Pennsylvania#Governance

{{Main|History of Pennsylvania}}

{{See also|List of Pennsylvania firsts|List of people from Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania's history of human habitation extends thousands of years before the foundation of the colonial Province of Pennsylvania in 1681. Archaeologists believe the first settlement of the Americas occurred at least 15,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period, though it is unclear when humans first inhabited present-day Pennsylvania. Between 10,000 and 16,000 years ago, Native Americans crossed the two continents, arriving in North America.{{cite web |title=Paleoindian Period – 16,000 to 10,000 years ago |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/paleoindian_period/405749 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}} Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Jefferson Township includes the earliest known signs of human activity in Pennsylvania and perhaps all of North America,{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/ancient-pa-dwelling-still-dividing-archaeologists/|title=Ancient Pa. Dwelling Still Dividing Archaeologists - CBS Pittsburgh|date=August 11, 2013|website=www.cbsnews.com}} including the remains of a civilization that existed over 10,000 years ago and possibly pre-dated the Clovis culture.{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania on the Eve of Colonization |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001405/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/overview_of_pennsylvania_history/4281/pre-1681__the_eve_of_colonization/478723 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=November 30, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission }} By 1000 AD, in contrast to their nomadic hunter-gatherer ancestors, the native population of Pennsylvania had developed agricultural techniques and a mixed food economy.{{cite web |title=Late Woodland Period in the Susquehanna and Delaware River Valleys |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321213816/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/native_american_archaeology/3316/late_woodland_period/406837 |archive-date=March 21, 2016 |access-date=December 8, 2014 |publisher=Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission}}

By the time European colonization of the Americas began, at least two major Native American tribes inhabited Pennsylvania. The first, the Lenape, spoke an Algonquian language and inhabited the eastern region of the state, then known as Lenapehoking. It included most of present-day New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley and Delaware Valley regions in eastern and southeastern Pennsylvania. The Lenape's territory ended somewhere between the Delaware River in the east and the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania. The second tribe, the Susquehannock, spoke an Iroquoian language and were based in Eastern Pennsylvania along the Susquehanna River."On the Susquehannocks: Natives having used Baltimore County as hunting grounds – The Historical Society of Baltimore County". www.HSOBC.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017. European disease and constant warfare with several neighboring tribes and groups of Europeans weakened these two tribes, and they were grossly outpaced financially as the Hurons and Iroquois blocked them from proceeding west into Ohio during the Beaver Wars. As they lost numbers and land, the Hurons abandoned much of their western territory and moved closer to the Susquehanna River, and the Iroquois and Mohawk tribes moved further north. Northwest of the Allegheny River was the Iroquoian Petun,"Early Indian Migration". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.Garrad, Charles "Petun and the Petuns" who were fragmented into three groups during the Beaver Wars: the Petun of New York, the Wyandot of Ohio, and the Tiontatecaga of the Kanawha River in southern West Virginia. South of the Allegheny River was a nation known as Calicua,Extrapolation from the 16th-century Spanish, 'Cali' ˈkali a rich agricultural area – geographical sunny climate. Also 1536, Cauca River. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. 'Cali', city, metropolis, urban center. Pearson Education 2006. "Calica", Yucatán place name called rock pit. Sp. root: "Cal", limestone. Also today, 'Calicuas', supporting cylinder or enclosing ring, or moveable prop as in holding a strut. which may have been part of the Monongahela culture.

{{Main|Province of Pennsylvania}}

File:William_Penn.png, a Quaker and son of a prominent admiral, founded the colonial Province of Pennsylvania in 1681.]]

In the 17th century, the Dutch and the English each claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their colonial lands in America.{{cite book |last1=Paullin |first1=Charles O. |title=Atlas of the Historical Geography of the United States |date=1932 |publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington and American Geographical Society |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=John K. |location=New York and Washington, D.C. |pages=Plate 42}}{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=Oceana Publications |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=10 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=17–23}}{{cite book |last=Van Zandt |first=Franklin K. |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1976 |series=Geological Survey Professional Papers |volume=909 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=74, 92}} The Dutch were the first to take possession. By June 3, 1631, the Dutch began settling the Delmarva Peninsula by establishing the Zwaanendael Colony on the site of present-day Lewes, Delaware.{{cite book |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |publisher=KTO Press |year=1978 |location=Millwood, New York |pages=9–12}} In 1638, Sweden established the New Sweden Colony in the region of Fort Christina on the site of present-day Wilmington, Delaware. New Sweden claimed and, for the most part, controlled the lower Delaware River region, including parts of present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, but settled few colonists there.{{cite book |last=Munroe |first=John A. |title=Colonial Delaware: A History |publisher=KTO Press |year=1978 |location=Millwood, New York |page=16}}{{cite book |last=McCormick |first=Richard P. |title=New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 1 |publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company |year=1964 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |page=12}}

