on several sides by land. Examples of natural harbors include Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada and Trincomalee Harbour in Sri Lanka.

Artificial harbors {{anchor|Artificial harbor|Artificial harbour|Artificial harbours}}

Artificial harbors are frequently built for use as ports. The oldest artificial harbor known is the Ancient Egyptian site at Wadi al-Jarf, on the Red Sea coast, which is at least 4500 years old (ca. 2600–2550 BCE, reign of King Khufu). The largest artificially created harbor is Jebel Ali in Dubai.{{Citation|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513075-1|last=Hattendorf|first=John B.|title=The Oxford encyclopedia of maritime history|year=2007|page=590}} Other large and busy artificial harbors include:

The Ancient Carthaginians constructed fortified, artificial harbors called cothons.

Natural harbors {{anchor|Natural harbor|Natural harbour|Natural harbours}}

{{See also|List of deepest natural harbours}}

File:ANTARA FOTO-Eric Ireng TERMINAL PETIKEMAS SURABAYA.jpg is a famous example of a natural harbor in Indonesia. The harbor location in Madura Strait.]]

A natural harbor is a landform where a section of a body of water is protected and deep enough to allow anchorage. Many such harbors are rias. Natural harbors have long been of great strategic naval and economic importance, and many great cities of the world are located on them. Having a protected harbor reduces or eliminates the need for breakwaters as it will result in calmer waves inside the harbor. Some examples are:

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Ice-free harbors {{anchor|Ice-free harbor|Ice-free harbour|Ice-free harbours}}

For harbors near the North and South poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round. Examples of these are:

The world's southernmost harbor, located at Antarctica's Winter Quarters Bay (77° 50′ South), is sometimes ice-free, depending on the summertime pack ice conditions.[https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2000/00OPP.htm U.S. Polar Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011204016/https://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2000/00OPP.htm |date=2021-10-11 }} National Science Foundation FY2000.

Important harbors {{anchor|Important harbor|Important harbour|Important harbours}}

File:harbour.clovelly.arp.750pix.jpg, Devon, England]]

File:Skillshare, Alter Hafen Lüneburg.jpg, Germany]]

File:Port of Piraeus Panoramic View.JPG in Greece]]

File:PortJackson 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg

File:Gorey Harbour at low tide.JPG falls dry at low tide.]]

File:Punta del este3.jpg's harbor – nicknamed the Monte Carlo of South America{{cite web |url=http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/calendar/2014-punta-del-este/punta-del-este-circuit.aspx |title=Circuit Guide | Punta del Este, Uruguay |publisher=FIA Formula E |access-date=2014-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209040949/http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/calendar/2014-punta-del-este/punta-del-este-circuit.aspx |archive-date=2014-12-09 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2014/june/formula-e-reveals-circuit-for-punta-del-este-eprix.aspx |title=Formula E reveals circuit for Punta del Este ePrix |publisher=FIA Formula E |date=2014-06-20 |access-date=2014-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162323/http://www.fiaformulae.com/en/news/2014/june/formula-e-reveals-circuit-for-punta-del-este-eprix.aspx |archive-date=2018-06-12 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/114541 |title=Formula E unveils Punta del Este circuit in Uruguay |publisher=autosport.com |date=2014-06-20 |access-date=2014-08-24 |archive-date=2017-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629143457/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/114541 |url-status=live}}]]

File:Aberystwith Harbour.jpeg, painted {{circa|1850}}]]

Although the world's busiest port is a contested title, in 2017 the world's busiest harbor by cargo tonnage was the Port of Ningbo-Zhoushan.{{cite web|title=Global Port Development Annual Report (2017)|url=http://en.sisi-smu.org/index.php?c=article&id=16280|access-date=2021-10-29|archive-date=2021-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108235229/http://en.sisi-smu.org/index.php?c=article&id=16280|url-status=dead}}

The following are large natural harbors:

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File:Mk Stettin Hafen2.jpg, Poland]]

File:Puerto Valpo nublado.jpg, Chile]]

See also

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Notes

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External links

  • {{Commons-inline}}
  • {{Wiktionary-inline}}
  • [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43222.pdf Harbor Maintenance Finance and Funding] Congressional Research Service
  • {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Harbor|short=x}}

{{Ports and harbors}}

Category:Coastal construction

Category:Nautical terminology

Category:Bodies of water

Category:Infrastructure

Category:Industrial buildings and structures

it:Porto

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