Ingushetia#Origin of Ingushetia's population

The name Ingushetia ({{lang|ru|Ингушетия}}) derives from the Russian name of the Ingush, which in turn is derived from the ancient Ingush village Angusht, and from the Georgian suffix -éti.{{sfn|Nichols|1997}} The name in Ingush is Ghalghaaichie ({{lang|inh|Гӏалгӏайче}}, /ʁalʁaitʃe/).{{sfn|Nichols|Sprouse|2004|p=255}}

In the 1920–1930s there was not yet a unifying name for the Ingush Autonomous Oblast. Although the oblast was officially called Ingushetia, some scientists like {{ill|Nikolai Yakovlev (linguist)|lt=Nikolai Yakovlev|ru|Яковлев, Николай Феофанович}} and {{ill|Leonid Semyonov|ru|Семёнов, Леонид Петрович}} insisted that its correct name is Ingushiya ({{lang|ru|Ингушия}}).{{sfn|Shnirelman|2006|p=209}}

File:Map_of_Georgia_by_Prince_Vakhushti_Bagrationi.32.jpg in Russian clearly shows three Ingush societies: Kisti (Kist), Tsurtsuki (Dzurdzuki), Ghligvi (Gligvi) as parts of one country and Chechens (Chachans) as part of Daghestan without common border with the Ingush]]

File:Ancient Ingush vessel with three handles - Dzheyrakhsky District.jpg

File:Koorkhars traditional Ingush female head cover (600 BC - 1800's AD).jpg

File:Tkhaba-Erdy.jpeg beliefs. Temple Tkhabya-Yerd (temple of 2000) was initially a cuboid cyclopean masonry structure, which was rebuilt during the spread of Christianity in Ingushetia. The rebuilt wall was done with smaller stones shown at the entrance side.]]

File:Ingush Male Warrior Helmet.jpg

File:Erzi, Ingushetia, Erzi towers.jpg and walls were destroyed by Russian army in 19th and 20th centuries.]]

10,000–8000 BC

{{block indent|text=According to Bernice Wuethrich's article "Peering Into the Past, With Words", Johanna Nichols showed that linguistic evidence indicates the ancestors of Nakh people migrated to the slopes of the Caucasus from the Fertile Crescent where farming and raising sheep and cattle had been discovered. Nichols stated: "The Nakh–Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilisation." Anthropologist Henry Harpending of the University of Utah is impressed by her research.{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.288.5469.1158?sid=b73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7 |title=Peering Into the Past, with Words |year=2000 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5469.1158 |last1=Wuethrich |first1=Bernice |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5469 |page=1158 |s2cid=82205296 |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605162957/https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.288.5469.1158?sid=b73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7 |url-status=live }}}}

6000–4000 BC

{{block indent|Neolithic era. Pottery is known to the region. Old settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in the modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks discovered in the plains. In the mountains, there were discovered settlements made out of stone surrounded by walls some of them dated back to 8000 BC.{{cite book |author=N.D. Kodzoev |title=History of Ingush nation}}}}

4000–3000 BC

{{block indent|Invention of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron) dishes, armor, daggers, knives, arrow tips. The artifacts were found near Nyasar-kort, Muzhichi, Surkhakhi, Abi-Guv (in Nazran).}}

20 BC

{{block indent|Strabo first mentions Geli in his reference to a nation in the center of the Caucasus. O.W. Wahl in 1875 in his book "The Land of the Czar" page 239 mentioned "These two opinions mentioned by Strabo come after all to the same point ; for the Legi are the modern Lesghi, and the Geli the Ingush tribe Galgai, and the Keraunian Mountains are the northern ranges of the Caucasus as far as the Beshtaú."{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxEEAAAAYAAJ |title=The Land of the Czar |publisher=Wahl |date=1875 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093718/https://books.google.com/books?id=xxEEAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }} The same statement about Gelia being Ingush was made by a German professor Karl Koch in 1843 in his book "Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus" page 489.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LHOq65fJTQC&dq=Reise+durch+Russland+nach+dem+kaukasischen+Isthmus+489+gelen+galgai&pg=PA489 |title=Reise durch Russland nach dem kaukasischen Isthmus |publisher=Karl Koch |date=1843 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407150101/https://books.google.com/books?id=8LHOq65fJTQC&dq=Reise+durch+Russland+nach+dem+kaukasischen+Isthmus+489+gelen+galgai&pg=PA489 |url-status=live }} Jacobus Van Wijk Roelandszoon, Jacobus van Wijk (Roelandszoon) in 1821 book "Algemeen aardrijkskundig woordenboek volgens de nieuwste staatkundige veranderingen, en de laatste, beste en zekerste berigten" page 1050 also mention that Gelli or Gelad are the Ingush people which is mentioned by Zonaras.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KtUAAAAcAAJ |title=Algemeen aardrijkskundig woordenboek volgens de nieuwste staatkundige veranderingen, en de laatste, beste en zekerste berigten |publisher=Jacobus van Wijk |date=1821 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093722/https://books.google.com/books?id=_KtUAAAAcAAJ |url-status=live }}}}

900–1200 AD

{{block indent|The kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania and Noble Alania (known from Russian as Царственные Аланы). German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that Ingush people (Kist) were the direct descendants from Alania.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTnWAAAAMAAJ&q=google+books+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B&pg=PA153 |title=Новѣйшия географическия и историческия извѣстия о Кавказѣ |first=Семен |last=Броневский |date=20 July 2017 |publisher=В Тип. С. Скливановскаго |via=Google Books |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226113302/https://books.google.com/books?id=tTnWAAAAMAAJ&q=google+books+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q=google%20books%20%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B&f=false |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/95.html |title=Авторские Материалы |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217060433/http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/95.html |archive-date=17 February 2008 |access-date=28 February 2014}}}}

1239 AD

{{block indent|Destruction of the Alania capital of Maghas (both names known solely from Muslim Arabs) and Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders, nations, and tribes by Batu Khan (a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan) "Magas was destroyed in the beginning of 1239 by the hordes of Batu Khan. Historically Magas was located at approximately the same place on which the new capital of Ingushetia is now built" – D.V.Zayats{{cite web |author=D.V.Zayats |year=2001 |title=Maghas – "The Sun City" – New Capital of Ingushetia |url=http://geo.1september.ru/2001/11/4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502001233/http://geo.1september.ru/2001/11/4.htm |archive-date=2 May 2013}}}}

1300–1400 AD

{{block indent|War between the Alans, Tamerlan, Tokhtamysh, and the Battle of the Terek River. The Alan tribes build fortresses, castles, and defense walls locking the mountains from the invaders. Part of the lowland tribes occupied by Mongols. The insurgency against Mongols begins. "One map of the area during the Mongol period gives us a clue why there was not much written about the Vainakh— as the area of Chechnya-Ingushetia on that map is simply marked as "ungovernable". This is not surprising, as the majority of armies moving north or south would be interested in passing through the mountains and getting to their ultimate destinations as quickly as possible— leaving the peoples between the two passes relatively unmolested." – Schaefer, Robert W. "Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad" p. 51. In 1991 the Jordanian historian Abdul-Ghani Khassan presented the photocopy from old Arabic scripts claiming that Alania was in Chechnya and Ingushetia, and the document from Alanian historian Azdin Vazzar (1395–1460) who claimed to be from Nokhcho tribe of Alania.{{cite news |url=http://www.chechenews.com/developments/1013-1.html |title=Аланский историк из чеченцев |work=Chechenews.com |date=29 August 2010 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233502/http://www.chechenews.com/developments/1013-1.html |archive-date=30 December 2013}}{{cite news |author=Категория: Мировая история |url=http://www.95live.ru/world-history/alan-historian.html |title=Аланский историк |work=95live.ru |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018080027/https://95live.ru/world-history/alan-historian.html |url-status=dead}}}}

1558 AD

{{block indent|Russian conquest of the Caucasus. 1558 Temryuk of Kabarda sends his emissaries to Moscow requesting help against Ingush tribes from Ivan the Terrible. Ivan the Terrible marries Temryuk's daughter Maria Temryukovna the Circassian (Kabardin) tsaritsa. Alliance formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders.{{cite web |author=|url=http://old.memo.ru/d/34268.html |title=История ингушского народа. Глава 4. ГЛАВА 4 ИНГУШЕТИЯ В XV-XVIII ВВ. § 1. Жизнь ингушей на равнинах и в горах На равнинах Ингушетииaccess-date=2014-02-28 |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=24 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424165408/http://old.memo.ru/d/34268.html |url-status=dead}}}}

1562 AD

{{block indent|Joint Russian, Kabardian, and Nogay forces attacked Ingush. According to Russian sources 164 Ingush settlements were completely destroyed in this war. Lowland Ingushetia occupied by Russia and their Kabardian allies.}}

In the 18th century the Ingush were mostly pagan and Christian, with a Muslim minority. Beginning in 1588 some Chechen societies joined Russia ({{ill|Shikh Okotsky|ru|Ших Окоцкий}}; {{ill|Albir-Murza Batayev|ru|Албирь-мурза Батаев}}).