On March 12, 1664, King Charles II of England gave James, Duke of York a grant that incorporated all lands included in the original Virginia Company of Plymouth Grant and other lands. This grant was in conflict with the Dutch claim for New Netherland, which included parts of today's Pennsylvania.{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=Oceana Publications |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=4 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=278–280}}

On June 24, 1664, the Duke of York sold the portion of his large grant that included present-day New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret for a proprietary colony. The land was not yet in British possession, but the sale boxed in the portion of New Netherland on the West side of the Delaware River. The British conquest of New Netherland began on August 29, 1664, when New Amsterdam was coerced to surrender while facing cannons on British ships in New York Harbor.{{cite book |last=Van Zandt |first=Franklin K. |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States; Geological Survey Professional Paper 909 |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1976 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n88 79]}}{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions |publisher=Oceana Publications |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=6 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |pages=375–377}} The conquest was completed in October 1664, when the British captured Fort Casimir in what today is New Castle, Delaware. The Treaty of Breda between England, France, and the Netherlands confirmed the English conquest on July 21, 1667,{{cite book |last=Farnham |first=Mary Frances |title=Farnham Papers (1603–1688). Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine |publisher=Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd Series. |year=1901–1902 |volume=7 |location=Portland, Maine |pages=311, 314}}{{cite book |title=Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes |title-link=Consolidated Treaty Series |publisher=Oceana Publications |year=1969–1981 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Clive |volume=10 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=231}} although there were temporary reversions.

On September 12, 1672, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch reconquered New York Colony/New Amsterdam, establishing three County Courts, which went on to become original Counties in present-day Delaware and Pennsylvania. The one that later transferred to Pennsylvania was Upland.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15 |year=1853–1887 |editor-last=Fernow |editor-first=B. |location=Albany, New York |publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co |pages=[https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod/page/507 507]–508 |access-date=November 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407175836/https://archive.org/details/documentsrelativ09brod |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |url-status=live}} This was partially reversed on February 9, 1674, when the Treaty of Westminster ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War and reverted all political situations to the status quo ante bellum. The British retained the Dutch Counties with their Dutch names.{{cite book |title=Consolidated Treaty Series; 231 Volumes |publisher=Oceana Publications |year=1969–1981 |editor-last=Parry |editor-first=Clive |volume=13 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=136}} By June 11, 1674, New York reasserted control over the outlying colonies, including Upland, and the names started to be changed to British names by November 11, 1674.{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York; Volumes 12–15 |year=1853–1887 |editor-last=Fernow |editor-first=B. |volume=12 |location=Albany, New York |publisher=Weed, Parsons and Co |page=515}} Upland was partitioned on November 12, 1674, producing the general outline of the current border between Pennsylvania and Delaware.{{cite book |title=Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681 |publisher=Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania Volume 7 |year=1860 |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=Edward |pages=119, 198}}

