Metro Manila

{{See also|History of Manila}}

{{Further|Capital of the Philippines}}

{{Further|Maynila (historical polity)}}File:Map of Manila 1570.png shown in yellow.]]

Manila, to the extent that it has this placename, was likely founded in the Middle Ages, in the early 16th century{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |title=Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=1994 |isbn=971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City}} due to the Sanskrit origin of the component "nila" in its name which refers to "indigo",{{cite journal |last=Baumgartner |first=Joseph |date=March 1975 |title=Manila — Maynilad or Maynila? |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–54 |jstor=29791188}} and the prevalence of the placename during the rule of Rajah Matanda, the old king of Maynila, who was born somewhere between the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The earliest evidence of Hinduism and Sanskrit influence in maritime Southeast Asia is in Sanskrit inscriptions from the late 300s in eastern Kalimantan (or Borneo). This analysis of the placename is supported by many other nearby placenames in the Tagalog region with the prefix "may-".

Manila has historically been a global city due to its role for international trade. By the 15th and 16th centuries, Manila was a walled and fortified city and was the capital of the Kingdom of Luzon. Its institution, government, and economy were associated with the Tagalogs and the Kapampangans, and the Malay language was extensively used for foreign affairs as customary in much of Southeast Asia at the time. It was also well known by other Southeast Asian kingdoms such as Cebu, Brunei, Melaka, other Malay kingdoms, and Ternate, and may be known in East Asia as far as China and Japan.

In the current territory of Metropolitan Manila, there were several lordships that were either sovereign or tributary such as Tondo (Tundun), Navotas (Nabútas), Tambobong (Tambúbong), Taguig (Tagiig), Parañaque (Palanyág) and Cainta (Kaintâ).{{cite book |chapter=Relation of the Conquest of the Island of Luzon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4NEAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA141 |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4NEAQAAMAAJ |publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company |year=1903 |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Emma Helen |editor-link=Emma Helen Blair |volume=3 |location=Ohio, Cleveland |pages=145 |editor-last2=Robertson |editor-first2=James Alexander |editor-link2=James Alexander Robertson}}

Shortly after Rajah Matanda's birth, sometime around the early 16th century while he was rajahmuda or heir apparent, his father, the King of Luzon, died, leaving his mother as the queen regent of Luzon.{{Cite book |last=de Aganduru Moriz |first=Rodrigo |title=Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas |series=Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78-79. |publisher=Impr. de Miguel Ginesta |year=1882 |location=Madrid}} By 1511, Luzonians had been carrying out large-scale trade at least within maritime Southeast Asia with some Luzonians being hired as officials in Melaka and some Luzonian merchants gaining royal favors in Brunei. It was in Melaka that Luzonians met the Portuguese before the Portuguese conquest of Melaka in 1511. In 1521, Rajah Matanda, then still a young man known as Ache, was known in maritime Southeast Asia as the son of the King of Luzon. He married a princess of Brunei and served as an admiral for his grandfather, the Sultan of Brunei, in an attack near Java in exchange for soldiers and a fleet of ships. On the way home, he met and had an encounter with a Castilian fleet.{{Cite book |last=de Aganduru Moriz |first=Rodrigo |year=1882 |title=Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGJCHnA0ck0C |series=Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v. 78-79. |location=Madrid |publisher=Impr. de Miguel Ginesta |oclc=24425618}}

Some Luzonians in the 1500s had also been taking part in mercenary work in other kingdoms. The Luzonians' commercial influence also reached as far as Butuan. By the 1570s, the ruling class of Manila together with the international Luzonian merchants were Muslim and Islam was spreading through the freemen and the slaves.

On May 24, 1570, the battle of Manila was fought between the Kingdom of Luzon, under the command of the heir apparent Prince Sulayman, and the Kingdom of Spain, under the command of field marshal Martin de Goiti who was aided by some foreign forces. This resulted in the arson and destruction of Manila.

{{Main|Manila (province)}}

File:Puerta De Santa Lucia Manila Philippines.jpg

{{Image frame

| width = 220

| align = right

| content = 220px

| caption = A map of the province of Manila during Spanish rule

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After destroying Manila, the Spanish set up a settlement to secure territory on the same site on the Luzon island for the Spanish ruler. Initially enclosed in wood, much later in stone, a new walled city of Manila became the capital of the Spanish East Indies. After setting up a settlement and consolidating some territorial holdings outwards, the Spanish instituted a province known as Manila.

Later on, the Manila galleon continually sailed the Pacific from end-to-end, bringing to Mexico Asian merchandise and cultural exchange.

{{hidden begin|width=38%|border=1px #aaa solid|title=Approximate locations of the towns of the province of Manila|ta1=center}}

{{Image label begin|image=Metro_Manila_location_map.svg|width=350|}}

{{Image label small|x=0.41 |y=0.54 |scale=150|text=Caloocan}}

{{Image label small|x=0.33 |y=1.37 |scale=350|text=Las Piñas}}

{{Image label small|x=0.40 |y=1.09 |scale=350|text=Malibay}}

{{Image label small|x=0.18 |y=0.81 |scale=350|text=Manila}}

{{Image label small|x=0.76 |y=0.57 |scale=350|text=Mariquina}}

{{Image label small|x=0.83 |y=0.21 |scale=350|text=Montalban}}

{{Image label small|x=0.47 |y=1.53 |scale=350|text=Muntinlupa}}

{{Image label small|x=0.08 |y=0.47 |scale=350|text=Navotas}}

{{Image label small|x=0.57 |y=0.23 |scale=350|text=Novaliches}}

{{Image label small|x=0.36 |y=1.24 |scale=350|text=Parañaque}}

{{Image label small|x=0.75 |y=0.87 |scale=350|text=Pasig}}

{{Image label small|x=0.65 |y=1.01 |scale=350|text=Pateros}}

{{Image label small|x=0.29 |y=1.00 |scale=350|text=Pineda}}

{{Image label small|x=0.55 |y=0.86 |scale=350|text=San Felipe
Neri}}

{{Image label small|x=0.57 |y=0.71 |scale=350|text=San Juan
del Monte}}

{{Image label small|x=0.83 |y=0.43 |scale=350|text=San Mateo}}

{{Image label small|x=0.40 |y=0.96 |scale=350|text=San Pedro Macati}}

{{Image label small|x=0.58 |y=1.09 |scale=350|text=Taguig}}

{{Image label small|x=0.22 |y=0.50 |scale=350|text=Tambobong}}

{{Image label small|x=0.14 |y=0.77 |scale=350|text=Binondo}}

{{Image label small|x=0.34 |y=0.81 |scale=350|text=Dilao}}

{{Image label small|x=0.24 |y=0.85 |scale=350|text=Ermita}}

{{Image label small|x=0.26 |y=0.89 |scale=350|text=Malate}}

{{Image label small|x=0.44 |y=0.79 |scale=350|text=Pandacan}}

{{Image label small|x=0.30 |y=0.78 |scale=350|text=Quiapo}}

{{Image label small|x=0.36 |y=0.68 |scale=350|text=Sampaloc}}

{{Image label small|x=0.39 |y=0.75 |scale=350|text=San Miguel}}

{{Image label small|x=0.38 |y=0.87 |scale=350|text=Santa Ana}}

{{Image label small|x=0.21 |y=0.74 |scale=350|text=Santa Cruz}}

{{Image label small|x=0.17 |y=0.68 |scale=350|text=Tondo}}

{{Image label small|x=0.15 |y=0.18 |scale=350|text=Bulacan}}

{{Image label small|x=0.15 |y=1.57 |scale=350|text=Cavite}}

{{Image label small|x=0.53 |y=1.77 |scale=350|text=Laguna}}

{{Image label small|x=0.72 |y=1.45 |scale=350|text=Laguna de Bay}}

{{Image label small|x=0.05 |y=0.95 |scale=350|text=Manila Bay}}

{{Image label small|x=0.83 |y=0.85 |scale=350|text=MORONG DISTRICT}}

{{image label end}}

{{Hidden end}}

Outside the Walled city of Manila has become the city's suburbs known as Extramuros (Outside the wall) made up of several pueblos, altogether making up the province known as Tondo which was established in January 1571 and would later on, be renamed as the province of Manila in 1859 with the city of Manila (Intramuros) as its capital.{{cite book |author=United States. Adjutant-General's Office. Military Information Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ll4vAAAAYAAJ&q=manila&pg=PR6 |title=Military notes on the Philippines: September 1898 |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1898 |location=Washington |issue=20}}{{cite news |title=Journey to the Past |url=https://www.rizalprovince.ph/pages/history.html |accessdate=February 8, 2023 |website=Rizal Provincial Government}}{{cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=Charles J-H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-OAJJNfD_kC&q=shifts+manila&pg=PA318 |title=Old ties and new solidarities: studies on Philippine communities |last2=Pesigan |first2=Guillermo M. |publisher=ADMU Press |year=2000 |isbn=9789715503518}}{{cite PH act|url=https://lawyerly.ph/laws/view/l8b5e|chamber=Act|number=183|date=31 July 1901|title=An act to incorporate the City of Manila|access-date=13 July 2021}}

In the First Philippine Republic, the province included the walled city of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the provincial capital of Manila from 1898 to 1899. However, despite almost the entirety of the territory being occupied by Philippine forces, the walled city of Manila was occupied by Spanish forces.

During American rule, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated into the newly created province of Rizal on June 11, 1901, by Act No. 137.{{Cite PH act |url=https://lawyerly.ph/laws/view/l2485 |date=June 11, 1901 |title=An Act Extending the Provisions of the Provincial Government Act to the Province of Rizal |chamber=Act |number=137 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814142946/https://lawyerly.ph/laws/view/l2485 |url-status=live }} In the current territory of Metropolitan Manila, the towns of Caloocan, Las Piñas, Mariquina (now Marikina), Pasig, Parañaque, Malabon, Navotas, San Juan del Monte (now San Juan), San Pedro de Macati (now Makati), San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Muntinlupa and the Taguig-Pateros area were designated to Rizal, with Pasig being the provincial capital. On the other hand, Polo (now Valenzuela) remained in Bulacan.

Manila in 1901 was composed of Binondo, Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Manila, Pandacan, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Fernando de Dilao, San Miguel, San Nicolas, Santa Ana de Sapa, Santa Cruz, and Tondo.{{cite PH act|chamber=Act|number=183|title=An act to incorporate the City of Manila|url=https://lawyerly.ph/laws/view/l8b5e|date=July 31, 1901|access-date=May 26, 2023|archive-date=October 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002020316/https://lawyerly.ph/laws/view/l8b5e|url-status=live}}

In the American rule, the American architect Daniel Burnham was commissioned to propose a Plan of Manila for the Philippine government.

In 1939, during the Philippine Commonwealth, President Manuel L. Quezon established Quezon City with the objective of replacing Manila as the capital city of the Philippines. A design for Quezon City was completed. The establishment of Quezon City meant the abandonment of Burnham's design for Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital

{{Main|City of Greater Manila}}

File:City of Greater Manila map.jpg

In 1942, during the World War II, President Manuel L. Quezon created the City of Greater Manila as an emergency measure, merging the cities of Manila and Quezon City, along with the municipalities of Caloocan, Makati, Mandaluyong, Parañaque, Pasay, and San Juan.{{cite PH act|chamber=EO|number=400, s. 1942|title=Creating the City of Greater Manila|date=January 1, 1942|accessdate=August 24, 2022|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1942/01/01/executive-order-no-400-s-1942/|archive-date=July 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701173652/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1942/01/01/executive-order-no-400-s-1942/|url-status=live}} Furthermore, Manila was divided into the districts of Bagumbuhay, Bagumpanahon, Bagumbayan, and Bagungdiwa, while Quezon City was divided into the districts of Diliman and Balintawak.{{cite map |author = |title = Map of the City of Manila |trans-title = |map = |map-url = |date = |year = 1942 |url =https://assets.isu.pub/document-structure/210327135441-504a42fce9e9c0dafe948e678988e3b0/v1/68eac8a829832842ad677a95008f9037.jpg |scale = 1:40,000 |series = |publisher = Division of Drafting and Surveys, Office of the City Engineer and Architect, City of Manila |cartography = |page = |pages = |section = |sections = |inset = |edition = |location = |language = |format = |isbn = |id = |access-date =August 24, 2022 |archive-url = |archive-date =}} Jorge B. Vargas was appointed as its first mayor. Mayors in the municipalities and heads in the city districts included in the City of Greater Manila served as district chiefs. This was to ensure that Vargas, who was Quezon's principal lieutenant for administrative matters, would have a position of authority recognized under international military law. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila and the administrative functions of the Governor of Metro Manila that was established during the Marcos administration.

After World War II, in 1945, President Sergio Osmeña signed Executive Order No. 58, which dissolved the city of Greater Manila instituted by former President Quezon.{{cite PH act|chamber=EO|number=58, s. 1945|title=Reducing the Territory of the City of Greater Manila|date=July 25, 1945|accessdate=August 24, 2022|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/07/26/executive-order-no-58-s-1945/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195829/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1945/07/26/executive-order-no-58-s-1945/|url-status=live}}

World War II resulted in the loss of more than 100,000 lives in the battle of Manila in 1945. Most of the developments in Burnham's design were also destroyed. Later on, Quezon City was eventually declared as the national capital in 1948 and later expanded to the areas formerly under the jurisdiction of Caloocan, Marikina, and San Mateo, Rizal.