Russian historians claim that the Ingush volunteered to become a part of Russia. This assertion is mostly based on the document signed on 13 June 1810 by General-Major Delpotso and representatives of two Ingush clans; most other clans resisted the Russian conquest. In 1811, at the Tsar's request, Moritz von Engelhardt, a Russian envoy of German origin, visited the mountainous region of Ingushetia and tried to induce the Ingush people to join Russia by promising many benefits offered by the Tsar. The representative of the Ingush people rejected the proposal with the reply: "Above my hat I see only sky". This encounter was later used by Goethe in his 1815 poem, "Freisinn" ('free spirit').{{cite book |last1=Viehoff |first1=Henrich |title=Periode des eklestischen Universalismus 1806-1832. [Bd. 3] |trans-title=Period of Eclectic Universalism 1806-1832. In series: Goethe's poems explained and traced back to their causes, sources and models, together with a collection of variants and gleanings |volume=3 |date=1853 |publisher=Bötticher'schen Verlags Buchhandlung |location=Düsseldorf |page=172 |url=http://pbc.up.krakow.pl/dlibra/publication/1562/edition/1463/content |access-date=7 April 2023 |language=de |others=Includes selection of poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) |series=In series: Goethe's Gedichte erläutert und auf ihre Veranlassungen, Quellen und Vorbilder zurückgeführt, nebst Variantensammlung und Nachlese |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126213232/http://pbc.up.krakow.pl/dlibra/publication/1562/edition/1463/content |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHsHAAAAQAAJ&dq=goethe+inguschen+galga&pg=PA172 |title=Freisinn |author=Goethe |date=1815 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423040934/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHsHAAAAQAAJ&dq=goethe+inguschen+galga&pg=PA172 |url-status=live }}

On 29 June 1832, the Russian Baron Rozen reported in letter No.42 to count Chernishev that "on the 23rd of this month I exterminated eight Ghalghaj (Ingush) villages. On the 24th I exterminated nine more villages near Targim." By 12 November 1836 (letter no.560), he claimed that highlanders of Dzheirkah, Kist, and Ghalghaj had been at least temporarily subdued.{{cite web |author=Албогачиева М. |url=http://www.groznycity.ru/museum/history/albogachieva/document4261_5.shtml |title=Многоликая Ингушетия |website=Groznycity.ru |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228221027/http://www.groznycity.ru/museum/history/albogachieva/document4261_5.shtml |url-status=live }} In 1829 Imam Shamil began a rebellion against Russia. He conquered Dagestan, Chechnya, and then attacked Ingushetia hoping to convert the Ingush people to Islam, thus gaining strategic allies. However, the Ingush defeated Imam Shamil's forces. They successfully repulsed two more attempts in 1858. Nevertheless, locked in warfare with two strong opponents and their allies, Ingush forces were eventually devastated. According to the Russian officer Fedor Tornau, who fought with the aid of Ossetian allies against the Ingush, the Ingush had no more than six hundred warriors.{{cite web |url=https://internat.msu.ru/media/uploads/2013/08/%d0%a2%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%83_%d0%92%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bf_%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%b2_%d0%be%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%86%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b0.pdf |title=Vospominaniya Kavkazskogo Ofitsera |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506134258/https://internat.msu.ru/media/uploads/2013/08/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.pdf |url-status=live }} However, the Russian conquest in Ingushetia was extremely difficult and the Russian forces began to rely more upon methods of colonization: extermination of the local population and resettlement of the area with Cossack and Ossetian loyalists.

The colonization of Ingush land by Russians and Ossetians began in the mid-19th century. The Russian General Evdokimov and Ossetian colonel Kundukhov in 'Opis no. 436' "gladly reported" that "the result of colonization of Ingush land was successful".

Renamed Ingush villages and towns:{{cite web |url=http://vainax.ru/news/nemnogo_o_istorii_vladikavkaza_chast_2/2011-01-06-109 |title=Немного о истории Владикавказа – часть 2 – 6 Января 2011 – История геноцида Ингушского{{pipe}}Чеченского народа |website=Vainax.ru |date=6 January 2011 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305090302/http://vainax.ru/news/nemnogo_o_istorii_vladikavkaza_chast_2/2011-01-06-109 |archive-date=5 March 2014}}

• Ghazhien-Yurt was renamed Stanitsa Assinovskaya in 1847.
• Ebarg-Yurt was renamed Stanitsa Troitskaya in 1847.
• Dibir-Ghala (town) was renamed Stanitsa Sleptsovskaya in 1847.
• Magomet-Khite was renamed Stanitsa Voznesenskaya in 1847.
• Akhi-Yurt was renamed Stanitsa Sunzhenskaya in 1859.
• Ongusht was renamed Stanitsa Tarskaya in 1859.
• Ildir-Ghala (town) was renamed Stanitsa Karabulakskaya in 1859.
• Alkhaste was renamed Stanitsa Feldmarshalskaya in 1860.
• Tauzen-Yurt was renamed Stanitsa Vorontsov-Dashkov in 1861.
• Sholkhi was renamed Khutor Tarski in 1867.

Following Imam Shamil's repeated losses by the end of the Caucasian War, the Russians and Chechens unified their forces. Former Chechen rebels and their men joined the Russian ranks. On 3 November 1858, General Evdokimov ordered (order N1896) a former rebel commander, naib Saib-Dulla Gekhinski (Saadulla Ospanov) of Chechnya to attack and destroy Ingush settlements near the Assa and Fortanga rivers: Dattikh, Meredzhi, Aseri, Shagot-Koch and others.{{cite book |url=https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/3fc/Akty%20sobrannye%20kavkazskoj%20arxeograficheskoj%20komissiej.%20Tom%2012%20z1904avruwa1558sj.pdf |title=Akty sobrannye kavkazskoj arxeograficheskoj komissiej |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232828/https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/3fc/Akty%20sobrannye%20kavkazskoj%20arxeograficheskoj%20komissiej.%20Tom%2012%20z1904avruwa1558sj.pdf |url-status=live }} After their defeats in combat, the remaining Ingush clans resorted mostly to underground resistance.

The Russians built the fortress Vladikavkaz ("ruler of the Caucasus") on the place of Ingush village of Zaur.Multiple sources:

• {{cite book |author=P.G.Butkov |title=Materials of the new history of the Caucasus years 1722–1803 |publisher=Publisher unknown|location=St. Petersburg |date=1869 |page=165}}
• {{cite book |author=E.Bronevski |title=New geographical and historical perspectives of the Caucasus |publisher=Publisher unknown|location=Moscow |date=1823 |volume=2 |page=159}}
• {{cite book |author=U. Klaprot |title=Travel in the Caucasus and Georgia 1807–1808 |publisher=London, for Henry Colburn |location=Berlin |date=1812 |page=651}}
• {{cite book |author=N.Grabovski |title=Ingush nation (their life and traditions) |publisher=Publisher unknown |location=Tiflis |date=1876 |page=2}}
• {{cite book |author=K.Raisov |title=New illustrated guide in the Crimea and the Caucasus |publisher=Russian Society of Shipping and Commerce |location=Odessa |date=1897 |page=295}}
• {{cite book |author=G.G. Moskvitch |title=Illustrated practical guide in the Caucasus |publisher=Publisher unknown|location=Odessa |date=1903 |pages=161–162}}
• {{cite book |author=N.M. Suetin |title=Geodesy of the Vladikavkaz |publisher=Publisher unknown|location=Vladikavkaz |date=1928 |page=12}}
• {{cite book |author=V.P. Khristianovich |title=Mountainous Ingushetia |publisher=Publisher unknown|location=Rostov-on-Don |date=1928 |page=65}}
• {{cite book |author=E.I.Krupnov |title=Middle age Ingushetia |publisher=Publisher unknown|location=Moscow |date=1971 |page=166}} Russian General Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov wrote in a letter to the Tsar of Russia, "It would be a grave mistake for Russia to alienate such a militaristic nation as the Ingush." He suggested the separation of the Ingush and Chechens in order for Russia to win the war in the Caucasus. In another letter from General Ermolov to Lanski (dated 12 January 1827) on the impossibility of forceful Christianization of the Ingush, Yermolov wrote: "This nation, the most courageous and militaristic among all the highlanders, cannot be allowed to be alienated{{nbsp}}..."

The last organized rebellion (the so-called "Nazran insurrection") in Ingushetia occurred in 1858 when 5,000 Ingush launched an attack against Russian forces, but lost to the latter's superior number. The rebellion signaled the end of the First Russo-Caucasian War. In the same year, the Tsar encouraged the emigration of Ingush and Chechens to Turkey and the Middle East by claiming that "Muslims need to live under Muslim rulers". His apparent motivation was to depopulate the area for the settlement of Ossetians and Cossacks.{{cite web |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |access-date=10 February 2007 |author=Johanna Nichols |date=February 1997 |work=University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208154007/http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |archive-date=8 December 2006}} Some Ingush became exiled to deserted territories in the Middle East where many of them died. The remainder were Culturally assimilated by Russification. It was estimated that eighty per cent of the Ingush had left Ingushetia for the Middle East by 1865.{{cite web |url=http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/caucasus/newsletter/2003-04ccan.pdf |title=Caucasus and central Asia newsletter. Issue 4 |year=2003 |work=University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227164034/http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/caucasus/newsletter/2003-04ccan.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008}}{{cite web |url=http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=479 |title=Chechnya: Chaos of Human Geography in the North Caucasus, 484 BC – 1957 AD |date=November 2007 |website=www.semp.us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220174728/http://semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=479 |archive-date=20 December 2010}}

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviets promised the Ingush that the villages and towns annexed during the colonization would be returned to the Ingush. Ingushetia became a major battleground between the old archenemies: general Denikin, and Ingush resistance fighters. In his memoirs, general Denikin wrote {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzO9H7wAFeAC&q=%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8 |title=Ocherki Russkoi Smuti |last1=Denikin |first1=Anton Ivanovich |year=1925 |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226113313/https://books.google.com/books?id=DzO9H7wAFeAC&q=%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8#v=snippet&q=%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8&f=false |url-status=live }} {{bq|"Ingush people are the least numerous, most welded, and strongly martial organization. They were, in essence, the supreme arbiter of the North Caucasus. The moral of the appearance was defined long ago in Russian text-books of geography, "the chief occupation – animal husbandry and robbery{{nbsp}} ..." The last one of the two reached special art in the society. Political aspirations came from the same trend. The Ingush are mercenaries of the Soviet regime, they support it but don't let the spread of it in their province. At the same time, they tried to strike up relations with Turkey and sought the assistance from the Turks from Elisavetpol, and Germany – from Tiflis. In August, when the Cossacks and Ossetians captured Vladikavkaz, the Ingush intervened and saved the Soviet Board of Commissioners of Terek, but sacked the city and captured the state bank and mint. They robbed all the neighbors: the Cossacks and Ossetians in the name of "correcting historical errors" for a shortage of land, the Bolsheviks – in return for their services, Vladikavkaz citizens – for their helplessness, and the Kabardins – just out of habit. They were hated by everyone, and they did their "craft" in unison, well organized, in a big way, becoming the richest tribe in the Caucasus."|author=Anton Denikin |title=Essays on the Russian Troubles (1925)}}

On 21 December 1917 Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus), which was recognized by Central Powers (Germany, Austro-Hungary and Turkey), Georgia, and Azerbaijan (which declared their independence from Russia in 1918) as an independent state.MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP INTERNATIONAL, [http://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-419-The-North-Caucasus-Minorities-at-a-Crossroads.pdf THE NORTH CAUCASUS:Minorities at a Crossroads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121313/http://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-419-The-North-Caucasus-Minorities-at-a-Crossroads.pdf |date=7 October 2016 }} For example, Anna Zelkina writes that in May 1918 the first country to recognize independence was Turkey:{{cite journal |last1=Zelkina |first1=Anna |title=Islam and Politics in the North Caucasus |journal=Religion, State and Society |date=1993 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=115–124 |doi=10.1080/09637499308431583}} [https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/21-1_003.pdf Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231081825/https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/21-1_003.pdf |date=31 December 2022 }}

