Limehouse#Cultural references

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File:Stepney Civil Parish Map 1870.png

File:Stepney Met. B Ward Map 1916.svg

The name relates to the local lime kilns or, more precisely, lime oasts, by the river. The name is from Old English līm-āst "lime-oast", and appears in a 1335 record.{{cite book|year=1998|title=A History of the County Middlesex|volume=11|chapter=Stepney: Settlement and Building to c.1700|publisher=Victoria County History|location=London|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol11/pp13-19|access-date=16 March 2024}}

The name is found used in 1417:

Inquisicio capta sup' litus Thomisie apud Lymhosteys pro morte Thome Frank.

("Inquest held on the shore of the Thames by Lymhosteys for the death of Thomas Frank")

17 Aug, 5 Henry V. [A.D. 1417], inquest held before "les Lymehostes" within the liberty and franchise of the City, before Henry Bartone, the Mayor, and the King's Escheator, as to the cause of the death of Thomas Franke, of Herewich, late steersman (conductor) or "lodysman" of a ship called "la Mary Knyght" of Danzsk in Prussia. A jury sworn, viz., John Baille, Matthew Holme, Robert Marle, Henry Mark, Alexander Bryan, John Goby, Richard Hervy, Walter Steel, Peter West, Richard Stowell, John Dyse, and Walter Broun. They find that the said Thomas Franke was killed by falling on the sharp end of an anchor

The area was part of the historic (or ancient) county of Middlesex, but military and most (or all) civil county functions were managed more locally, by the Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets), under the leadership of the Lord-Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets (the post was always filled by the Constable of the Tower of London).

The role of the Tower Division ended when Limehouse became part of the new County of London in 1889. In 1900, metropolitan boroughs were created for the County of London, and Limehouse became a part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney. In 1965, the County of London was replaced by Greater London, and Stepney borough merged with neighbouring boroughs to form Tower Hamlets.

{{see also|Shipbuilding in Limehouse}}

From its foundation, Limehouse, like neighbouring Wapping, has enjoyed better links with the river than the land, the land route being across a marsh. Limehouse became a significant port in late medieval times.{{cite book |last1=Foley |first1=Michael |title=London's Docklands through time |date=2014 |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=9781445640495 |page=24 |edition=2014}} Although most cargoes were discharged in the Pool of London before the establishment of the docks, industries such as shipbuilding, ship chandlering and rope making were established in Limehouse.

File:John Boydell - View of the riverside at Limehouse 1751.JPG's view of the riverside at Limehouse in 1751 shows respectable houses and shipyards crowding onto the riverfront]]

Limehouse Basin opened in 1820 as the Regent's Canal Dock. This was an important connection between the Thames and the canal system, where cargoes could be transferred from larger ships to the shallow-draught canal boats. This mix of vessels can still be seen in the Basin: canal narrowboats rubbing shoulders with seagoing yachts.{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConFactFile.80/Regents-Canal-Dock.html |title=Regent's Canal Dock – London's docks and shipping |publisher=Port Cities |date=29 October 2012 |access-date=14 December 2016}}

From the Tudor era until the 20th century, ships crews were employed on a casual basis. New and replacement crews would be found wherever they were available – foreign sailors in their own waters being particularly prized for their knowledge of currents and hazards in ports around the world. Crews would be paid off at the end of their voyages and, inevitably, permanent communities of foreign sailors became established, including colonies of Lascars and Africans from the Guinea Coast. Large Chinese communities developed at Shadwell, Limehouse and the adjoining Pennyfields area of Poplar.On the Chinese at Pennyfields, Poplar 'Pennyfields', in Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, ed. Hermione Hobhouse (London, 1994), pp. 111-113. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp111-113 [accessed 22 September 2021]. These were established by the crews of merchantmen in the opium and tea trades, particularly Han Chinese. The area achieved notoriety for opium dens in the late 19th century, often featured in pulp fiction works by Sax Rohmer and others. Like much of the East End it remained a focus for immigration, but after the devastation of the Second World War many of the Chinese community relocated to Soho.{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.127/chapterId/2614/Chinese-in-the-Port-of-London.html |title=Chinese in the Port of London – Port communities |publisher=Port Cities |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 December 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.96/chapterId/2682/The-port-in-literature.html |title=The port in literature – Thames art, literature and architecture |publisher=Port Cities |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 December 2016}}