On February 27, 1975, a referendum was held wherein residents of Greater Manila approved granting President Ferdinand Marcos the authority to restructure the local governments into an integrated system like a manager-commission for under such terms and conditions as he may decide. On November 7, 1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No. 824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region. On June 2, 1978, through Presidential Decree No. 1396, the metropolitan area was declared the National Capital Region of the Philippines.{{cite PH act|url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/26/16961|title=Creating the Department of Human Settlements and the Human Settlements Development Corporation, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and Accordingly Amending Certain Presidential Decrees|chamber=PD|number=1396|date=1978-06-02|publisher=Supreme Court E-Library|accessdate=2023-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710122046/https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/26/16961|archivedate=2023-07-10|url-status=live}} When Metro Manila was established, there were four cities, Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay and the thirteen municipalities of Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela. At present, all but one of these municipalities have become independent chartered cities; only Pateros still remains as a municipality.

President Marcos appointed his wife, First Lady Imelda Marcos, as the first governor of Metro Manila. She launched the City of Man campaign. The Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, Metropolitan Folk Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention Center, Coconut Palace and healthcare facilities such as the Lung Center of the Philippines, Philippine Heart Center, and the Kidney Center of the Philippines are all constructed precisely for this purpose.

The capital of the Philippines was re-designated to Manila in 1976 through Presidential Decree No. 940. The decree states that Manila has always been, to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world, the premier city of the Philippines, being the center of trade, commerce, education, and culture. While the then-newly formed region was designated as the seat of government.{{cite PH act|chamber=PD|number=940|url=http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno940.html#.UXU0i8qwV7k|title=Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government |date=June 24, 1976|publisher=Chan C. Robles Virtual Law Library|access-date=April 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307060640/http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno940.html#.UXU0i8qwV7k|archive-date=March 7, 2016|url-status=dead}}

President Marcos was overthrown in a non-violent revolution along EDSA, which lasted four days in late February 1986. The popular uprising, now known as the People Power Revolution, made international headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world".{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Ravindra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTNpstqGlAMC&pg=PA168 |title=Mahatma Gandhi At The Close Of Twentieth Century |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-261-1736-9 |page=168 |access-date=February 3, 2018 |archive-date=October 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021155851/https://books.google.com/books?id=lTNpstqGlAMC&pg=PA168 |url-status=live }}

In 1986, President Corazon Aquino laid down the Executive Order No. 392, reorganizing and changing the structure of the Metropolitan Manila Commission and renamed it to the Metropolitan Manila Authority. Mayors in the metropolis chose from among themselves the chair of the agency. Later on, it was again reorganized in 1995 through Republic Act No. 7924, creating the present-day Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. The chairperson of the agency would be appointed by the President and should not have a concurrent elected position such as mayor. Elfren Cruz was the last to serve as the Officer-In-Charge governor of Metro Manila.{{Cite web |title=Was Marcos right? Do we need a governor for Metro Manila? |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/40147/roundtable--was-marcos-right-do-we-need-a-governor-for-metro-manila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151158/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/40147/roundtable--was-marcos-right-do-we-need-a-governor-for-metro-manila |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=InterAksyon}}

Throughout 1988, unemployment among the country's regions was highest in Metro Manila, with 20.1% of the region's workforce being jobless according to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and the National Statistics Office.{{Cite news |last=de Jesus |first=Sandra |date=January 3, 1988 |title=DOLE: 10.6% unemployed |page=2 |work=Manila Standard |publisher=Standard Publications, Inc. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19880103&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030175450/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8cBNEdFwSQkC&dat=19880103&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=September 10, 1988 |title=619,000 in Metro looking for jobs |page=11 |work=Manila Standard |publisher=Manila Standard News, Inc. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lZxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6620%2C790264 |access-date=February 6, 2022 |quote=Using January as a reference point, NSO notes a deterioration in the city's [sic] employment situation since there were 2.392 million job holders at the start of the year compared with the 2.329 million employed counted at middle of the year. |archive-date=February 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206043100/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lZxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6620,790264 |url-status=live }}

In 2014, then-MMDA chairman Francis Tolentino proposed that San Pedro, Laguna be included in Metro Manila as its 18th member city. Tolentino said that in the first meeting of the MMDA Council of mayors in January 2015, he would push for the inclusion of the city to the MMDA.{{Cite news |date=December 30, 2014 |title=San Pedro City eyed as 18th member of MMDA |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/san-pedro-city-eyed-as-18th-member-of-mmda/ |url-status=dead |access-date=March 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231114421/http://www.mb.com.ph/san-pedro-city-eyed-as-18th-member-of-mmda/ |archive-date=December 31, 2014}} Senator Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III filed Senate Bill No. 3029, which seeks to create San Pedro as a separate legislative district to commence in the next national and local elections if the bill was passed into law.{{Cite press release |title=Koko seeks the creation of San Pedro City as a separate congressional district |date=January 4, 2016 |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2016/0104_pimentel1.asp |access-date=September 8, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907183015/http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2016/0104_pimentel1.asp |archive-date=September 7, 2018 |website=Senate of the Philippines}}{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2015 |title=Senate Bill No. 3029: An Act Separating the City of San Pedro from The First Legislative District of The Province of Laguna To Constitute the Lone Legislative of San Pedro |url=https://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=16&q=SBN-3029 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908130756/http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=16&q=SBN-3029 |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |access-date=September 17, 2018}}

In April 2022, Makati lost the territorial dispute with Taguig regarding the Fort Bonifacio Military Reservation, which was ruled with finality a year later in April 2023. The entire military reservation which includes Bonifacio Global City, and the ten Enlisted Men's Barrios (EMBO) barangays, were declared as part of Taguig. The ten EMBO barangays were reintegrated to Taguig in 2023.{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/4/3/taguig-lgu-lauds-sc-decision-over-fort-bonifacio-ownership|title=Taguig LGU lauds SC decision over Fort Bonifacio ownership|first=Jonathan|last=Hicap|date=April 3, 2023|work=Manila Bulletin}}{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2023/04/05/2256966/makati-raises-constitutional-issues-bgc-land-dispute|title=Makati raises 'constitutional' issues in BGC land dispute|first=Marc Jayson|last=Cayabyab|date=April 5, 2023|accessdate=April 6, 2023|work=The Philippine Star}}{{cite news |last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=November 8, 2023 |title=DILG's Taguig office to take control of 10 EMBO villages |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1213248 |work=Philippine News Agency |access-date=November 9, 2023}}

{{See also|Geography of Manila|Land reclamation in Metro Manila}}

File:Metro Manila Elevation Map.png

File:Pasig-marikina_river_drainagebasin.png-Marikina River system]]

Metro Manila is located in the southwestern portion of Luzon. The region lies along the flat alluvial lands extending from the mouth of the Pasig River in the west to the higher rugged lands of Marikina Valley in the east. The region is geographically divided into 4 zones: the Coastal Margin, Guadalupe Plateau, Marikina Valley, and the Laguna Lowlands.

The Coastal Margin or Lowland is a flat and low plain that faces Manila Bay. Located here is Manila, Navotas, parts of Malabon, and the western part and reclaimed areas of Pasay and Parañaque, where the ground elevation ranges from zero meters on Manila Bay to {{convert|5|m|sp=us|spell=in}} at the west side of the cities of Mandaluyong and Makati. The Coastal Lowland possesses resources for offshore fisheries and fishpond development, and various reclamation projects in the area are meant for mixed-use urban development.

The Central or Guadalupe Plateau is the most adaptable to urban development activities not only because of its solid geographical foundations but also because of its existing infrastructure links with the rest of Luzon. It is mainly residential and includes the densely populated areas of Metro Manila such San Juan, Makati and Quezon City, as well as most parts of Caloocan and Mandaluyong. The ground elevation ranges from {{convert|20|to|40|m|sp=us}} and gradually becomes lower towards its western side, while ground elevation ranges from {{convert|70|to|100|m|sp=us}} towards the northwestern side of the plateau. The area becomes narrower along the Pasig River.

The Marikina Valley is a floodplain along the Marikina River and a delta along Laguna de Bay. Its elevation ranges from {{convert|2|m|sp=us|spell=in}} on the Laguna de Bay side to {{convert|30|m|sp=us}} on its north side towards Montalban. It is surrounded by the Central Plateau and mountains of Rizal. It has fertile land suitable for crop cultivation while the Marikina River provides water for industrial uses and discharge.

The Laguna Lowlands is not only suitable for agriculture and aquaculture but also for industrial activity.{{Cite web |date=July 2010 |title=Metro Manila and Its 200KM Radius Sphere |url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12001491_02.pdf |access-date=November 13, 2020 |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114110845/https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12001491_02.pdf |url-status=live }}

File:ManggahanFloodwayOndoy.jpg (Tropical Storm Ondoy) in 2009 caused 484 deaths in Metro Manila alone.]]

Metro Manila is exposed to multiple natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and typhoons. It is surrounded by active faults including the Marikina Valley Fault System. Other distant faults such as the Philippine Faults, Lubang Faults, Manila Trench and Casiguran Faults, are a threat as well.{{Cite news |last=Lila Ramos Shahani |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Living on a Fault Line: Manila in a 7.2 Earthquake |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake |url-status=dead |access-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090248/http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/05/11/1453392/living-fault-line-manila-7.2-earthquake |archive-date=May 18, 2015}} Flooding is recurrent every year especially in low-lying areas of Valenzuela, Malabon, Caloocan, Navotas, Manila, Pasay, Parañaque, and Las Piñas, where flood are generally linked with the tidal movements in Manila Bay. Meanwhile, Marikina, Pasig, Taguig, and Pateros are areas inland that are also prone to flooding. These areas are located along the Marikina Valley where there is poor soil drainage and a shallow water table due to being in proximity to Laguna Bay's shores. Flood risks are generally lower in cities along the Guadalupe Plateau, including Quezon City, San Juan, Makati, Mandaluyong and Muntinlupa, where volcanic rocks rise up to {{convert|40|to|70|m|sp=us}} above sea level.{{Cite journal |last1=Pornasdoro |first1=Karlo |last2=Silva |first2=Liz |last3=Munárriz |first3=Maria Lourdes |last4=Estepa |first4=Beau |last5=Capaque |first5=Curtis |title=Flood Risk of Metro Manila Barangays: A GIS Based Risk Assessment Using Multi-Criteria Techniques |url=https://conference.surp.upd.edu.ph/downloads/JURP1/JURP_04_PORNASDORO_arial_lines_05a.pdf |journal=Journal in Urban and Regional Planning |volume=1 |issue=2014 |pages=51–72 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107124213/https://conference.surp.upd.edu.ph/downloads/JURP1/JURP_04_PORNASDORO_arial_lines_05a.pdf |url-status=live }} Around five to seven typhoons hit Manila yearly. Manila was ranked as the second riskiest capital city after Tokyo to live in according to Swiss Re.{{Cite news |last=Lozada |first=Bong |date=March 27, 2014 |title=Metro Manila is world's second riskiest capital to live in–poll |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589526/manila-is-worlds-second-riskiest-city-to-live-in-poll |url-status=live |access-date=April 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307075903/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589526/manila-is-worlds-second-riskiest-city-to-live-in-poll |archive-date=March 7, 2016}}

According to the Köppen climate classification, there are two climates in Metro Manila. Most of the region has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw) while the northeastern part of the region that lies on the foothills of Sierra Madre has a tropical monsoon climate. Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means that temperatures are hot year-round, rarely going below 15 °C or above 39 °C. Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.4 °C on January 11, 1914,{{Cite news |title=Temperatures drop further in Baguio, MM |work=Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2014/01/01/1273885/temperatures-drop-further-baguio-mm |url-status=dead |access-date=October 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025102904/http://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2014/01/01/1273885/temperatures-drop-further-baguio-mm |archive-date=October 25, 2014}} to 38.8 °C on April 27, 2024.{{Cite web |title=Philippines endure extreme heat until mid May |url=https://qa.philstar.com/headlines/2024/04/28/2351079/philippines-endure-extreme-heat-until-mid-may |access-date=April 28, 2024 |publisher=Philstar.com}}

Humidity levels are usually very high all year round. Manila has a distinct dry season from December through April, and a relatively lengthy wet season that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures. In the wet season, it rarely rains all day, but rainfall is very heavy during short periods. Typhoons usually occur from June to September.{{Cite web |title=Manila |url=http://jeepneyguide.com/manila/travel-guide |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822140435/http://jeepneyguide.com/manila/travel-guide |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |publisher=Jeepneyguide}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2019}}