On February 28, 1681, Charles II granted a land charter[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp Charter for the Province of Pennsylvania-1681] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428183155/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa01.asp|date=April 28, 2011}}. This charter, granted by Charles II to William Penn, constituted him and his heirs proprietors of the province, which, in honor of his father, Admiral William Penn, whose cash advances and services were requited, was called Pennsylvania. On August 24, 1682, to perfect his title, William Penn purchased a quit-claim from the Duke of York to the lands west of the Delaware River embraced in his patent of 1664 to Quaker leader William Penn to repay a debt of £16,000{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rQBAAAAMAAJ |title=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors, Volume 1 |year=1916 |editor=Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Governors |pages=180–181 |chapter=Samuel Carpenter}} (around £2,100,000 in 2008, adjusting for retail inflation){{cite web |title=Measuring Worth |url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681£71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714064027/http://www.measuringworth.com/ppoweruk/result.php?use%5B%5D=CPI&use%5B%5D=NOMINALEARN&year_early=1681£71=16000&shilling71=&pence71=&amount=16000&year_source=1681&year_result=2008 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Measuring Worth }} owed to William's father. The transaction represents one of the largest land grants to an individual in history.H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin, Anchor Books (2002) 2002 {{isbn|0-385-49328-2}} p.37:'Penn became the proprietor of what may have been the largest single piece of real estate every legally held by someone other than a monarch.'{{cite web |date=March 28, 2006 |title=Quakers and the political process |url=http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050103/http://www.pym.org/exhibit/p078.html |archive-date=May 24, 2008 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Pym.org |url-status=dead }} Penn proposed that the land be called New Wales, but there were objections to that name, so he recommended Sylvania (from the Latin silva: "forest, woods"). The King named it Pennsylvania (literally "Penn's Woods") in honor of Admiral Penn. The younger Penn was embarrassed at this name, fearing that people would think he had named it after himself, but King Charles would not rename the grant.{{cite web |title=Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh |url=http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222003958/http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts1.html |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |publisher=Britannia.com |quote=This day, my country was confirmed to me under the great seal of England, with privileges, by the name of Pennsylvania, a name the King would give it in honor of my father. I chose New Wales, being as this, a pretty, hilly country, but Penn being Welsh for head as in Penmanmoire (sic), in Wales, and Penrith, in Cumberland, and Penn, in Buckinghamshire . . . called this Pennsylvania, which is the high or head woodlands; for I proposed, when the secretary, a Welshman, refused to have it called New Wales, Sylvania and they added Penn to it, and though I opposed it and went to the King to have it struck out and altered he said it was past . . nor could twenty guineas move the under-secretary to vary the name}} Penn established a government with two innovations, the county commission and freedom of religion, which were subsequently replicated in many of the Thirteen Colonies.

What had been Upland on the Pennsylvania side of the Pennsylvania-Delaware border was renamed Chester County when Pennsylvania instituted its colonial governments on March 4, 1681.{{cite book |title=Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681 |publisher=Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania |year=1860 |editor-last=Armstrong |editor-first=Edward |volume=7 |page=196}}{{cite book |title=Sources and Documents of United States Constitutions. 10 Volumes |publisher=Oceana Publications |year=1973–1979 |editor-last=Swindler |editor-first=William F. |volume=8 |location=Dobbs Ferry, New York |page=243}} Penn signed a peace treaty with Tamanend, leader of the Lenape, which began a long period of friendly relations between the Quakers and the Indians.{{cite book |last=Yount |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82 |title=How the Quakers invented America |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7425-5833-5 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906084151/https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82&dq&hl=en |archive-date=September 6, 2015}} Additional treaties between Quakers and other tribes followed. The Treaty of Shackamaxon of William Penn was never violated.{{cite book |last=Fisher |first=Sydney G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKzFgAlx1CkC&pg=PA13 |title=The Quaker Colonies |publisher=Echo Library |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4068-5110-6 |page=13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320020816/http://books.google.com/books?id=zKzFgAlx1CkC&pg=PA13&dq&hl=en |archive-date=March 20, 2015}}{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia | Treaty of Shackamaxon |url=https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/treaty-of-shackamaxon-2/ |website=philadelphiaencyclopedia.org}}{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2014 |title=Respectfully Remembering the Affable One |url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2014/05/respectfully-remembering-the-affable-one/ |website=Hidden City Philadelphia}}

{{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Revolution}}{{Further|George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River|Philadelphia campaign|Constitutional Convention (United States)}}

File:Shelter_House_Emmaus_PA_2.JPG in Emmaus, constructed in 1734 by Pennsylvania German settlers, is the oldest continuously occupied building structure in the Lehigh Valley and one of the oldest in Pennsylvania[https://shelterhouseemmaus.org/about/ Shelter House official website], retrieved May 4, 2022]]

File:Independence_Hall.jpg in Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were adopted in 1776 and 1787–88, respectively]]

Between 1730 and when the Pennsylvania Colony was shut down by Parliament with the Currency Act in 1764, the Pennsylvania Colony made its own paper money to account for the shortage of actual gold and silver. The paper money was called Colonial Scrip.