{{blockquote| The First Congress of the North Caucasus formed a Provisional Government of the North Caucasian Free State (SeveroKavkazskoye Svobodnoye Gosudarstvo) and in May 1918 declared the establishment of the North Caucasian Republic. The only country to recognize it was Turkey.}}

Later Germany and others followed the recognition. According to P. Kosok:"Revolution and Sovietization in the North Caucasus" Caucasian Review, 1955, No. 1, pp. 47–54. No. 3, pp.45–53

{{blockquote|Azerbaidzhan and Armenia (May 28, 1918). All three states then concluded independent treaties with Turkey, which similarly acknowledged the independence of the Northern Caucasus and concluded a treaty of friendship with it on June 8, 1918. An exchange of diplomatic notes then took place between the head of the German Extraordinary Delegation, General von Lossov, and the North Caucasian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Bammat, resulting in the de facto recognition by Germany of the independence of the Northern Caucasus.}}

According to the British War Office, Germans tried to establish the military base in Ingushetia:{{citation |author1=((General Staff of the War Office)) |title=Daily Review of the Foreign Press |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100708188 |volume=27 |page=393 |publisher=H.M.S.O |date=20 September 2018 |location=London |language=en |oclc=988661052 |access-date=28 February 2014 |id=[Digest] |postscript=. |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407141957/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100708188 |url-status=live }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ab9JAQAAMAAJ Searchable only. (No preview accessible.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512224221/https://books.google.com/books?id=ab9JAQAAMAAJ |date=12 May 2023 }}{{blockquote|...the German Command with the object of securing the presence of German regiments within Ingush territory. The Ingushi declare that all attempts of any foreign armed force to enter into the Terek region will be regarded by the Ingushi as an attack upon themselves, and the Ingushi will oppose all their forces to such attempts.}}

The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan).{{cite web |url=http://1900.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1919&ASK_MM=05&ASK_DD=07&SL=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101340/http://1900.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1919&ASK_MM=05&ASK_DD=07&SL=en |archive-date=22 February 2014 |title=1900.ethnia.org}}{{cite web |author=Ben Cahoon |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html |title=Russian Civil War Polities |website=Worldstatesmen.org |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=24 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024142409/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://savechechnya.com/eng.news/press_1273.htm |title=Общественное движение ЧЕЧЕНСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СПАСЕНИЯ |website=Savechechnya.com |date=24 June 2008 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223044426/http://savechechnya.com/eng.news/press_1273.htm |archive-date=23 February 2014}} The first prime minister of the state was elected Tapa Chermoyev, a Chechen prominent statesman; the second prime minister was Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev who also was the author of the Constitution of the land in 1917. In 1920 he was reelected for a third term. In 1921 Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully merged it with the Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence continued and the government went into exile.{{cite web |url=http://vainah.info/biblioteka/izvestnye-vaynahi/item/730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev?tmpl=component&print=1 |title=Вассан-Гирей Джабагиев |website=Vainah.info |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221174845/http://vainah.info/biblioteka/izvestnye-vaynahi/item/730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev?tmpl=component&print=1 |archive-date=21 February 2014}}

Cossack General Andrei Shkuro in his book writes:{{cite book |last1=Шкуро |first1=А. Г. |title=Гражданская война в России. Записки белого партизана |date=2016 |publisher=Directmedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CqFaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE&pg=PA336 |isbn=978-5-4475-8722-2 |page=336 |language=ru |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408011205/https://books.google.com/books?id=CqFaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE&pg=PA336 |url-status=live }}

{{blockquote|Ingushetia was the most unanimous and entirely Bolshevik. Ever since the conquest of the Caucasus, the brave and freedom-loving Ingush, who were desperately defending their independence, were partly exterminated and partly driven into barren mountains. The Terek Cossacks were settled on the fertile lands that had belonged to them, and Cossacks founded their villages on the wedge that had cut into Ingushetia. Deprived of the opportunity to earn their bread in an honest way, the Ingush lived by robbery and raids on the Cossack lands. Even in peacetime, the Terek Cossacks bordering Ingush did not go to the field without rifles. Not a day went by without shooting and bloodshed. Considering the Cossacks as oppressors, and the Cossack lands were still theirs, the Ingush mercilessly took revenge on them. The relationship was created completely irreconcilable; further cohabitation was unthinkable. It was necessary either to exterminate the Ingush completely, or to evict the Cossacks from the former Ingush lands, returning those to their former owners.}}

The Soviets confiscated the remaining Ingush properties by collectivization and dekulakization{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/134.html#5 |title=Spetspereselentsi: history of mass repressions and deportations of Ingushes in 20th century |date=March 2005 |work=Ingushetiya news agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019001742/http://ingushetiya.ru/article/134.html#5 |archive-date=19 October 2007}} and unified Chechnya and Ingushetia into Chechen-Ingush ASSR.

During World War II Ingush youth were drafted into the Red Army. In August 1942 Nazi German forces captured half of the North Caucasus within thirty-three days moving from Rostov-On-Don to Mozdok 560 km or almost 17 km per day (see Battle of the Caucasus). From Mozdok to Malgobek same thirty three days, 20 km the German forces moved roughly 600 meters per day and were stopped only at Ordzhonikidze (modern-day Vladikavkaz) and Malgobek which were mostly populated by Ingush before the genocide of 23 February 1944. The fighting for the Malgobek was so intense that the small town was captured and recaptured four times until the Germans finally retreated.

According to the Soviet military newspaper Red Star, after receiving the news about German brutality toward civilians in Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingush people declared Jihad(Gazavat) against Germans. Stalin planned the expansion of the USSR in the south through Turkey. Muslim Chechens and Ingush could become a threat to the expansion.{{cite web |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush People |website=Linguistics.berkeley.edu |date=28 November 1992 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616131035/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html |url-status=live }} In February 1944 near the end of World War II, NKVD units flooded the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The maneuvers were disguised as military exercises of the southern district.

{{main article|Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush}}

File:Ww2 map23 july42 Nov 42.jpg, 1942 The Northern Caucasian battle, front line in Chechen-Ingush ASSR from Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz) to Malgobek. ]]During World War II, in 1942 German forces entered the North Caucasus. For three weeks, the Germans captured over half of the North Caucasus. They were only stopped at two cities in the Chechen-Ingush ASSR: Malgobek and Ordzhonikidze (a.k.a. 'Vladikavkaz') by the heroic resistance of the native population.{{cite web |url=https://rg.ru/2007/11/27/reg-kavkaz/malgobek.html |title=Через 63 года в отношении защитников Малгобека восстановлена историческая справедливость |website=Российская газета |date=27 November 2007 |access-date=5 July 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130011301/https://rg.ru/2007/11/27/reg-kavkaz/malgobek.html |url-status=live }}

On 23 February 1944, Ingush and Chechens were falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis, and the entire Ingush and Chechen populations were deported to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Siberia in Operation Lentil, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, while the majority of their men were fighting on the front. The initial phase of the deportation was carried out on American-supplied Studebaker trucks specifically modified with three submachine gun-nest compartments above the deported to prevent escapes. American historian Norman Naimark writes:{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/greetings-from-grozny/explore-chechnyas-turbulent-past/1944-deportation/3314/ |title=Explore Chechnya's Turbulent Past ~ 1944: Deportation {{pipe}} Wide Angle |work=PBS |date=25 July 2002 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=23 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223211406/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/greetings-from-grozny/explore-chechnyas-turbulent-past/1944-deportation/3314/ |url-status=live }}{{cite book |title=Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union |last=Arbatov |first=Alekseĭ |author2=Antonia Handler Chayes |year=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0-262-51093-6 |page=40 |quote=The conditions were so horrendous that around 25 percent of the [Ingush] deportees perished on the journey}}{{cite book |title=Russia Confronts Chechnya |last=Dunlop |first=John B. |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63619-1 |page=70 |quote=A total of 144,704 (23.7 percent) of all deported Chechens, Ingush, Balkars (1944) and Karachai (1943) died in the period from 1944 through 1948}} {{bq|Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. ...Those who could not be moved were shot. ...[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.{{cite book |last1=Naimark |first1=Norman M. |title=Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe |date=22 January 2001 |location=Cambridge, Mass. and London |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00313-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSOBAAAAMAAJ |language=en |pages=96–97 |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726195529/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSOBAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}}}

File:Operation Lentil (Caucasus).svg

The deportees were gathered at railroad stations and during the second phase transferred to the cattle railroad carts. Up to 30% of the population perished during the journey or in the first year of the exile. The Prague Watchdog claims that "in the early years of their exile about half of the Chechens and Ingush died from hunger, cold and disease".{{cite web |url=http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000015-000006-000030&lang=1 |title=Prague Watchdog – Crisis in Chechnya – The deportation of 1944 – how it really was |website=Watchdog.cz |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811115508/http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000015-000006-000030&lang=1 |url-status=live }} The deportation was classified by the European Parliament in 2004 as genocide.{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/analysis/details.php?content=2004-03-12 |title=The 60th Anniversary of the 1944 Chechen and Ingush Deportation: History, Legacies, Current Crisis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120210839/http://www.ushmm.org/conscience/analysis/details.php?content=2004-03-12 |archive-date=20 January 2009}} After the deportation Ingush resistance against the Soviets began again. Those who escaped the deportation, including shepherds who were high in the mountains during the deportations, formed rebel groups which constantly attacked Russian forces in Ingushetia. Major rebel groups were led by Akhmed Khuchbarov, the Tsitskiev brothers, and an Ingush female sniper, Laisat Baisarova. The last one of the male Ingush rebels was killed in 1977 by the KGB officers, while Baisarova was never captured or killed.{{cite web |url=http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/14100/?sphrase_id=6269 |title=Chechen Journal Dosh |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233216/http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/14100/?sphrase_id=6269 |url-status=usurped}} American professor Johanna Nichols, who specializes in Chechen and Ingush philology, provided the theory behind the deportation:{{cite web |url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |access-date=14 June 2013 |archive-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616131035/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html |url-status=live }}

