Lilium#Japanese cuisine

File:Lillium Stamens.jpg flower – 1. stigma, 2. style, 3. anthers, 4. filament, 5. tepal]]

Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from {{convert|1|-|6|ft|cm|abbr=on|-1}}. They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons.{{Cite book |last=Batygina |first=T. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33yUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217 |title=Embryology of Flowering Plants: Terminology and Concepts, Vol. 3: Reproductive Systems |date=2019-04-23 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-52671-8 |language=en}} Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.{{Cite book |last=Gracie |first=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cvADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Summer Wildflowers of the Northeast: A Natural History |date=2020-04-28 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-20330-0 |language=en}}

File:Lily, petal.jpg

The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers. The fruit is a three-celled capsule.European Garden Flora; Volume 1

File:2012-01-04 17-57-36-lys.jpg

Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.

Most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei, Lilium longiflorum) lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.

File:Lilium candidum MHNT.BOT.2011.18.27.jpg

The basic chromosome number is twelve (n=12).{{cite journal|first1= Veli-Pekka|last1= Pelkonen|first2= Anna-Maria|last2= Pirttilä|year= 2012|title= Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Lilium|journal= Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology|volume= 6 |issue=Special Issue 2|pages= 1–8|url= http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/2012/FOB_6(SI2)/FOB_6(SI2)1-8o.pdf|access-date= 2016-07-29|archive-date= 2016-10-08|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161008030720/http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/2012/FOB_6(SI2)/FOB_6(SI2)1-8o.pdf|url-status= dead}}

Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber,Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium". Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86–105. species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families,{{cite web |title=Lilium |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Lilium |editor1-last=Govaerts |editor1-first=R. |work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205003/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=3BE0008163BD6F022E834E66AE060A21.kppapp06-wcsp?checklist=selected_families%40%40245010920202150381 |url-status=live }} the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium is from the Flora of North America,Flora of North America, Vol. 26, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015010208/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 |date=2012-10-15 }} the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0513-y |author1=Resetnik I. |author2=Liber Z. |author3=Satovic Z. |author4=Cigic P. |author5=Nikolic T. |title=Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=265 |issue=1–2 |pages=45–58 |year=2007 |bibcode=2007PSyEv.265...45R |s2cid=32644749 }} the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of ChinaFlora of China, Vol. 24, [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 eFloras.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912151935/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 |date=2012-09-12 }} and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al.{{cite journal |author1=Nishikawa Tomotaro |author2=Okazaki Keiichi |author3=Arakawa Katsuro |author4=Nagamine Tsukasa |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA |journal=育種学雑誌 Breeding Science |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |year=2001 |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/51/1/51_39/_article/-char/en |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.51.39|doi-access=free }} as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion.{{cite journal |author1=Nishikawa Tomotaro |author2=Okazaki Keiichi |author3=Nagamine Tsukasa |title=Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA |journal=育種学雑誌 Breeding Science |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=207–213 |year=2002 |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsbbs/52/3/52_207/_article |doi=10.1270/jsbbs.52.207|doi-access=free }}

The Sinomartagon are divided in three paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in two paraphyletic groups.{{cite journal |author1=Li Juan |author2=Cai Jing |author3=Qin Huan-Huan |author4=Price Megan |author5=Zhang Zhen |author6=Yu Yan |author7=Xie Deng-Feng |author8=He Xing-Jin |author9=Zhou Song-Dong |author10=Gao Xin-Fen |title=Phylogeny, Age, and Evolution of Tribe Lilieae (Liliaceae) Based on Whole Plastid Genomes |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=12 |date=2022 |page=699226 |issn=1664-462X |doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.699226|pmid=35178055 |pmc=8845482 |doi-access=free }}

There are seven sections:

• Martagon
• Pseudolirium
• Liriotypus
• Archelirion
• Sinomartagon
• Leucolirion
• Daurolirion

There are 119 species counted in this genus. For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, see List of Lilium species.

Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, and Fritillaria.{{cite POWO |id=925333-1 |title=Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl. |access-date=17 October 2024}}{{cite POWO |id=24568-1 |title=Notholirion Wall. ex Boiss. |access-date=17 October 2024}}{{cite POWO |id=30008840-2 |title=Fritillaria Tourn. ex L. |access-date=17 October 2024}} Four other genuses,

Lirium, Martagon, Martagon and Nomocharis are considered to synonyms by most sources.{{cite POWO |id=30009317-2 |title=Lilium Tourn. ex L. |access-date=17 October 2024}}

The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek word {{lang|el|λείριον}} leírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily.{{cite book |last1=Hyam |first1=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J. |year=1995 |title=Plants and their names : a concise dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866189-4 |name-list-style=amp |page=186 }}{{cite web|url = http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm |title = Classification |website= Lily Net |access-date = 22 June 2008 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20080415193108/http://members.shaw.ca/lilynet/netlil/id35.htm| archive-date = 15 April 2008}}{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lei/rion |title=λείριον |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George|last2=Scott|first2=Robert |work=A Greek-English Lexicon |publisher=Perseus Digital Library |date= 1940 }} The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) {{transliteration|cop|hleri}}, from standard {{transliteration|cop|hreri}}, from Demotic {{transliteration|mis|hrry}}, from Egyptian {{transliteration|arz|hrṛt}} "flower". {{Citation |title=Egyptian Names |url=https://seshkemet.weebly.com/egyptian-names.html}} Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} {{langx|grc|κρῖνον|label=}}, {{transliteration|grc|krīnon}}, was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Lily |volume=16 |page=687}}

The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily, trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shūshan, shōshan, shōshannā as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of Song of Solomon, for instance, may be the honeysuckle.{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}

File:Lilium_martagon_Tauerntal_01.jpg growing in the Carinthian Alps|upright]]

The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun-bar.