On 12 February 1832, the first case of cholera was reported in London at Limehouse. First described in India in 1817, it had spread here via Hamburg. Although 800 people died during this epidemic, it was fewer than had died of tuberculosis in the same year. Unfortunately, cholera visited again in 1848 and 1858.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mernick.co.uk/thhol/1832chol.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127203900/http://www.mernick.co.uk/thhol/1832chol.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2004|title=The 1832 cholera epidemic in East London (1979)|date=27 November 2004}}

The use of Limehouse Basin as a major distribution hub declined with the growth of the railways, although the revival of canal traffic during World War I and World War II gave it a brief swansong. Today, Stepney Historical Trust works to advance the public's education in the history of the area.

File:Limehouse Basin - geograph.org.uk - 5525884.jpg

Limehouse Basin was amongst the first docks to close in the late 1960s. By 1981, Limehouse shared the East London-wide physical, social and economic decline which led to the setting up of the London Docklands Development Corporation. In November 1982, the LDDC published its Limehouse Area Development Strategy.{{cite web|url=http://www.lddc-history.org.uk/wapping/index.html#Intro |title=LDDC Completion Booklet – Wapping and Limehouse |website=Lddc-history.org.uk |access-date=14 December 2016}} This built on existing plans for Limehouse Basin, and offered a discussion framework for future development, housing refurbishment and environmental improvements across the whole of Limehouse. It was based on four major projects: Limehouse Basin, Free Trade Wharf, what was then known as the Light Rapid Transit Route (DLR) and the Docklands Northern Relief Road, a road corridor between The Highway and East India Dock across the north of the Isle of Dogs.

In the mid-1980s, developments on the nearby Isle of Dogs (particularly at Canary Wharf), proved to be the catalyst to delivering infrastructure improvements which benefitted Limehouse and some other areas of the London Docklands.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

The sheer scale of the Canary Wharf proposals, and, in due course, the rapid implementation of the first phase of development, provided the impetus to the transport improvements which completely altered prospects for Limehouse as well as for the Isle of Dogs.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} The derelict Regent's Canal Dock was converted into Limehouse Marina.

File:Clement Attlee statue - Limehouse library.jpg, mayor of Stepney (1919) and MP for Limehouse stands outside the former Limehouse Library.]]

On 30 July 1909, the Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George made a polemical speech in Limehouse attacking the House of Lords for its opposition to his "People's Budget" and speaking of the Budget's social aims. This was the origin of the verb 'to Limehouse', "To make fiery (political) speeches such as Mr. Lloyd George made at Limehouse in 1909".Oxford English Dictionary, "Limehouse".

From 1906 to 1909, Clement Attlee worked as manager of Haileybury House, a club for working class boys in Limehouse run by his old school. Before this, Attlee's political views had been conservative, but he was shocked by the poverty and deprivation he saw while working with slum children, and this caused him to become a socialist. He joined the Independent Labour Party in 1908, and became mayor of Stepney in 1919. At the 1922 general election, Attlee became Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Limehouse, which he represented while Deputy Prime Minister. After WWII, in 1950, he moved constituencies to Walthamstow West.Beckett, Francis. (1997) Clem Attlee: A Biography Francis Beckett (Richard Cohen Books) {{ISBN|1-86066-101-7}}

On 25 January 1981, MPs Shirley Williams, Roy Jenkins, William Rodgers and David Owen made the Limehouse Declaration from the bridge over Limehouse Cut in Narrow Street: it announced the formation of the Council for Social Democracy in opposition to the granting of block votes to the trade unions in the Labour Party to which they had previously belonged.{{Cite book|title=Roy Jenkins- A well Rounded Life|last=Campbell|first=John|publisher=Jonathan Cape|year=2014|isbn=978-0-224-08750-6|pages=558–9}} They soon became leading politicians in the Social Democratic Party.

