Mid central vowel#Mid central rounded vowel

{{About|the vowel sound|the Latin letter|Ə|the Cyrillic letter|Schwa (Cyrillic)|other uses|Schwa (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Mid central vowel

|ipa symbol=ə

|ipa number=322

|decimal1=601

|x-sampa=@

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0259.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=en

}}

The mid central vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. A reduced mid central vowel is known as a schwa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents either sound is {{angbr IPA|ə}}, a rotated lowercase letter e.

While the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association does not define the roundedness of {{IPA|[ə]}},{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=167}} a schwa is more often unrounded than rounded. The phonetician Jane Setter describes the pronunciation of the unrounded variant as follows: "a sound which can be produced by basically relaxing the articulators in the oral cavity and vocalising."{{cite web|title=A World of Englishes: Is {{IPA|/ə/|cat=no}} "real"?|date=19 June 2013|url=http://aworldofenglishes.blogspot.com/2013/06/is-real.html|access-date=8 March 2016}} To produce the rounded variant, all that needs to be done in addition to that is to round the lips.

Afrikaans contrasts unrounded and rounded mid central vowels; the latter is usually transcribed with {{angbr IPA|œ}}. The contrast is not very stable, and many speakers use an unrounded vowel in both cases.{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}

Danish{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=143}} and Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} have a mid central vowel that is variably rounded. In other languages, the change in rounding is accompanied with the change in height or backness. For instance, in Dutch, the unrounded allophone of {{IPA|/ə/}} is mid central unrounded {{IPA|[ə]}}, but its word-final rounded allophone is close-mid front rounded {{IPAblink|ø|ø̜}}, close to the main allophone of {{IPA|/ʏ/}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=129}}

"Mid central vowel" and "schwa" do not always mean the same thing, and the symbol {{angbr IPA|ə}} is often used for any obscure vowel, regardless of its precise quality. For instance, the unstressed English vowel transcribed {{angbr IPA|ə}} and called "schwa" is a central unrounded vowel that can be close-mid {{IPAblink|ɘ}}, mid {{IPA|[ə]}} or open-mid {{IPAblink|ɜ}}, depending on the environment.{{sfnp|Wells|2008|p=XXV}}

The French vowel transcribed that way is closer to {{IPAblink|ø}}.

If a mid-central vowel of a language is not a reduced vowel, or if it may be stressed, it may be more unambiguous to transcribe it with one of the other mid-central vowel letters: {{angbr IPA|ɘ ɜ}} for an unrounded vowel or {{angbr IPA|ɵ ɞ}} for a rounded vowel.

Mid central unrounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA

| above = Mid central unrounded vowel

| ipa symbol = ɘ̞

| ipa symbol2 = ə̜

| ipa symbol3 = ɜ̝

| ipa symbol4 = ə

}}

The mid central unrounded vowel is frequently written with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ə}}. If greater precision is desired, the symbol for the close-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, {{angbr IPA|ɘ̞}}, or for the open-mid central unrounded vowel with a raising diacritic, {{angbr IPA|ɜ̝}}.