The proliferation of deer (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus) in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well.{{cite web |url=https://www.esa.org/tiee/vol/v2/issues/figure_sets/deer/overview.html |title=Ecological Impacts of High Deer Densities |website=Teaching Issues and Experiments in Ecology |date=2004 |publisher=Ecological Society of America |access-date=2019-11-27 |archive-date=2019-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164404/https://www.esa.org/tiee/vol/v2/issues/figure_sets/deer/overview.html |url-status=dead }} Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.{{cite web |url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/deer-eat-hostas-lilies-104420.html |title=Will Deer Eat Hostas & Lilies? |website=SFGate |publisher=Hearst |access-date=2019-11-27 |archive-date=2019-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164343/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/deer-eat-hostas-lilies-104420.html |url-status=dead }}

Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions.{{cite web | title=Azucenas en tierra boricua trascienden generaciones [Lilium in Puerto Rican land transcend generations] | website=El Nuevo Día | date=2017-07-08 | url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/azucenas-en-tierra-boricua-trascienden-generaciones/ | language=es | access-date=2020-07-19 | archive-date=2020-07-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719222643/https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/azucenas-en-tierra-boricua-trascienden-generaciones/ | url-status=live }} Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, form important cut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.

Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except Lilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.{{cite web|title=Lily|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341076/lily|access-date=2014-02-19|year=2016|archive-date=2014-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225070146/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341076/lily|url-status=live}} They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.{{cite book|title=RHS encyclopedia of plants & flowers|year=2010|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-5423-3|page=744}}{{cite book|last=Jefferson-Brown|first=Michael|title=Lilies|series=Wisley handbooks|year=2008|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|location=London|isbn=978-1-84533-384-3|page=96}}

The following lily species and cultivars currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 60 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 March 2018 | archive-date = 5 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180412/https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | url-status = live }}{{cite web |title=British Gardening Statistics |url=https://ourcountrygarden.co.uk/british-gardening-statistics/ |work=British Gardening Statistics |date=10 May 2024 |publisher=Our Country Garden |access-date=January 28, 2025 }}

File:Lilium Golden Splendour3.jpg

• African Queen Group (VI-/a) 2002 H6
• 'Casa Blanca' (VIIb/b-c) 1993 H6
• 'Fata Morgana' (Ia/b) 2002 H6
• 'Garden Party' (VIIb/b) 2002 H6
• Golden Splendor Group (VIb-c/a){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/42234/i-Lilium-i-Golden-Splendor-Group-(Vib-c-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – Lilium Golden Splendor Group | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224220/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/42234/i-Lilium-i-Golden-Splendor-Group-(Vib-c-a)/Details | url-status = dead }}
• Lilium henryi (IXc/d) 1993 H6
• Lilium mackliniae (IXc/a) 2012 H5
• Lilium martagon – Turk's cap lily (IXc/d){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10205/i-Lilium-martagon-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – Lilium martagon | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 25 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180325044941/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10205/i-Lilium-martagon-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | url-status = dead }}
• Lilium pardalinum – leopard lily (IXc/d){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10221/i-Lilium-pardalinum-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – Lilium pardalinum | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224217/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10221/i-Lilium-pardalinum-i-(Ixc-d)/Details | url-status = dead }}
• Pink Perfection Group (VIb/a){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61747/i-Lilium-i-Pink-Perfection-Group-(Vib-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – Lilium Pink Perfection Group | access-date = 22 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224213/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/61747/i-Lilium-i-Pink-Perfection-Group-(Vib-a)/Details | url-status = dead }}
• Lilium regale – regal lily, king's lily (IXb/a){{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10248/i-Lilium-regale-i-(Ixb-a)/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder – Lilium regale | access-date = 2 March 2018 | archive-date = 24 March 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224413/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10248/i-Lilium-regale-i-(Ixb-a)/Details | url-status = dead }}

Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:{{cite web |url=http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |title=North American Lily Society: Types of Lilies |publisher=Lilies.org |access-date=2013-02-03 |archive-date=2013-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103073939/http://www.lilies.org/culture/types-of-lilies/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5|page=1136}}{{cite web|title=The RHS is the International Registration Authority for lilies|url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|access-date=2014-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521152642/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/plantsmanship/plant-registration/Lily-cultivar-registration|archive-date=2014-05-21|url-status=dead}}

File:Lilium canadense.JPG

File:Dwarf Asian Lily Tiny Dessert (closeup).jpg

File:Lilium %27Navona%272.jpg

File:Lily Festival 2009 Neepawa Manitoba Canada %2816%29.JPG

File:Lilium Cappuccino.jpg

File:Lilium Dimension.JPG

: These are derived from hybrids between species in Lilium section Sinomartagon.{{cite journal |author1=Barba-Gonzalez, R. |author2=Lokker, A.C. |author3=Lim, K.B. |author4=Ramanna, M.S. |author5=Van Tuyl, J.M. |year=2004 |title=Use of 2n gametes for the production of sexual polyploids from sterile Oriental × Asiatic hybrids of lilies (Lilium) |journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics |volume=109 |issue=6 |pages=1125–1132 |doi=10.1007/s00122-004-1739-0|pmid=15290047 |s2cid=7992120 }}{{cite journal |url=http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606230707/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/LA%2010715.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-06 |title=Lilium: Breeding History of the Modern Cultivar Assortment |last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M.|last2=Arens |first2=P. |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=900 |year=2011 |pages=223–230 }}

: They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including Lilium amabile, Lilium bulbiferum, Lilium callosum, Lilium cernuum, Lilium concolor, Lilium dauricum, Lilium davidii, Lilium × hollandicum, Lilium lancifolium (syn. Lilium tigrinum), Lilium lankongense, Lilium leichtlinii, Lilium × maculatum, Lilium pumilum, Lilium × scottiae, Lilium wardii and Lilium wilsonii.