The Colony issued bills of credit, which were as good as gold or silver coins because of their legal tender status. Since they were issued by the government and not a banking institution, they were interest-free, largely defraying the expense of the government and therefore taxation of the people. It also promoted general employment and prosperity, since the government used discretion and did not issue excessive amounts that inflated the currency. Benjamin Franklin had a hand in creating this currency, whose utility, he said, was never to be disputed. The currency also met with "cautious approval" by Adam Smith.Hamilton, Alexander and Syrett, Harold C. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. 1963, page 240.

In 1740, Franklin also founded the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The university, one of nine colonial colleges, was the first college established in Pennsylvania and one of the first in the nation. Today, it is an Ivy League university, which is routinely ranked among the world's best universities.{{cite web |title=The Five Oldest Colleges in Pennsylvania |url=https://classroom.synonym.com/five-oldest-colleges-pennsylvania-7886287.html |access-date=February 25, 2022 |publisher=Classroom}} Dickinson College in Carlisle, founded by Benjamin Rush and named after John Dickinson, was the first college founded after Revolutionary War and the unification of the states. Established in 1773, it was ratified on September 9, 1783, five days after the Treaty of Paris.

James Smith wrote that in 1763, "the Indians again commenced hostilities, and were busily engaged in killing and scalping the frontier inhabitants in various parts of Pennsylvania. This state was then a Quaker government, and at the first of this war the frontiers received no assistance from the state."{{cite web |year=1799 |title=An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith (Late a citizen of Bourbon County, Kentucky) : during his captivity with the Indians, in the years 1755,'56, '57, '58, & '59 |url=https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131120248/https://archive.org/details/accountofremarka00smit |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |access-date=November 16, 2014 |website=Internet Archive |publisher=Lexington: John Bradford}} The ensuing hostilities became known as Pontiac's War.

After the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, delegate John Dickinson of Philadelphia wrote the Declaration of Rights and Grievances. The Congress was the first meeting of the Thirteen Colonies, which convened at the request of the Massachusetts assembly; nine of the 13 colonies sent delegates.{{cite web |title=Library of Congress timeline 1764–1765 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726144043/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline.html |archive-date=July 26, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |newspaper=The Library of Congress}} Dickinson then wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, To the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, which were published in the Pennsylvania Chronicle between December 2, 1767, and February 15, 1768.

When the Founding Fathers convened in Philadelphia in 1774, 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress.{{cite web |title=Library of Congress timeline 1773–1774 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline1e.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807142344/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline1e.html |archive-date=August 7, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}} The Second Continental Congress, which began in May 1775, authored and signed the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia,{{cite web |date=July 20, 2010 |title=Library of Congress: Primary documents—The Declaration of Independence |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804073324/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/DeclarInd.html |archive-date=August 4, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}} but when Philadelphia fell to the British in the Philadelphia campaign, the Continental Congress moved west, where it met at the Lancaster courthouse on Saturday, September 27, 1777, and then to York. In York, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, largely authored by Pennsylvania delegate John Dickinson, that formed 13 independent States{{efn|At the time, Vermont had not yet seceded from New York State.}} into a new union. Later, the Constitution was written, and Philadelphia was once again chosen to be cradle to the new nation.{{cite web |date=March 26, 2009 |title=Nine Capitals of the United States |url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320084755/https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Senate.gov}} The Constitution was drafted and signed at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia, now known as Independence Hall, the same building where the Declaration of Independence was previously adopted and signed in 1776.{{cite web |title=Constitution FAQs |url=http://constitutioncenter.org/learn/educational-resources/constitution-faqs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616141646/http://constitutioncenter.org/learn/educational-resources/constitution-faqs |archive-date=June 16, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2016 |publisher=National Constitution Center }}

On December 12, 1787, Pennsylvania was the second state to ratify the U.S. Constitution,{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution of 1787 |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806055850/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec12.html |archive-date=August 6, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Library of Congress}} five days after Delaware became the first. At the time, Pennsylvania was the most ethnically and religiously diverse of the thirteen colonies. Because a third of Pennsylvania's population spoke German, the Constitution was presented in German so those citizens could participate in the discussion about it. Reverend Frederick Muhlenberg, a Lutheran minister and the first Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, acted as chairman of Pennsylvania's ratifying convention.{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania ratifies the Constitution |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pennsylvania-ratifies-the-constitution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013064640/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pennsylvania-ratifies-the-constitution |archive-date=October 13, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC}}

For half a century, the Pennsylvania General Assembly met at various places in the Philadelphia area before it began meeting regularly in Independence Hall in Philadelphia for 63 years.{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania's Capitals |url=http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitols.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000615224551/http://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/VC/visitor_info/brown/capitols.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2000 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Legis.state.pa.us }} However, events such as the Paxton Boys massacres of 1763 had made the legislature aware of the need for a central capital. In 1799, the General Assembly moved to the Lancaster Courthouse.