=Features=

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable sortable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Albanian \|{{lang\|sq\|një}} \|[ɲə] \|'one' \|
rowspan="2" \| Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}	{{lang\|af\|lig}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ləχ]}}	'light'	Also described as open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɜ}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2012\|p=711}} See Afrikaans phonology
Many speakers{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}	{{lang\|af\|lug}}	'air'	Many speakers merge {{IPA\|/œ/}} with {{IPA\|/ə/}}, even in formal speech.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} See Afrikaans phonology
rowspan="1" \| Arabic	Damascene \|كرمال \|[kɪɾ.məːl] \|'for the sake of' \|Realized as /a/ by some speakers. \|
colspan="2" \|Bhojpuri \|{{Lang\|bh\|कर}} \|{{IPA\|[kər]}} \|'to do' \|
rowspan="3" \| Catalan	Balearic	{{lang\|ca\|sec}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsək]}}	'dry'	Stressable schwa that corresponds to the open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} in Eastern dialects and the close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}} in Western dialects. See Catalan phonology
Eastern{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=59–60, 104–105}}	rowspan="2"\| {{lang\|ca\|amb}}	rowspan="2"\| {{IPA\|[əm(b)]}}	rowspan="2"\| 'with'	rowspan="2"\| Reduced vowel. The exact height, backness and rounding are variable.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|p=106}} See Catalan phonology
Some Western accents{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|p=98}}
rowspan="2" \|Chinese \|Hokkien	{{lang\|zh-Latn\|lêr}} ({{lang\|zh\|螺}})	{{IPA\|[lə˨˦]}}	'snail'
Mandarin \|根/gēn \|{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-gēn.ogg\|[kən˥]}} \|'root' \|See Standard Chinese phonology
colspan="2" \| Chuvash	ăман	{{IPA\|[əm'an]}}	'worm'
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Allan\|Holmes\|Lundskær-Nielsen\|2011\|p=2}}{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=57, 143}}	{{lang\|da\|hoppe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈhʌ̹pə]}}	'mare'	Sometimes realized as rounded {{IPA\|[ə̹]}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=143}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=129}}	{{lang\|nl\|renner}}	{{IPA\|[ˈrɛnər]}}	'runner'	The backness varies between near-front and central, whereas the height varies between close-mid and open-mid. Many speakers feel that this vowel is simply an unstressed allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɵ\|ʏ}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=129}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="8" \| English	Most dialects{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008\|p=XXV}}{{sfnp\|Gimson\|2014\|p=138}}	arena	{{IPA\|[əˈɹiːnə]}}	'arena'	Reduced vowel; varies in height between close-mid and open-mid. Word-final {{IPA\|/ə/}} can be as low as {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008\|p=XXV}}{{sfnp\|Gimson\|2014\|p=138}} See English phonology
Cultivated South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=116}}	rowspan="3" \| bird	rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|[bə̞ːd]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'bird'	May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɜː}}. Other South African varieties use a higher, more front and rounded vowel {{IPAblink\|ø\|øː~ ø̈ː}}. See South African English phonology
Norfolk{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=168}}
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Roach\|2004\|p=242}}	Often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɜː}}. It is sulcalized, which means the tongue is grooved like in {{IPA\|[ɹ]}}. 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a near-open vowel {{IPAblink\|ɐː}}, but for some other speakers it may actually be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɜː}}. This vowel corresponds to rhotacized {{IPAblink\|ɝ}} in rhotic dialects.
Geordie{{sfnp\|Watt\|Allen\|2003\|p=268}}	rowspan="4" \| bust	rowspan="4" \| {{IPA\|[bəst]}}	rowspan="4" \| 'bust'	Spoken by some middle class speakers, mostly female; other speakers use {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} in other dialects.
Indian{{sfnp\|Sailaja\|2009\|pp=24–25}}	May be lower. Some Indian varieties merge {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} with {{IPA\|/ə/}} like Welsh English.
Wales{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=380–381}}	May also be further back; it corresponds to {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} in other dialects.
Yorkshire{{sfnp\|Stoddart\|Upton\|Widdowson\|1999\|pp=74, 76}}	Middle class pronunciation. Other speakers use {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} in other dialects.
rowspan="2"\| Faroese	Tórshavn	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|fo\|vátur}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɔaːtəɹ]}}	rowspan="2" \|'yellow'	rowspan="2" \|See Faroese phonology
Northeastern dialects	{{IPA\|[ˈvaːtəɹ]}}
rowspan="2" \| Galician \| rowspan="2" \| Some dialects \| {{lang\|gl\|leite}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈlejtə]}} \| 'milk' \| Alternative realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}} or {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} (normally {{IPA\|[i~ɪ~e̝]}})
{{lang\|gl\|fenecer}} \| {{IPA\|[fənəˈs̪eɾ]}} \| 'to die' \| Alternative realization of unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}} or {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} in any position