: These are plants with medium-sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. There are various cultivars such as Lilium 'Cappuccino', Lilium 'Dimension', Lilium 'Little Kiss' and Lilium 'Navona'.{{cite web |title=Lilium Asiatic Navona – Lily |url=https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |publisher=brentandbeckysbulbs.com |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063531/https://brentandbeckysbulbs.com/Lilium/Navona/Lily |url-status=dead }}

• Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers.{{cite web|url=https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|title=Tina M. Smith. Production of Hybrid Lilies as Pot Plants. University of Massachusetts, Amherst|work=Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2014-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810193205/https://extension.umass.edu/floriculture/fact-sheets/production-hybrid-lilies-pot-plants|url-status=dead}} They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye',{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Padhye' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2015-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508095504/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-padhye.html|url-status=dead}} 'Tiny Dessert'.{{cite web|url=http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|title=Plant Profile for Lilium 'Tiny Dessert' – Dwarf Asiatic Lily Perennial|access-date=2014-08-07|archive-date=2014-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811024402/http://www.perennials.com/plants/lilium-tiny-dessert.html|url-status=dead}}

File:Lilium %27Claude Shride%27 2013 013.JPG

File:Lilium %27Kalna Karalis%27 2013 015.JPG

File:Lilium %27Manitoba Fox%27 007.JPG

File:Lilium %27Mrs R.O.Backhouse%27 (cropped).jpg

File:Lilium %27Slate%27s Morning%27.jpg

File:Lilium, Hare Hill, Cheshire 2c.jpg

:These are based on Lilium dalhansonii, Lilium hansonii, Lilium martagon, Lilium medeoloides, and Lilium tsingtauense.

:The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

File:Lilium x testaceum.jpg

: This includes mostly European species: Lilium candidum, Lilium chalcedonicum, Lilium kesselringianum, Lilium monadelphum, Lilium pomponium, Lilium pyrenaicum and Lilium × testaceum.

: These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from Lilium bolanderi, Lilium × burbankii, Lilium canadense, Lilium columbianum, Lilium grayi, Lilium humboldtii, Lilium kelleyanum, Lilium kelloggii, Lilium maritimum, Lilium michauxii, Lilium michiganense, Lilium occidentale, Lilium × pardaboldtii, Lilium pardalinum, Lilium parryi, Lilium parvum, Lilium philadelphicum, Lilium pitkinense, Lilium superbum, Lilium ollmeri, Lilium washingtonianum, and Lilium wigginsii.

:Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

: These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.

:They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

{{anchor|Trumpet lilies}}

File:Lilium x African Queen.jpg

File:Lilium %27Fanfare%27.jpg

File:Lilium Pink Perfection1f.UME.jpg

File:Lilium x Dresdener Romance.jpg

File:Lilium x aurelianense1MTFL.jpg

: This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including Lilium × aurelianense, Lilium brownii, Lilium × centigale, Lilium henryi, Lilium × imperiale, Lilium × kewense, Lilium leucanthum, Lilium regale, Lilium rosthornii, Lilium sargentiae, Lilium sulphureum and Lilium × sulphurgale.

:The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

{{anchor|Oriental lilies}}

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File:Lilium Dizzy.jpg

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File:Lilium Golden Stargazer.jpg

File:Lilium %27Marco Polo%27 Flower 2580px.jpg

: These are based on hybrids within Lilium section Archelirion, specifically Lilium auratum and Lilium speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including Lilium nobilissimum, Lilium rubellum, Lilium alexandrae, and Lilium japonicum.

:They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see Lilium 'Stargazer'.)

File:Lilium 'Royal Trinity' 03.JPG

File:Lilium x Sea Treasure.jpg

File:Lilium x Red Alert.jpg

File:Lilium 'Anastasiya' 03.JPG

File:Lily -- Lilium 'Tiny Double You'.jpg|

File:Lilium 'Eyeliner' 06.JPG

File:Dwarf Asiatic Lily Hybrid-Lilium 'Matrix'-Offnfopt 4635.JPG

: Includes all other garden hybrids.

: All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.

The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:{{cite web |title=Application For Registration Of A Lily Name |author=The RHS International Lily Registrar |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522045522/http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/lily-name-registration |archive-date=22 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}

• Flower aspect:

:*a up-facing

:*b out-facing

:*c down-facing

• Flower form:

:*a trumpet-shaped

:*b bowl-shaped

:*c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)

:*d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)

Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.{{cite journal|last1=van Tuyl |first1=J.M. |last2=Binoa |first2=R.J. |last3=Vancreij |first3=M. |last4=Vankleinwee |first4=T. |last5=Franken |first5=J. |last6=Bino |first6=R. |title=Application of in vitro pollination, ovary culture, ovule culture and embryo rescue for overcoming incongruity barriers in interspecific Lilium crosses |journal=Plant Science |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=1991 |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1016/0168-9452(91)90262-7|bibcode=1991PlnSc..74..115V }}

File:Scarlet lily beetle lilioceris lilii.jpg, UK]]

Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria).{{cite web |title=Lily beetle |work=RHS Gardening |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=553 |access-date=2014-08-21 |archive-date=2014-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821195228/https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pid=553 |url-status=dead }} Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America.{{cite web|last=Whitman|first=Ann|title=Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles|url=http://www.gardeners.com/lily-beetle/8090,default,pg.html|publisher=Gardener's Supply Company|access-date=2014-02-18|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222130935/http://www.gardeners.com/lily-beetle/8090,default,pg.html|url-status=dead}} Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs,{{Cite book |last1=Adams |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h449BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA230 |title=Principles of Horticulture: Level 2 |last2=Early |first2=Mike |last3=Brook |first3=Jane |last4=Bamford |first4=Katherine |date=2014-08-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-93777-7 }} snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.

Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of Botrytis elliptica, also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight.{{Cite book |last1=George |first1=Raymond A. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32_HBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=Diseases of Temperate Horticultural Plants |last2=Fox |first2=Roland T. V. |date=2014-11-21 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-773-7 |language=en}} Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Kenneth M. |author-link=Kenneth Manley Smith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6KZkRmlQHN8C&pg=PA315 |title=A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-323-16205-0 }}

Lilies can be propagated in several ways;

• by division of the bulbs
• by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
• by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
• by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
• by micropropagation techniques (which include tissue culture);[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325212420/http://www.hcmuaf.edu.vn/ctt/softs/phtqt/biotech2006/papers/nonghoc/DTNhut4.pdf Duong Tan Nhut, Nguyen Thi Doan Tam, Vu Quoc Luan, Nguyen Tri Minh. 2006. Standardization of in vitro Lily (Lilium spp.) plantlets for propagation and bulb formation. Proceedings of International Workshop on Biotechnology in Agriculture, Nong Lam University (NLU), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, page 134-137.] Retrieved January 25, 2014 commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.{{Cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=Rakesh |last2=Yadav |first2=Neha |last3=Pal |first3=Minakshi |last4=Goutam |first4=Umesh |date=December 2013 |title=Multiple shoot proliferation, bulblet induction and evaluation of genetic stability in Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium sp.) |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4 |journal=Indian Journal of Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1007/s40502-014-0060-4 |s2cid=17091557 |issn=0019-5502}}

Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especially those sold as potted plants. Commonly used chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, all of which are applied to the foliage to slow the biosynthesis of gibberellins, a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth.{{Cite book |last1=Kamenetsky |first1=Rina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B-ucdbgA3wC&pg=PA309 |title=Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production |last2=Okubo |first2=Hiroshi |date=2012-09-17 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-4924-8 |language=en}}

A comparison of meiotic crossing-over (recombination) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverse eukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over.{{cite journal |vauthors=Hotta Y, Chandley AC, Stern H |title=Meiotic crossing-over in lily and mouse |journal=Nature |volume=269 |issue=5625 |pages=240–2 |date=September 1977 |pmid=593319 |doi=10.1038/269240a0 }} Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.{{cite journal |vauthors=Terasawa M, Shinohara A, Hotta Y, Ogawa H, Ogawa T |title=Localization of RecA-like recombination proteins on chromosomes of the lily at various meiotic stages |journal=Genes Dev |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=925–34 |date=April 1995 |pmid=7774810 |doi=10.1101/gad.9.8.925 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson LK, Offenberg HH, Verkuijlen WM, Heyting C |title=RecA-like proteins are components of early meiotic nodules in lily |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=94 |issue=13 |pages=6868–73 |date=June 1997 |pmid=11038554 |pmc=21251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.13.6868 }}

{{anchor|Culinary and herb uses}}

Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.{{sfnp|Blasdale|1899|p=21}}

Lilium brownii var. viridulum, known as 百合 (pak hop; {{zh|t=|p=bǎi hé|c=|s=|l=hundred united|cy=baak hap}}), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry.{{sfnp|Blasdale|1899|p=21}} A landrace called 龍牙百合 ({{zh|t=|p=lóng yá bǎi hé|c=|s=|l=dragon-tooth lily|cy=}}) mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/337250577_394947|title=【药材辨识】百合，你买对了吗？|author=陈辉|author2=张秋霞|date=2019-08-28|website=搜狐网|publisher=羊城晚报|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213024342/http://www.sohu.com/a/337250577_394947|archive-date=2020-02-13|access-date=2020-01-17}}

L. lancifolium ({{zh|t=卷丹|p=juǎn dān|c=|s=|l=reflexed red}}) is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.

L. davidii var. unicolor ({{zh|t=蘭州百合|p=|c=|s=|l=Lanzhou lily}}) is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.

Other edible Chinese lilies include L. brownii var. brownii, L. davidii var. davidii, L. concolor, L. pensylvanicum, L. distichum, L. martagon var. pilosiusculum, L. pumilum, L. rosthornii and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides.{{Cite web|url=http://www.iplant.cn/info/Lilium?t=z|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017163430/http://www.iplant.cn/info/Lilium?t=z|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 17, 2021|title=百合属 Lilium|website=www.iplant.cn|access-date=2020-02-13}} Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.{{Refn|'Batistero' and 'California' among 15 lilies in Beijing,{{cite web|title=15个百合种和品种的食用性比较研究|url=http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-EGYP201310001119.htm|access-date=2014-05-28|archive-date=2014-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051253/http://cpfd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CPFDTOTAL-EGYP201310001119.htm|url-status=live}} and 'Prato' and 'Small foreigners' among 13 lilies in Ningbo.{{cite web|title=不同食用百合品种在宁波地区引种品比试验|url=http://www.nbnky.gov.cn/info.asp?id=5937|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201175455/http://www.nbnky.gov.cn/info.asp?id=5937|archive-date=2014-02-01}}}}