{{quotation|In 1944 the nationalities themselves were abolished and their lands resettled when the Chechen and Ingush, together with the Karachay-Balkar, Crimean Tatars, and other nationalities were deported en masse to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing at least one-quarter and perhaps half of their population in transit. (The reason, never clarified, seems to have been Stalin's wish to clear all Muslims from the main invasion routes in a contemplated attack on Turkey.)}}

File:Митинг чеченцев Ауха (23 февраль 2017 год) (4).jpg dedicated to the anniversary of deportation, 27 February 2017 ]]

File:Soviet Caucasus map.svg

After 13 years of exile, the Ingush were allowed to return to Chechen-Ingushetia (but not to Ordzhonikidze a.k.a. "Vladikavkaz" or the Prigorodny District). Most of Ingushetia's territory had been settled by Ossetians and part of the region had been transferred to North Ossetia. The returning Ingush faced considerable animosity from the Ossetians. The Ingush were forced to buy their homes back from the Ossetians and Russians. These hardships and injustices led to a peaceful Ingush protest in Grozny on 16 January 1973, which was crushed by Soviet troops{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/news/12884.html |title=35 years later. Ingush protest of 1973 |access-date=16 January 2008 |author=Ingushetia.ru news agency |date=January 2008 |work=www.ingushetiya.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119001955/http://www.ingushetiya.ru/news/12884.html |archive-date=19 January 2008}} In 1989, the Ingush were officially rehabilitated along with other peoples that had been subjected to repressions.[http://www.krd.ru/www/home.nsf/webdocs/5ED8F5F017C7C45EC3256B09004ADA1F.html О реабилитации репрессированных народов] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630151943/http://www.krd.ru/www/home.nsf/webdocs/5ED8F5F017C7C45EC3256B09004ADA1F.html |date=30 June 2009 }}

In 1991, when the Chechens declared independence from the Soviet Union to form the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, the Ingush chose to secede from the Chechen-Ingush Republic. This was confirmed with the referendum and in 1992 the Ingush joined the newly created Russian Federation to try to resolve the conflict with Ossetia peacefully, also in the hope that the Russians would return their land as a token of their loyalty.

However, ethnic tensions in North Ossetia which were orchestrated by Ossetian nationalists (per Helsinki Human Right Watch), led to an outbreak of violence in the Ossetian–Ingush conflict in October–November 1992, when another ethnic cleansing of the Ingush population started.Economist 1992. Ethnic cleansing comes to Russia. The Economist, 28 November 1992, p. 60.

Over 60,000 Ingush civilians were forced from their homes in the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia. As a result of the conflict, pro-Russian general Ruslan Aushev, a decorated war hero from the War in Afghanistan, was appointed by the Russian government as the first president of Ingushetia to stop the spread of the conflict. Partial stability returned under his rule.

{{Broader|First Chechen War|Second Chechen War}}

In 1994, when the First Chechen War started, the number of refugees in Ingushetia from both conflicts doubled. According to the UN, for every citizen of Ingushetia, one refugee arrived from Ossetia or Chechnya. This influx was very problematic for the economy, which collapsed after Aushev's success. The second Russo-Chechen war which started in 1999 brought more refugees (at some point there was one refugee for every Ingush citizen: 240,000 from Chechnya plus 60,000 from North Ossetia at the peak in 2000) and misery to Ingushetia. In 2001, Aushev was forced to leave his presidency and was succeeded by Murat Zyazikov, a former KGB general. The situation worsened under his rule. Many young Ingush men were abducted by Russian and Ossetian death squads.{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetia.org/news/12939.html |title=A message of Nazir Evloev Press Secretary of Ingushetia MVD (Police) |access-date=20 January 2008 |author=N. Evloev |date=January 2008 |work=www.ingushetiya.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226132131/http://www.ingushetia.org/news/12939.html |archive-date=26 February 2009}}{{cite web |url=http://www.islamcom.ru/material.php?id=678 |script-title=ru:В Москве осетины похищают ингушей! |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630123234/http://www.islamcom.ru/material.php?id=678 |archive-date=30 June 2009 |title=Islamcom.ru }}{{cite news |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1143955.html |title=Ingush FSB Officer Shot Dead |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=2 November 2008 |archive-date=23 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923025133/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1143955.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://criminalnaya.ru/news/2008-09-18-6671 |script-title=ru:За похищениями ингушей в Москве стоят высокопоставленные чиновники Северной Осетии |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404032329/http://criminalnaya.ru/news/2008-09-18-6671 |archive-date=4 April 2009}} according to Human rights watchdogs Memorial{{cite web |url=http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2007/03/m73133.htm |title=Abduction Failed: Fifteen North Ossetia Law Enforcers Detained in Ingushetia |website=Memo.ru |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605124704/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2007/03/m73133.htm |url-status=dead}} and Mashr.{{cite web |url=http://www.mashr.org/ |title=АНО "МАШР" – Главная |website=Mashr.org |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204155818/http://www.mashr.org/ |url-status=live }}

The number of rebel attacks in Ingushetia rose, especially after the number of Russian security forces was tripled. For example, according to a Russian news agency a murder of an ethnic-Russian school teacher in Ingushetia was committed by two ethnic-Russian and ethnic-Ossetian soldiers; Issa Merzhoev the Ingush Police detective who solved the crime was shot at and killed by "unknown" assailants shortly after he had identified the murderer.{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/08/29/2103857.shtml |title=The Murderers are not Insurgents |access-date=29 September 2007 |author=B.Polonkoev |date=August 2007 |work=www.gazeta.ru |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029201114/https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2007/08/29/2103857.shtml |url-status=live }}

At least four people were injured when a vehicle exploded on 24 March 2008. An upsurge in violence in these months targeted local police officers and security forces. In January 2008, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation launched a "counter-terrorism" operation in Ingushetia after receiving information that insurgents had been preparing a series of attacks.{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/24/russia.explosion/index.html |title=The Russian republic rocked by car bomb |access-date=24 March 2008 |work=CNN |date=March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328235256/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/24/russia.explosion/index.html |archive-date=28 March 2008}}

Early in August 2008, the war between Georgia and South Ossetia broke out, in which the Russian Federation subsequently became involved.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7549736.stm |title=BBC NEWS – Europe – Q&: Conflict in Georgia |work=bbc.co.uk |access-date=6 September 2008 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820165008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7549736.stm |url-status=live }} After the outbreak of the war, there were virtually no more attacks or abductions of Ingush civilians by "unknown" forces. Most of the Russian forces were transferred to North and South Ossetia{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/news/15187.html |title=Silence in Ingushetia |access-date=17 August 2008 |author=R.Khautiev |date=August 2008 |work=www.ingushetiya.ru}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 31 August 2008 Magomed Yevloyev, the head of Ingush opposition and the owner of the website ingushetiya.ru, was killed by Russian security forces{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7590719.stm |title=Kremlin critic shot in Ingushetia |access-date=31 August 2008 |author=BBC |work=BBC |date=31 August 2008 |archive-date=11 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211013820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7590719.stm |url-status=live }} Shortly before the unrecognised opposition group People's Parliament of Ingushetia Mekhk-Kkhel called for the recognition of the Russian semi-autonomous republic's independence, opposition activist Magomed Khazbiyev proclaimed, "We must ask Europe or America to separate us from Russia."{{cite news |last=Blomfield |first=Adrian |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/2663222/Russia-faces-news-Caucasus-uprising-in-Ingushetia.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/2663222/Russia-faces-news-Caucasus-uprising-in-Ingushetia.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-status=live |title=Russia faces new Caucasus uprising in Ingushetia |work=Telegraph.co.uk |date=1 September 2008 |access-date=7 January 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e4693d2c-791d-11dd-9d0c-000077b07658.html?nclick_check=1 |title=Tension in Ingushetia after journalist's death |work=Financial Times |date=3 September 2008 |access-date=7 January 2011}}

File:Matovnikov in Ingushetia (2018-07-14) 5.jpg at a mosque in Ingushetia on 14 July 2018]]

On 18 October 2008, a Russian military convoy came under grenade attack and machine gun fire near Nazran. Official Russian reports of the ambush, which has been blamed on local Muslim separatists, said two soldiers were killed and at least seven injured. Reports from Ingush opposition sources suggested as many as forty to fifty Russian soldiers were killed.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7677834.stm |work=BBC News |title=Russians ambushed in Ingushetia |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=5 May 2010 |archive-date=21 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021075459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7677834.stm |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1437785.php/Two_Russian_soldiers_killed_in_attack_in_Ingushetia_ |work=Monsters and Critics |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |title=Two Russian soldiers killed in attack in Ingushetia |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908222152/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1437785.php/Two_Russian_soldiers_killed_in_attack_in_Ingushetia_}}

On 30 October 2008, Zyazikov was dismissed from his office (he himself claimed he resigned voluntarily). On the next day, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was nominated by Dmitry Medvedev and approved as President by the People's Assembly of Ingushetia (later the title President was renamed Head). This move was endorsed by major Russian political parties and by the Ingush opposition.[http://echo.msk.ru/news/550218-echo.html Отправлен в отставку президент Ингушетии Мурат Зязиков] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809035552/http://echo.msk.ru/news/550218-echo.html |date=9 August 2020 }}, 31 October 2008 {{in lang|ru}}Echo of Moscow, [http://echo.msk.ru/news/550228-echo.html Указом президента России Дмитрия Медведева новым главой Ингушетии стал Юнус-Бек Евкуров] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809153557/http://echo.msk.ru/news/550228-echo.html |date=9 August 2020 }}, 31 October 2008 {{in lang|ru}} Under the current rule of Yevkurov, Ingushetia seems much calmer, showing some semblance of the Russian government. Attacks on policemen have fallen by 40% and abductions by 80%.{{cite news |title=The peaceful exception |newspaper=The Economist |date=9–15 April 2011}}

According to professor Johanna Nichols, in all the recorded history and reconstructable prehistory, the Ingush people have never undertaken battle except in defense. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC Pharnavaz, his son Saurmag the Iberian kings, and the relatives of Ingush people per Leonti Mroveli, received military assistance from Ingush people in defense of Iberia against the Kartli occupation.{{cite web |url=http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/95.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217060433/http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/95.html |archive-date=17 February 2008 |title=The Land of Towers |author=Khasan Sampiev}}

During World War I, 500 cavalrymen from an Ingush regiment of the Wild Division attacked the German Iron Division. The Russian Emperor Nicholas II, assessing the performance of the Ingush and Chechen regiments during the Brusilov breakthrough on the Russian-German front in 1915 wrote in a telegram to the Governor-General of the Tersky region Fleisher:{{cite web |url=http://www.chechnyafree.ru/index.php?lng=eng§ion=historyeng&row=11 |title=Чечня FREE.RU – Новости Чечни, России и мира |website=Чечня FREE.RU |access-date=2 July 2007 |archive-date=13 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313002521/http://www.chechnyafree.ru/index.php?lng=eng§ion=historyeng&row=11 |url-status=live }}

{{blockquote|text=The Ingush regiment pounced upon the German "Iron Division" like an avalanche. It was immediately supported by the Chechen regiment. The Russian history, including the history of our Preobrazhensky regiment, does not know a single instance of a horse cavalry attacking an enemy force armed with heavy artillery: 4.5 thousand killed, 3.5 thousand taken prisoner, 2.5 thousand wounded. Less than in an hour and a half the "Iron Division" ceased to exist, the division that had aroused fear in the best armies of our allies. On behalf of me, the royal court and the whole of the Russian army send our best regards to fathers, mothers, sisters, wives and brides of those brave sons of the Caucasus whose heroism paved the way for the destruction of German hordes. Russia bows low to the heroes and will never forget them. I extend my fraternal greetings, Nicholas II, August 25, 1915.}}

In 1994–1996 Ingush volunteers fought alongside Chechens in the First Chechen War. Aside from a few incidents (including the killings of Ingush civilians by Russian soldiers), Ingushetia was largely kept out of the war by a determined policy of non-violence pursued by President Ruslan Aushev.