rowspan="2" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=69}}	{{lang\|de\|Beschlag}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-Beschlag.ogg\|[b̥əˈʃläːk]}}	'fitting'	See Standard German phonology
Southern German accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}}	{{lang\|de\|oder}}	{{IPA\|[ˈoːdə]}}	'or'	Used instead of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}} See Standard German phonology
colspan="2" \|Georgian{{citation \|last=McCoy \|first=Priscilla \|date=1999 \|title=Harmony and Sonority in Georgian \|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0447.pdf \|journal=}} \|{{lang\|ka\|დგას}}/{{Transliteration\|ka\|dgas}} \|[dəɡas] \|1st person singular 'to stand' \|Phonetically inserted to break up consonant clusters. See Georgian phonology
colspan="2" \|Kashmiri \|{{Lang\|ks\|کٔژ}} \|{{IPA\|[kət͡s]}} \|'how many' \|
colspan="2" \|Kashubian \|Kaszëbë \|{{IPA\|[kaʃəbə]}} \|'Kashubia' \|
colspan="2" \| Kensiu{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[təh]}}	'to be bald'	Contrasts with a rhotacized close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɘ\|ɚ̝}}.{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}
colspan="2" \|Khanty{{The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages\|page=97}} \| {{lang\|kca\|аԓәӈ}} \| {{IPA\|[aɬəŋ]}} \| 'early' \| Reduced vowel. Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Khanty phonology
colspan="2" \| Khmer \| {{lang\|km\|ដឹក}} {{Transliteration\|km\|dœ̆k}} \| {{IPA\|[ɗək]}} \| 'to transport' \| See Khmer phonology
rowspan="2" \| Korean \| rowspan="2" \| Southern Gyeongsang dialect \| {{lang\|ko\|거미}} \| {{IPA\|[kəmi]}} \| 'spider' \|In southern gyeongsang, The sounds ㅡ(eu)/ɯ/ and ㅓ(eo)/ʌ/ merge with /ə/.
{{lang\|ko\|그물}} \| {{IPA\|[kəmuɭ]}} \| 'net' \|
rowspan="2" \|Kurdish \|Sorani (Central) \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ku\|گەردوون}}/{{lang\|ku\|gerdûn}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[gərduːn]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'cosmos' \| rowspan="2" \|See Kurdish phonology
Palewani (Southern)
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|dënn}}	{{IPA\|[d̥ən]}}	'thin'	More often realized as slightly rounded {{IPA\|[ə̹]}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
rowspan="6" \|Malay \|Standard Indonesian \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|berat}} \| rowspan="2" \|[bə.rat] \| rowspan="2" \|'heavy' \| rowspan="2" \|See Malay phonology
Standard Malaysian
Johor-Riau \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|apa}} \| rowspan="2" \|[a.pə] \| rowspan="2" \|'what' \|Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Malay phonology
Terengganu \|Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Terengganu Malay
Jakarta \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|datang}} \| rowspan="2" \|[da.təŋ] \| rowspan="2" \|'to come' \|Usually occurs around Jakarta, often inherited from earlier Proto-Malayic syllable *-CəC. For the dialects in Sumatra in which the word-final /a/ letter ([a]) changes to an [ə] sound, see Malay phonology.
Palembang \|
colspan="2" \|Moksha \|{{lang\|mdf\|търва}} \|[tərvaˑ] \|'lip' \|See Moksha phonology
Norwegian	Many dialects{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=13, 20}}	{{lang\|no\|sterkeste}}	{{IPA\|[²stæɾkəstə]}}	'the strongest'	Occurs only in unstressed syllables. The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Some dialects (e.g. Trondheimsk) lack this sound.{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=21}} See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Neapolitan \| {{lang\|nap\|Santificammo}} \| {{IPA\|[sandifiˈkamm(ə])}} \| "Sanctified" \| The final schwa sound might become "mute" or left out entirely. Schwa sounds might also be denoted with a diaeresis (E.G Santificammö) but it is not universal. See Neapolitan Phonology
colspan="2" \| Plautdietsch{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|p=224}}	{{lang\|pdt\|bediedt}}	{{IPA\|[bəˈdit]}}	'means'	The example word is from the Canadian Old Colony variety, in which the vowel is somewhat fronted {{IPA\|[ə̟]}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|p=224}}
Portuguese \|Brazilian{{Cite journal\|last1=Battisti\|first1=Elisa\|last2=Gomes de Oliveira\|first2=Samuel\|date=2019\|title=Elevação da vogal /a/ em contexto nasal em português brasileiro: estudo preliminar\|url=http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2079-312X2019000100035&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt\|journal=Lingüística\|volume=35\|issue=1\|page=36\|doi=10.5935/2079-312x.20190003\|issn=2079-312X\|doi-access=free\|hdl=10183/197298\|hdl-access=free}} \|{{lang\|pt\|maçã}} \|{{IPA\|[maˈsə̃ᵑ]}} \|'apple' \|Possible realization of final stressed /ɐ̃/. Also can be open-mid {{IPA\|[ɜ̃]}}.{{sfnp\|Rothe-Neves\|Valentim\|p=112\|1996}}
colspan="2" \| Romanian{{Harvcoltxt\|Chițoran\|2001\|p=7}}	{{lang\|ro\|păros}}	{{IPA\|[pəˈros]}}	'hairy'	See Romanian phonology
Russian \|Standard \|{{lang\|ru\|корова}} \|{{IPA\|[kɐˈrovə]}} \|'cow' \| See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|vrt}}	{{IPA\|[ʋə̂rt̪]}}	'garden'	{{IPA\|[ər]}} is a possible phonetic realization of the syllabic trill {{IPA\|/r̩/}} when it occurs between consonants.{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}} See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Swedish	Southern{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=22}}	{{lang\|sv\|vante}}	{{IPA\|[²väntə]}}	'mitten'	Corresponds to a slightly retracted front vowel {{IPA\|[ɛ̠]}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=22}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2"\| Tyap	{{lang\|kcg\|a̠tan}}	{{IPA\|[ətan]}}	'ɡood'
colspan="2" \|Welsh \|{{lang\|cy\|mynydd}} \|[mənɪð] \|'mountain' \|See Welsh phonology