{{Weather box

|location = Port Area, Manila (1981–2010, extremes 1885–2023)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

|temperature colour =

| Jan record high C = 36.5

| Feb record high C = 35.6

| Mar record high C = 36.8

| Apr record high C = 38.0

| May record high C = 38.6

| Jun record high C = 37.6

| Jul record high C = 37.0

| Aug record high C = 35.6

| Sep record high C = 35.3

| Oct record high C = 35.8

| Nov record high C = 35.6

| Dec record high C = 34.6

|year record high C = 38.6

|Jan high C = 29.6

|Feb high C = 30.6

|Mar high C = 32.1

|Apr high C = 33.5

|May high C = 33.2

|Jun high C = 32.2

|Jul high C = 31.2

|Aug high C = 30.8

|Sep high C = 31.0

|Oct high C = 31.1

|Nov high C = 30.9

|Dec high C = 29.8

|year high C = 31.3

|Jan mean C = 26.7

|Feb mean C = 27.4

|Mar mean C = 28.7

|Apr mean C = 30.1

|May mean C = 30.0

|Jun mean C = 29.3

|Jul mean C = 28.5

|Aug mean C = 28.3

|Sep mean C = 28.4

|Oct mean C = 28.4

|Nov mean C = 28.0

|Dec mean C = 27.0

|year mean C = 28.4

|Jan low C = 23.8

|Feb low C = 24.2

|Mar low C = 25.3

|Apr low C = 26.6

|May low C = 26.9

|Jun low C = 26.4

|Jul low C = 25.9

|Aug low C = 25.8

|Sep low C = 25.7

|Oct low C = 25.7

|Nov low C = 25.1

|Dec low C = 24.2

|year low C = 25.5

| Jan record low C = 14.5

| Feb record low C = 15.6

| Mar record low C = 16.2

| Apr record low C = 17.2

| May record low C = 20.0

| Jun record low C = 20.1

| Jul record low C = 19.4

| Aug record low C = 18.0

| Sep record low C = 20.2

| Oct record low C = 19.5

| Nov record low C = 16.8

| Dec record low C = 15.7

|year record low C = 14.5

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 17.3

| Feb rain mm = 14.2

| Mar rain mm = 15.8

| Apr rain mm = 23.7

| May rain mm = 147.2

| Jun rain mm = 253.5

| Jul rain mm = 420.5

| Aug rain mm = 432.4

| Sep rain mm = 355.1

| Oct rain mm = 234.8

| Nov rain mm = 121.7

| Dec rain mm = 67.4

|year rain mm = 2103.6

|unit rain days = 0.1 mm

|Jan rain days = 4

|Feb rain days = 3

|Mar rain days = 3

|Apr rain days = 4

|May rain days = 10

|Jun rain days = 17

|Jul rain days = 21

|Aug rain days = 21

|Sep rain days = 20

|Oct rain days = 17

|Nov rain days = 12

|Dec rain days = 7

|year rain days = 139

|Jan humidity = 72

|Feb humidity = 69

|Mar humidity = 67

|Apr humidity = 66

|May humidity = 71

|Jun humidity = 76

|Jul humidity = 79

|Aug humidity = 81

|Sep humidity = 80

|Oct humidity = 78

|Nov humidity = 75

|Dec humidity = 74

|year humidity = 74

|Jan sun = 177

|Feb sun = 198

|Mar sun = 226

|Apr sun = 258

|May sun = 223

|Jun sun = 162

|Jul sun = 133

|Aug sun = 133

|Sep sun = 132

|Oct sun = 158

|Nov sun = 153

|Dec sun = 152

|year sun = 2105

|source 1 = PAGASA{{Cite web |title=Port Area Manila Climatological Normal Values |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/d5d9e8a2-2596-4b64-8d3c-fc2b050d7f1a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919043821/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalportareamnl1981-2010.csv |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}{{Cite web |title=Port Area Manila Climatological Extremes |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/bde2cd7e-1c5b-4df9-aab3-eae13062e1fc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919043856/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrportareamnl.csv |archive-date=September 19, 2018 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}

|source 2 = Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960){{Cite web |last1=Cappelen |first1=John |last2=Jensen |first2=Jens |title=Filippinerne – Manila, Luzon |url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2013 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |website=Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=da}}

|date=December 2014

}}

{{Weather box

| location = Pasay (Ninoy Aquino International Airport) 1981–2010, extremes 1947–2024

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| collapsed = Yes

| Jan record high C = 35.8

| Feb record high C = 35.1

| Mar record high C = 36.5

| Apr record high C = 38.8

| May record high C = 38.1

| Jun record high C = 38.0

| Jul record high C = 36.4

| Aug record high C = 35.2

| Sep record high C = 34.9

| Oct record high C = 36.0

| Nov record high C = 35.8

| Dec record high C = 34.2

|year record high C = 38.8

| Jan high C = 30.2

| Feb high C = 31.0

| Mar high C = 32.5

| Apr high C = 34.1

| May high C = 33.8

| Jun high C = 32.5

| Jul high C = 31.3

| Aug high C = 30.8

| Sep high C = 31.0

| Oct high C = 31.1

| Nov high C = 31.1

| Dec high C = 30.2

| year high C = 31.6

| Jan mean C = 26.1

| Feb mean C = 26.7

| Mar mean C = 28.0

| Apr mean C = 29.5

| May mean C = 29.7

| Jun mean C = 28.8

| Jul mean C = 28.0

| Aug mean C = 27.7

| Sep mean C = 27.8

| Oct mean C = 27.7

| Nov mean C = 27.4

| Dec mean C = 26.5

| year mean C = 27.8

| Jan low C = 22.0

| Feb low C = 22.5

| Mar low C = 23.6

| Apr low C = 25.0

| May low C = 25.5

| Jun low C = 25.1

| Jul low C = 24.6

| Aug low C = 24.6

| Sep low C = 24.6

| Oct low C = 24.3

| Nov low C = 23.7

| Dec low C = 22.7

| year low C = 24.0

| Jan record low C = 14.8

| Feb record low C = 14.6

| Mar record low C = 16.0

| Apr record low C = 18.7

| May record low C = 19.1

| Jun record low C = 20.0

| Jul record low C = 18.3

| Aug record low C = 17.4

| Sep record low C = 19.1

| Oct record low C = 18.0

| Nov record low C = 17.2

| Dec record low C = 16.3

|year record low C = 14.6

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 6.8

| Feb rain mm = 4.2

| Mar rain mm = 4.0

| Apr rain mm = 16.0

| May rain mm = 70.4

| Jun rain mm = 265.2

| Jul rain mm = 316.7

| Aug rain mm = 418.4

| Sep rain mm = 255.2

| Oct rain mm = 283.4

| Nov rain mm = 99.0

| Dec rain mm = 28.6

|year rain mm = 1767.8

|unit rain days = 0.1 mm

| Jan rain days = 2

| Feb rain days = 1

| Mar rain days = 1

| Apr rain days = 1

| May rain days = 6

| Jun rain days = 14

| Jul rain days = 16

| Aug rain days = 19

| Sep rain days = 16

| Oct rain days = 14

| Nov rain days = 8

| Dec rain days = 3

|year rain days = 101

| Jan humidity = 75

| Feb humidity = 72

| Mar humidity = 68

| Apr humidity = 67

| May humidity = 72

| Jun humidity = 77

| Jul humidity = 81

| Aug humidity = 83

| Sep humidity = 83

| Oct humidity = 80

| Nov humidity = 78

| Dec humidity = 76

| year humidity = 76

| source 1 = PAGASA{{Cite web |title=NAIA Pasay City Climatological Normal Values |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/9dd480c7-8192-4d3f-97c8-9bc1ac7b2773 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010232044/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalnaiapasay1981-2010.csv |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |access-date=October 10, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}{{Cite web |title=NAIA Pasay City Climatological Extremes |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/86bae162-9af6-424e-8964-169574fba3d2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010232123/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrnaiapasaycity.csv |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |access-date=October 10, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}}}

{{Weather box

|location = Science Garden, Quezon City (1981–2010, extremes 1961–2024)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|collapsed = Yes

| Jan record high C = 34.7

| Feb record high C = 35.6

| Mar record high C = 36.8

| Apr record high C = 38.2

| May record high C = 38.5

| Jun record high C = 38.0

| Jul record high C = 36.2

| Aug record high C = 35.8

| Sep record high C = 35.4

| Oct record high C = 35.4

| Nov record high C = 35.0

| Dec record high C = 34.7

|year record high C = 38.5

|Jan high C = 30.6

|Feb high C = 31.7

|Mar high C = 33.4

|Apr high C = 35.0

|May high C = 34.7

|Jun high C = 33.1

|Jul high C = 31.9

|Aug high C = 31.3

|Sep high C = 31.6

|Oct high C = 31.6

|Nov high C = 31.4

|Dec high C = 30.5

|year high C = 32.2

|Jan mean C = 25.7

|Feb mean C = 26.3

|Mar mean C = 27.8

|Apr mean C = 29.4

|May mean C = 29.7

|Jun mean C = 28.8

|Jul mean C = 28.0

|Aug mean C = 27.8

|Sep mean C = 27.8

|Oct mean C = 27.6

|Nov mean C = 27.1

|Dec mean C = 26.0

|year mean C = 27.7

|Jan low C = 20.8

|Feb low C = 20.9

|Mar low C = 22.1

|Apr low C = 23.7

|May low C = 24.7

|Jun low C = 24.6

|Jul low C = 24.1

|Aug low C = 24.2

|Sep low C = 24.0

|Oct low C = 23.5

|Nov low C = 22.7

|Dec low C = 21.6

|year low C = 23.1

| Jan record low C = 15.5

| Feb record low C = 15.1

| Mar record low C = 14.9

| Apr record low C = 17.2

| May record low C = 17.8

| Jun record low C = 18.1

| Jul record low C = 17.7

| Aug record low C = 17.8

| Sep record low C = 20.0

| Oct record low C = 18.6

| Nov record low C = 15.6

| Dec record low C = 15.1

|year record low C = 14.9

|rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 18.5

| Feb rain mm = 14.6

| Mar rain mm = 24.8

| Apr rain mm = 40.4

| May rain mm = 186.7

| Jun rain mm = 316.5

| Jul rain mm = 493.3

| Aug rain mm = 504.2

| Sep rain mm = 451.2

| Oct rain mm = 296.6

| Nov rain mm = 148.8

| Dec rain mm = 78.7

|year rain mm = 2574.4

|unit rain days = 0.1 mm

|Jan rain days = 4

|Feb rain days = 3

|Mar rain days = 4

|Apr rain days = 5

|May rain days = 12

|Jun rain days = 18

|Jul rain days = 22

|Aug rain days = 23

|Sep rain days = 22

|Oct rain days = 18

|Nov rain days = 14

|Dec rain days = 8

|year rain days = 153

|Jan humidity = 76

|Feb humidity = 73

|Mar humidity = 69

|Apr humidity = 67

|May humidity = 72

|Jun humidity = 79

|Jul humidity = 83

|Aug humidity = 84

|Sep humidity = 84

|Oct humidity = 83

|Nov humidity = 82

|Dec humidity = 79

|year humidity = 78

|source 1 = PAGASA{{Cite web |title=Science Garden Quezon City Climatological Normal Values |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-normal-values/resource/020704e9-50eb-4306-8e4b-3d1629dcbd72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923160054/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasanormvalscigardenqc1981-2010.csv |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}{{Cite web |title=Science Garden Quezon City Climatological Extremes |url=https://data.gov.ph/?q=dataset/climatological-extremes/resource/c131837f-7333-4b4c-8b57-1ef300e82de1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923160133/https://data.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pagasaclimextrsciencegardenqc.csv |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |access-date=September 23, 2018 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration}}

}}

{{See also|List of parks in Metro Manila}}

File:Rizal Park - Jose Rizal Monument with grass, right side (Manila; 01-01-2020).jpg in Manila.]]

File:View from the pathway at Paco Park.JPG is a former municipal cemetery built by the Dominicans during the Spanish colonial times.]]

There are four national parks in Metro Manila. These are the Rizal Park, Paco Park, and Fort Santiago in the City of Manila and Quezon Memorial National Park in Quezon City. Rizal Park and Paco Park are managed by the National Parks and Development Committee (NPDC), while Fort Santiago is managed by the Intramuros Administration. A tripartite agreement between the Quezon City Government, the National Historical Institute and the NPDC transferred the management of Quezon Memorial National Park to the Quezon City Government.{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2011 |title=Annual Audit Report of the National Parks and Development Committee |url=http://www.nationalparks.ph/transparency_seal/coa%20report%202011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093111/http://www.nationalparks.ph/transparency_seal/coa%20report%202011.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 12, 2015 |publisher=National Parks and Development Committee}} The region also has three protected areas, namely the Rizal Park, Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center and the Manila Bay Beach Resort.{{Cite web |title=Protected Areas in National Capital Region |url=http://www.bmb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382:ncr&catid=69 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130003/http://www.bmb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=382:ncr&catid=69 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=May 11, 2015 |publisher=Biodiversity Management Bureau}}{{Update inline|date=July 2021}}

Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is considered the largest urban park in Asia with an area of {{convert|58|ha}}.{{Cite news |last=Gwen de la Cruz |date=January 12, 2015 |title=FAST FACTS: Rizal Park |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/stories/80688-fast-facts-rizal-park |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100459/http://www.rappler.com/specials/pope-francis-ph/stories/80688-fast-facts-rizal-park |archive-date=March 7, 2016}} The park along with the historic walled area of Intramuros are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone according to the Tourism Act of 2009.{{Cite PH act|title=The Tourism Act of 2009 |chamber=RA |number=9593 |url=http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Downloadable%20Files/RA%209593.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430234102/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/Downloadable%20Files/RA%209593.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |date=May 12, 2009 |publisher=Department of Tourism}} Paco Park is a recreational garden which was once the city's municipal cemetery built by the Dominicans during the Spanish colonial period.{{Cite web |title=Paco Park |url=http://pacopark.nationalparks.ph/main.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030016/http://pacopark.nationalparks.ph/main.htm |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=May 3, 2014}} Filipino Landscape architect IP Santos, the "Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture", was commissioned to do the design of converting the former cemetery into a park.