This changed after the beginning of the Second Chechen War, and especially since Murat Zyazikov became the second Russian appointed president of Ingushetia in 2002. The first major rebel attack of the conflict, in which a military convoy was destroyed occurred in May 2000 and caused the deaths of 19 soldiers. In the June 2004 Nazran raid, Chechen and Ingush rebels attacked government buildings and military bases across Ingushetia, resulting in the deaths of at least 90 Ingush people and an unknown number of Russian troops. Among them the Republic's acting interior minister Abukar Kostoyev, his deputy Zyaudin Kotiyev. In response to a sharp escalation in attacks by insurgents since the summer of 2007,[http://www.peaceinthecaucasus.org/IngushetiaTimeline.pdf TIMELINE OF VIOLENCE IN INGUSHETIA: SUMMER-FALL 2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031043458/http://www.peaceinthecaucasus.org/IngushetiaTimeline.pdf |date=31 October 2008 }} Moscow sent in an additional 25,000 MVD and FSB troops, tripling the number of special forces in Ingushetia.

File:Famous Ingush Rebels.jpg. Lower left: Sulumbek of Sagopshi. Right: Akhmed Khuchbarov.]]

• 1800s–1860s: Insurgency against Russian conquest.
• 1860s–1890s: Raids of Ingush abreks on the Georgian Military Highway and Mozdok.
• 1890s–1917: Insurgency of Ingush resistance under Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and Ingush abrek Sulumbek of Sagopshi, execution of Russian viceroy to Ingushetia colonel Mitnik by Ingush resistance fighter Buzurtanov.
• 1917–1920s: Insurgency of Ingush resistance fighters against combined Russian White Guards, Cossacks, Ossetians, and general Denikin forces.
• 1920s–1930s: Insurgency of Ingush people against Communists, executions of Communist leader of Ingushetia Chernoglaz by Ingush rebel Uzhakhov. Execution of Communist party leader of Ingushetia Ivanov by Ingush rebels.
• 1992: Ossetian-Ingush conflict. In combat operations Ingush rebels capture armor which later transferred to Chechens or given back to Russian army after the conflict ended.
• 1994: Nazran. Ingush civilians stop Russian army, flip armor, burn military trucks which were on the march to Chechnya in Russian-Chechen war. First Russian casualties reported from hands of Ingush rebels.
• 1994–1996: Ingush rebels defend Grozny and participate in combat operations on Chechen side.
• 1999–2006: Ingush rebels join Chechen rebels, the independence war turns into Jihad.
• 13 July 2001: Ingush people protest "defiling and desecration" of historical Christian Ingush church Tkhaba-Yerdy after Russian troops made the church into a public toilet. Though Ingush are Muslims they highly respect their Christian past.{{cite news |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/13jul2001/ingush_pam.html |title=Ingushetia accuses Russian military desecrating monuments |work=Russian newsru.com |date=15 July 2001 |access-date=1 April 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075441/http://www.newsru.com/russia/13jul2001/ingush_pam.html |url-status=live }}
• 15 September 2003: Ingush rebels use bomb truck and attack FSB headquarters in Maghas. Several dozens of Russian FSB officers killed including the senior officer overseeing the FSB in Chechen republic. The several story HQ building is severely damaged.{{cite news |url=http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/15-09-2003/52570-0/ |title=FSB building in Magas bombed |work=Pravda |edition=English |date=15 September 2003 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305054150/http://english.pravda.ru/news/hotspots/15-09-2003/52570-0/ |url-status=live }}
• 6 April 2004: Ingush rebels attack Russian appointed president of Ingushetia Murat Zyazikov. He was wounded when a car bomb was rammed into his motorcade.
• 22 June 2004: Chechen and Ingush rebels raid on Russian troops in Ingushetia. Hundreds of Russian troops killed.
• 10 July 2006: In the night, Chechen politician and leader of the militants Shamil Basayev and other four militants were killed in the village of the Ekazhevo during a truck explosion.
• 31 August 2008: Execution of Magomed Yevloyev Ingush dissident, journalist, lawyer, businessman, and the owner of the news website Ingushetiya.ru, known for being highly critical of Russian regime in Ingushetia. He was shot in the temple.{{cite news |last=Gheddo |first=Piero |url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=13112 |title=Magomed Yevloyev, critic of the Kremlin, killed by police |work=Asianews.it |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304073521/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=13112 |url-status=live }} Awarded posthumously, and his name is engraved in stone on the monuments at the Journalists' Memorials in Bayeux, France and Washington D.C., the United States.{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/77-names-added-to-slain-journalists-memorial-in-washington-d-c |work=Fox News |title=77 Names Added to Slain Journalists Memorial in Washington D.C |date=30 March 2009 |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-date=12 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212030808/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/30/77-names-added-to-slain-journalists-memorial-in-washington-dc/ |url-status=live }}
• 30 September 2008: A suicide bomber attacked the motorcade of Ruslan Meiriyev, Ingushetia's top police official.
• 10 June 2009: Snipers killed Aza Gazgireyeva, deputy chief justice of the regional Supreme Court, as she dropped her children off at school. Russian news agencies also cited investigators as saying she was likely killed for her role in investigating the 2004 attack on Ingush police forces by Chechen fighters.{{cite news |title=Senior judge killed in Ingushetia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2009/06/20096107314111104.html |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-date=9 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009061806/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2009/06/20096107314111104.html |url-status=live }}
• 13 June 2009: Two gunmen sprayed former deputy prime minister Bashir Aushev with automatic-weapon fire as he got out of his car at the gate outside his home in the region's main city, Nazran.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/world/europe/14ingushetia.html?_r=1&ref=world |title=Another Killing in Region Bordering Chechnya |work=The New York Times |date=14 June 2009 |access-date=24 February 2017 |archive-date=21 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521034127/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/world/europe/14ingushetia.html?_r=1&ref=world |url-status=live }}
• 22 June 2009: Russian appointed president of Ingushetia Yunus-Bek Yevkurov was badly hurt when a suicide bomber detonated a car packed with explosives as the president's convoy drove past. The attack killed three bodyguards.{{cite news |last1=Harding |first1=Luke |title=Ingushetia president survives assassination attempt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/russia-ingushetia-yevkurov-assassination-attempt |work=The Guardian |date=22 June 2009 |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410023742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/22/russia-ingushetia-yevkurov-assassination-attempt |url-status=live }}
• 12 August 2009: Gunmen killed construction minister Ruslan Amerkhanov in his office in the Ingush capital, Magas.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8196689.stm |title=Ingush minister shot dead at work |work=BBC |date=12 August 2009 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226113330/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8196689.stm |url-status=live }}
• 17 August 2009: A suicide bomber killed 21 Ingush police officers and unknown numbers of Russian Internal Ministry troops which were stationed in Nazran, after he drove a truck full of explosives into a MVD police base.
• 25 October 2009: Execution of Maksharip Aushev, an Ingush businessman, dissident, and a vocal critic of Russian regime policies in Ingushetia. His body had over 60 bullet holes. Awarded posthumously by the U.S. Department of State in 2009.{{cite web |url=http://geneva.usmission.gov/2009/12/11/clinton-honors-champions-human-rights/ |title=Secretary Clinton Honors Two Champions of Human Rights Day » US Mission Geneva |website=Geneva.usmission.gov |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=9 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309142040/http://geneva.usmission.gov/2009/12/11/clinton-honors-champions-human-rights/ |url-status=dead}}
• 2 March 2010: Another militant has been killed in the village of the Ekazhevo, his name is Said Buryatsky, but his real one is Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Tikhomirov, although he was born in Republic of Buryatia.
• 5 April 2010: A suicide bomber injured three police officers in the town of Karabulak. Two officers died at the hospital as a result of their injuries. While investigators arrived on scene, another car bomb was set off by remote. Nobody was hurt in the second blast.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8603119.stm |work=BBC News |title=Ingushetia hit by suicide attack |date=5 April 2010 |access-date=5 May 2010 |archive-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410220755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8603119.stm |url-status=live }}
• 24 January 2011: A suicide bomber, Magomed Yevloyev (same first and last name as the slain Ingush opposition journalist Magomed Yevloyev), killed 37 people at Domodedovo airport, Moscow, Russia.
• 2012: Ingush rebels participate in the war against Bashar al-Assad, Iranian, and Russian advisors in Syria, which is largely viewed by Ingush rebels as a war against Russia and the Iranian-speaking Ossetians. The rebel Ingush commanders are veterans of Ossetian-Ingush conflict, wars in Chechnya, Daud Khalukhayev from the Ingush village of Palanazh (Katsa), and a descendant of Ingush deportee of 1860s Syrian-born Walid Didigov.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21627499 |title=Syria crisis: Border town shows conflict's patchwork forces |work=BBC News |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202061348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21627499 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.habar.org/?p=21842 |title=В Сирии воюют ингуши, и возглавляют одни из самых дерзких боевых групп повстанцев - HABAR.ORG |work=habar.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012105/http://www.habar.org/?p=21842 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}
• 6 June 2013: Accusation of former Ingush rebel leader Ali "Maghas" Taziev in Rostov-On-Don regional Russian court, who was captured after he voluntarily gave himself in on 9 June 2010 to Russian forces in Ingushetia on the agreement that Russians will liberate his relatives held hostage in one of the Russian military bases.
• 27 August 2013: Execution of the head of security of Ingushetia Akhmet Kotiev and his bodyguard by Ingush rebels. Kotiev was actively involved in the assassination of Magomed Yevloyev.
• 10 December 2013: Ingush opposition leader Magomed Khazbiev, who was a close friend of assassinated Magomed Yevloyev, attends Euromaidan in Ukraine and participates in anti-Russian campaign there{{clarification needed|date=March 2024}}, after which his parents were threatened and harassed in Russia. On his website he wrote: "the fact that Putin's slaves harass my parents does not make any sense [is in vain], if you [Russians] want me to stop you have to kill me like Magomed Yevloyev and Makhsharip Aushev".{{cite web |url=http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/36676/ |title=Магомед Хазбиев: Если хотите меня остановить – убейте |website=Ingushetiyaru.org |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064025/http://ingushetiyaru.org/news/36676/ |url-status=usurped}}
• 2 February 2014: Russian FSB officially claimed that in December 2013 four North Caucasian instructors operated in Ukraine, and prepared Ukrainians for "street battles against Russian interests".{{cite news |language=ru |url=http://lifenews.ru/news/126485 |title=На Украину выехали 4 инструктора боевиков с Северного Кавказа |date=2 February 2014 |work=LifeNews |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108051001/http://lifenews.ru/news/126485}}
• 20 April 2014: Famous Ingush human rights defender Ibragim Lyanov stated that Ingushetia wants to separate from Russia and become an independent state, using the example of the Crimean separation from Ukraine.{{cite web |title=В Ингушетии заговорили о выходе из РФ по крымскому сценарию |url=http://censor.net.ua/news/281967/v_ingushetii_zagovorili_o_vyhode_iz_rf_po_krymskomu_stsenariyu |website=censor.net.ua |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-date=21 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421235757/http://censor.net.ua/news/281967/v_ingushetii_zagovorili_o_vyhode_iz_rf_po_krymskomu_stsenariyu |url-status=live |last1=Нет |first1=Цензор }}
• 24 May 2014: Ingush rebel leader Arthur Getagazhev, four rebels, and two civilians were killed in action in the village of Sagopshi by Russian forces.{{cite web |url=http://www.habar.org/?p=31004 |title=Российские официальные структуры сообщают об убийстве руководителя ингушских партизан – Артура Гетагажева |trans-title=Russian officials declare Getagazhev dead |work=habar.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212073524/http://www.habar.org/?p=31004 |archive-date=12 February 2015}}
• 2 July 2014: After several months of denial, pro-Russian president of Ingushetia finally recognizes that there are Ingush people fighting in Ukraine on "both sides".{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/02jul2014/ukraine.html |title=Ingush are fighting in Ukraine on both sides |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171657/http://www.newsru.com/russia/02jul2014/ukraine.html |url-status=live }}
• 2 July 2014: Ingush rebels attack Russian armored military convoy killing one and wounding seven soldiers.{{cite web |url=http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/25414335.html |title=Побочные эффекты |website=Эхо Кавказа |date=8 June 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709232310/http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/25414335.html |url-status=live }}
• 6 July 2014: Russian special forces prepared an ambush near the morgue in Nazran hospital where the body of Arthur Getagazhev was located. The intelligence reported that Ingush rebels will try to recover the body of the slain leader. The intelligence was correct. Radio Free Europe (section specializing in the Caucasus), reports that in the middle of the day two Ingush rebels attacked the ambush, according to unofficial source two rebels killed seven and wounded four Russian FSB and spetsnaz officers in less than forty seconds, after which the rebels left the scene unharmed. The source in Ingush police who wanted to stay anonymous said that exact number of killed are known only by the FSB but nobody would dare to declare it officially.{{cite news |work=Эхо Кавказа |url=http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/25415999.html |title=Война в Ингушетии продолжается |trans-title=War in Ingushetia continues |access-date=6 July 2014 |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710074313/http://www.ekhokavkaza.com/content/article/25415999.html |url-status=live }} According to pro-Kremlin LifeNews, released video of the attack lasted less than 19 seconds.{{cite web |url=http://lifenews.ru/news/134582 |title=Нападение боевиков на морг в Ингушетии сняла камера |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154406/http://lifenews.ru/news/134582 |url-status=live }}
• 17 January 2015: Maghas. Rise of anti-Western sentiments. Over 20,000 Ingush citizens protest against Europe.{{cite web |url=http://www.newsru.com/russia/17jan2015/ingushetia.html |title=В Ингушетии митинг против карикатур на пророка Мухаммеда собрал до 20 тысяч человек |work=newsru.com |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |archive-date=19 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119222854/http://www.newsru.com/russia/17jan2015/ingushetia.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/26329.2/3213229/ |title=Обращение главы Ингушетии к 20-тысячному антикарикатурному митингу: "Западная истерия вокруг ислама – это госэкстремизм" |author=ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда» |work=ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда» |date=17 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015 |archive-date=17 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117183030/http://www.kp.ru/daily/26329.2/3213229/ |url-status=live }}
• 28 February 2015: Russian opposition leader Nemtsov's death linked to Ingushetia by Russian police.{{cite tweet |user=ARothWP |author=Andrew Roth |number=571650912336416768 |date=28 February 2015 |title=Image of car purported to have carried Nemtsov's murderers has Ingush plates.}}
• 26 March 2019: Thousands of people in Ingushetia have protested against a controversial border deal with neighboring Chechnya, denouncing land swaps under the agreement and calling for Ingushetia head Yunus-Bek Yevkurov to step down.
• 25 June 2019: Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, has announced his resignation after almost 11 years in the position. De facto Ingushetia has no active leader. Civil protests continue, Ingush people boycotting the Russian appointed elections.
• 2 March 2024: Clashes between militants and the Russian police began in Ingushetia.