Mid central rounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA|above=Mid central rounded vowel|ipa symbol=ɵ̞|ipa symbol2=ə̹|ipa symbol3=ɞ̝|showbelow=no|imagefile=File:IPA - ɵ (barred o) + diacritic “lowered”.svg}}

Languages may have a mid central rounded vowel (a rounded {{IPA|[ə]}}), distinct from both the close-mid and open-mid vowels. However, since no language is known to distinguish all three, there is no separate IPA symbol for the mid vowel, and the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɵ}} for the close-mid central rounded vowel is generally used instead. If precision is desired, the lowering diacritic can be used, {{angbr IPA|ɵ̞}}, or the more rounded diacritic with the schwa symbol, {{angbr IPA|ə̹}}, or the raising diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol, {{angbr IPA|ɞ̝}}, although it is rare to use such precision.

=Features=

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}	{{lang\|af\|lug}}	{{IPA\|[lɞ̝χ]}}	'air'	Also described as open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɞ}},{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2012\|p=711}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|œ}}. Many speakers merge {{IPA\|/œ/}} and {{IPA\|/ə/}}, even in formal speech.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} See Afrikaans phonology
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=143}}	{{lang\|da\|hoppe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈhʌ̹pə̹]}}	'mare'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/ə/}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=143}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Southern{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=128, 131}}. The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central {{IPAblink\|ø\|ɵ̟}}, but more sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt\|van Heuven\|Genet\|2002}} and {{Harvcoltxt\|Verhoeven\|2005}}) describe it as central {{IPAblink\|ɵ}}. As far as the lowered varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.	{{lang\|nl\|hut}}	{{IPA\|[ɦɵ̞t]}}	'hut'	Found in certain accents, e.g. in Bruges. Close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɵ}} in Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
English	CaliforniaEckert, Penelope. "[http://www.stanford.edu/~eckert/vowels.html Vowel Shifts in California and the Detroit Suburbs]". Stanford University.	{{lang\|en\|foot\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[fɵ̞ʔt]}}	'foot'	Part of the California vowel shift.{{Failed verification\|date=January 2024}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ʊ}}.
colspan="2" \| French{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}}{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=84}}	{{lang\|fr\|je}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Fr-je.ogg\|[ʒə̹]\|help=no}}	'I'	Only somewhat rounded;{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}} may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə}} or {{angbr IPA\|ɵ}}. Also described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɵ}}.{{cite web\|title=english speech services {{!}} Le FOOT vowel\|date=15 January 2012\|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/le-foot-vowel/\|access-date=20 October 2018}} May be more front for a number of speakers. See French phonology
German	Chemnitz dialect{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=236}}	{{lang\|de\|Wonne}}	{{IPA\|[ˈv̞ɞ̝nə]}}	'bliss'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɞ}}.{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=236}}
Irish	Munster{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}}	{{lang\|ga\|scoil}}	{{IPA\|[skɞ̝lʲ]}}	'school'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} between a broad and a slender consonant.{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}} See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|dënn}}	{{IPA\|[d̥ə̹n]}}	'thin'	Only slightly rounded; less often realized as unrounded {{IPA\|[ə̜]}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|pp=16-17}}	{{lang\|no\|nøtt}}	{{IPA\|[nɞ̝tː]}}	'nut'	Also described as open-mid front {{IPAblink\|œʷ}};{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=13, 20}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=2}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|œ}} or {{angbr IPA\|ø}}. See Norwegian phonology
Plautdietsch	Canadian Old Colony{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|pp=224–225}}	{{lang\|pdt\|butzt}}	{{IPA\|[bɵ̞t͡st]}}	'bumps'	Mid-centralized from {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}, to which it corresponds in other dialects.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|pp=224–225}}
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}{{sfnp\|Rosenqvist\|2007\|p=9}}	{{lang\|sv\|full}}	{{Audio-IPA\|sv-full.ogg\|[fɵ̞lː]\|help=no}}	'full'	Pronounced with compressed lips, more closely transcribed {{IPA\|[ɵ̞ᵝ]}} or {{IPA\|[ɘ̞ᵝ]}}. Less often described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|ø̈}}.{{sfnp\|Andersson\|2002\|p=272}} See Swedish phonology
Tajik	Northern dialects	{{lang\|tg-Cyrl\|кӯҳ}}/{{Transliteration\|tg\|kūh}}	{{IPA\|[kɵ̞h]}}	'mountain'	Typically described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɵ}}. See Tajik phonology