Manila Zoo is the oldest zoo in Asia, which was founded in 1959. It is the home to more than a thousand animals from 90 different species including the 40-year-old elephant, Mali. The zoo has an average of 4,000 visitors weekly. An estimated 40,000 tourists visit the zoo each month.{{Cite news |last=Jenny F. Manongdo |date=May 21, 2015 |title=Manila Zoo renovation underway by July |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/manila-zoo-renovation-underway-by-july/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522182735/http://www.mb.com.ph/manila-zoo-renovation-underway-by-july/ |archive-date=May 22, 2015}}

La Mesa Ecopark is a 33-hectare well-developed sanctuary around the La Mesa Watershed. It was established through a joint partnership between the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, ABS-CBN, and the Quezon City Government. La Mesa Ecopark, along with the Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center, are important nature reserves in the Philippines.

The Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) was declared as a critical habitat by the Government of the Philippines in 2007{{Cite web |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009–2014 |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2PH006_RIS_2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123046/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/2PH006_RIS_2013.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 4, 2014 |publisher=Wetlands International}} and was listed by the Ramsar Convention as a Wetland of International Importance in 2013.{{Cite web |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Philippines |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-16085/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16085_4000_0__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008102456/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-annotated-ramsar-16085/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16085_4000_0__ |archive-date=October 8, 2013 |access-date=July 4, 2014 |publisher=Ramsar Convention}} LPPCHEA is composed of the Freedom Island in Parañaque and the Long Island in Las Piñas that covers 175 hectares and features a mangrove forest of eight species, tidal mudflats, secluded ponds with fringing salt-tolerant vegetation, a coastal lagoon, and a beach.{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2015 |title=Metro Manila's 'secret' wildlife sanctuary – and why it might disappear soon |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/450729/scitech/science/metro-manila-s-secret-wildlife-sanctuary-and-why-it-might-disappear-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402182050/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/450729/scitech/science/metro-manila-s-secret-wildlife-sanctuary-and-why-it-might-disappear-soon |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 11, 2015 |publisher=GMA News Online}}

{{Further|Administrative divisions of Metro Manila}}

{{See also|Metropolitan Manila Development Authority|Mayors of Metro Manila|List of city and municipal halls in Metro Manila}}

File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the Philippines.]]

File:Batasan front qc.jpg is the seat of the House of Representatives.]]

File:Photo of the new 20-storey Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Head Office Building in Pasig City which was inaugurated by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte on May 23, 2022 01.jpg (MMDA) Head Office Building (2022)]]

The framework of government and governance in Metro Manila is based on Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the "Local Government Code of 1991". This law outlines the powers and responsibilities of all local government units (LGUS) in the Philippines and thus forms the basis of inter-local governmental relations among the area's constituent local governments. The local government code grants these units significant political and administrative autonomy in accordance with the principles of decentralization and devolution of power. This situation presents a challenge to the coordination of policy and service delivery across the multiple autonomous local government units and is thus the underlying dilemma of metropolitan governance in Metro Manila.

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is the agency responsible for the delivery of public services in Metro Manila. Its services are limited to traffic management and garbage collection. Previously Metro Manila was governed by a regional government authority, the Metro Manila Commission and was led by a governor.

A bill was introduced in 2014 proposing the creation of a new governing body in Metro Manila to be known as the Metropolitan Manila Regional Administration (MMRA). Unlike the MMDA which is limited to being an administrative coordinating body, the proposed MMRA will have police and other typical municipal powers and is more akin to the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.{{Cite news |title=Bill creating new Metro Manila body backed |work=Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/09/25/1372873/bill-creating-new-metro-manila-body-backed |url-status=live |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073115/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/09/25/1372873/bill-creating-new-metro-manila-body-backed |archive-date=October 6, 2014}}{{Cite news |title=DOJ backs creation of Metropolitan Manila Regional Administration |newspaper=Inquirer.net |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/640403/doj-backs-creation-of-metropolitan-manila-regional-administration |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125119/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/640403/doj-backs-creation-of-metropolitan-manila-regional-administration |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}

Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, is the seat of the national government. All the main offices of the executive departments of the country are in Metro Manila. The Department of Agrarian Reform, Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, National Housing Authority and Philippine Coconut Authority has their main offices based around Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon City.

Manila, the capital city of the country, is the home to Malacañan Palace, the official residence and office of the President of the Philippines. The city is also the home to the Supreme Court of the Philippines. Other key national institutions based in Manila are the Court of Appeals, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, and the Departments of Budget and Management, Finance, Health, Justice, Labor and Employment and Public Works and Highways. Meanwhile, the Department of Science and Technology is based in Taguig while the Department of Tourism has its headquarters in Makati. Important economic and financial institutions headquartered in the region are the Asian Development Bank, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Development Bank of the Philippines, Land Bank of the Philippines and the National Economic and Development Authority.

The main office of the Government Service Insurance System in Pasay serves as home to the Senate of the Philippines. Meanwhile, the House of Representatives of the Philippines is based in the Batasang Pambansa Complex, Quezon City along with the Sandiganbayan. The Coconut Palace once served as the official office and residence of the Vice President of the Philippines in 2010–2016 and then the Quezon City Reception House for 2016-2022.

The political and administrative boundaries of the National Capital Region has not changed since its formation in 1975 as a public corporation under Presidential Decree No. 824. They are composed of sixteen independent cities, classified as highly urbanized cities, and one independent municipality: Pateros.

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Unlike other administrative regions in the Philippines, Metro Manila is not composed of provinces. Instead, the region is divided into four geographic areas called "districts".{{Cite web |title=Municipal and City Level Estimates |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/sae/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20(Full%20Report).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113232119/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/poverty/sae/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20%28Full%20Report%29.pdf |archive-date=November 13, 2013 |access-date=July 14, 2014 |publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board}} The districts have their district centers at the four original cities in the region: the city-district of Manila (Capital District), Quezon City (Eastern Manila), Caloocan (Northern Manila, also informally known as Camanava), and Pasay (Southern Manila).{{Cite web |title=Environmental Management Bureau – National Capital Region |url=http://emb.gov.ph/emb_ncr/aboutus.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725195541/http://emb.gov.ph/emb_ncr/aboutus.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2014 |publisher=Environmental Management Bureau}} The districts serve mainly to organize the region's local government units for fiscal and statistical purposes.

File:Districts of Metro Manila.svg {{Districts of Metro Manila|}} {{clear}}

There is a high demand for the inclusion of San Pedro, Laguna in Metro Manila. Support groups from the local government and non-government organizations are striving to incorporate San Pedro into Metro Manila.{{Cite web |title=San Pedro City eyed as 18th member of MMDA |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/san-pedro-city-eyed-as-18th-member-of-mmda/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231114421/http://www.mb.com.ph/san-pedro-city-eyed-as-18th-member-of-mmda/ |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |website=Manila Bulletin}}{{Cite web |title= Tolentino eyes San Pedro City in MMDA loop |url= https://politiko.com.ph/2014/12/31/tolentino-eyes-san-pedro-city-in-mmda-loop/politiko-lokal/ |date= December 31, 2014 |access-date= January 14, 2025 |author= |publisher= Prage |work= Politiko }} San Pedro was looked at as the 18th member of Metro Manila during former MMDA chairman Francis Tolentino's term. Tolentino pushed for the inclusion of San Pedro in the National Capital Region to become its 18th member city.

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| footnote = Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{Cite web |title=2010 Census of Population and Housing: National Capital Region |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/2010/2010CPH_ncr.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625152554/http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/2010/2010CPH_ncr.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2012 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority of the Republic of the Philippines}}{{Cite web |title=National Capital Region. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/National%20Capital%20Region.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115103152/http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/National%20Capital%20Region.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2012 |access-date=December 22, 2012 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority of the Philippines}}{{PH census|2015}}}}

Metro Manila has a population of {{nts|13484462}} according to the 2020 national census.{{PH census|2020}} Its total urban area, composed of the urban agglomeration which refers to the continuous urban expansion of Metro Manila into the provinces of Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Batangas has an estimated population of {{nts|24100000}} as of 2015. It is the second most populous (after Calabarzon) and most densely populated region in the Philippines, the 7th most populous metropolitan area in Asia, and the 4th most populous urban area in the world.

Prior to the transfer of the Embo barangays from Makati to Taguig in 2023, the most populous cities in Metro Manila are Quezon City (2,960,048), Manila (1,846,513), Caloocan (1,661,584), Taguig (886,722), Pasig (803,159), Valenzuela (714,978), Parañaque (689,992), Las Piñas (606,293), Makati (629,616), and Muntinlupa (543,445).

{{See also|Slums in Manila}}

File:WTMP_Noel_Gonong_DSC_0077.JPG for the former Smokey Mountain dumpsite and slum community is a prime example of in-city relocation housing for informal settler families in Tondo, City of Manila.]]

{{stack|float=right|{{PH poverty incidence}}{{key needed|date=June 2024|post-text=thousands? percentages? what?}}}}

From the 1980s up to the present, informal settlers (squatters) have accounted for roughly one-third of the Metro Manila population.{{Cite news |last=Rebong |first=Nick |date=January 14, 1996 |title=Squatters to fill half of metropolis |page=9 |work=Manila Standard |publisher=Kamahalan Publishing Corp. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B_4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2742%2C1996725 |access-date=January 26, 2022 |quote=In 1980, Metro Manila's squatter population was estimated as 857,000. By 1987, this figure exploded to about 2.5 million or roughly one third of the population of Metro Manila. |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125165832/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=B_4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2742,1996725 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Shahani |first=Lila Ramos |author-link=Leticia Ramos-Shahani |date=December 10, 2011 |title=Paradox of growth |newspaper=Inquirer Opinion |publisher=INQUIRER.net |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/18893/paradox-of-growth |access-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-date=January 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125165842/https://opinion.inquirer.net/18893/paradox-of-growth |url-status=live }} A majority of informal settlers belong to the middle-class.{{Cite web |last1=Albert |first1=Jose Ramon G. |last2=Santos |first2=Angelo Gabrielle F. |last3=Vizmanos |first3=Jana Flor V. |date=2019 |title=Unmasking the middle-class: profile and determinants |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1820.pdf |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority |page=6 |access-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-date=January 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130172138/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1820.pdf |url-status=live }} In 2014, there are an estimated four million slum dwellers living in Metro Manila. Homelessness is also a major problem in Metro Manila.{{Cite magazine |last=Paul Roy |date=September 18, 2014 |title=In the slums of Manila, inequality is so bad that the worst off have no chance to protest |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/09/slums-manila-inequality-so-bad-worst-have-no-chance-protest |url-status=live |magazine=The New Statesman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616180249/http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/09/slums-manila-inequality-so-bad-worst-have-no-chance-protest |archive-date=June 16, 2016 |access-date=November 4, 2016}} However, these are being addressed by creating in-city relocation housing, and by relocating informal settler families in low-density housing built in the nearby provinces of Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna and Rizal.{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.nha.gov.ph/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613210109/http://nha.gov.ph/ |archive-date=June 13, 2019 |access-date=November 21, 2019}}

During the American occupation, housing policies in Manila dealt the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas. Among those implemented were business codes and sanitation laws in slum areas in the 1930s. During this period and until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 in Quezon City and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo. The government implemented the Public Housing Policy in 1947 that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC). A few years later, it put up the Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Tondo and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan in the 1960s.{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hetOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA36 |title=Report |publisher=Office of Economic Coordination |year=1963 |location=Philippines |pages=36 |language=en}}

During the time of President Ferdinand Marcos, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank supported the programs for the "development of relocation" and "on-site development". Carmona and Dasmariñas in Cavite and San Pedro in Laguna opened as relocation sites. Along with the establishment of the National Housing Authority (Philippines), Presidential Decree 772 made squatting a crime, making the Philippines one of only two countries (the other is South Africa) where squatting is a crime. The government formulated the National Shelter Program which became the over-all framework for dealing with housing needs of all income classes.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Imelda Marcos held both the position as Governor of Metro Manila and as Minister of Human Settlements and Ecology (MHSE) until the downfall of the dictatorship in 1986. The MHSE, through loans from the World Bank, initiated the Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS) housing projects not only in Metro Manila but also in other provinces.{{Cite web |date=January 9, 1979 |title=Executive Order No. 517, s. 1979 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1979/01/09/executive-order-no-517-s-1979/ |access-date=July 21, 2021 |website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721095352/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1979/01/09/executive-order-no-517-s-1979/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=November 28, 1983 |title=Proclamation No. 2321, s. 1983 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1983/11/28/proclamation-no-2321-s-1983/ |access-date=July 21, 2021 |website=www.officialgazette.gov.ph |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721095353/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1983/11/28/proclamation-no-2321-s-1983/ |url-status=live }}

From 1960 to 1992, the government transferred some 328,000 families to resettlement sites {{convert|25|to|40|km|abbr=on}} from Metro Manila. According to the Asian Coalition on Housing Rights, during President Corazon C. Aquino's time, the government would bring some 100,000 persons to relocation sites yearly. During the said period, Sapang Palay and Carmona had a 60% abandonment rate. Congress enacted Republic Act No. 7279 or the Urban Development and Housing Act (UDHA) in 1992. The law gave a new name for the squatters: informal settlers.{{cite PH act|chamber=RA|number=7279|title=An Act to provide for a comprehensive and continuing urban development and housing program, establish the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/03/24/republic-act-no-7279/|date=March 24, 1992|accessdate=May 26, 2023|archive-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109053552/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/03/24/republic-act-no-7279/|url-status=live}} Essentially, UDHA gives protection for big private ownership of land in the urban areas, ensuring that these are protected from illegal occupants. The law also widened the scope of private sector participation in the National Shelter Program (NSP).{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

In the middle of the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, infrastructure projects of the government led to the demolition of hundreds of thousands of families (from along railways, C-4 Road, C-5 Road, and from Fort Bonifacio). During the same period, new relocation sites in Bulacan, Valenzuela and Caloocan opened.