Up until the dissolution of the Soviet state, Ingushetia was part of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the late 1920s – early 1930s the Soviet officials were eager to enforce the Chechen-Ingush merger as an "objective" and "natural" process. The Soviet linguist Nikolay Yakovlev, who was a supporter of the merger, suggested that an inclusive name of "Veinakh" ("our people") had to be used for both the Chechens and Ingush. According to his views, the rapid urbanization and rapprochement of the Chechens and Ingush within one and the same republic might encourage the formation of a common culture and language and the establishment of a unified "Veinakh" people.

During the late '80s, together with the separatist tendencies across the Soviet Union, the Second Congress of the Ingush People was held in Grozny on 9–10 September 1989. The gathering was directed at the top leadership of the Soviet Union, and included a request to "restore the Ingush people's autonomy within their historical borders, the Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with a capital in the right-bank part of the city of Ordzhonikidze". The Ingush Republic was to be organized out of six traditional Ingush districts (including the contested Prigorodny District). The rise of the Russian Federation - and the 1991 Chechen Revolution - gave the Ingushetians the independence they vowed for and in 1992 the remainder of Checheno-Ingushstia became thus the Republic of Ingushtia. During the 1990s, Ingushetia was ruled by its elected president Ruslan Aushev, a former Soviet general and hero of the war in Afghanistan.

The head of government and the highest executive post in Ingushetia is the Head, elected by representatives of the Parliament of Ingushetia.

File:Matovnikov, Yevkurov, Kadyrov (2018-09-26) (2).jpg and Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov in September 2018]]File:Vladimir Putin and Mahmud-Ali Kalimatov (2019-06-26).jpg (right) and Russian President Vladimir Putin in June 2019]]

Recent heads:

• Ruslan Aushev: 10 November 1992 (Head of the Republic until 7 March 1993) – 28 December 2001
• Akhmed Malsagov (interim): 28 December 2001 – 23 May 2002
• Murat Zyazikov: 23 May 2002 – 30 October 2008{{cite web |url=http://old.lenta.ru/news/2008/10/30/ingush/ |title=Медведев отправил в отставку президента Ингушетии |website=Old.lenta.ru |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216144528/http://old.lenta.ru/news/2008/10/30/ingush/ |url-status=live }}
• Yunus-Bek Yevkurov: 30 October 2008 – 26 June 2019
• Makhmud-Ali Kalimatov: 26 June 2019–present

Recent Chairmen of the Government:

• Ruslan Tatiyev: 24 March 1993 – 5 July 1993
• Tamerlan Didigov: 5 July 1993 – 21 March 1994
• Mukharbek Didigov: 21 March 1994 – 9 December 1996
• Belan Khamchiyev: 10 December 1996 – 3 August 1998
• Magomed-Bashir Darsigov: 3 August 1998 – 24 November 1999
• Akhmed Malsagov: 24 November 1999 – 14 June 2002
• Viktor Aleksentsev: 26 August 2002 – 3 June 2003
• Timur Mogushkov: 3 June 2003 – 30 June 2005
• Ibragim Malsagov: 30 June 2005 – 13 March 2008
• Kharun Dzeytov: 14 March 2008 – 12 November 2008
• Rashid Gaysanov: 13 November 2008 – 5 October 2009
• Aleksey Vorobyov: 5 October 2009 – 10 March 2010
• Musa Chiliyev: 21 March 2011 – 19 September 2013
• Abubakar Malsagov: 19 September 2013 – 18 November 2016
• Ruslan Gagiyev: 18 November 2016 – 9 September 2018
• Zyalimkhan Yevloyev: 9 September 2018 – 8 September 2019
• Konstantin Surikov: 9 September 2019 – 27 January 2020
• Vladimir Slastenin: 26 March 2020–present

The parliament of the Republic is the People's Assembly, composed of 34 deputies elected for a four-year term. The People's Assembly is headed by the Chairman. As of 2022, the Chairman of the People's Assembly is Vladimir Slastenin.

The Constitution of Ingushetia was adopted on 27 February 1994.

Ingushetia is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

The capital was moved from Nazran to Magas in December 2002.

The most recent election was held in 2013.