Notes

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{{citation

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{{citation

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{{citation

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{{citation

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{{cite conference

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{{citation

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{{Accents of English|hide1=y}}
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|first=J.C.

|year=2008

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{{citation

|last=Wissing

|first=Daan

|year=2012

|title=Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: 'n beskrywingsraamwerk

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|archive-date=15 April 2017

|url-status=live

|access-date=16 April 2017

}}

{{cite web

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|year=2016

|title=Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory

|url=http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011

|website=Taalportaal

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415194042/http://www.taalportaal.org/taalportaal/topic/pid/topic-14610909940908011

|archive-date=15 April 2017

|url-status=live

|access-date=16 April 2017

}}

External links

{{phoible|ə}}

Category:Mid vowels

Category:Central vowels

class="wikitable sortable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Albanian \|{{lang\|sq\|një}} \|[ɲə] \|'one' \|
rowspan="2" \| Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}	{{lang\|af\|lig}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ləχ]}}	'light'	Also described as open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɜ}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2012\|p=711}} See Afrikaans phonology
Many speakers{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}	{{lang\|af\|lug}}	'air'	Many speakers merge {{IPA\|/œ/}} with {{IPA\|/ə/}}, even in formal speech.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} See Afrikaans phonology
rowspan="1" \| Arabic	Damascene \|كرمال \|[kɪɾ.məːl] \|'for the sake of' \|Realized as /a/ by some speakers. \|
colspan="2" \|Bhojpuri \|{{Lang\|bh\|कर}} \|{{IPA\|[kər]}} \|'to do' \|
rowspan="3" \| Catalan	Balearic	{{lang\|ca\|sec}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsək]}}	'dry'	Stressable schwa that corresponds to the open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ}} in Eastern dialects and the close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}} in Western dialects. See Catalan phonology
Eastern{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|pp=59–60, 104–105}}	rowspan="2"\| {{lang\|ca\|amb}}	rowspan="2"\| {{IPA\|[əm(b)]}}	rowspan="2"\| 'with'	rowspan="2"\| Reduced vowel. The exact height, backness and rounding are variable.{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|p=106}} See Catalan phonology
Some Western accents{{sfnp\|Recasens\|1996\|p=98}}
rowspan="2" \|Chinese \|Hokkien	{{lang\|zh-Latn\|lêr}} ({{lang\|zh\|螺}})	{{IPA\|[lə˨˦]}}	'snail'
Mandarin \|根/gēn \|{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-gēn.ogg\|[kən˥]}} \|'root' \|See Standard Chinese phonology
colspan="2" \| Chuvash	ăман	{{IPA\|[əm'an]}}	'worm'
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Allan\|Holmes\|Lundskær-Nielsen\|2011\|p=2}}{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|pp=57, 143}}	{{lang\|da\|hoppe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈhʌ̹pə]}}	'mare'	Sometimes realized as rounded {{IPA\|[ə̹]}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=143}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=129}}	{{lang\|nl\|renner}}	{{IPA\|[ˈrɛnər]}}	'runner'	The backness varies between near-front and central, whereas the height varies between close-mid and open-mid. Many speakers feel that this vowel is simply an unstressed allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɵ\|ʏ}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=129}} See Dutch phonology
rowspan="8" \| English	Most dialects{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008\|p=XXV}}{{sfnp\|Gimson\|2014\|p=138}}	arena	{{IPA\|[əˈɹiːnə]}}	'arena'	Reduced vowel; varies in height between close-mid and open-mid. Word-final {{IPA\|/ə/}} can be as low as {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|2008\|p=XXV}}{{sfnp\|Gimson\|2014\|p=138}} See English phonology