The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called kam cham tsoi ({{Lang-zh|cy=gāmjām choi|c=金针菜|s=|t=|p=jīnzhēncài|l=gold needle vegetable}}) in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, Hemerocallis citrina,[http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Hemerocallis%20citrina Hemerocallis citrina] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711010703/http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Hemerocallis%20citrina|date=2015-07-11}} Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae or possibly H. fulva.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Blasdale cites Bretschneider (1889), but in Bretschneider (1875), "{{URL|1=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwXwHwwtnYYC&pg=PA123|2=Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers to the West}}", p. 123, first gives the Chinese name for H. fulva as "kïm châm hōa" as according to João de Loureiro, while he himself only recognized its name as "kin huang hua" {{lang|zh|金黃花}} or as {{zh|w=huang-hua ts'ai|t=[黃花菜]|l=yellow-flower vegetable|labels=no}} as they were called by Beijing merchants.}} Flowers of the H. graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L. bulbiferum.{{efn|The informant, Pelham L. Warren, consul at Taiwan was presumably providing imports from China (main port Hankou) or Japan.}}

Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat.{{cite web|title=《按照传统既是食品又是中药材的物质目录(2013版)》(征求意见稿).doc |url=http://www.moh.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2013/07/20130712155225821.doc|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021756/http://www.moh.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2013/07/20130712155225821.doc|url-status=live}} A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".{{cite journal |title=Lily Flowers and Bulbs Used as Food |journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information |publisher=Royal Gardens, Kew |volume=1889 |number=29 |pages=116–118 |year=1889 |doi=10.2307/4113224 |jstor=4113224 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127028#page/121/mode/1up |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730131523/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/127028#page/121/mode/1up |archive-date=2016-07-30 |url-status=live}}

Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.{{cite web|last=蔡|first=月夏|title=食用百合鱗莖有機栽培模式之建立|url=http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/hdais/3149/1011220_2_4.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102837/http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/htmlarea_file/web_articles/hdais/3149/1011220_2_4.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-02}}{{cite web|title=首頁 / 為民服務 / 常見問題(FAQ)|url=http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3161 |website= Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station | publisher= Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102835/http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3161 |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}{{cite web|title=首頁 / 最新消息 / 本場新聞 / 花蓮、宜蘭生產的有機食用百合深受消費者喜愛|url=http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3815 |website= Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station | publisher= Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102847/http://hdais.coa.gov.tw/view.php?catid=3815|archive-date=2 February 2014 }}

The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum.{{cite web|title=可供食品使用原料彙整一覽表|url=https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Food/Material.aspx?nodeID=160 |website= Food and Drug Administration |access-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140126120155/https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/Food/Material.aspx?nodeID=160 |archive-date=26 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}

File:Yurine donburi.JPG bowl dish]]

The lily bulb or yuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine.{{efn|"not a common food" ({{interlanguage link|Shizuo Tsuji|ja|辻静雄}}).}} It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional {{nihongo|ingredient|具|gu}} in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard), where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving.{{sfnp|Tsuji|2007|pp=214–215}} It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or {{interlanguage link|suimono{{!}}suimono|ja|吸物}}.

The boiled bulb may also be strained{{efn|The term {{interlanguage link|uragoshi|ja|裏ごし}} "straining" orthodoxically means using the "uragoshi-ki", traditionally a sieve with a fine mesh of horse-hair instead of metal wire.}} into purée for use, as in the sweetened kinton,{{sfnp|Tsuji|2007|pp=74; 460–461}} or chakin-shibori.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|These could refer to essentially the same thing, except for slight difference in texture and appearance. The yuri-kinton has been described as "ogura an (sweet adzuki bean paste) core surrounded with stipples (soboro) of strained lily bulb and white adzuki (shiroazuki or shiroshōzu). A recipe for lily bulb dumplings or chakin-shibori calls for wrapping adzuki bean paste with lily bulb mashed into purée, then wrapping it in a cloth and wringing the dumpling into a ball shape.}}

There is also the yuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar.{{harvp|Shin shikunshi|1901}}, [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 pp. 133–135] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013631/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |date=2020-02-10 }}; also excerpted in {{harvp|NSJ|1908}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 p. 2082b] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204944/https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 |date=2020-09-01 }} This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane,{{Refn|Allegedly the Hamada city version was 90% adulterated with white [Phaseolus vulgaris|bean] cultivar of called {{nihongo|Tebō|手亡}} (270 grams), to only 10% (30 grams) ground lily powder. Elsewhere it is stated that ground lily dried powder {{nihongo|kanko|乾粉}} is far superior in quality to adzuki bean powder.{{sfnp|Shin shikunshi|1901|p=135}}}} and the shop {{nihongo|Kaisei-dō|開盛堂|}} established in 1885 became famous for it.{{sfnp|Moriyasu|1971|pp=34–35}} Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime-yuri "princess lily",{{efn|{{interlanguage link|Jimyōin Motoaki|ja|持明院基哲}} b. 1865 was a viscount and poet. So was his son Motonori.}} one source stated that the hime-yuri (usually taken to mean L. concolor) had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama-yuri (L. auratum).{{Efn|group="lower-alpha"|And as discussed below, this yama-yuri was also called "hime-yuri" in earlier days.}}

Current Japanese governmental sources ({{Circa|2005}}) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption:{{Refn|Taira, Hirokazu et al. edd., (2006) Shokuhin zukan, {{nihongo|KNU Publishing |女子栄養大学|Joshi Eiyō Daigaku}}. apud MAFF consumer bureau Q&A. Cf. KNU Prof. Gomyo's online encyclopedia.}}Ministry of Education (MEXT, 2005), {{interlanguage link|Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan{{!}}Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan|ja|日本食品標準成分表}}, 5th revised and expanded edition, {{URL|1=http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu3/toushin/05031802/003/006.pdf |2=Appendix 1-6 to Chapter3}} the oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium, the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii,{{efn|The {{nihongo|kooni yuri|小鬼百合|extra="lesser ogre lily"}}.}} and the gold-banded white yama-yuri L. auratum.