{{Main article|Administrative divisions of the Republic of Ingushetia}}

File:Деление_Ингушетии_-_divido_de_Inguŝio.svg

• Cities under republic's jurisdiction (as of 2016):
• {{legend|#A05A2C|Magas (Магас) (capital)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#D38D5F|Nazran (Назрань)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#DEAA87|Malgobek (Малгобек)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#E9C6AF|Karabulak (Карабулак)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#FFF8DC|Sunzha (Сунжа){{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/444797801 |title=О ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИИ ПОСЕЛКА ГОРОДСКОГО ТИПА СУНЖА СУНЖЕНСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ ИНГУШЕТИЯ, Закон Республики Ингушетия от 25 ноября 2016 года No.43-РЗ |website=docs.cntd.ru |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303124225/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/444797801 |url-status=live }}|size=10px}}
• Districts:
• {{legend|#EEF4D7|Dzheyrakhsky (Джейрахский)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#DDE9AF|Sunzhensky (Сунженский)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#CDDE87|Nazranovsky (Назрановский)|size=10px}}
• {{legend|#ABC837|Malgobeksky (Малгобекский)|size=10px}}

File:Ingushetia chechnya map en.svg

Population: {{ru-census2021|509,541|;}} {{ru-census2010|412,529|;}} {{ru-census2002|467,294|.}}

{{Historical populations

|type =

|footnote = Source: Census data, estimate{{cite web|title=Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2025 года|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2025_Site.xlsx|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|accessdate=3 February 2025}}

|2002 | 467294

|2010 | 412529

|2021 | 509541

|2025 | 534219

}}

:Source: [https://stavstat.gks.ru/folder/29853 Russian Federal State Statistics Service] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814190906/https://stavstat.gks.ru/folder/29853 |date=14 August 2021 }}

Note: Total fertility rate 2009, 2010, 2011 source:{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312 |title=Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики |website=Gks.ru |date=8 May 2010 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183858/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312%20 |url-status=dead}}

{{See also|List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy}}

Ingushetia has life expectancy noticeably higher than in any other federal subjects of the Russian Federation.{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |website=Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) |access-date=1 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821222854/https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293 |title=Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении |website=Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia |access-date=1 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=Life expectancy at birth |archive-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220124657/https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293 |url-status=dead}} In such way, Ingushetia is a Russian "blue zone". In the pre-pandemic 2019, life expectancy in Ingushetia was the same as in Switzerland, according to estimation of WHO, — 83.4 years.

File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Ingushetia.png|Life expectancy at birth in Ingushetia

File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Ingushetia -diff.png|Life expectancy with calculated differences

File:Life expectancy in Russia -North Caucasus.png|Life expectancy in Ingushetia in comparison with other regions of the North Caucasus

File:Comparison of life expectancy in Russian subjects by sex.svg|Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_sex.svg original svg-file] in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.

File:Comparison of life expectancy in Russian subjects by type of settlement.svg|Analogious interactive chart of comparison of urban and rural life expectancy.
[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Comparison_of_life_expectancy_in_Russian_subjects_by_type_of_settlement.svg Original interactive file].

File:Экскурсия в горную Ингушетию (01).jpg

According to the 2021 Russian census, ethnic Ingush make up 96.4% of the republic's population. The Ingush, a nationality group indigenous to the Caucasus, mostly inhabit Ingushetia. They refer to themselves as Ghalghaj (from Ingush: Ghala ('fortress' or 'town') and ghaj ('inhabitants' or 'citizens'). The Ingush speak the Ingush language, which has a very high degree of mutual intelligibility with neighboring Chechen.

Other groups include Chechens (2.5%), Russians (0.7%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |website=Federal State Statistics Service |access-date=30 December 2022 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx |url-status=live }}

{{Bar box

|title=Religion in Ingushetia (2010){{cite news |url=http://www.caucasustimes.com/article.asp?id=20211 |title=Caucasus Times poll |date=20 May 2010 |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=Caucasus Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121221/http://www.caucasustimes.com/article.asp?id=20211 |archive-date=7 October 2016}}

|float=right

|bars=

{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|96}}

{{Bar percent|Christianity|Orchid|2}}

{{Bar percent|Atheism|Black|1}}

{{Bar percent|Not stated|DarkSlateGray|1}}

}}

File:Mosque, Nagornaya street, 21 in the Altievsky district, Nazran (3).jpg

Ingushetia is one of the most religious regions of Russia.[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206100344/http://sreda.org/en/arena |date=6 December 2017 }}. Sreda, 2012. The Ingush people predominantly follow the Shafi'i Madhhab of Sunni Islam{{cite book |author=Stefano Allievi and Jørgen S. Nielsen |title=Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe |volume=1 |year=2003}} with strong influence from Sufism, which is often associated with one of two traditional Sufi orders: the Sufi tariqa Naqshbandi, represented in Ingushetia by the brotherhood of Deni Arsanov, and the tariqa Qadiriyyah, associated with Kunta-Haji Kishiev.{{cite web |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information |access-date=10 February 2007 |author=Johanna Nichols |author-link=Johanna Nichols |date=February 1997 |work=University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208154007/http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |archive-date=8 December 2006}}{{cite journal |author=Stephen Bowers |title=Islam in Ingushetia and Chechnya |journal=Faculty Publications and Presentations of the Helms School of Government of Liberty University |volume=29 |year=2004 |url=http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=gov_fac_pubs |display-authors=etal |access-date=12 February 2011 |archive-date=19 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719230713/http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=gov_fac_pubs |url-status=live }}

Ingush State University, the first institute of higher education in the history of Ingushetia, was founded in 1994 in Ordzhonikidzevskaya.{{cite web |url=http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/43321 |title=Хмцсьяйхи Цнясдюпярбеммши Смхбепяхрер |website=Humanities.edu.ru |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719005058/http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/43321 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}

File:Gargareans (North Caucasus).jpg. Gargarea is an ancestral land of modern Ingush is located on the center right of the map.]]

File:Nazran district 4.jpg

Ingushetia is situated on the northern slopes of the Caucasus. Its area is reported by various sources as either {{convert|2000|km2|sp=us}},{{cite web |url=http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm |title=Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации |trans-title=Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation |access-date=1 November 2011 |author=Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) |date=21 May 2004 |work=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181511/http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm |archive-date=28 September 2011}} {{convert|3100|km2|sp=us}},{{cite web |title=Republic of Ingushetia |url=http://www.council.gov.ru/en/structure/regions/IN/ |date= |publisher=Federation Council |access-date=31 January 2025 }} or {{convert|3600|km2|sp=us}};{{cite web |url=http://ingushetia.ru/about/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716220652/http://www.ingushetia.ru/about/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2006 |website=Official website of Ingushetia |access-date=19 April 2013 |script-title=ru:Социально-экономические характеристики |language=ru}} the difference in reporting is mainly due to the inclusion or exclusion of parts of Sunzhensky Districts. The republic borders North Ossetia–Alania (SW/W/NW/N), the Chechnya (NE/E/SE), and the country of Georgia (Mtskheta-Mtianeti) (southwards). The highest point is the Gora Shan{{cite web |url=http://www.gipfel-und-grenzen.de/die_hoechsten.php |title=Die Hoechsten |website=Gipfel-und-grenzen.de |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108051001/http://www.gipfel-und-grenzen.de/die_hoechsten.php |url-status=live }} (4451 m).

A {{convert|150|km|sp=us|adj=on}} stretch of the Caucasus Mountains runs through the territory of the republic.

File:Ingushetia - Assin Valley.jpeg

Major rivers include:

• Terek River
• Assa River
• Sunzha River

Ingushetia is rich in marble, timber, dolomite, plaster, limestone, gravel, granite, clay, thermal medical water, rare metals, mineral water, oil (over 60 billion tons), and natural gas reserves.

Ingushetia's climate is mostly continental.

• Average January temperature: {{convert|-10|C}}
• Average July temperature: {{convert|21|C}}
• Average annual precipitation: {{cvt|450|-|650|mm}}
• Average annual temperature: {{convert|+10|C}}

There are some natural resources in Ingushetia: mineral water in Achaluki, oil and natural gas in Malgobek, forests in Dzheirakh, metals in Galashki. The local government is considering the development of tourism; however, this is problematic due to the uneasy situation in the republic itself and the proximity of some conflict zones. However, Ingushetia continues to remain as one of Russia's poorest republics, largely due to the ongoing conflict, corruption and civil disorders. Unemployment is estimated to be around 53%, and growing poverty is a major issue.{{cite web |title=Ingushetia wants to attract Chinese tourists |url=https://tass.com/society/975847 |access-date=23 November 2021 |website=TASS |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123210020/https://tass.com/society/975847 |url-status=live }}

• Yunus-bek Yevkurov, deputy Defense Minister of the Russian Federation.
• Musa Evloev, Greco-Roman wrestler. He is a two-time world champion, Olympic champion, and two-time national champion,
• Movsar Evloev, #4 Ranked UFC Featherweight.{{cite web |title=UFC Rankings, Division Rankings, P4P rankings, UFC Champions {{!}} UFC.com |url=https://www.ufc.com/rankings |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=www.ufc.com |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803112233/https://www.ufc.com/rankings |url-status=live }}
• Idris Bazorkin, writer.{{cite web |author=Идрис Базоркин |url=http://www.livelib.ru/author/311442 |title=Идрис Базоркин |website=Livelib.ru |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222131833/http://www.livelib.ru/author/311442 |url-status=live }}
• Ruslan Aushev, infantry general, Hero of the Soviet Union, first president of Ingushetia.
• Rakhim Chakkhiev, boxer.{{cite news |url=http://www.transworldnews.com/NewsStory.aspx?id=57463&cat=0 |title=2008 Beijing Olympics Results: Rakhim Chakhkiev Wins Gold |work=Transworldnews.com |date=23 August 2008 |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630165518/http://www.transworldnews.com/NewsStory.aspx?id=57463&cat=0 |archive-date=30 June 2009}}
• Issa Kodzoev, writer.{{cite web |url=http://www1.rfi.fr/acturu/articles/119/article_4717.asp |title=ИССА КОДЗОЕВ – Учитель, Писатель, Патриот |website=rfi.fr |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221062245/http://www1.rfi.fr/acturu/articles/119/article_4717.asp |url-status=live }}
• Issa Kostoyev, policeman who captured serial killer Andrei Chikatilo.{{cite web |author=Гарант-Интернет |title=Обзор публикаций СМИ {{pipe}} Интернет-конференция Председателя Верховного Суда Российской Федерации Лебедева Вячеслава Михайловича {{pipe}} Гарант-Интернет |url=http://www.garweb.ru/conf/supcourt/20030410/smi/msg.asp@id_msg140654.htm |website=Garweb.ru |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312054718/http://www.garweb.ru/conf/supcourt/20030410/smi/msg.asp@id_msg140654.htm |url-status=live }}
• Nazyr Mankiev, wrestler.{{cite news |last=Kaku |first=Michio |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/12/sports/olywrest12.php |title=International Herald Tribune |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925160326/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/12/sports/olywrest12.php |archive-date=25 September 2008}}
• Murad Ozdoev, WWII fighter pilot and recipient of the title Hero of the Russian Federation.
• Sulom-Beck Oskanov, Air Force general.
• Islam Timurziev, boxer.