Today, Limehouse is part of the constituency of Poplar and Limehouse and has been represented in the House of Commons since 2019 by Apsana Begum MP (Independent), and in the London Assembly since 2016 by Unmesh Desai AM (Labour).

{{See also|East End of London in popular culture}}

File:Limehouse, Gill Street and Grenade Street railway bridges - geograph.org.uk - 788968.jpg

The area inspired Douglas Furber (lyricist) and Philip Braham (composer) in 1921 to write the popular jazz standard "Limehouse Blues",{{cite web |author=Prairie Multimedia, Inc. |url=http://www.kendormusic.com/2005/3263.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418095715/http://www.kendormusic.com/2005/3263.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2005 |title=Kendor Music Online – Limehouse Blues |website=Kendormusic.com |access-date=14 December 2016 }} which was introduced by Jack Buchanan and Gertrude Lawrence in the musical revue A to Z. Much later, it was reprised in the ballet "Limehouse Blues" featuring Fred Astaire and Lucille Bremer in the musical film Ziegfeld Follies (1946) and by Julie Andrews in Star! (1968). In both instances the actors were in yellowface. Other notable performances on film include those by Hoagy Carmichael in To Have and Have Not (1944) and by Borrah Minevich and His Harmonica Rascals in One in a Million (1936). Limehouse Blues was also the name of a 1934 film, starring George Raft.{{IMDb title|qid=Q662086|title=Limehouse Blues}}

Thomas Burke wrote Limehouse Nights (1916), a collection of stories centred around life in the poverty-stricken Limehouse district of London. Many of Burke's books feature the Chinese character Quong Lee as narrator. The area also features in the Fu Manchu books of Sax Rohmer, where a Limehouse opium den serves as the hideout of the Chinese supervillain. The notion of East End opium dens seems to have originated with a description by Charles Dickens of a visit he made to an opium den in nearby Bluegate Fields, which inspired certain scenes in his last, unfinished, novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870).Peter Ackroyd (1990) Dickens: 1046[http://www.mernick.co.uk/thhol/curiousburial.html A Curious Burial] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820081829/http://www.mernick.co.uk/thhol/curiousburial.html |date=20 August 2008 }} 11 January 1890 East London Observer – an account of the burial of Ah Sing, said to be the inspiration for the character of the opium seller. Accessed 22 July 2008 More recently, the popular graphic novels of Alan Moore, From Hell (1989) and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (1999) contain a number of references to the notorious criminality of the area in Victorian London. Victorian-era Limehouse was also the setting of the novel Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem (1995) by Peter Ackroyd, a fictionalized account of the notorious 'Limehouse Golem' serial murders.{{cite book|title=Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem|author=Ackroyd, Peter|year=1995|publisher=Vintage|isbn=0749396598|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/danlenolimehouse00ackr}}

The area also appeared in Anna May Wong's 1929 film Piccadilly, where, as the toughly alluring Shosho, Wong was said to embody the Limehouse Chinatown mystique. The Limehouse district of London is depicted in the silent film Broken Blossoms or The Yellow Man and the Girl (1919), directed by D. W. Griffith, "where the Orient squats at the portals of the West". Limehouse is also the setting of the 1926 film The Blackbird, directed by Tod Browning and starring Lon Chaney. The Limehouse district features prominently in the 1942 film Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror, when Holmes enlists the aid of rather unsavory residents to help catch a Nazi agent.

File:Limehouse, The Mission - geograph.org.uk - 3100845.jpg

St Anne's Limehouse was built by Nicholas Hawksmoor. A pyramid originally planned to be put atop the tower now stands in the graveyard. The church is next door to Limehouse Town Hall and close to Limehouse Library, both Grade II listed buildings, the former now used as a community centre and the latter as a hotel. Across the road is the Sailors' Mission, where Situationist International held its conference in 1960. The building subsequently became a run-down hostel for the homeless which became notorious for its squalor, although it has since been converted into a luxury apartment block.

Further to the southwest, Narrow Street, Limehouse's historic spine, which runs along the back of the Thames wharves, boasts one of the few surviving early Georgian terraces in London. Next to the terrace is the historic Grapes pub, rebuilt in 1720 and well known to Charles Dickens, featuring as the Six Jolly Fellowship Porters in Our Mutual Friend. A few doors along was Booty's Riverside Bar but this closed down in 2012. Almost every building on the other side of Narrow Street was destroyed by bombing in the Second World War, including hundreds of houses, Taylor Walker & Co's Barley Mow Brewery and a school. One notable exception is a former public house, known locally as 'The House They Left Behind', because it was the only Victorian terrace to survive. It still stands today, with the aid of three large supporting pillars.

Further along the street is 'Bread Street Kitchen on the River', a gastropub, now run by Gordon Ramsay. It is housed in the Grade II listed, former dockmaster's and customs house, for Limehouse Dock.{{NHLE |num=1242313 |desc=British Waterways Customs House on West Quay of Regent's Canal Dock Entrance |access-date=13 December 2008}}

{{For|details of education in Limehouse|List of schools in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets}}

The Stepney Greencoat School is a Church of England primary school that was founded in 1710 by leading community members to local children, it has served the area as it transformed from an industrial to the mixed, multicultural settlement that Limehouse has become today.{{Cite web|url=https://www.stepneygreencoat.towerhamlets.sch.uk/our-school/our-history|title=Our History|first=Stepney Greencoat CE Primary|last=School|website=Stepney Greencoat CE Primary School}}

Limehouse station, opened in 1987, is served by National Rail c2c and Docklands Light Railway.{{cite web | url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/s/stepney_east/index.shtml | title=Subterranea Britannica – Stepney East }} On 22 April 1991, two trains collided between Limehouse and Poplar during morning rush hour, requiring a shutdown of the system and evacuation of passengers by ladder.{{cite news |url=http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/11.52.html#subj1.1 |title=Another commuter train wreck in London |author=Kamens, Jonathan I. |work=RISKS Digest |volume=11 |issue=52 |date=23 April 1991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726094556/http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/11.52.html#subj1.1 |archive-date=26 July 2007 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite news |title=Computer-controlled commuter trains collide in east London |agency=UPI |date=22 April 1991}}

A number of London Buses routes serve Limehouse, including routes 15, 115, 135, D3 and night bus routes N15, N550 and N551.{{cite web |url=http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/limehouse-a4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128091726/http://content.tfl.gov.uk/bus-route-maps/limehouse-a4.pdf |archive-date=2019-11-28 |url-status=live |title=Buses from Limehouse |publisher=Transport for London |date=1 September 2018 |access-date=28 November 2019}}

File:Corner of Burdett Road and Commercial Road, E14 - geograph.org.uk - 1367105.jpg

Limehouse is connected to the National Road Network by the A13 Commercial Road which passes west–east through Limehouse, while the A1203 Limehouse Link tunnel passes under Limehouse Basin, linking The Highway with the Docklands Northern Relief Road. The northern entrance of the Rotherhithe Tunnel emerges in Limehouse, to the west of the Basin and close to Limehouse railway station.{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-13924687 |title= The UK's last, great, expensive, short roads |first=Tom |last=de Castella |date= 27 June 2011 |work=BBC News }}

Narrow Street forms a part of the north bank of the Thames Path and had previously been the principal street in Limehouse. It includes the Cycleway 3 between Tower Gateway to Barking, one of London's first Cycle Superhighways.

Though no longer a working dock, Limehouse Basin with its marina remains a working facility. The same is not true of the wharf buildings that have survived, most of which are now highly desirable residential properties. Limehouse Basin connects to the Regent's Canal via the Commercial Road Lock to the north, and the River Thames via Limehouse Basin Lock to the south. The Limehouse Cut connects the Basin to the River Lea in the east.

File:SirGilbertHumphrey.jpg, c. 1583]]

Sir Humphrey Gilbert lived here,{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Gilbert, Sir Humphrey |volume=12 |page=7}} and was an advocate of opening up the Northwest Passage. This inspired Martin Frobisher to sail to Baffin Island, and he returned with a mysterious black rock.{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Frobisher, Sir Martin |volume=11 |pages=237–238}} Gilbert set up the Society of the New Art with Lord Burghley and the Earl of Leicester, who had their alchemical laboratory in Limehouse;Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Elizabeth I, Vol. VI, 1572–1575 Joel Hurstfield The English Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 358 (January 1976), pp. 127–129 however, their attempts to transmute the black rock into gold proved fruitless. (Humphrey's brother Adrian Gilbert was reputed a great alchemist and worked closely with John Dee.) {{Cite book|last=Parry|first=G. J. R.|title=The Arch-conjuror of England : John Dee|publisher=Yale University Press.|year=2011|isbn=9780300117196|location=New Haven}}

Captain Christopher Newport lived in Limehouse for several years up until 1595.K.R. Andrews, Christopher Newport of Limehouse, Mariner, William and Mary Quarterly 3d ser., 11, no. 1(January 1954):28. He rose through the sailing ranks from a poor cabin boy to a wealthy English privateer and eventually one of the Masters of the Royal Navy. He became rich pirating Spanish treasure vessels in the West Indies. In 1607 he sailed the Susan Constant, followed by the Godspeed and Discovery, as Admiral of the Fleet to Jamestown. He helped secure England's foothold in North America through five voyages to Jamestown. He sailed his entire life, dying on a trading voyage to Bantam, on the island of Java in present-day Indonesia. His sailing experience in Limehouse made him known as Captain Christopher Newport, of Limehouse, Mariner.

Charles Dickens' godfather, Christopher Huffam,West, Gilian. "Huffam and Son." Dickensian 95, no. 447 (Spring, 1999): 5–18. ran his sailmaking business from 12 Church Row (Newell Street).{{Cite web|url=http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/dickens.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813022525/http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/dickens.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 August 2004|title=charles dickens|date=13 August 2004}} Huffam is said to be the inspiration for the Paul Dombey character in Dickens' Dombey and Son.

James McNeill Whistler{{cite web|url=http://www.davidrumsey.com/amico/amico1093308-4593.html |title=James McNeill Whistler / Limehouse / 1878 |website=Davidrumsey.com |access-date=14 December 2016}} and Charles Napier HemyThe Barge Builders in The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 126, No. 981 (December 1984), p. 786+804 sketched and painted at locations on Narrow Street's river waterfront.

Contemporary residents include the actor Sir Ian McKellen,{{cite web|author=Keith Stern/CompuWeb |url=http://www.mckellen.com/life/per.htm |title=Sir Ian McKellen Personal Bio | Prior to launch of his website |website=Mckellen.com |date=25 May 1939 |access-date=14 December 2016}} Matthew Parris,{{cite news|last=Farndale |first=Nigel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/donotmigrate/3583637/Well-always-have-Parris.html |title=We'll always have Parris |newspaper=Telegraph |date=3 October 2002 |access-date=14 December 2016}} comedy actress Cleo Rocos,{{cite web|url=http://icthewharf.icnetwork.co.uk/thewharf/headlines/tm_headline=new-forum-fighting-for-a-limehouse-focus&method=full&objectid=18492430&siteid=71670-name_page.html |title=The Wharf: News from Canary Wharf and the Docklands |website=Icthewharf.icnetwork.co.uk |access-date=14 December 2016}} actor Steven Berkoff,{{cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2124821.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107071043/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/profiles/article2124821.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2007|title=Independent Online Edition > Profiles|date=7 January 2007}} comedian Lee Hurst ,{{cite web|url=http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/heritage/limehouse-comedian-lee-hurst-joins-park-protesters-on-march-to-city-hall-1-831549|title=Limehouse comedian Lee Hurst joins park protesters on march to City Hall|first=Marina|last=Thomas|date=16 March 2011|access-date=14 November 2018}} as well as politician Lord David Owen.{{cite web|url=http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/Owen/biog.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010709091000/http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/Owen/biog.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 July 2001|title=David Owen Papers – Biographical notes|date=9 July 2001}} Limehouse was also the home of the late film director Sir David Lean,{{cite web|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19971025/ai_n14142206 |title=CBSi |website=FindArticles.com |access-date=14 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924095152/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19971025/ai_n14142206 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }} and Charlie Magri, world champion flyweight boxer, who grew up on the Burdett Estate.

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