Cultivated South African{{sfnp\|Lass\|2002\|p=116}}	rowspan="3" \| bird	rowspan="3" \| {{IPA\|[bə̞ːd]}}	rowspan="3" \| 'bird'	May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɜː}}. Other South African varieties use a higher, more front and rounded vowel {{IPAblink\|ø\|øː~ ø̈ː}}. See South African English phonology
Norfolk{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=168}}
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Roach\|2004\|p=242}}	Often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɜː}}. It is sulcalized, which means the tongue is grooved like in {{IPA\|[ɹ]}}. 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a near-open vowel {{IPAblink\|ɐː}}, but for some other speakers it may actually be open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɜː}}. This vowel corresponds to rhotacized {{IPAblink\|ɝ}} in rhotic dialects.
Geordie{{sfnp\|Watt\|Allen\|2003\|p=268}}	rowspan="4" \| bust	rowspan="4" \| {{IPA\|[bəst]}}	rowspan="4" \| 'bust'	Spoken by some middle class speakers, mostly female; other speakers use {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} in other dialects.
Indian{{sfnp\|Sailaja\|2009\|pp=24–25}}	May be lower. Some Indian varieties merge {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} with {{IPA\|/ə/}} like Welsh English.
Wales{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|pp=380–381}}	May also be further back; it corresponds to {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} in other dialects.
Yorkshire{{sfnp\|Stoddart\|Upton\|Widdowson\|1999\|pp=74, 76}}	Middle class pronunciation. Other speakers use {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}. Corresponds to {{IPAslink\|ɜ}} or {{IPAslink\|ʌ}} in other dialects.
rowspan="2"\| Faroese	Tórshavn	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|fo\|vátur}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɔaːtəɹ]}}	rowspan="2" \|'yellow'	rowspan="2" \|See Faroese phonology
Northeastern dialects	{{IPA\|[ˈvaːtəɹ]}}
rowspan="2" \| Galician \| rowspan="2" \| Some dialects \| {{lang\|gl\|leite}} \| {{IPA\|[ˈlejtə]}} \| 'milk' \| Alternative realization of final unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}} or {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} (normally {{IPA\|[i~ɪ~e̝]}})
{{lang\|gl\|fenecer}} \| {{IPA\|[fənəˈs̪eɾ]}} \| 'to die' \| Alternative realization of unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}} or {{IPA\|/ɛ/}} in any position
rowspan="2" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Krech et al.\|2009\|p=69}}	{{lang\|de\|Beschlag}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-Beschlag.ogg\|[b̥əˈʃläːk]}}	'fitting'	See Standard German phonology
Southern German accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}}	{{lang\|de\|oder}}	{{IPA\|[ˈoːdə]}}	'or'	Used instead of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}} See Standard German phonology
colspan="2" \|Georgian{{citation \|last=McCoy \|first=Priscilla \|date=1999 \|title=Harmony and Sonority in Georgian \|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS1999/papers/p14_0447.pdf \|journal=}} \|{{lang\|ka\|დგას}}/{{Transliteration\|ka\|dgas}} \|[dəɡas] \|1st person singular 'to stand' \|Phonetically inserted to break up consonant clusters. See Georgian phonology
colspan="2" \|Kashmiri \|{{Lang\|ks\|کٔژ}} \|{{IPA\|[kət͡s]}} \|'how many' \|
colspan="2" \|Kashubian \|Kaszëbë \|{{IPA\|[kaʃəbə]}} \|'Kashubia' \|
colspan="2" \| Kensiu{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[təh]}}	'to be bald'	Contrasts with a rhotacized close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɘ\|ɚ̝}}.{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}
colspan="2" \|Khanty{{The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages\|page=97}} \| {{lang\|kca\|аԓәӈ}} \| {{IPA\|[aɬəŋ]}} \| 'early' \| Reduced vowel. Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Khanty phonology
colspan="2" \| Khmer \| {{lang\|km\|ដឹក}} {{Transliteration\|km\|dœ̆k}} \| {{IPA\|[ɗək]}} \| 'to transport' \| See Khmer phonology