• Ingush towers
• Music in Ingushetia

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=|ru_type=Конституционный закон|ru_number=57-РЗ|ru_date=7 декабря 2010 г.|ru_title=О государственном гимне Республики Ингушетия|ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования|ru_published_in="Ингушетия", No.211–212|ru_published_date=18 декабря 2010 г|ru_url=|ru_amendment_type=Конституционного закона|ru_amendment_number=2-РЗП|ru_amendment_date=4 июля 2011 г|ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Республики Ингушетия в связи с принятием Закона Республики Ингушетия от 11 октября 2010 года No. 3-РЗП "О поправке к Конституции"|en_entity=|en_type=Constitutional Law|en_number=57-RZ|en_date=7 December 2010|en_title=On the State Anthem of the Republic of Ingushetia|en_effective_date=the day of the official publication|en_url=|en_amendment_type=Constitutional Law|en_amendment_number=2-RZP|en_amendment_date=4 July 2011|en_amendment_title=On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Republic of Ingushetia Due to the Adoption of the Law of the Republic Ingushetia #3-RZP of 11 October 2010 "On the Amendment to the Constitution"}} {{in lang|ru}}
• {{RussiaBasicLawRef|in}} {{in lang|ru}}
• {{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Верховный Совет РСФСР|ru_type=Закон|ru_date=4 июня 1992 г.|ru_title=Об образовании Республики Ингушетия в составе РСФСР|en_entity=Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR|en_type=Law|en_date=4 June 1992|en_title=On Establishing the Republic of Ingushetia Within the RSFSR}} {{in lang|ru}}

• {{Cite book |last=Albogachieva |first=Makka |year=2015 |editor-last=Karpov |editor-first=Yury |chapter-url=https://www.kunstkamera.ru/files/lib/978-5-88431-290-6/978-5-88431-290-6_05.pdf |chapter=Демаркация границ Ингушетии |trans-chapter=Demarcation of the borders of Ingushetia |url=https://lib.kunstkamera.ru/rubrikator/02/978-5-88431-290-6/ |title=Горы и границы: Этнография посттрадиционных обществ |trans-title=Mountains and Borders: An Ethnography of Post-Traditional Societies |language=ru |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Kunstkamera |pages=168–255 |isbn=978-5-88431-290-6}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Gadzhiev |first1=Magomed |last2=Davudov |first2=Omar |last3=Shikhsaidov |first3=Amri |year=1996 |editor-last1=Gadzhiev |editor-first1=Magomed |editor-last2=Gamzatov |editor-first2=Gadzhi |editor-last3=Davudov |editor-first3=Omar |editor-last4=Osmanov |editor-first4=Ahmed |editor-last5=Osmanov |editor-first5=Magomed-Zagir |editor-last6=Shikhsaidov |editor-first6=Amri |url=https://instituteofhistory.ru/media/library/publication/files/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2_1996._%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%80-%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5_FvjKot6.pdf |title=История Дагестана с древнейших времен до конца XV в. |trans-title=History of Dagestan from ancient times to the end of the 15th century |language=ru |location=Makhachkala |publisher=DSC of RAS |pages=1–460}}
• {{Cite book |editor-last1=Gadzhiev |editor-first1=Magomed |editor-last2=Davudov |editor-first2=Omar |editor-last3=Kaymarazov |editor-first3=Gani |editor-last4=Osmanov |editor-first4=Ahmed |editor-last5=Ramazanov |editor-first5=Khidir |editor-last6=Shikhsaidov |editor-first6=Amri |year=2004 |url=https://instituteofhistory.ru/media/library/publication/files/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE_XX_%D0%B2._2004._%D0%A2.1._u0yJWgC.pdf |title=История Дагестана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Tom 1: История Дагестана с древнейших времен до XX века |trans-title=History of Dagestan from ancient times to the present day. Vol. 1: History of Dagestan from ancient times to the 20th century |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |pages=1–627 |isbn=5-02-009852-3 |ref={{harvid|История Дагестана|2004}}}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/geography/text/5642360 |title=ИНГУШЕ́ТИЯ |trans-title=INGUSHÉTIA |encyclopedia=Great Russian Encyclopedia |language=ru |access-date=12 January 2024 |ref={{harvid|Great Russian Encyclopedia}}}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ingushetiya |title=Ingushetiya |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=22 May 2023 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopædia Britannica}}}}
• {{Cite magazine |last=Karpeev |first=Igor |year=2000 |editor-last=Dolmatov |editor-first=Vladimir |url=http://www.gazavat.ru/history3.php?rub=32&art=295 |title=Наиб Ахбердилав |trans-title=Nail Akhberdilav |magazine=Rodina |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=FGBU Red. "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" |issue=1/2 |pages=90–93}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kodzoev |first=Nurdin |year=2002a |chapter=Глава 4. Ингушетия в XV—XVIII вв. |trans-chapter=Chapter 5. Ingushetia in the 15–18th centuries |title=История ингушского народа |trans-title=History of the Ingush people |language=ru |chapter-url=http://ingushetiyaru.org/history/book/13.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511085001/http://ingushetiyaru.org/history/book/13.html |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=13 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kodzoev |first=Nurdin |year=2002b |chapter=Глава 5. Ингушетия в XIX в. |trans-chapter=Chapter 5. Ingushetia in the 19th century |title=История ингушского народа |trans-title=History of the Ingush people |language=ru |chapter-url=http://old.memo.ru/d/34363.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723093858/http://old.memo.ru/d/34363.html |archive-date=2019-07-23}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Krupnov |first=Evgeny |year=1939 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/krupnov-e-i-k-istorii-ingushii/ |title=К истории Ингушии |trans-title=To the history of Ingushiya |journal=Journal of Ancient History |volume=2 |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |issue=7 |pages=77–90}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Latham-Sprinkle |first1=John |title=The Alan Capital *Magas: A Preliminary Identification of Its Location |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2022 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X22000453 |s2cid=249556131 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8681124 |access-date=4 January 2023 |hdl=1854/LU-8681124 |hdl-access=free}}
• {{Cite book |last=Martirosian |first=Georgi |author-link=Georgi Martirosian |year=1928 |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/martirosian-g-k-nagornaya-ingushiya-1928/ |title=Нагорная Ингушия |trans-title=Upland Ingushiya |language=ru |location=Vladikavkaz |publisher=Izd-vo "Serdalo" |pages=1–153}}
• {{Cite book |last=Martirosian |first=Georgi |year=1933 |url=https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_007570719/ |url-access=registration |title=История Ингушии |trans-title=History of Ingushiya |language=ru |location=Ordzhonikidze |publisher=Izd-vo "Serdalo"}}
• {{Cite book |last=Nichols |first=Johanna |year=1997 |author-link=Johanna Nichols |url=http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |title=The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen) |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208154007/http://ingush.berkeley.edu:7012/ingush_people.html |archive-date=2006-12-08 |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=Johanna |author1-link=Johanna Nichols |last2=Sprouse |first2=Ronald L. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7wqVHeRWdwC |title=Ghalghaai-Ingalsii, Ingalsii-Ghalghaai Lughat |trans-title=Ingush-English and English-Ingush Dictionary |language=en, inh |location=London |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |pages=1–563 |isbn=9780415315951}}
• {{Cite book |last=Shnirelman |first=Victor |author-link=Victor Schnirelmann |year=2006 |editor-last=Kalinin |editor-first=Ilya |url=https://m.vk.com/doc5787984_437388507?hash=tYzzCVaOMvixJkBH2HWfzqWIZl7FRUVOCyFzG0jf9gH |title=Быть Аланами: Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке |trans-title=To be Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=NLR |pages=1–691 |isbn=5-86793-406-3 |issn=1813-6583}}
• {{Cite book |last1=Tmenov |first1=Vitaly |last2=Kuznetsov |first2=Vladimir |last3=Gutnov |first3=Felix |last4=Totoev |first4=Felix |year=1987 |editor-last=Dzugaeva |editor-first=E. Kh. |display-editors=etal |chapter=Глава IX: Северная Осетия в XIV —XV вв. |trans-chapter=Chapter 9: North Ossetia in the 14th-15th centuries |url=https://m.vk.com/doc1410483_135588611?hash=WLbccAN3UeUvpI2ok79eknzSZdzUZW7O5bRT2AfN9Hz&dl=21vnJFlqcigz2pRtg2c0JTOoBmYSDCy5pszlpaXyx1H |title=История Северо-Осетинской АССР: С древнейших времен до наших дней |trans-title=History of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic: From ancient times to the present day |language=ru |volume=1 |edition=2nd |location=Ordzhonikidze |publisher=Ir |pages=133–150}}
• {{Cite book |last=Volkova |first=Nataliya |year=1973 |editor-last=Lavrov |editor-first=Leonid |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/volkova-n-g-etnonimy-i-plemennye-nazvaniya-severnogo-kavkaza-1973-god/ |title=Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа |trans-title=Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus |language=ru |location=Moscow |publisher=Nauka |pages=1–210}}

{{Commons category|Ingushetia}}

{{wiktionary|Ingushetia}}

{{wikivoyage}}

{{wikiquote}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917041218/http://www.ingush.us/news/ News from Ingushetia]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080427190950/http://www.ingush.us/ News and History of Ingushetia]
• [http://www.ingushetia.ru/ Official website of Ingushetia] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080212141814/http://www.ingushetiya.ru/ Unofficial website of Ingushetia] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://www.ingush-empire.com/ Ingush Music/Video/Literature website] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://www.magas.ru/ Magas, Ingush youth website] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20030623040135/http://ingush.ru/ Head of Ingushetia's website] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110712005050/http://skforussia.ru/ingushetiya.php Ingushetia's Republic News Portal] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121116054651/http://ingush.tv/ Ingushetia Videos] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://vaynah.su/publ/nadezhda_respubliki/14 National Project: People of Ingushetia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109091147/http://vaynah.su/publ/nadezhda_respubliki/14 |date=9 January 2015 }} {{in lang|ru}}

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