But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900,{{harvp|Shin shikunshi|1901}}, [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 p. 132] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013631/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |date=2020-02-10 }}. give a top-three list which replaces kooni yuri with the {{nihongo|sukashi-yuri|透かし百合|extra=lit. "see-through lily", L. maculatum}} named from the gaps between the tepals.{{Refn|This species was particularly sought after by high-end {{nihongo|kappo|割烹|}} restaurants, for braising it whole. {{harvp|Shin shikunshi|1901}}, [https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/44 p. 75].}}

There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the hime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|That is, not in the top three of this period.}}

The flower buds and roots of Lilium columbianum are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.{{Cite web |url=http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/canada_lily.htm |title=Boreal Forest, Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Lilium canadense, Canada Lily |access-date=2017-08-19 |archive-date=2017-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825192123/http://www.borealforest.org/world/herbs_shrubs/canada_lily.htm |url-status=dead }} Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of Lilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.{{cite book | last = Pojar | first = Jim | title = Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast | publisher = Lone Pine Publishing | location = Edmonton | year = 2004 |isbn=9781551055305}}

Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合 Lilium brownii, 百合 Lilium brownii var. viridulum, 渥丹 Lilium concolor, 毛百合 Lilium dauricum, 卷丹 Lilium lancifolium, 山丹 Lilium pumilum, 南川百合 Lilium rosthornii, 药百合Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides, 淡黄花百合 Lilium sulphureum.{{cite web|title=中国药用植物 (据《中国植物志》全书记载分析而得)|url=http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=134|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103646/http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=134|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=中国药用植物 (据《中国植物志》全书记载分析而得)|url=http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=135|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202103643/http://frps.eflora.cn/jingji/2?page=135|url-status=live}}

In Taiwan, governmental publications list Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC.[http://www.mohw.gov.tw/MOHW_Upload/doc/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%AD%E8%97%A5%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88-%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%20%5B%20PDF%20%E6%AA%94%20%5D_0000454002.pdf Taiwan Herbal Pharmarcopeia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128134249/http://www.mohw.gov.tw/MOHW_Upload/doc/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%B8%AD%E8%97%A5%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88-%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%20%5B%20PDF%20%E6%AA%94%20%5D_0000454002.pdf |date=2015-01-28 }} Ministry of Health and Welfare

In the kanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia {{nihongo|Nihon yakkyokuhō|日本薬局方}} includes the use of lily bulb (known as {{nihongo|byakugō|ビャクゴウ 百合}} in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lilium pumilum{{cite web |url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11120000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku/JP17_REV_1.pdf |title=The Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 17th edition |script-title= |publisher=Japanese Ministry of Health |page=1906 |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-date=2020-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113082757/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-Seisakujouhou-11120000-Iyakushokuhinkyoku/JP17_REV_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}; [http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/yakkyoku/english.html index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723201211/http://www.mhlw.go.jp/topics/bukyoku/iyaku/yakkyoku/english.html |date=2014-07-23 }} The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.

In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 Lilium lancifolium Thunberg; 당나리 Lilium brownii var. viridulun Baker.{{cite web|title=백합|url=http://www.mfds.go.kr/herbmed/index.do?nMenuCode=7&code=KHP-N131&includeUrl=/herbmed/view.jsp|access-date=2020-09-01|archive-date=2016-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920053736/http://www.mfds.go.kr/herbmed/index.do?nMenuCode=7&code=KHP-N131&includeUrl=%2Fherbmed%2Fview.jsp|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Lilii Bulbus|url=http://www.mfds.go.kr/files/upload/herbmed/photo_data/KHP139.pdf|language=ko|access-date=2014-01-25|archive-date=2014-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203020028/http://www.mfds.go.kr/files/upload/herbmed/photo_data/KHP139.pdf|url-status=live}}

In the Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.{{Cite news |url= http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symbolism-of-the-lily.html |title= Symbolism of the Lily – The Flower That is a Part of History |newspaper= Buzzle |access-date= 2016-11-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194300/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/symbolism-of-the-lily.html |archive-date= 2016-11-26 |url-status= usurped }}

Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.{{Cite web |url=https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/lily |title=Meaning & Symbolism of Lilies |access-date=2018-04-06 |archive-date=2018-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406230715/https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/lily |url-status=dead }}

File:12.09 副總統出席「『族語推動有成』成果展開幕式」 (49190829033).jpgLilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" ({{zh|t=打碗花}}) by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on.{{cite web |publisher=自由電子報 |script-title= zh:魯凱六角星，原民聖花 客庄打碗花，生態指標 |url= http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/jul/19/today-north7-2.htm |author= Liberty Times |date=2015 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232908/http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2010/new/jul/19/today-north7-2.htm |archive-date=2013-12-02 }} A different viewpoint proposes that parents discourage kids from picking lilies by informing them of the possible repercussions, like their dinner bowls breaking if they harm the flower. The indigenous Rukai people who call this same species bariangalay consider it as a symbol of bravery and perseverance.{{cite book|title=Lawbubulu: 魯凱的珍寶|year=2023|trans-title=Lawbubulu: Treasures of the Rukai|pages=62–3|language=zh, en, dru|author=李子寧|publisher=National Taiwan Museum|isbn=978-9865328177}}

In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or Lilium candidum has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ's resurrection. Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.

Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.{{cite web |url=https://designresearchgroup.wordpress.com/2007/06/27/a-kinder-gentler-image-modernism-tradition-and-the-orange-order-redesign/ |title=A kinder gentler image? Modernism, Tradition and the new Orange Order logo. Reinventing the Orange Order: A superhero for the 21st century |author=Design Research Group |date=27 June 2007 |access-date=17 September 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503041333/https://designresearchgroup.wordpress.com/2007/06/27/a-kinder-gentler-image-modernism-tradition-and-the-orange-order-redesign/ |url-status=dead }}

Lilium mackliniae is the state flower of Manipur. Lilium michauxii, the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates Lilium parryi.[http://www.lemonlilyfestival.com/index.html Lemon Lily Festival] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726023005/http://www.lemonlilyfestival.com/index.html |date=2010-07-26 }} Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan.{{cite web|title=Government House Gardens Showcase Western Red Lily |url=http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=864f93b3-c3ac-4043-92ed-a2e87bea2507 |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |date=2005-07-21 |access-date=2008-07-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611012230/http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=864f93b3-c3ac-4043-92ed-a2e87bea2507 |archive-date=2011-06-11 }}{{cite web |title=Saskatchewan's Provincial Flower |url=http://www.ops.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=4265786e-9990-4a67-8dec-67cb3cc96849 |publisher=Government of Saskatchewan |access-date=2008-07-09 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070111/http://www.ops.gov.sk.ca/Default.aspx?DN=4265786e-9990-4a67-8dec-67cb3cc96849 |url-status=dead }}, designated in 1941.{{cite web |title=Saskatchewan |publisher=Government of Canada |date=2013-08-20 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363290315306 |access-date=2015-07-18 |archive-date=2015-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175749/http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1363290315306 |url-status=dead }}

Lily of the valley, flame lilies, daylilies, water lilies and spider lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus Lilium.

• Lily seed germination types
• List of plants known as lily

{{notelist}}

;Citations

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite book |last=Blasdale |first=Walter Charles |author-link= |title=A Description of Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials and Their Nutritive and Economic Value |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjJJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19 |page=44 |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204920/https://books.google.com/books?id=GjJJAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA19 |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |author=Dai Nihon Nōkai |author-link=:ja:大日本農会 |title=Useful Plants of Japan Described and Illustrated |publisher=Agricultural Society of Japan |year=1895 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9dBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27 |page=27 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204921/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9dBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |last=Kawakami |first=Kōzō |author-link=:ja:川上行蔵 |title=Nihon ryōri jibutsu kigen |script-title=ja:日本料理事物起源 |publisher=Iwanami Shoten |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHgxAQAAIAAJ |pages=46–47 |series= |isbn=978-4-000-24240-0 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204949/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHgxAQAAIAAJ&q= |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Noel |author-link=Noel Kingsbury |title=Garden Flora: The Natural and Cultural History of the Plants In Your Garden |publisher=Timber Press |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSUADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |page=195 |isbn=978-1-604-69565-6 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204952/https://books.google.com/books?id=XSUADQAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web|last=Gomyō |first=Toshiharu |author-link=:ja:五明紀春 |title=yuri-ne (lily bulb) |script-title=ja:ユリネ (百合根)|url=http://co-4gun.eiyo.ac.jp/food%20database/3gun/foods-dic-3-yurine.html|work= Shokuzai hyakka jiten, an encyclopedia of food ingredients |publisher=Kagawa Nutrition University |date=February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025449/http://co-4gun.eiyo.ac.jp/food%20database/3gun/foods-dic-3-yurine.html |archive-date=2016-03-04}}

{{cite web|author=Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, MAFF |author-link=Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan) |title=(Q&A) Shokuyō ni suru yurine ni tsuite oshiete kudasai |script-title=ja:食用にするユリネ（ゆり根）について教えてください |url=http://www.maff.go.jp/j/heya/sodan/0712/04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307004602/http://www.maff.go.jp/j/heya/sodan/0712/04.html |archive-date=2013-03-07}}, citing KNU Publishing Department, Shokuhin zukan

"[https://books.google.com/books?id=8rAPAAAAYAAJ&q=%20すかし%20+%20花被片%20 Sukashi-yuri すかし‐ゆり【透かし百合】・]", Kojien, 4th ed., 1991. "下半各花被片の間に空隙があるところから命名。"

{{cite book |last1=Kosaki |first1=Takayuki |author-link= |last2=Wagner |first2=Walter |author-link2= |title=Authentic Recipes from Japan |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT269　 |page=108 |publisher=Tuttle |isbn=9781462905720 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205001/https://books.google.com/books?id=TjfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT269%E3%80%80 |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |last=Moriyasu |first=Tadashi |author-link= |title=Nihon meika jiten |script-title=ja:日本名菓辞典 |publisher=Tokyodo Shuppan |year=1971 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pmg9AQAAIAAJ&q=%20百合きんとん%20 |page=378 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204926/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pmg9AQAAIAAJ&q=+%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88%E3%81%8D%E3%82%93%E3%81%A8%E3%82%93+ |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |last=Inoue |first=Yoshiyuki (supervising ed.) |author-link= |others=Ono, Seishi; Sugita, Kōichi; Mori, Masao (edd.) |title=yuri-ne ゆり根 |work=Nihon shokuhin jiten |script-title=ja:日本食品事典 |publisher=Ishiyaku Shuppan |year=1969 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdUZAAAAMAAJ&q=%20ゆり根%20 |pages=307–308 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204926/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdUZAAAAMAAJ&q=+%E3%82%86%E3%82%8A%E6%A0%B9+ |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last= |title=Bon Appetit! Japanese Culture in the Kitchen / A Hot 'pudding', Japanese-Style Chawan-mushi |journal=Nipponia |number=15 |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SR8OAQAAMAAJ&q=%22lily+bulb+%22+%22chawan-mushi%22 |page=30 |publisher=Heibonsha |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204950/https://books.google.com/books?id=SR8OAQAAMAAJ&q=%22lily+bulb+%22+%22chawan-mushi%22 |url-status=live }}