The primary mainstream spoken casual vernacular language is Tagalog (Filipino), which is taught in all schools across Metro Manila under Filipino class. The main formal medium of instruction used in schools and the main language (at least primarily in most written contexts) for commerce, industry, and government is English, ever since the American colonial era. Meanwhile formerly, Spanish used to be the formal lingua franca since the Spanish colonial era till the 20th century and is now mostly moribund across Metro Manila, besides the rare few families who may privately use it and the Spanish taught in a few schools and universities as a foreign language elective. Among Chinese Filipinos, Philippine Hokkien may also occasionally be heard spoken amongst fellow speakers especially within households, schools, churches, temples, businesses who privately use it, while Mandarin (Standard Chinese) is taught in Chinese class in Chinese Filipino schools and as a foreign language elective in a few schools and universities. There are also the occasional speaker of other Philippine languages coming from the provinces working, studying, or living in Metro Manila, such as speakers of Cebuano Bisaya, Ilocano, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), Central Bikolano, Chavacano, Kapampangan, Pangasinense, Waray, etc. There are also the rare Japanese Filipino that speaks Japanese, Korean Filipino that speaks Korean, Iranian Filipino that speaks Farsi (Persian), Indian Filipino that speaks Punjabi or etc. There are also a few Japanese schools teaching Japanese in Japanese class in Metro Manila, such as the Manila Japanese School and of course, a few schools and universities teaching it as a foreign language elective. Other languages also taught as foreign language electives in some universities and schools in Metro Manila besides those aforementioned are those such as, French, Korean, German, Italian, Thai, Bahasa Indonesia, Portuguese, Russian, etc. Besides English and Filipino, there are also other newspapers distributed across Metro Manila in languages such as Mandarin (i.e. United Daily News, World News, Chinese Commercial News, etc.), Japanese (i.e. Manila Shimbun), Korean (i.e. Manila Seoul, Weekly Manila, Ilyo Shinmun,{{Cite web |last=Gomilao |first=Jason |title=Philippine Korean Weekly Newspaper - Makati City |url=https://www.businesslist.ph/company/300920/philippine-korean-newspaper-ilyoshinmun |website=BusinessList.ph |date=September 14, 2018 |access-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725024301/https://www.businesslist.ph/company/300920/philippine-korean-newspaper-ilyoshinmun |url-status=live }} etc.) to cater to the aforementioned readers.

File:One Bonifacio Skyline (Dec. 2024).jpg headquarters in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig]]

The National Capital Region accounts for 31.1% of the gross domestic product of the Philippines in 2023.{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2024 |title=All Economies of 17 Regions Continue to Record Positive Growths in 2023; Central Visayas was the Fastest Growing Region at 7.3 Percent |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/grdp/node/1684063404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612235319/https://psa.gov.ph/grdp/grdp-id/138508 |archive-date=June 12, 2021 |access-date=May 25, 2021 |website=Philippine Statistics Authority}} Furthermore, it has the highest per capita GDP of the country at {{Philippine peso|530,945|link=yes}}.{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2013 |title=All Economies of 17 Regions Continue to Record Positive Growths in 2023; Central Visayas was the Fastest Growing Region at 7.3 Percent |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/grdp/node/1684063404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194348/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/grdp/2012/perCapitaGRDP.asp |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority}} The employment rate in the region is at 91.3% {{As of|2021|April|lc=y}}. According to the Brookings Institution, the 2014 share of output by industry in Metro Manila is as follows: trade and tourism: 31.4%, business/finance: 28.6%, local/non-market: 15.6%, manufacturing: 12.5%, transportation: 4.9%, construction: 4%, utilities: 2.8%, and commodities: 0.3%.{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2015 |title=2014 Global Metro Monitor Map |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321051346/http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=Brookings Institution}}

Metro Manila would add {{convert|1.85|e6sqm|e6sqmi|sp=us}} of office spaces between 2015 and 2017 in the central business districts in Makati, Taguig, and Quezon City as more global firms such as Google and HSBC seek to outsource business processes in the Philippines.{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2015 |title=Global firms fuel record surge in Manila office space |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/442781/economy/companies/global-firms-fuel-record-surge-in-manila-office-space |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130211/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/442781/economy/companies/global-firms-fuel-record-surge-in-manila-office-space |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |publisher=GMA News Online}} The vacancy rate for office spaces remains low, at less 3% in the year-end of 2014.{{Cite news |date=February 25, 2015 |title=PH real estate sector to stay strong in 2015 |newspaper=INQUIRER.net |url=http://business.inquirer.net/187339/ph-real-estate-sector-to-stay-strong-in-2015 |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227164636/http://business.inquirer.net/187339/ph-real-estate-sector-to-stay-strong-in-2015 |archive-date=February 27, 2015}} Manila remains as the least expensive capital city in the Asia-Pacific to occupy prime office space at an average rent of $22 per square meter per month.{{Cite news |date=August 24, 2014 |title=Our country's hope |newspaper=INQUIRER.net |url=http://www.philstar.com/business/2014/08/24/1360994/our-countrys-hope |url-status=live |access-date=March 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315031434/http://www.philstar.com/business/2014/08/24/1360994/our-countrys-hope |archive-date=March 15, 2015}}

Metro Manila makes it to the "Global Top 30" cities according to property consultancy firm Jones Lang LaSalle, citing its economic scale, vast population, large gross domestic product and BPO specialization as its competitive edge.{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2015 |title=PH real estate gets boost from BPOs, hospitality, gaming, retail |work=Manila Standard Today |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/123347/metro-manila-makes-it-to-top-30-megacities-list |url-status=live |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523002912/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/123347/metro-manila-makes-it-to-top-30-megacities-list |archive-date=May 23, 2015}} Furthermore, the region ranks 3rd for the top business process outsourcing global destinations, next to Bangalore and Mumbai.{{Cite web |last=Doris Dumlao-Abadilla |date=May 22, 2015 |title=Metro Manila makes it to top 30 megacities list |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/metro-manila--cebu-among-top-global-bpo-destinations-094957693.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402201423/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/metro-manila--cebu-among-top-global-bpo-destinations-094957693.html |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=May 22, 2015 |publisher=INQUIRER.net}} The region's retail sector remains strong, bolstered by remittances abroad, BPOs, and its tourism sector.{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2015 |title=PH real estate gets boost from BPOs, hospitality, gaming, retail |work=Manila Standard Today |url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/2015/03/06/ph-real-estate-gets-boost-from-bpos-hospitality-gaming-retail/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318231555/http://manilastandardtoday.com/2015/03/06/ph-real-estate-gets-boost-from-bpos-hospitality-gaming-retail/ |archive-date=March 18, 2015}}

File:Intramuros-Binondo Bridge.jpg, founded in 1594, is considered as the oldest chinatown in the world.{{Cite news |last=Umali |first=Justin |date=February 4, 2019 |title=How Binondo Became the World's Oldest Chinatown |work=Esquire |publisher=Summit Media |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/binondo-history-oldest-chinatown-a2212-20190204-lfrm |access-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823095347/https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/binondo-history-oldest-chinatown-a2212-20190204-lfrm |url-status=live }}]]

Historically, the main business district of the metropolis was Binondo, where commercial trading flourished since the 15th century. By the 1960s, economic activities shifted from Binondo to Makati. It transformed Makati into one of the leading financial centers in Asia. Still, Binondo remained as a cultural and financial center because of the vast Chinese population residing and doing business in the area.

The minimum wage of Metro Manila is at {{Philippine peso|645.00}} (${{To USD|645.00|round=2|Philippines}}) per-day for non-agricultural workers and at {{Philippine peso|608.00}} (${{To USD|608.00|round=2|Philippines}}) per-day for those working in the agricultural sector,{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2024|first=Zen|last=Hernandez|title=NCR workers to get P35 daily minimum wage hike|work=ABS-CBN News|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/2024/7/1/ncr-workers-to-get-p35-daily-minimum-wage-hike-1446|accessdate=August 23, 2024}} the highest minimum wage among all the 17 regions of the country.{{Cite news |date=March 19, 2015 |title=Good news but… Metro Manila minimum pay up by P15 |newspaper=INQUIRER.net |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/679890/good-news-but-metro-manila-minimum-pay-up-by-p15 |url-status=live |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319190040/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/679890/good-news-but-metro-manila-minimum-pay-up-by-p15 |archive-date=March 19, 2015}} However, an increase of ₱25 was made and implemented in November 2018.{{Cite web |title=P25 wage hike takes effect on November 22, 2018 |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/11/13/1868052/p25-wage-hike-takes-effect-november-22-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112205522/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/11/13/1868052/p25-wage-hike-takes-effect-november-22-2018 |archive-date=November 12, 2018 |access-date=November 15, 2018 |website=philstar.com}}

Nominal wages are what Metro Manila's current minimum wage rates are known as. The Philippine government has set these wage rates at a fixed amount.

On the other hand, the amount after inflation is what is considered the real minimum wage. For instance, the non-agricultural employees of NCR typically receive ₱428.23 (${{To USD|428.23|round=2|Philippines}}) per day as opposed to ₱537 (${{To USD|537|round=2|Philippines}}). The minimum salary for agricultural employees in Manila (including plantation and non-plantation workers) is {{Philippine peso|398.72}} (${{To USD|398.72|round=2|Philippines}}) after accounting for inflation.

File:Ayala Avenue (Makati; 04-15-2022).jpg in Makati.]]

File:Bonifacio Global City - 32nd Ave. (BGC, Taguig)(2018-06-04).jpg.]]

File:Ortigas.jpg in Pasig.]]

Metro Manila has many central business districts (CBD), which categorizes it under the multiple nuclei model in human geography terms. The most prominent CBDs are the Makati Central Business District, Bonifacio Global City, Ortigas Center, Binondo, and Filinvest City. The region also has plenty of mixed-use developments owned and developed by private corporations such as the Ayala Corporation, Eton Properties, Megaworld Corporation and SM Prime Holdings.

The Makati Central Business District is the premier business and commercial center of the Philippines. It is the headquarters to most of the multinational corporations residing in the Philippines as well as the country's biggest commercial firms and BPO companies.{{Cite web |title=Working in the Philippines |url=http://www.makeitmakati.com/about-the-city/working-in-the-philippines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427180723/http://www.makeitmakati.com/about-the-city/working-in-the-philippines |archive-date=April 27, 2013 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |publisher=Make it Makati}} The Central Business District has an office stock of 1.1 million square meters of Grade A and premium office space.{{Cite news |last=Roderick T. dela Cruz |date=January 3, 2015 |title=Fort Bonifacio eclipsing Makati CBD |work=Manila Standard Today |url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/2015/01/03/fort-bonifacio-eclipsing-makati-cbd/ |url-status=dead |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711091224/http://manilastandardtoday.com/2015/01/03/fort-bonifacio-eclipsing-makati-cbd |archive-date=July 11, 2015}} It is the home to the tallest skyscrapers in the region as well as in the country.

Bonifacio Global City is the newest business district of Manila and is the premier financial and lifestyle center of the metropolis. It is located in the north-western part of Taguig. It used to be a military base known as Fort Bonifacio. The Bases and Conversion Development Authority (BCDA) privatized the property and its income from the sale was intended to be used for the modernization of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Upon its privatization, the place was transformed into a business hub featuring numerous tourist attractions such as The Mind Museum, high-end shops, towering office skyscrapers, and luxurious lofts and condominiums. Bonifacio Global City will soon overtake the Makati Central Business District as the premier financial center of the country in the future. One of the reasons for it is that the Philippine Stock Exchange relocated its headquarters in BGC. Also, it has more spaces and land for future developments. It is also the most active business district, generating over 50 percent of the growth in property market and has more available space for rent or lease and sale than Makati.

Ortigas Center is a central business district located in Mandaluyong and Pasig, with a small portion of it located in Quezon City. Landmarks in Ortigas include the EDSA Shrine, Shangri-La Plaza and the SM Megamall. Furthermore, The Medical City has its main campus in Ortigas Center. Important financial and national institutions headquartered in Ortigas are the Asian Development Bank, Union Bank of the Philippines and the National Economic and Development Authority. Ortigas is also the home to the headquarters of San Miguel Corporation, Jollibee Foods Corporation, Lopez Group of Companies and The Manila Electric Company.

{{See also|List of shopping malls in Metro Manila}}

File:View_of_Pasay_City_at_SM_Mall_of_Asia.tif (2016)]]

Global Blue ranked Manila as one of the "Best Shopping Destinations" in Asia.{{Cite web |title=The Globe Shopper Index |url=http://www.globeshopperindex.com/en/destinations/Asia/Manila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119112650/http://www.globeshopperindex.com/en/destinations/asia/Manila |archive-date=January 19, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2013 |publisher=Global Blue}}{{Cite web |title=Manila 11th most attractive shopping destination in Asia Pacific –study |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/manila-11th-most-attractive-shopping-destination-asia-pacific-050612020.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224033858/http://ph.news.yahoo.com/manila-11th-most-attractive-shopping-destination-asia-pacific-050612020.html |archive-date=February 24, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! Philippines}} Metro Manila is home to some of the largest shopping malls in the world, five of which are in the top 20. SM Mall of Asia in Pasay ranks as the 5th largest shopping mall in the world, followed by SM North EDSA in Quezon City bagging the 13th place. Meanwhile, SM Megamall in Mandaluyong ranks as the 15th largest shopping mall in the world. Other significant shopping malls in Metro Manila are the Ever Gotesco Commonwealth Center, Festival Supermall, Greenbelt, Market! Market!, SM Aura Premier, SM Southmall and TriNoma.

{{Main|Tourism in Manila|Gambling in Metro Manila}}

File:Iglesia de San Agustín, Manila, Filipinas, 2023-08-27, DD 73.jpg, built in 1604, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.]]

Tourism is a vital industry of the region. Metro Manila is the main gateway to the Philippines. Trade and tourism represent 31.4% of share of NCR's output by industry according to Brookings Institution. Metro Manila welcomed 974,379 overnight visitors in 2012, making it the top overnight tourist destination of the country.{{Cite news |title=Metro Manila is top overnight tourist destination–DOT |work=BusinessMirror |url=http://businessmirror.com.ph/index.php/en/lifestyle/tourism/17067-metro-manila-is-top-overnight-tourist-destination-dot |url-status=dead |access-date=September 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917163131/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/index.php/en/lifestyle/tourism/17067-metro-manila-is-top-overnight-tourist-destination-dot |archive-date=September 17, 2013}} Manila is visited by the majority of international tourists coming to the country registering a total of 3,139,756 arrivals in 2012.{{Cite web |title=Visitor Arrival and Profile – 2012 |url=http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/images/ads/d99866e3b07afd904fb04c3c2aef018d.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121306/http://www.visitmyphilippines.com/images/ads/d99866e3b07afd904fb04c3c2aef018d.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2013 |publisher=Department of Tourism}}

Metro Manila has opened 4,612 hotel rooms in 2015. It is also expected to exceed the 3,500 annual addition of hotel rooms in the next two years.{{Cite news |date=March 11, 2015 |title=Hotel groups in race to tap Manila gaming scene |work=South China Morning Post |url=http://www.scmp.com/property/international/article/1734428/hotel-groups-race-tap-manila-gaming-scene |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317144756/http://www.scmp.com/property/international/article/1734428/hotel-groups-race-tap-manila-gaming-scene |archive-date=March 17, 2015}}{{Cite news |date=March 7, 2015 |title=Hotel boom in Manila offers hope to domestic tourism |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/hotel-boom-in-manila-offers-hope-to-domestic-tourism/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183344/http://www.mb.com.ph/hotel-boom-in-manila-offers-hope-to-domestic-tourism/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}{{Cite news |last=Neil Jerome Morales |date=March 6, 2015 |title=Hotel boom in Manila offers hope to Philippine tourism |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/447961/economy/companies/hotel-boom-in-manila-offers-hope-to-philippine-tourism |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328203931/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/447961/economy/companies/hotel-boom-in-manila-offers-hope-to-philippine-tourism |archive-date=March 28, 2015}} Gambling in Metro Manila has also become a popular tourist attraction in the region. Metro Manila is a popular gaming destination in Asia,{{Cite web |title=Billion $ paradise – Manila stakes its claim |url=http://www.macaubusiness.com/news/gaming/billion-paradise-manila-stakes-its-claim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223144833/http://www.macaubusiness.com/news/gaming/billion-paradise-manila-stakes-its-claim.html |archive-date=February 23, 2015 |access-date=August 28, 2014 |publisher=Macau Business}} rivaling other major gaming destinations such as Macau and Singapore.{{Cite web |title=PAGCOR: Entertainment City is all about entertainment and tourism |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/anc/04/05/08/pagcor-entertainment-city-all-about-entertainment-and-tourism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917160302/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/anc/04/05/08/pagcor-entertainment-city-all-about-entertainment-and-tourism |archive-date=September 17, 2012 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=ABS-CBNnews.com}}{{Cite web |title=Pagcor's Entertainment City seen to draw extra 1-M tourists |url=http://www.philstar.com/business/727913/pagcors-entertainment-city-seen-draw-extra-1-m-tourists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165820/http://www.philstar.com/business/727913/pagcors-entertainment-city-seen-draw-extra-1-m-tourists |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Philstar.com Business}} There are around 20 casinos in the metropolis,{{Cite news |title=Economics and morals of gambling |work=The Manila Times |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/economics-and-morals-of-gambling/98559/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524024019/http://www.manilatimes.net/economics-and-morals-of-gambling/98559/ |archive-date=May 24, 2014}} featuring luxurious casino hotels and integrated resorts. Its thriving local gambling market makes Manila attractive to casino operators.{{Cite news |title=Glitzy casinos to lure more tourists to Manila |work=The Malay Mail Online |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/travel/article/glitzy-casinos-to-lure-more-tourists-to-manila |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103826/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/travel/article/glitzy-casinos-to-lure-more-tourists-to-manila |archive-date=April 2, 2015}} Popular gaming destinations are Newport World Resorts in Newport City in Pasay, Solaire Resort & Casino, City of Dreams Manila, Okada Manila, Westside City Resorts World, and NayonLanding in Entertainment City in Bay City, Parañaque.{{Cite news |title=Pagcor lowers license fees for operators |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/pagcor-lowers-license-fees-for-operators/ |url-status=dead |access-date=September 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402190504/http://www.mb.com.ph/pagcor-lowers-license-fees-for-operators/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}

File:Okada_Manila.jpg is one of Metro Manila's integrated casino resort and hotel complex.]]

Intramuros is the historic walled area within the modern City of Manila. Originally, it was considered to be Manila itself at the time when the Philippines was under the Spanish Empire colonial rule. Owing to its history and cultural value, Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone in the Tourism Act of 2009. Intramuros is managed by the Intramuros Administration.

The architecture of Intramuros reflects the Spanish colonial style and the American neoclassical architectural style, since the Philippines was a colony of Spain and the United States before it was granted its independence in 1946. Kalesa is a popular mode of transportation in Intramuros and nearby places{{Cite news |last=Jovic Lee |date=July 20, 2014 |title=Intramuros cocheros: Hooves, history and hope for a fare hike |newspaper=INQUIRER.net |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/621494/intramuros-cocheros-hooves-history-and-hope-for-a-fare-hike |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100514/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/621494/intramuros-cocheros-hooves-history-and-hope-for-a-fare-hike |archive-date=March 7, 2016}} such as Binondo, Ermita and the Rizal Park.

Popular tourist destinations in Intramuros include the Baluarte de San Diego, Club Intramuros Golf Course, Cuartel de Santa Lucia, Fort Santiago, Manila Cathedral, Palacio Arzobispal, Palacio de Santa Potenciana, Palacio del Gobernador, Plaza Mexico, Plaza de Roma, San Agustin Church and its newest tourist attraction, the Ayuntamiento de Manila.{{Cite news |last=Jennifer Ambanta |date=February 22, 2015 |title=New tourist attraction to open in Intramuros |work=Manila Standard Today |url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/2015/02/22/new-tourist-attraction-to-open-in-intramuros/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130053/http://manilastandardtoday.com/2015/02/22/new-tourist-attraction-to-open-in-intramuros/ |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}

Some of the country's oldest schools are founded in Intramuros, these are the University of Santo Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620), and Ateneo de Manila University (1859). Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927, and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights, Quezon City (while still retaining "de Manila" in its name) in 1952. Other prominent educational institutions include the Manila High School and the University of the City of Manila.

{{See also|List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila|Annual events in Metro Manila}}

Metro Manila is widely celebrated in popular lore, frequently the setting for mostly Filipino books, movies, and television programs. Flores de Mayo is widely celebrated throughout all the places in Metro Manila. The yearly Metro Manila Film Festival, inaugurated in 1966, is the forerunner of all Philippine film festivals.

{{See also|List of museums in Metro Manila}}

File:'Spoliarium' by Juan Luna.jpg", displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines]]

Metro Manila is the home to the National Museum of the Philippines, the national museum of the country. It operates a chain of museums located in the grounds of Rizal Park just outside Intramuros, such as the National Museum of Fine Arts, the National Museum of Anthropology and the National Museum of Natural History. The National Museum complex occupies the place and buildings that were a part of a new capital center proposed by Daniel Burnham in 1901.

Prominent museums in Metro Manila include the Ayala Museum, Bahay Tsinoy, Casa Manila, Lopez Museum, Metropolitan Museum of Manila, The Mind Museum, Museo Pambata, Museo Valenzuela, Museum of Philippine Political History, Pasig City Museum and the Rizal Shrine. Museums established by educational institutions are the Ateneo Art Gallery, Jorge B. Vargas Museum and Filipiniana Research Center, Museum of Contemporary Art and Design,{{Cite news |last=John Batten |title=Manila essence: your guide to city's contemporary art scene |work=South China Morning Post |url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1725010/manila-essence-your-guide-citys-contemporary-art-scene |url-status=live |access-date=March 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308141349/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1725010/manila-essence-your-guide-citys-contemporary-art-scene |archive-date=March 8, 2015}} UP Museum of a History of Ideas, and the UST Museum of Arts and Sciences.

The national theater of the Philippines, known as the "Tanghalang Pambansa", is situated on a {{convert|62|ha|acre}} cultural center called the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex. The complex is located between the cities of Manila and Pasay. Aside from the CCP, other popular performing arts venue include Cuneta Astrodome, Mall of Asia Arena, Rizal Park, Quezon Memorial Circle and Smart Araneta Coliseum. Other venues used are the UPFI Film Center and UP Theater in the University of the Philippines Diliman. The famed Manila Metropolitan Theater, also known as The Met, was constructed in 1931 and was known as the "Grand Dame" among all the Art Deco theaters of Manila. Years of neglect forces its closure in 1996. The Met will be restored through a tripartite agreement with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the National Museum of the Philippines and the Escuela Taller.

{{Further|topic=the artist-run art gallery|Light and Space Contemporary}}

Catholicism is the predominant religion in Metro Manila.{{Cite web |last=Bueza |first=Michael |date=January 18, 2015 |title=MAP: Catholicism in the Philippines |url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/iq/81162-map-catholicism-philippines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416052517/https://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/iq/81162-map-catholicism-philippines |archive-date=April 16, 2019 |access-date=April 16, 2019 |website=Rappler}} Other Christian denominations, Muslims, Anitists, animists, and atheists are the minority. Among the most important religious sites in the region are Manila Cathedral, San Sebastian Church (Manila), Tondo Church, San Agustin Church (Manila), Quiapo Church and Baclaran Church.

File:Mall_of_Asia_Arena_2019.jpg basketball game held at the Mall of Asia Arena.]]

The National Capital Region is the home to the headquarters of the ASEAN Basketball League, Baseball Philippines, Philippine Basketball Association, Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League, Philippine Super Liga, Shakey's V-League and the Philippines Football League. Collegiate leagues based in the National Capital Region are the Colleges and Universities Sports Association, National Athletic Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities, National Collegiate Athletic Association, National Capital Region Athletic Association, State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association, Universities and Colleges Athletic Association, University Athletic Association of the Philippines, Women's National Collegiate Athletic Association, Men's National Collegiate Athletic Association and University of Makati's Association of Local Colleges and Universities.

Two national sports complex is located in the region, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and the PhilSports Complex. The Wack Wack Golf and Country Club has hosted major tournaments such as the Philippine Open and the World Cup. Prominent sporting venues in Metro Manila include the Smart Araneta Coliseum, Mall of Asia Arena, Filoil Flying V Arena and the Cuneta Astrodome. The Greater Manila Area is also home to the Philippine Arena, the world's largest indoor arena.{{Cite magazine |last=Newcomb |first=Tim |date=August 31, 2011 |title=Building Bigger: World's Largest Indoor Arena Set for the Philippines |url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/31/building-bigger-world%E2%80%99s-largest-indoor-arena-set-for-the-philippines/ |url-status=live |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626194634/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/08/31/building-bigger-world%E2%80%99s-largest-indoor-arena-set-for-the-philippines/ |archive-date=June 26, 2013 |access-date=July 8, 2013}} It is located in Bocaue, Bulacan and it has a maximum capacity of 55,000 people.{{Cite news |date=June 10, 2014 |title=Hanwha E&C Completes World's Largest Indoor Arena Construction in the Philippines |publisher=The Korea Bizwire |url=http://koreabizwire.com/hanwha-ec-completes-worlds-largest-indoor-arena-construction-in-the-philippines/11706 |url-status=live |access-date=July 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145220/http://koreabizwire.com/hanwha-ec-completes-worlds-largest-indoor-arena-construction-in-the-philippines/11706 |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}

Metro Manila's, and in general the country's main sport is basketball. Another popular sport in the city are cue sports, and billiard halls are found in many places. Baseball, volleyball, football and swimming are also widely played sports. The region has been the champion of the Palarong Pambansa for 13 straight years.{{Cite news |date=May 9, 2015 |title=NCR extends Palaro reign to 13 years |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://sports.inquirer.net/181175/ncr-extends-palaro-reign-to-13-years |url-status=live |access-date=May 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518212611/http://sports.inquirer.net/181175/ncr-extends-palaro-reign-to-13-years |archive-date=May 18, 2015}} Manila Storm are a rugby league team training out of Rizal Park (Luneta Park) and playing home matches at the Southern Plains Field, Calamba, Laguna. The Metro Manila area is also home to a number of rugby union teams such as the Alabang Eagles, Makati Mavericks, Manila Nomads Sports Club and the Manila Hapons.

{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Metro Manila}}

File:Quezon Hall and the Oblation - Flickr.jpg is the flagship university of the University of the Philippines System since 1949.]]

File:Ateneo campus academic buildings (Katipunan, Quezon City; 05-13-2022).jpg campus in Katipunan, Quezon City.]]

Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila has been the center of education. The country's top ranked universities, colloquially known as the "Big Four", located in Metro Manila, are widely known to be as follows, University of the Philippines System, Ateneo de Manila University, De La Salle University, and University of Santo Tomas.{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2020 |website=QS World University Rankings |access-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504230203/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=World University Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/PH/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |website=Times Higher Education World University Rankings |access-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-date=September 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163456/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/PH/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |url-status=live }} The University of Santo Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1620) and Ateneo de Manila University (1859) are some of the oldest educational institutions that was established during the colonial period. The University of the Philippines, along with seven other State Universities and Colleges (SUC), namely the Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology, Marikina Polytechnic College, Philippine Normal University, Philippine State College of Aeronautics, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Rizal Technological University and the Technological University of the Philippines, are based in Metro Manila. Manila's University Belt form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in the Philippines, making Manila the center for higher learning in the country.

File:De La Salle University Manila La Salle Hall Night Skyline Taft Avenue.jpg|alt=|left]]

Notable secondary schools in Metro Manila include the Philippine Science High School in Diliman, Quezon City, the national science school of the Philippines, St. Lino Science High School, and the Manila Science High School in Ermita, the forerunner of all the science schools in the country. Primary and secondary education is in the region is governed by the Department of Education-National Capital Region (DepEd-NCR). Meanwhile, the higher educational institutions are under the CHED-National Capital Region.

The region has the highest literacy rate among all the regions of the Philippines, with 99.2% in 2008. Literacy rate for males is at 99.0% while literacy rate for females is at 99.4%.{{Cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_educ.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315001515/http://nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_educ.asp |archive-date=March 15, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=National Statistics Coordination Board}} For the school year of 2008–2009, Metro Manila has 511 public elementary schools and 220 public secondary schools. There are 309 tertiary (public and private) institutions as of the year-end of 2009. For the said school year, enrollment in public elementary schools is at 1,219,333, public secondary schools at 661,019 and 687,096 for tertiary (public and private) institutions.{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2012 |title=Statwatch – National Capital Region |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/statwatch_ncr.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182735/http://nscb.gov.ph/stats/statwatch_ncr.asp |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |access-date=March 5, 2015 |publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board}}

{{See also|List of hospitals in Metro Manila}}

Healthcare in Metro Manila is mostly provided by private corporations. 72% of region's hospitals are privately owned. {{As of|2009}}, the region has 179 hospitals. Quezon City has the most hospitals while Valenzuela and Pateros do not have any.{{Cite web |date=March 2011 |title=Profile of Private Hospitals in the Philippines |url=http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1105.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324232623/http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1105.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=Philippine Institute for Development Studies}} In 2008, government health workers in NCR comprises 590 doctors, 498 dentists, 4,576 nurses, and 17,437 midwives. Furthermore, Metro Manila has 27,779 beds with a ratio of 2.47 per 1,000 population {{As of|2008|lc=y}}.{{Cite web |title=The Philippine Health System at a Glance |url=http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/3%20Chapter1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501000503/http://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/3%20Chapter1.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=Department of Health}} The region has the lowest malnutrition rate among all the regions in the country.{{Cite news |date=March 13, 2015 |title=Makati, Taguig lead NCR cities in fight vs malnutrition |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/86770-metro-manila-cities-malnutrition |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317183542/http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/86770-metro-manila-cities-malnutrition |archive-date=March 17, 2015}}

The headquarters of the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific, and the World Health Organization Country Office for the Philippines are in the region. The main office of the Department of Health, the national health department, is also in the region.

Metro Manila is designated by the Department of Health as the pioneer of medical tourism, expecting it to generate $1 billion in revenue annually.{{Cite web |title=Medical Tourism, Treatments and Surgery in Manila |url=http://www.world-guides.com/asia/philippines/national-capital-region/manila/manila_medical.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307080422/http://www.world-guides.com/asia/philippines/national-capital-region/manila/manila_medical.html |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |access-date=October 27, 2014 |publisher=World Guides}} However, lack of progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances for its growth.{{Cite news |last=Edgardo S. Tugade |date=June 1, 2014 |title=Challenges to PH medical tourism |work=The Manila Times |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/challenges-to-ph-medical-tourism/100820/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307080425/http://www.manilatimes.net/challenges-to-ph-medical-tourism/100820/ |archive-date=March 7, 2016}} Under the Philippine Medical Tourism Program, there are 16 participating hospitals (private and public) in Metro Manila with a total number of 6,748 beds {{As of|2013|lc=y}}.{{Cite web |date=September 2013 |title=Medical Tourism in the Philippines: Market Profile, Benchmarking Exercise and S.W.O.T. Analysis |url=http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1345.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324233045/http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps1345.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=Department of Health}} Five out of six hospitals in the country accredited by the Joint Commission International are in the region, these are the Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Makati Medical Center, St. Luke's Medical Center – Global City, St. Luke's Medical Center – Quezon City and The Medical City.{{Cite web |title=JCI-Accredited Organizations |url=http://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/about-jci/jci-accredited-organizations/?c=Philippines |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309215633/http://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/about-jci/jci-accredited-organizations/?c=philippines |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |access-date=March 21, 2015 |publisher=Joint Commission International}}

File:Ph-mm-manila-ermita-taft ave.-philippine general hospital (up-pgh) (2014).JPG in Ermita, Manila.]]East Avenue in Quezon City is the location of prominent national health centers: the Lung Center of the Philippines, National Kidney and Transplant Institute, and the Philippine Heart Center. Other national special hospital in Metro Manila include the Philippine Orthopedic Center in Quezon City, and the National Center for Mental Health in Mandaluyong. The Philippine General Hospital, the country's premier state-owned tertiary hospital is located at the City of Manila. The St. Luke's Medical Center which operates in Quezon City and Taguig, is a private tertiary referral hospital cited as one of the best hospitals in the world.{{Cite web |title=Hurray for St. Luke's! SLMC-GC chosen as one of the world's most beautiful hospitals |url=http://www.stluke.com.ph/home.php/p/News__Events/s/In_the_News/n/Hurray_for_St_Lukes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228043016/http://www.stluke.com.ph/home.php/p/News__Events/s/In_the_News/n/Hurray_for_St_Lukes |archive-date=February 28, 2013 |access-date=February 22, 2013 |publisher=St. Luke's Medical Center}}{{Cite web |title=St. Luke's lands on list of world's best hospitals |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/01/21/14/st-lukes-lands-list-worlds-best-hospitals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915201404/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/01/21/14/st-lukes-lands-list-worlds-best-hospitals |archive-date=September 15, 2014 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |publisher=ABS-CBN News}}

File:Crame headquarters 3.jpg is the headquarters of the Philippine National Police]]

File:35th National Reservists Week 10.jpg is the headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines]]

The Philippine National Police is responsible for law enforcement in the country. Its headquarters is located at Camp Crame along Bonny Serrano Avenue, Quezon City. The National Capital Region Police Office (NCRPO) is the regional branch of PNP that operates in the region. Its headquarters is located at Camp Bagong Diwa in Bicutan, Taguig. Under the supervision of NCRPO, Metro Manila is divided into five police districts. The five police districts are the Northern Police District, Eastern Police District, Southern Police District and Quezon City Police District.{{Cite web |title=National Capital Region Police Office |url=http://ncrpo.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103654/http://ncrpo.pnp.gov.ph/index.php/about-us |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 6, 2015 |publisher=National Capital Region Police Office}}

Metro Manila has the highest rate of crime in the country in 2014, with 59,448 crimes reported (excluding crimes reported in barangay level) with 25,353 of these crimes committed against persons.{{Cite news |last=Francisco Tuyay |date=June 28, 2014 |title=Crime incidents up by 44k with highest rate in Metro |work=Manila Standard Today |url=http://manilastandardtoday.com/2014/06/28/crime-incidents-up-by-44k-with-highest-rate-in-metro/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216010526/http://manilastandardtoday.com/2014/06/28/crime-incidents-up-by-44k-with-highest-rate-in-metro/ |archive-date=December 16, 2014}} Following criticisms of high crime rate in Metro Manila, the Philippine National Police launched a relentless anti-crime drive that resulted in the decrease of crimes in the metropolis.{{Cite news |last=Non Alquitran |date=February 17, 2015 |title=Metro Manila a safer place – Roxas |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/metro-manila-safer-place-roxas-000000685.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104423/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/metro-manila-safer-place-roxas-000000685.html |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}{{Cite news |last=Non Alquitran |date=March 16, 2015 |title=Metro Manila crime rate down |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/metro/2015/03/16/1434088/metro-manila-crime-rate-down |url-status=live |access-date=March 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102254/http://www.philstar.com/metro/2015/03/16/1434088/metro-manila-crime-rate-down |archive-date=April 2, 2015}} As of March 2015 Metro Manila's crime rate is down by 50%. From an average of 919 crimes reported weekly, it has gone down to 412. Recorded robberies and theft also decreased by 63 in just a month.{{Cite news |last=Cecille Suerte Felipe |date=March 5, 2015 |title=PNP: Metro Manila crime rate drops by 50% |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/metro/2015/03/05/1430095/pnp-metro-manila-crime-rate-drops-50 |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143912/http://www.philstar.com/metro/2015/03/05/1430095/pnp-metro-manila-crime-rate-drops-50 |archive-date=April 2, 2015}} All the 159 police community precincts of Metro Manila will be using the electronic blotter system in recording crimes starting June 2015.{{Cite web |last=Mikas Matsuzawa |date=May 7, 2015 |title=Metro Manila police precincts to use e-blotter system |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/05/07/metro-manila-police-use-e-blotter-e-cirs.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095143/http://cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/05/07/metro-manila-police-use-e-blotter-e-cirs.html |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |access-date=May 10, 2015 |publisher=CNN Philippines}}

The Bureau of Fire Protection National Capital Region provides fire protection and technical rescue as well as emergency medical services to the metropolis. It is broadly organized into five firefighting districts: Manila, Quezon City, District II, District III and District IV.

The headquarters of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is located at Camp Aguinaldo, along with the Department of National Defense, in Murphy, Quezon City. Aside from Camp Aguinaldo, other military bases situated in the region are Camp Atienza and Fort Bonifacio. The Philippine Army has their headquarters at Fort Bonifacio, Taguig. The Villamor Air Base in Ninoy Aquino International Airport is the home to the headquarters of the Philippine Air Force while the headquarters of the Philippine Navy is located at Roxas Boulevard, Malate, Manila.

The Philippine Coast Guard is headquartered at Port Area (Manila South Harbor), City of Manila. Its Coast Guard NCR District also has its headquarters in the city and has another Coast Guard Station in Pasig. It also has a base in Taguig and maintains several detachments located in Navotas, Parañaque, Tangos, Vitas, Manila North Harbor, Manila South Harbor and the Cultural Center of the Philippines.{{Cite web |title=Coast Guard District NCR – Central Luzon |url=http://www.coastguardncr-centralluzon.com/coast-guard-manila/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103032/http://www.coastguardncr-centralluzon.com/coast-guard-manila/ |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |access-date=May 11, 2015 |publisher=Philippine Coast Guard}}

In 2012, the AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region was launched to ensure peace and stability in Metro Manila, bearing the same function of the deactivated National Capital Regional Command, although it operates on a much smaller size than its predecessor.{{Cite news |last=Alexis Romero |date=July 12, 2012 |title=New AFP task force launched |work=PhilStar.com |url=http://www.philstar.com/metro/2012/07/12/826806/new-afp-task-force-launched |url-status=live |access-date=March 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100304/http://www.philstar.com/metro/2012/07/12/826806/new-afp-task-force-launched |archive-date=March 7, 2016}}

{{Main|Transportation in Metro Manila}}

{{See also|Metro Manila Dream Plan}}

According to the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, public ridership in Metro Manila composes of the following: 46% of the people go around by jeepneys, 32% by private vehicle, 14% by bus, and 8% use the railway system.{{Cite news |last=Katerina Francisco |date=March 5, 2015 |title=Fixing traffic: Jeeps eyed as feeders to bus routes |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/85871-jeepney-feeder-vehicle-transport-plan |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306193415/http://www.rappler.com/nation/85871-jeepney-feeder-vehicle-transport-plan |archive-date=March 6, 2015}} Transportation development in Metro Manila follows the Metro Manila Dream Plan, which consists of building short-term to long-term infrastructure lasting up to 2030 and addressing its issues on traffic, land use and environment.{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2014 |title=JICA transport study lists strategies for congestion-free MM by 2030 |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/140902.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802043347/http://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/news/140902.html |archive-date=August 2, 2015 |access-date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency}}{{Cite news |last=Jerry E. Esplanada |date=April 20, 2014 |title=Japan presents $57-B 'dream plan' to solve Metro congestion |newspaper=INQUIRER.net |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/102377/japan-presents-57-b-dream-plan-to-solve-metro-congestion/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116072021/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/102377/japan-presents-57-b-dream-plan-to-solve-metro-congestion |archive-date=November 16, 2015}}

{{Main|List of roads in Metro Manila}}

File:EDSA-Estrella, Guadalupe (Makati; 06-20-2021).jpg at EDSA in Makati.]]

File:SLEX and Elevated Extension Southbound 2023-04-05.jpg at the South Luzon Expressway in Muntinlupa.]]

The roads of Metro Manila are built around the City of Manila. Roads are classified as local, national or subdivision roads. There are ten radial roads branching out from the city. Also there are five circumferential roads forming a series of concentric semi-circular arcs around Manila. The circumferential and radial roads are systems of interconnected roads, bridges and highways. A problem with the circumferential roads are the missing road links. These are the roads that are not yet constructed to give way for development due to Metro Manila's rapid urbanization. The metropolis is resolving this problem through the completion of missing road links or through the construction of connector roads.

The radial and circumferential road system are being supplanted by a new numbered highway system implemented by the Department of Public Works and Highways, and new signage are being placed with its implementation. Expressways are being assigned numbers with the E prefix. National roads are assigned 1 to 3 digit numbers, except for those classified as tertiary national roads.

An important circumferential road is the Circumferential Road 4, with the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue as its major component. It traverses the cities of Pasay, Makati, Mandaluyong, Quezon City and Caloocan. Line 3 follows the alignment of EDSA, from Taft Avenue in Pasay up to TriNoma, terminating before it reaches Caloocan. Circumferential Road 5 serves the people near the regional limits of Metro Manila and also serves as an alternate route for Circumferential Road 4.

Prominent radial roads include the Radial Road 1, composed of Roxas Boulevard and the Manila–Cavite Expressway (Coastal Road) that connects Metro Manila to Cavite, Radial Road 3 or the South Luzon Expressway that connects Metro Manila to Laguna, Radial Road 6, composed of Aurora Boulevard and Marcos Highway that runs up to Rizal and Radial Road 8 or the North Luzon Expressway that serves as the gateway to the north.

The Skyway serves as the region's main expressway, directly connecting the North Luzon Expressway and the South Luzon Expressway. It also enables access to Ninoy Aquino International Airport via the NAIA Expressway (NAIAX). The Skyway is the first fully grade-separated highway in the Philippines and one of the longest elevated highways in the world with a total length of approximately {{convert|42.79|km|mi|sp=us}}. Other expressways such as the Manila–Cavite Expressway and Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway also connect Metro Manila to its surrounding areas.

The development of roads, highways and expressways are based on the Metro Manila Dream Plan. Ongoing projects in the dream plan include the rehabilitation of EDSA, CAVITEX–C-5 Link, NLEX Connector, and the construction of the missing road links for the circumferential roads.

{{Main|Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area}}

{{multiple image

| perrow = 2

| footer = Various railway systems in Metro Manila; from top left to right: LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2, MRT Line 3, and PNR Metro Commuter.

| align = right

| width = 160

| image1 = LRT 1 4th Generation Train (CAF Mitsubishi 13000 Series Manila; 2023-08-03) E911a 23.jpg

| alt1 = KRL

| image2 = MRT-2 Train Santolan 1.jpg

| alt2 = MRT

| image3 = MRT-3 train at EDSA-Ortigas Interchange (Mandaluyong; 03-21-2021).jpg

| alt3 = LRT

| image4 = INKA PNR 1.jpg

| alt4 = Airport rail link

}}

File:Metro Manila rail network.svgRail transportation in the Greater Manila Area is a major part of the transportation system in Metro Manila and its surrounding areas. It consists of the Manila Light Rail Transit System, Manila Metro Rail Transit System, and the PNR Metro Commuter Line. As of 2021, the three systems and its four operational lines combined has 82 stations, covering a total of {{convert|113.3|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}. The network makes up the majority of active railways in the country and bear the brunt of providing the metropolis with rail as a faster alternative mode of transport other than buses and jeepneys. However, these systems are currently insufficient for the rapidly expanding metropolis; to address this, new lines and line extensions are under construction, which will extend the system far out into neighboring regions.{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Manila |date=March 9, 2021 |title=Praiseworthy progress in commuter rail infrastructure |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/03/09/opinion/editorial/praiseworthy-progress-in-commuter-rail-infrastructure/848945 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324073538/https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/03/09/opinion/editorial/praiseworthy-progress-in-commuter-rail-infrastructure/848945/ |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=The Manila Times |language=en}}

Several new railway projects are being undertaken by the national government and the private sector. These include the North–South Commuter Railway, the Metro Manila Subway, and MRT Line 7, all of which are under construction.{{Cite news |last=Balinbin |first=Arjay L. |date=February 5, 2021 |title=Deployment of 25 tunnel-boring machines signals big push for subway completion |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/deployment-of-25-tunnel-boring-machines-signals-big-push-for-subway-completion/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206050038/https://www.bworldonline.com/deployment-of-25-tunnel-boring-machines-signals-big-push-for-subway-completion/ |archive-date=February 6, 2021}} Line extensions such as the LRT Line 1 Cavite extension and the LRT Line 2 West extension are in the pipeline.{{Cite web |title=LOOK: Gov't to build 3 more Line 2 stations |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/13/19/look-govt-to-build-3-more-lrt-2-stations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200123222442/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/10/13/19/look-govt-to-build-3-more-lrt-2-stations |archive-date=January 23, 2020 |access-date=January 30, 2020 |website=ABS-CBN News |language=en}} The proposed MRT Line 4 was also planned.{{Cite web |last=Piad |first=Tyrone Jasper C. |date=2024-11-15 |title=DOTr finalizing MRT 4 design after securing $1-B ADB funding for project |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2005057/dotr-finalizing-mrt-4-design-after-securing-1-b-adb-funding-for-project |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}} Other line extensions and railway lines are in the planning stage.{{Cite web |title=Tutuban Center may become Manila's busiest station |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/03/20/15/tutuban-center-may-becom≤e-manilas-busiest-transfer-station |access-date=March 21, 2015 |publisher=ABS-CBN News }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is the only airport and the premier gateway in Metro Manila. It is the busiest airport in the Philippines.{{Cite web |last=Darwin G. Amojelar |date=September 3, 2012 |title=NAIA is Philippines' busiest airport – NSCB |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/business/36428/naia-is-philippines-busiest-airport---nscb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215103448/http://www.interaksyon.com/business/36428/naia-is-philippines-busiest-airport---nscb |archive-date=February 15, 2013 |access-date=June 29, 2013 |publisher=InterAksyon.com}} NAIA has four terminals: Terminal 1, Terminal 2 (which is exclusively used by Philippine Airlines), Terminal 3 (the newest and largest airport terminal in NAIA) and Terminal 4 (also known as the Manila Domestic passenger Terminal). The other airport that serves Metro Manila is Clark International Airport in Angeles City which is located {{convert|80|km|mi|sp=us}} away.

{{See also|List of bus routes in Metro Manila|Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service}}

Bus franchises in the region are regulated by the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. The Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service is the express bus system that runs from its dispatch terminal in Fairview up to the central business districts along EDSA. It aims to cut travel time substantially and provide a faster, safer and more convenient bus service to commuters, who are usually caught at the heavy traffic across the metropolis.{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2015 |title=Express buses get underway on EDSA |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/457517/news/metromanila/express-buses-get-underway-on-edsa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614191716/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/457517/news/metromanila/express-buses-get-underway-on-edsa |archive-date=June 14, 2015 |access-date=May 22, 2015 |publisher=GMA News Online}}{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2015 |title=Gov't to launch express bus system in Metro Manila |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=govt-to-launch-express-bus-system-in-metro-manila&id=104760 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705130637/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=govt-to-launch-express-bus-system-in-metro-manila&id=104760 |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |access-date=May 22, 2015 |publisher=BusinessWorld Online}} A second express bus link from SM North EDSA, Trinoma and SM Megamall to Makati opened in December 2015, and by January 2016 was the line on which, for the first time in nearly three decades, a double-decker bus traveled on EDSA, to the delight of motorists, followed by a third link, this time from Robinsons Galleria to the Ayala Center complex in February 2016 and a fourth in March linking the Ayala Center to the Alabang Town Center in Muntinlupa via the Metro Manila Skyway (and later to Ayala Malls South Park). As of the present express buses also link the Market Market mall and Circuit Makati to both the Nuvali residential township and the Pacita Village complex in San Pedro, both in Laguna, in services launched in 2014 and 2017, respectively (plus additional services to the UP Town Mall in Quezon City and SM Masinag in Antipolo, Rizal), while intercity express buses have been in operation since 2015 to alleviate traffic on EDSA. In 2018, additional services from the Makati CBD and from San Lorenzo Place up to Cavite debuted.

Metro Manila has a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, particularly the EDSA Carousel. Another BRT system will traverse for {{convert|27.7|km|mi|sp=us}} from Commonwealth Avenue up to the Manila City Hall. The planned BRT system costs ₱4.9 billion ($109.5 million) and will have a fleet of 300 buses and 32 stations.{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2015 |title=DOTC eyeing bus rapid transit to ease traffic in Metro Manila |url=http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/231424688215/dotc-eyeing-bus-rapid-transit-to-ease-traffic-in-metro-manila |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105112/http://news.pia.gov.ph/article/view/231424688215/dotc-eyeing-bus-rapid-transit-to-ease-traffic-in-metro-manila |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2015 |website=Philippine Information Agency}}{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2015 |title=DOTC: Metro Manila to have its first bus rapid transit operational by 2018 |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/business/105567/dotc-metro-manila-to-have-its-first-bus-rapid-transit-operational-by-2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329073417/http://www.interaksyon.com/business/105567/dotc-metro-manila-to-have-its-first-bus-rapid-transit-operational-by-2018 |archive-date=March 29, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2015 |publisher=Interaksyon}}

{{Main|Pasig River Ferry Service}}

The Pasig River Ferry Service run by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority is the principal ferry shuttle system of Metro Manila. It traverses the Pasig River from Barangay Pinagbuhatan in Pasig to Plaza Mexico in Intramuros. Although it was referred to as a ferry, it is more akin to a water bus. It has 17 stations, but only 14 are operational. Another ferry route called the Manila-Bataan Ferry was launched on May 10, 2017, and traverses Manila Bay from the Bay Terminal at CCP Complex in Manila to Orion, Bataan. A new ferry route known as the Cavite-Manila Ferry Service that runs between Noveleta, Cavite and Intramuros was launched in January 2018.

{{Further|Water privatization in Metro Manila}}

File:Metro Manila Water Zones.svg operates in the red areas while Manila Water operates in the blue areas.]]

Meralco is the sole electric distributor of Metro Manila. It generates its power from the National Power Corporation and other independent power producers in Luzon. The Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS) was responsible for the supply and delivery of potable water and the sewerage system in Metro Manila. It was privatized in 1997 and the region and its immediate surrounding areas were split into the east and west concession. The winning corporations provide the same function of MWSS.

The Maynilad Water Services took over the west zone, which is composed of Manila (excluding the southeastern part of the city), Caloocan, Las Piñas, Malabon, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay and Valenzuela. It also operates in some parts of Makati and Quezon City. Manila Water operates on the east zone, comprising the cities of Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. It also operates in large areas of Makati and Quezon City and the southeastern part of Manila, which was excluded from the west zone.

For garbage hauling, the region spent ₱4.221 billion ($93.855 million) in 2013. Quezon City spent the most at ₱994.59 million ($22.115 million) while Pateros, the region's only municipality, spent the least money on garbage at ₱9.478 million ($210,747).{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2014 |title=Metro Manila spent P4.2B to get rid of 2013 garbage |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/71151-garbage-hauling-expenses-metro-manila |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222221547/http://www.rappler.com/nation/71151-garbage-hauling-expenses-metro-manila |archive-date=December 22, 2014}}

{{Main|List of radio stations in Metro Manila}}

{{Main|List of analog television stations in the Philippines#Metro Manila}}

{{Main|List of digital television stations in the Philippines#Metro Manila}}

{{main|List of people from Metro Manila}}

• Outline of Metro Manila
• List of metropolitan areas in Asia
• Greater Manila Area
• Imperial Manila
• Mega Manila

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{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:Metro Manila | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=Metro Manila | species=no | d=q13580 }}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20190616191852/http://www.mmda.gov.ph/ Metro Manila Development Authority] – Official website
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{{Geographic location

| Centre = Metro Manila

| North = Bulacan province

| East = Rizal province

| Southeast = Laguna province − Laguna de Bay

| South = Laguna de Bay

| Southwest = Cavite province

| West = Manila Bay

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Category:1975 establishments in the Philippines

Philippines

Philippines, Metro Manila

Category:Luzon

Manila

Category:Regions of the Philippines

Category:States and territories established in 1975

Category:Establishments by Philippine presidential decree