rowspan="2" \| Korean \| rowspan="2" \| Southern Gyeongsang dialect \| {{lang\|ko\|거미}} \| {{IPA\|[kəmi]}} \| 'spider' \|In southern gyeongsang, The sounds ㅡ(eu)/ɯ/ and ㅓ(eo)/ʌ/ merge with /ə/.
{{lang\|ko\|그물}} \| {{IPA\|[kəmuɭ]}} \| 'net' \|
rowspan="2" \|Kurdish \|Sorani (Central) \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ku\|گەردوون}}/{{lang\|ku\|gerdûn}} \| rowspan="2" \|{{IPA\|[gərduːn]}} \| rowspan="2" \|'cosmos' \| rowspan="2" \|See Kurdish phonology
Palewani (Southern)
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|dënn}}	{{IPA\|[d̥ən]}}	'thin'	More often realized as slightly rounded {{IPA\|[ə̹]}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
rowspan="6" \|Malay \|Standard Indonesian \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|berat}} \| rowspan="2" \|[bə.rat] \| rowspan="2" \|'heavy' \| rowspan="2" \|See Malay phonology
Standard Malaysian
Johor-Riau \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|apa}} \| rowspan="2" \|[a.pə] \| rowspan="2" \|'what' \|Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Malay phonology
Terengganu \|Realization of /a/ at the end of words and before /h/. See Terengganu Malay
Jakarta \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ms\|datang}} \| rowspan="2" \|[da.təŋ] \| rowspan="2" \|'to come' \|Usually occurs around Jakarta, often inherited from earlier Proto-Malayic syllable *-CəC. For the dialects in Sumatra in which the word-final /a/ letter ([a]) changes to an [ə] sound, see Malay phonology.
Palembang \|
colspan="2" \|Moksha \|{{lang\|mdf\|търва}} \|[tərvaˑ] \|'lip' \|See Moksha phonology
Norwegian	Many dialects{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=13, 20}}	{{lang\|no\|sterkeste}}	{{IPA\|[²stæɾkəstə]}}	'the strongest'	Occurs only in unstressed syllables. The example word is from Urban East Norwegian. Some dialects (e.g. Trondheimsk) lack this sound.{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|p=21}} See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Neapolitan \| {{lang\|nap\|Santificammo}} \| {{IPA\|[sandifiˈkamm(ə])}} \| "Sanctified" \| The final schwa sound might become "mute" or left out entirely. Schwa sounds might also be denoted with a diaeresis (E.G Santificammö) but it is not universal. See Neapolitan Phonology
colspan="2" \| Plautdietsch{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|p=224}}	{{lang\|pdt\|bediedt}}	{{IPA\|[bəˈdit]}}	'means'	The example word is from the Canadian Old Colony variety, in which the vowel is somewhat fronted {{IPA\|[ə̟]}}.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|p=224}}
Portuguese \|Brazilian{{Cite journal\|last1=Battisti\|first1=Elisa\|last2=Gomes de Oliveira\|first2=Samuel\|date=2019\|title=Elevação da vogal /a/ em contexto nasal em português brasileiro: estudo preliminar\|url=http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2079-312X2019000100035&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=pt\|journal=Lingüística\|volume=35\|issue=1\|page=36\|doi=10.5935/2079-312x.20190003\|issn=2079-312X\|doi-access=free\|hdl=10183/197298\|hdl-access=free}} \|{{lang\|pt\|maçã}} \|{{IPA\|[maˈsə̃ᵑ]}} \|'apple' \|Possible realization of final stressed /ɐ̃/. Also can be open-mid {{IPA\|[ɜ̃]}}.{{sfnp\|Rothe-Neves\|Valentim\|p=112\|1996}}
colspan="2" \| Romanian{{Harvcoltxt\|Chițoran\|2001\|p=7}}	{{lang\|ro\|păros}}	{{IPA\|[pəˈros]}}	'hairy'	See Romanian phonology
Russian \|Standard \|{{lang\|ru\|корова}} \|{{IPA\|[kɐˈrovə]}} \|'cow' \| See Russian phonology
colspan="2" \| Serbo-Croatian{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}}	{{lang\|sh-Latn\|vrt}}	{{IPA\|[ʋə̂rt̪]}}	'garden'	{{IPA\|[ər]}} is a possible phonetic realization of the syllabic trill {{IPA\|/r̩/}} when it occurs between consonants.{{sfnp\|Landau\|Lončarić\|Horga\|Škarić\|1999\|p=67}} See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Swedish	Southern{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=22}}	{{lang\|sv\|vante}}	{{IPA\|[²väntə]}}	'mitten'	Corresponds to a slightly retracted front vowel {{IPA\|[ɛ̠]}} in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp\|Riad\|2014\|p=22}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2"\| Tyap	{{lang\|kcg\|a̠tan}}	{{IPA\|[ətan]}}	'ɡood'
colspan="2" \|Welsh \|{{lang\|cy\|mynydd}} \|[mənɪð] \|'mountain' \|See Welsh phonology