{{cite encyclopedia |last=Sawa |first=Fumio |author-link= |title=Yuri |script-title=ja:百合 ゆり |encyclopedia=Nihon Dai-hyakka zensho |volume=23 |publisher=Shogakukan |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82YxAQAAIAAJ&q=%20ヒメユリ%20 |page=436 |isbn=9784095260013 |access-date=2020-09-01 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204948/https://books.google.com/books?hl=ja&id=82YxAQAAIAAJ&q=+%E3%83%92%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA+ |url-status=live }}; also [https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88%E7%BE%8A%E7%BE%B9-1603878 Yuri-yokan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204927/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%99%BE%E5%90%88%E7%BE%8A%E7%BE%B9-1603878 |date=2020-09-01 }} via kotobank.

{{cite book |editor-last=Takekawa |editor-first=Masae |editor-link= |editor-last2=Iizuka |editor-first2=Keiko |editor-link2= |title=Saishin oishii yasai hyaku shu no jōzu na sodate-kata |script-title=ja:最新 おいしい野菜１００種のじょうずな育て方 |publisher=Shufunotomo |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yr0PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |page=146 |isbn= 9784074145003|access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205000/https://books.google.com/books?id=yr0PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |last=Tsuji |first=Shizuo |author-link=:ja:辻静雄 |title=Japanese Cooking: A Simple Art |publisher=Kodansha International |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fby2Er0seMMC&pg=PA74 |page=74 |isbn=978-4-770-03049-8 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204930/https://books.google.com/books?id=fby2Er0seMMC&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}

{{cite book |last1=Wiersema |first1=John H. |author-link= |last2=León |first2=Blanca |author-link2= |title=World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference |publisher=CRC Press |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIrNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |pages=404–405 |isbn=978-0-849-32119-1 |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204930/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIrNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA404 |url-status=live }}

}}

;Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Yun-Dong|last2=Hohenegger|first2=Markus|last3=Harris|first3=AJ|last4=Zhou|first4=Song-Dong|last5=He|first5=Xing-Jin|last6=Wan|first6=Juan|title=A new species in the genus Nomocharis Franchet (Liliaceae): evidence that brings the genus Nomocharis into Lilium|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=298|issue=1|year=2012|pages=69–85|issn=0378-2697|doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0524-1|bibcode=2012PSyEv.298...69G |s2cid=16912824|ref={{harvid|Gao et al|2011}}}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Rønsted|first1=N. |first2=S.|last2=Law |first3=H. |last3=Thornton |first4=M. F. |last4=Fay |first5=M. W. |last5=Chase|title=Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the monophyly of Fritillaria and Lilium (Liliaceae; Liliales) and the infrageneric classification of Fritillaria|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2005|volume=35|pages=509–527|pmid=15878122|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.023|issue=3|bibcode=2005MolPE..35..509R |ref={{harvid|Rønsted et al|2005}}}}
• {{Citation |contribution=Nomocharis |title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |contribution-url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Nomocharis |ref={{harvid|WCLSPF|2014}} |title-link=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |access-date=2015-09-14 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901205004/https://wcsp.science.kew.org/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=552917A8422F2BF0C6A93BCC00DF33CF.kppapp05-wcsp?checklist=selected_families%40%40245010920202150008 |url-status=live }}
• "yuri ユリ", in {{cite dictionary |ref={{SfnRef|NSJ|1908}} |title=Nihon shakai jii |script-title=ja:日本社會事彙 |volume=2 |publisher=Keizai zasshi-sha |year=1908 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 |pages=2077–2083 |lang=ja |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901204935/https://books.google.com/books?id=30g4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP2116 |url-status=live }}, digested from Shin shikunshi.
• Seika-en Sanjin 精花園山人 "Hana-yuri 花百合", in {{citation |ref={{SfnRef|Shin shikunshi|1901}} |author=Shōkadō Shujin |author-link= |title=Shin shikunshi |script-title=ja:新四君子 |publisher=Tokyo Mita Ikushujyo |year=1901 |url=https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |pages=63–140 |language=ja |access-date=2020-01-16 |archive-date=2020-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210013631/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/840167/73 |url-status=dead }}

{{refend}}

{{Wiktionary}}

{{Wikiquote|Lilies}}

{{Commons|Lilium}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• [http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Liliaceae/Lilium/ The Plant List]
• [https://www.lilies.org/ North American Lily Society]
• [https://rhslilygroup.org/ Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o 1] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA 2] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw 3] Time-lapse videos
• [http://www.the-genus-lilium.com/ THE GENUS LILIUM]
• {{EOL}}
• [http://hort.cornell.edu/bulb/landscape/lily_peren/index.htm Lily perenialization, Flower Bulb Research Program, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605062624/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/polygon.htm Crossing polygon of the genus Lilium].
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020060601/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Lilies.xml Bulb flower production; Lilies, International Flower Bulb Centre]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154952/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/photos/Lily-book.xml Lily Picture Book, International Flower Bulb Centre]

• [http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Lilium&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: Lilium]
• [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558 Flora of China: Lilium]
• [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=110&taxon_id=118558 Flora of Nepal: Lilium species list]
• [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=118558 Flora of North America: Lilium]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5194627}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Bulbous plants

Category:Garden plants

Category:Liliaceae genera

Category:Root vegetables

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus