List of political parties in Indonesia#Pre-independence parties

File:Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, 1999.jpg, 1999]]

The Indonesian political party system is regulated by Act No. 2 of 2008 on Political Parties.{{citation|url=http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2008_2.pdf|title = Undang-undang No. 2 Tahun 2008 tentang Partai Politik|language=id| work = People's Representative Council| date = 4 January 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150326203425/http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2008_2.pdf|archive-date = 26 March 2015|url-status = live}} The law defines political party as "a national organisation founded by like-minded Indonesian citizens with common goals to fulfill common interests and to defend the unity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia as based on Pancasila and the 1945 State Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia".

Political parties must register themselves with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights to be recognised by the authority. The law dictates that political parties' registration criteria shall include a notarial act recognising the party establishment and party constitution; a document describing party symbols; address of party headquarters and proof of distribution of party local offices in provinces, and cities and regencies; and a proof of party bank account.{{Cite web |last=Hutomo |first=Dimas |date=3 January 2019 |title=Pendaftaran Partai Politik untuk Menjadi Badan Hukum - Klinik Hukumonline |url=https://hukumonline.com/klinik/a/pendaftaran-partai-politik-untuk-menjadi-badan-hukum-lt5c15aa3878724/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=hukumonline.com |language=id}} The law also dictates minimum membership of new political parties on 50 persons, with the percentage of woman members and allocation of woman members to party offices are set on a minimum of 30%.

The party must undergo another registration process in order to participate in national elections; the registration shall be submitted to the General Elections Commission (KPU).{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=Putra |date=2017-09-27 |title=Ini 10 Syarat Partai Politik Peserta Pemilu 2019 |url=https://mediaindonesia.com/politik-dan-hukum/124461/ini-10-syarat-partai-politik-peserta-pemilu-2019 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=mediaindonesia.com |language=id}} Several criteria are required by the KPU, namely related to the party's presence in Indonesia's regions:{{cite news |title=Syarat Partai Politik Ikuti Pemilu 2024 |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/08/18/16554641/syarat-partai-politik-ikuti-pemilu-2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=KOMPAS.com |date=18 August 2022 |language=id}}

{{bulleted list

|A formal leadership in all provinces of Indonesia;

|A formal leadership in at least 75 percent of all regencies and cities in each province;

|A formal leadership in at least half of districts in a regency or city in which the party has a formal leadership;

|A card-holding membership of at least 1,000 or 1/1000 of the local population in the district branches.

}}

Political parties who have had their registration declined by the electoral commission due to failure to satisfy administrative criteria or other reasons are able to appeal their rejection to the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU).{{Cite web |last=Nadlir |first=Mohamad |date=2017-12-25 |editor-last=Ika |editor-first=Aprillia |title=Tidak Lolos Administrasi, 7 Parpol Bisa Ajukan Gugatan ke Bawaslu RI |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/12/25/07065991/tidak-lolos-administrasi-7-parpol-bisa-ajukan-gugatan-ke-bawaslu-ri |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}} Specifically for regional political parties in Aceh, the first requirement is waived, while the second and third requirements are set at two-thirds of the regencies/cities and districts.{{cite news |title=Seperti Apa Syarat Verifikasi Partai Lokal sebagai Peserta Pemilu? |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/09/27/20310831/seperti-apa-syarat-verifikasi-partai-lokal-sebagai-peserta-pemilu |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=KOMPAS.com |date=27 September 2017 |language=id}}

File:Garuda_Pancasila_Poster_(color).jpg, the national philosophy]]

Indonesian political parties should recognise the superiority of Pancasila and the national constitution, but Indonesian law tolerates the practice of other ideologies not in violation of the Pancasila and the constitution.{{sfn|King|2011|p=263}} A 1966 Provisional People's Consultative Assembly resolution still in force today, however, explicitly prohibits establishment of a communist party, and political parties are banned from adopting "Communism/Marxism-Leninism" (sic; explicitly defined in the resolution's corresponding explanatory memorandum to include "the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by ... Stalin, Mao Tse Tung et cetera") as the party ideology.

In essence, Indonesian political parties differs little on party policy and ideology. The only major difference between Indonesian parties is their position as to how major a role Islam, by far the nation's majority religion, should play in public affairs.{{cite web |last1=Aspinall |first1=Edward |last2=Fossati |first2=Diego |last3=Muhtadi |first3=Burhanuddin |last4=Warburton |first4=Eve |date=2018-04-24 |title=Mapping the Indonesian political spectrum |url=https://www.newmandala.org/mapping-indonesian-political-spectrum/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=New Mandala |language=en-AU}} This tendency resulting in several Indonesian political parties to brand itself as the part of nationalist-religious broad coalition in order to attract potential voters from both Muslim or Islamist and secular nationalist groups.{{sfn|King|2011|p=263}} Thus, for instance, (1) the Democratic Party (Demokrat), Party of Functional Groups (Golkar) and Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) are identified as the secular, (2) the National Awakening Party (PKB) and National Mandate Party (PAN) as the Muslim, but not Islamist, and (3) the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP) as the Islamist.{{sfn|King|2011|p=263}}

The language of the left–right political spectrum is seldom used in Indonesia, in contrast with other countries. This tendency arose as the result of the New Order regime under Suharto which was anathema to left-wing policies after the 1965–66 Indonesian mass killings of members and supporters of the Communist Party of Indonesia. The New Order regime further stigmatised left-wing ideals as those espoused only by communists, discouraging Indonesian political parties from identifying themselves as left-wing movements lest they lose potential voters and be accused as communist. This tendency has survived even after the 1998 Reforms, partly due to the new regime's insistence on keeping anti-communist legislation in force. In addition, due to how widely presidents shared power, Indonesian party cartelization differs significantly from canonical electoral alliances in Europe.{{cite journal |surname=Slater |given=Dan |date=2018 |title=Party Cartelization, Indonesian-Style: Presidential Powersharing and the Contingency of Democratic Opposition |journal=Journal of East Asian Studies |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–46 |issn=1598-2408 |doi=10.1017/jea.2017.26 |doi-access=free}}

Political parties which won seats in the national or regional parliaments are eligible for funding from the central or local governments, based on number of votes received in the relevant legislative elections. The funding amount is set for Rp 1,000 per vote received at the national level, Rp 1,200 at the provincial level, and Rp 1,500 at the city/regency level.{{cite news |last1=Wicaksono |first1=Kurniawan Agung |title=Ada Pajak di Dalamnya, APBN/APBD Jadi Sumber Keuangan Partai Politik |url=https://news.ddtc.co.id/ada-pajak-di-dalamnya-apbnapbd-jadi-sumber-keuangan-partai-politik-1796126 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=ddtc.co.id |date=1 August 2023 |language=id}} Local government can opt to allocate more funding to political parties - Jakarta, for example, paid in 2021 Rp 5,000 per vote received.{{cite news |title=Pemprov DKI Berikan Dana Bantuan Parpol Rp 5.000 Per Suara, Berapa yang Didapat Tiap Partai? |url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2021/12/23/18512581/pemprov-dki-berikan-dana-bantuan-parpol-rp-5000-per-suara-berapa-yang |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=KOMPAS.com |date=23 December 2021 |language=id}} After the 2019 election, this amounted to Rp 126 billion (USD 8 million) from the central government on an annual basis.{{cite news |title=Parpol Dapat Dana Bantuan Rp 126 M dari Pemerintah, Ini Alasannya |url=https://www.detik.com/sumut/berita/d-6928010/parpol-dapat-dana-bantuan-rp-126-m-dari-pemerintah-ini-alasannya |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=detiksumut |date=13 September 2023 |language=id-ID}} This payout only made up a small proportion of party revenues – the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle, for example, raised just 1.5 percent of its reported revenue from government funding. Donations and fees from elected officials made up a larger proportion of income.{{cite news |title=Partai Pungut 10-40 Persen Gaji Kadernya di Parlemen Maupun Eksekutif |url=https://news.republika.co.id/berita/rkd302396/partai-pungut-1040-persen-gaji-kadernya-di-parlemen-maupun-eksekutif |access-date=16 November 2024 |work=Republika Online |date=27 October 2022 |language=id}}

These parties participated in the 2024 elections but failed to attain a single seat in the national House of Representatives after winning less than the parliamentary threshold of 4% of the popular vote.{{cite news |url=https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2019/04/18/update-terbaru-9-parpol-lolos-ambang-batas-parlemen-dan-7-parpol-tak-lolos-parliamentary-threshold |title=UPDATE TERBARU: 9 Parpol Lolos Ambang Batas Parlemen dan 7 Parpol Tak Lolos Parliamentary Threshold|author=Suprapto|date=18 April 2019 |publisher=Tribunnews |language=id}} Notable failures were of the United Development Party, which lost all its seats in the 2024 election after having been represented in DPR since 1977, and Hanura, which won DPR seats in 2009 and 2014 but lost them in 2019 and failed to recover their seats in 2024.

Despite electoral failure in the DPR, these parties successfully gained seat in regional parliaments (DPRD). Although, these political parties, along with other extra-parliamentary parties, are sometimes referred as {{lang|id|partai gurem}}.

Aceh's special autonomy statutes allowed formation of local political parties to compete only in the Aceh House of Representatives. Although the party number is serialised from the national list, Aceh local parties only appeared in ballot paper circulating in Aceh province.{{sfn|King|2011|p=263}}{{cite web |url=https://kumparan.com/acehkini/mengenal-partai-lokal-di-pemilu-2019-dari-eks-gam-sampai-santri-1qr41N8ZcB5|title=Mengenal Partai Lokal di Pemilu 2019, dari Eks GAM sampai Santri |first=Adi |last=Warsidi |date=9 April 2019 |publisher="Acehkini" on Kumparan.com|language=id}}

These political parties have no representation in either national or regional parliaments.

The term "partai gurem" (minor party, literally "tropical fowl mite party" referring to the small size) is commonly used by Indonesian media to refer to these political parties. The term initially referred to political parties that won a very small number of parliamentary seat, but after the 2004 election, to political parties that have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold (currently 4%) necessary to gain representation on the House of Representatives.{{cite news |author=Matanasi |first=Petrik |date=25 January 2017 |title=Nasib Suram Partai Gurem dalam Sejarah Politik Tanah Air |language=id |publisher=Tirto.id |url=https://tirto.id/nasib-suram-partai-gurem-dalam-sejarah-politik-tanah-air-chCb}} These political parties are often perceived to be lacking in organisational structure, their leaders seemingly interested solely in attracting media attention.

These parties often have their attempts at registering for elections turned down by the KPU due to the parties' failure to satisfy registration criteria set by the commission, which includes completeness of party documents, a permanent physical party headquarters, minimum membership and minimum percentage of woman members.{{cite news|url=https://www.jpnn.com/news/inilah-daftar-13-partai-gagal-penuhi-syarat-berkas|title=Inilah Daftar 13 Partai Gagal Penuhi Syarat Berkas|date= 19 October 2017|publisher=Media Indonesia|language=id}}{{cite news |author=Ananda |first=Putra |date=27 September 2017 |title=Ini 10 Syarat Partai Politik Peserta Pemilu 2019 |language=id |publisher=Media Indonesia |url=https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/124461-ini-10-syarat-partai-politik-peserta-pemilu-2019}} Parties that had their registration rejected often resort to appealing their rejection to the Bawaslu, with varied success.{{cite news |author=Saputra |first=Ramadhan Rizki |date=8 March 2018 |title=Bawaslu Tolak Gugatan Tiga Parpol untuk Jadi Peserta Pemilu |language=id |publisher=CNN Indonesia |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180308180218-32-281528/bawaslu-tolak-gugatan-tiga-parpol-untuk-jadi-peserta-pemilu}}

== Political party coalitions ==

Outside of the Suharto period, no political parties controlled a majority of the Indonesian parliament, necessitating the formation of coalitions.{{cite news |title=Indonesia's election reveals its democratic challenges |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/indonesias-election-reveals-its-democratic-challenges/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=Brookings |date=12 January 2024}}{{cite journal |last1=Wardhana |first1=Aswino |title=The Dynamics of General Elections in Indonesia, 1955-2019: General election |journal=International Journal of Social Service and Research |date=22 November 2023 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=2942–2953 |doi=10.46799/ijssr.v3i11.246 |url=https://ijssr.ridwaninstitute.co.id/index.php/ijssr/article/view/246/1064 |access-date=18 April 2024 |language=en |issn=2807-8691|doi-access=free }} Coalitions may also be required to nominate candidates to executive office elections (i.e. President, Governors, Regents, Mayors and their deputies), and political parties often form coalitions for regional elections with parties which are on opposing coalitions at the national level.{{cite news |title=Beda Koalisi di Pusat dan Daerah Bentuk Pragmatisme Politik, tetapi Wajar |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/01/08/11330511/beda-koalisi-di-pusat-dan-daerah-bentuk-pragmatisme-politik-tetapi-wajar |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=KOMPAS.com |date=8 January 2018 |language=id}}{{cite news |title=What's at stake in Indonesia, which is choosing a president and some 20,000 other office holders |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-presidential-legislative-election-explainer-ddcfd22da36645ed521c564421608405 |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=AP News |date=13 February 2024 |language=en}}

{{See also|Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)}}

In the first decade of the 20th century as a natural outcome of the Dutch Ethical Policy, which emphasised the importance of looking after the welfare of the people of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch were tolerant of the rise and development of Indonesian society.{{sfn|Vickers|2005|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/17 17]}} Through this, the Dutch allowed the creation of education societies and funded its creation. Dutch educated Intelligentsias' would establish schools and education across the Dutch East Indies. Whilst the policy attempted to raise awareness among the natives of the need to break free from the shackles of the feudal system and develop along Western lines and were concerned about the native population's social and cultural conditions, it spearheaded the spread of Indonesian National Revivalism, allowing people to silently organize and articulate their objections to colonial rule.Cribb, Robert (1993). "Development Policy in the Early 20th Century", in Jan-Paul Dirkse, Frans Hüsken and Mario Rutten, eds, Development and Social Welfare: Indonesia’s Experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde), pp. 225–245. The Budi Utomo was considered the first nationalist society (not party yet) in the Dutch East Indies, initiated the Indonesian National Awakening.{{cite book |author=Suhartono |title=Sejarah Pergerakan Nasional dari Budi Utomo sampai Proklamasi 1908–1945 |location=Yogyakarta |lang=id |publisher=Pustaka Pelajar |year=1994 |isbn=9789798581083 |page=32}} Among other political organizations were the Indo Europeesch Verbond (Indo-European Alliance) and Indonesia Arab Association.{{sfn|Kahin|2015|p=724}} Over time organizations turned into political parties, such how Budi Utomo turned into Parindra{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=317}}{{sfn|Pringgodigdo|1984|pp=138-139}} and Sarekat Islam into Indonesian Islamic Union Party. The Indische Partij is considered the first Indonesian political party.{{cite book |surname=Nomes |given=J.M. |editor-surname=Willems |editor-given=Wim |year=1994 |chapter=De Indische Partij |title=Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942) |lang=nl |volume=2 |publisher=COMT |isbn=90-71042-44-8 |pages=55–56}} Years of campaigning by various political organizations across the Dutch East Indies eventually compelled the Dutch Government to recognize the need for concessions. As a result, on 16 December 1916, Governor-General J.P. van Limburg Stirum, in collaboration with the Dutch Minister of Colonial Affairs, Thomas Bastiaan Pleyte, sanctioned the establishment of a legislative assembly designed to represent the people of the Dutch East Indies. This assembly was named the Volksraad.{{Cite web|last=RI|first=Setjen DPR|title=Tentang DPR - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/tentang/sejarah-dpr|website=www.dpr.go.id|language=id|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2022-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126113142/https://www.dpr.go.id/tentang/sejarah-dpr|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|title=Volksraad|url=http://encyclopedia.jakarta-tourism.go.id/post/Volksraad?lang=id|website=encyclopedia.jakarta-tourism.go.id|access-date=2021-02-04}}

The Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies began when the Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies through Tarakan, Kalimantan, on 8 March 1942. By the Japanese Government, parties that were based on Indonesian nationalism and wanted to fight for Indonesian Independence were dissolved and banned from political activities on 20 March 1942.{{cite journal |last=Abeyasekere |first=Susan |date=April 1973 |title=The Soetardjo Petition |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/53559 |journal=Indonesia |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=85–87 |doi=10.2307/3350793 |jstor=3350793}}

File:IndonesianParty1955.jpg

The election in 1955 was the first national election held since the end of the Indonesian National Revolution, and saw over 37 million valid votes cast in over 93 thousand polling locations, with more than 30 parties participating. Due to the numerous political parties participating in the election, the result was inconclusive, with no party receiving a clear mandate.{{sfn|Feith|2007|pp=436–437}}{{sfn|Ricklefs|2008|p=238}}{{cite web |title=Indonesian Elections |url=https://seasite.niu.edu/indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/elect_set.htm |website=SEAsite.niu.edu |publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University |date=2004 |access-date=2024-04-15}} The legislature which was elected through the election would eventually be dissolved by President Sukarno in 1959, through Presidential Decree number 150. Later on, after the take over by the New Order regime, only 10 parties was allowed to participate in the 1971 legislative election.{{sfn|Miaz|2012|pp=4–5}}

File:1997 Indonesian legislative election poster.jpg.]]

After his rise into power, President Suharto expressed his discontent regarding multiple political parties, arguing that the failure of Konstituante in 1955–1959 was caused by party deadlock — unacceptable in his regime.{{cite web|url=https://www.merdeka.com/politik/penyebab-cuma-boleh-ada-3-partai-politik-di-era-presiden-soeharto.html|title=Ini Penyebab Cuma Boleh Ada 3 Partai Politik di Era Presiden Soeharto|first=Ramadhian|last=Fadillah|date=15 October 2019|publisher=Merdeka.com|language=id}} He proposed that existing political parties unite based on their ideological essence — either spiritual (religious) or materialist (secular nationalist) — in order to cripple the resulting umbrella parties with infighting. Political parties' reaction to Suharto's propositions was generally positive, with Islamic parties claiming that party fusion was in line with their last National Islamic Congress resolution agreed in 1969. A political alliance dubbed the "Democratic Development Group" was formed by the PNI, the IPKI, Parkindo, the Murba Party, and the Catholic Party to compete in 1971 election.{{cite web|url=https://tirto.id/cara-soeharto-menciptakan-partai-demokrasi-indonesia-cC13|title=Cara Soeharto Menciptakan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia|first=Husein|last=Abdulsalam|date=10 January 2019|publisher=Tirto.id|language=id}}

After 1971 election, New Order regime reiterated its call for political parties to fuse, and a MPR ordinance regulating political parties grouping issued in 1973 further pressured political parties to merge. All Islamic political parties merged to form the United Development Party (PPP) on 5 January 1973, and the remaining nationalist and non-Islamic political parties united to form the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) on 10 January 1973.{{cite web|url=https://tirto.id/sejarah-pemilu-1977-taktik-fusi-parpol-ala-soeharto-orde-baru-dl3V|title=Sejarah Pemilu 1977: Taktik Fusi Parpol ala Soeharto & Orde Baru|first=Indira|last=Ardanareswari|date=13 April 2019|publisher=Tirto.id|language=id}} Golkar, officially a "federation of public organisations" but effectively a political party, remained dominant for the entirety of the New Order. From 1985, all political parties were required to declare national ideology Pancasila as their "one and only ideological basis".

The parties participated for the last time in the 1997 election, and the three-party system survived until the collapse of the New Order in 1998 Reformasi. Ensuing political liberalisation allowed establishment of multitudes of new political parties, with the number of political parties participating in 1999 election jumping substantially to 48 parties.

Prior to the end of the New Order era, there was a time where several political activists and student movements established small political parties in the early 1990s. Sensing the near fall of the New Order, the formation of these newly unregistered and unrecognized political parties was based on opposition to the New Order government and positioned themselves as the opposition and played a crucial part in the fall of the new order. The new parties then and only participated in the 1999 elections.

Whilst the New Masyumi Party predates the wave of the new opposition parties, the Indonesian Democratic Union Party (PUDI) was considered as the first genuine opposition party. As PUDI was upfront and outspoken in their political opposition as a party against the New Order regime, the first out of many.{{Cite web |title=Partai Uni Demokrasi Indonesia, Partai Oposisi Pertama di Zaman Orde Baru |url=https://kumparan.com/fadjar-hadi/partai-uni-demokrasi-indonesia-partai-oposisi-pertama-di-zaman-orde-baru |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=kumparan |language=id-ID}} At one point, fielding both presidential and vice-presidential candidates, PUDI was considered a challenger to Suharto's rule.{{Cite web |last=Adzkia |first=Aghnia |title=Semangat Sri Bintang Pamungkas Menantang Soeharto |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150521182109-20-54867/semangat-sri-bintang-pamungkas-menantang-soeharto |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}}{{Cite web |last=Adzkia |first=Aghnia |title=Cerita Sri Bintang Soal Soeharto dan Tudingan Kudeta |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20150521202425-20-54894/cerita-sri-bintang-soal-soeharto-dan-tudingan-kudeta |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}} Emboldened by the success of PUDI, the Democratic People's Association (PRD) organisation declared itself the People's Democratic Party (also abbreviated as PRD). On 22 July 1996, the PRD was officially declared to the public and announced its political manifesto.{{Cite web |last=Abdulsalam |first=Husein |title=Bagaimana PRD Melejit di bawah Orba, Ikut Pemilu, Kemudian Loyo |url=https://tirto.id/bagaimana-prd-melejit-di-bawah-orba-ikut-pemilu-kemudian-loyo-ee6m |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}

Following political liberalisation after the collapse of the New Order regime in 1998 Reformasi, registration for new political parties jumped significantly. As the result, the following 1999 election had 148 registered political parties{{sfn|Ananta|Arifin|Suryadinata|2005|p=9}} and 48 of them competing for DPR seats,{{sfn|King|2011|p=263}}{{sfn|Ananta|Arifin|Suryadinata|2005|p=9}}{{cite web |title=Wajah 48 partai peserta Pemilu 1999: Nomor 1–16 |publisher=Kompas |date=12 March 1999 |via=SEAsite.niu.edu (Center for Southeast Asian Studies, NIU) |access-date=2018-03-31 |language=id |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/partais1-16.htm |archive-date=2017-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915142954/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/partais1-16.htm |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Wajah 48 partai peserta Pemilu 1999: Nomor 17–32 |publisher=Kompas |date=12 March 1999 |language=id |via=SEAsite.niu.edu (Center for Southeast Asian Studies, NIU) |access-date=2018-03-31 |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/partais17-32.htm |archive-date=2017-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914055201/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/partais17-32.htm |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=Wajah 48 partai peserta Pemilu 1999: Nomor 33–48 |publisher=Kompas |date=12 March 1999 |language=id |via=SEAsite.niu.edu (Center for Southeast Asian Studies, NIU) |access-date=2018-03-31 |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/partais33-48htm.htm |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418124638/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Indonesian_Elections/Indo-pemilu99/partais33-48htm.htm |url-status=dead}} compared to the previous 1997 election that saw only 2 political parties plus Golkar.

After the Reform, the PPP survived and continues to participate in all following elections after 1999, albeit with much of its membership having broken off from it and founded their own parties. Golkar too was made a proper party and exists to this day.{{sfn|Tomsa|2008|p=}} The PDI failed to imitate the post-Suharto successes of the PPP and Golkar after the government intervened and unseated Chairman Megawati Soekarnoputri, causing PDI support to collapse in the 1997 election. PDI votes further eroded as support instead went to its breakaway Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), led by Megawati in the post-Suharto 1999 election, resulting in the party winning only two seats in contrast to the PDI-P's 153 seats.{{sfn|Ananta|Arifin|Suryadinata|2005|p=26}} After poor electoral performance and failure to register for the 2004 election, PDI rebranded itself as the Indonesian Democratic Vanguard Party (PPDI) in 2003.{{sfn|Ananta|Arifin|Suryadinata|2005|p=26}}{{cite book |editor-surname=Setiawan |editor-given=Bambang |editor2-surname=Bestian |editor2-given=Nainggolan |title=Partai-Partai Politik Indonesia: Ideologi dan Program 2004–2009 |trans-title=Indonesian Political Parties: Ideologies and Programs 2004–2009 |lang=id |year=2004 |place=Jakarta |publisher=Kompas |page=213 |isbn=979-709-121-X}}

Several parties claimed inheritance from former political parties existing prior to the New Order era, resulting in parties sharing similar political party names, with faction names as the only characteristics that made those parties distinct from each other. Example on this case was on claimants to the heritage of the former Indonesian National Party (PNI), Indonesian Islamic Union Party (PSII), League of Supporters of Indonesian Independence (IPKI), Masyumi Party, and Murba Party.

Most of the parties failed to gain even a single seat due to lack of votes.{{sfn|King|2003}} After the new electoral law authorised the use of a parliamentary threshold to determine the division of DPR seats, those parties were forced to reorganise themselves in order to be able to register for the next 2004 election.{{cite web|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/4092/partai-partai-mulai-berganti-nama|title=Partai-partai Mulai Berganti Nama|date=25 July 2003|publisher=Tempo.co|language=id}}

Below is the list of political parties participating only in the 1999 election which failed to participate in the next 2004 election.

After the 1999 legislative election, 150 parties were registered with the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. However, after a review by the newly formed General Election Commission, this number was reduced to 50, and then to 24.{{sfn|King|2011|p=263}}{{sfn|Ananta|Arifin|Suryadinata|2005|pp=4–5}} This decrease from the 48 parties that ran in the 1999 legislative election was primarily due to a new election law that allowed only parties that had won 2% of DPR seats or 3% of seats in provincial and regental legislatures in half of the provinces to run in the 2004 election. Only six parties met this criterion, and the others were forced to merge or reorganize into a new party.{{cite journal |last=na Thalang |first=Chanintira |date=June 2005 |title=The Legislative Elections in Indonesia, April 2004 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/896485 |url-status=live |journal=Electoral Studies |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=326–332 |doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2004.10.006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214111749/https://zenodo.org/record/896485 |archive-date=2020-02-14 |access-date=2019-06-30}}

In 2009, introduction of a parliamentary threshold also meant that only parties receiving more than 2.5% of the popular vote would be seated in the DPR.{{cite news |date=2009-03-04 |title=23 Parties Join Forces To Fight Election Limits |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/news/23-parties-join-forces-to-fight-election-limits/309129 |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810011715/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/23-parties-join-forces-to-fight-election-limits/309129 |archive-date=2011-08-10}} This threshold was raised to 3.5% in 2014,{{Citation |author=General Elections Commission (Indonesia) |title=Coblos Pilihanmu!!! (Punch your choice!!!) |date=6 April 2014 |newspaper=Kompas |pages=A-D |location=Jakarta}} then finally to 4% in 2017 as a way to cut election costs and ensure stability.{{Cite web |last=Maboy |first=Olasri |date=4 August 2017 |title=New election bill, new hope for democracy |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/08/04/new-election-bill-new-hope-for-democracy.html |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=The Jakarta Post}} As a result small parties have no chance of surpassing the parliamentary threshold.

Below is the list of political parties participating in the 2004 and 2009 elections which failed to participate in the next 2014 election.

{{Dynamic list}}

Below is the list of defunct political parties established in a period from 2005 to present.

• Politics of Indonesia
• List of political parties by country
• List of youth wings of political parties in Indonesia

{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{reflist|30em}}

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{{Refend}}

{{Indonesia topics}}

{{Indonesian political parties}}

{{Asia topic|List of political parties in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Political Parties In Indonesia}}

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