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
Afrikaans	Standard{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}}	{{lang\|af\|lug}}	{{IPA\|[lɞ̝χ]}}	'air'	Also described as open-mid {{IPAblink\|ɞ}},{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2012\|p=711}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|œ}}. Many speakers merge {{IPA\|/œ/}} and {{IPA\|/ə/}}, even in formal speech.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels"}} See Afrikaans phonology
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=143}}	{{lang\|da\|hoppe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈhʌ̹pə̹]}}	'mare'	Possible realization of {{IPA\|/ə/}}.{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=143}} See Danish phonology
Dutch	Southern{{Harvcoltxt\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|pp=128, 131}}. The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central {{IPAblink\|ø\|ɵ̟}}, but more sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt\|van Heuven\|Genet\|2002}} and {{Harvcoltxt\|Verhoeven\|2005}}) describe it as central {{IPAblink\|ɵ}}. As far as the lowered varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.	{{lang\|nl\|hut}}	{{IPA\|[ɦɵ̞t]}}	'hut'	Found in certain accents, e.g. in Bruges. Close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɵ}} in Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
English	CaliforniaEckert, Penelope. "[http://www.stanford.edu/~eckert/vowels.html Vowel Shifts in California and the Detroit Suburbs]". Stanford University.	{{lang\|en\|foot\|italic=yes}}	{{IPA\|[fɵ̞ʔt]}}	'foot'	Part of the California vowel shift.{{Failed verification\|date=January 2024}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ʊ}}.
colspan="2" \| French{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}}{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=84}}	{{lang\|fr\|je}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Fr-je.ogg\|[ʒə̹]\|help=no}}	'I'	Only somewhat rounded;{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}} may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ə}} or {{angbr IPA\|ɵ}}. Also described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɵ}}.{{cite web\|title=english speech services {{!}} Le FOOT vowel\|date=15 January 2012\|url=http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/le-foot-vowel/\|access-date=20 October 2018}} May be more front for a number of speakers. See French phonology
German	Chemnitz dialect{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=236}}	{{lang\|de\|Wonne}}	{{IPA\|[ˈv̞ɞ̝nə]}}	'bliss'	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|ɞ}}.{{sfnp\|Khan\|Weise\|2013\|p=236}}
Irish	Munster{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}}	{{lang\|ga\|scoil}}	{{IPA\|[skɞ̝lʲ]}}	'school'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɔ/}} between a broad and a slender consonant.{{sfnp\|Ó Sé\|2000\|p=?}} See Irish phonology
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|dënn}}	{{IPA\|[d̥ə̹n]}}	'thin'	Only slightly rounded; less often realized as unrounded {{IPA\|[ə̜]}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian	Urban East{{sfnp\|Kristoffersen\|2000\|pp=16-17}}	{{lang\|no\|nøtt}}	{{IPA\|[nɞ̝tː]}}	'nut'	Also described as open-mid front {{IPAblink\|œʷ}};{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=13, 20}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=2}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|œ}} or {{angbr IPA\|ø}}. See Norwegian phonology
Plautdietsch	Canadian Old Colony{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|pp=224–225}}	{{lang\|pdt\|butzt}}	{{IPA\|[bɵ̞t͡st]}}	'bumps'	Mid-centralized from {{IPAblink\|ʊ}}, to which it corresponds in other dialects.{{sfnp\|Cox\|Driedger\|Tucker\|2013\|pp=224–225}}
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}{{sfnp\|Rosenqvist\|2007\|p=9}}	{{lang\|sv\|full}}	{{Audio-IPA\|sv-full.ogg\|[fɵ̞lː]\|help=no}}	'full'	Pronounced with compressed lips, more closely transcribed {{IPA\|[ɵ̞ᵝ]}} or {{IPA\|[ɘ̞ᵝ]}}. Less often described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|ø̈}}.{{sfnp\|Andersson\|2002\|p=272}} See Swedish phonology
Tajik	Northern dialects	{{lang\|tg-Cyrl\|кӯҳ}}/{{Transliteration\|tg\|kūh}}	{{IPA\|[kɵ̞h]}}	'mountain'	Typically described as close-mid {{IPAblink\|ɵ}}. See Tajik phonology