{{See also|Pennsylvania in the American Civil War|Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg Address|Industrial Revolution in the United States}}

File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg depicting the Battle of Gettysburg, fought over three days from July 1 to July 3, 1863, in Gettysburg, which was the deadliest battle in both the Civil War and all of American military history. The Union army's victory at Gettysburg proved the Civil War's turning point, paving the way for the Union's ultimate victory two years later and the nation's preservation.]]

File:Lincolnatgettysburg.jpg (center, facing camera) traveled to present-day Gettysburg National Cemetery and delivered the Gettysburg Address, a 271-word address considered one of the most famous speeches in American history.{{cite book |last=Conant |first=Sean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |title=The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-022745-6 |location=New York |page=ix}}{{cite book |last=Holsinger |first=M. Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4AOVHkJ9oC&pg=PA102 |title=War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-29908-7 |location=Westport, CT |page=102}}]]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly met in the old Dauphin County Court House until December 1821 when the Federal-style Hills Capitol, named for Lancaster architect Stephen Hills, was constructed on a hilltop land grant of four acres set aside for a seat of state government in Harrisburg by the son and namesake of John Harris, Sr., a Yorkshire native who founded a trading post and ferry on the east shore of the Susquehanna River in 1705.{{cite web |year=2001 |title=History of John Harris |url=https://www.angelfire.com/on/Canadiangenealogy/harris.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408203618/http://www.angelfire.com/on/Canadiangenealogy/harris.html |archive-date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |publisher=Mrs. Carlyle C. Browne (descendant of Sarah Ann Harris, fifth daughter of Alfred Bingham Harris, and granddaughter of Elisha John Harris of the Mansion, Harrisburg PA, USA)}} The Hills Capitol burned down on February 2, 1897, during a heavy snowstorm, presumably because of a faulty flue.

The General Assembly met at a nearby Methodist Church until a new capitol could be built. Following an architectural selection contest, Chicago architect Henry Ives Cobb was asked to design and build a replacement building. However, the legislature had little money to allocate to the project. When they dubbed the roughly finished, somewhat industrial Cobb Capitol building complete, the General Assembly refused to occupy the building. In 1901, political and popular indignation prompted a second contest that was restricted to Pennsylvania architects; Joseph Miller Huston of Philadelphia was chosen to design the present Pennsylvania State Capitol that incorporated Cobb's building into a magnificent public work, finished and dedicated in 1907.

From 1857 to 1861, James Buchanan, a Franklin County native, served as the 15th U.S. president, the first president to be born in Pennsylvania.{{cite web |title=James Buchanan White House biography |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803013954/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/jb15.html |archive-date=August 3, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |work=whitehouse.gov |via=National Archives}}

Over three days, from July 1 to July 3, 1863, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg was fought near Gettysburg. The Battle of Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of both the Civil War and of any battle in American history. The Union army's victory at Gettysburg also proved the Civil War's turning point, leading to the Union's victory two years later and the nation's preservation. Several months later, on November 19, 1863, then U.S. president Abraham Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg, where he participated in a ceremonial consecration of present-day Gettysburg National Cemetery and delivered the Gettysburg Address, a 271-word speech that is one of the most famous speeches in American history.{{Cite web |title=Battle of Gettysburg |url=http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114202108/http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b3/200px-Dddr66.jpg |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |access-date=February 20, 2008 }} During the Civil War, an estimated 350,000 Pennsylvanians served in the Union army, including 8,600 African American military volunteers.

The politics of Pennsylvania were for decades dominated by the financially conservative Republican-aligned Cameron machine, established by U.S. Senator Simon Cameron,[https://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=1 Chapter One: 1. Pennsylvania's Bosses and Political Machines]. ExplorePAHistory.com. Retrieved February 18, 2022. who later served as Lincoln's Secretary of War. Control of the machine was subsequently passed on to Cameron's son J. Donald Cameron, whose ineffectiveness resulted in a transfer of power to Matthew Quay and later to Boies Penrose.

The post-Civil War era, known as the Gilded Age, saw the continued rise of industry in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania was home to some of the largest steel companies in the world. Andrew Carnegie founded the Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh and Charles M. Schwab founded Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem. Other titans of industry, including John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gould, also operated in Pennsylvania. In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. oil industry was born in Western Pennsylvania, which supplied the vast majority of kerosene for years thereafter. As the Pennsylvania oil rush developed, Pennsylvania's oil boom towns, such as Titusville, rose and later fell. Coal mining, primarily in the state's Coal Region in the northeast region of the state, also was a major industry for much of the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1903, Milton S. Hershey began construction on a chocolate factory in Hershey, Pennsylvania; The Hershey Company grew to become the largest chocolate manufacturer in North America. Heinz Company was also founded during this period. These huge companies exercised a large influence on the politics of Pennsylvania; as Henry Demarest Lloyd put it, oil baron John D. Rockefeller "had done everything with the Pennsylvania legislature except refine it".{{cite web |title=Chapter 2: Pennsylvania Under the Reign of Big Business |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-20&chapter=2 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |website=Explore PAHistory.com |publisher=WITF}} Pennsylvania created a Department of Highways and engaged in a vast program of road-building, while railroads continued to see heavy usage.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

The growth of industry eventually provided middle class incomes to working-class households after the development of labor unions helped them gain living wages. However, the rise of unions also led to a rise of union busting with several private police forces springing up. Pennsylvania was the location of the first documented organized strike in North America, and Pennsylvania was the location of two hugely prominent strikes, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Coal Strike of 1902. The eight-hour day was eventually adopted, and the coal and iron police were banned.{{cite web |title=Overview: Labor's Struggle to Organize |url=http://explorepahistory.com/story.php?storyId=1-9-22 |access-date=November 27, 2014 |website=Explore PAHistory.com |publisher=WITF}}

File:Bethlehem_Steel.jpg in Bethlehem was one of the world's leading steel manufacturers for most of the 19th and 20th century. In 1982, however, it discontinued most of its operations, declared bankruptcy in 2001, and was dissolved in 2003.]]

In the beginning of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's economy was centered on steel manufacturing, logging, coal mining, textile production, and other forms of industrial manufacturing. A surge in immigration to the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided a steady flow of cheap labor for these industries, which often employed children and people who could not speak English from Southern and Eastern Europe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Thousands of Pennsylvanians volunteered during the Spanish–American War. Pennsylvania was an important industrial center during World War I. The state provided over 300,000 soldiers during the war. On May 31, 1918, the Pittsburgh Agreement was signed in Pittsburgh, signed by Tomáš Masaryk and established Czechoslovakia as an independent nation.

In 1922, 310,000 Pennsylvania miners joined the UMW General coal strike, which lasted 163 days and shut down most of the state's coal mines.{{Cite web |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=August 5, 1922 |title=The labor world. [volume] (Duluth, Minn.) 1896–current, August 05, 1922, Image 1 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn78000395/1922-08-05/ed-1/seq-1/ |via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov}}{{Cite news |last=Zimand |first= |orig-date=May 1922. Print |title=Labor Age |pages=4–7, 15–17 |url=https://archive.org/details/v11n05-may-1922-LA/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=March 2, 2023}}

In 1923, President Calvin Coolidge established the Allegheny National Forest under the authority of the Weeks Act of 1911.{{Cite web |title=About the Area |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/allegheny/about-forest/about-area |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033332/http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/allegheny/about-forest/about-area |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |access-date=July 30, 2018}} The forest is located in the northwest part of the state in Elk, Forest, McKean, and Warren Counties for the purposes of timber production and watershed protection in the Allegheny River basin. The Allegheny is the state's only national forest.{{cite web |title=The National Forests of the United States |url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028014355/http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2012 |access-date=June 16, 2018 |publisher=Forest History Society}}

During World War II, Pennsylvania manufactured 6.6 percent of total U.S. military armaments for the war, the sixth-most of the 48 states.Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p. 111 Philadelphia Naval Shipyard served as an important naval base during the war, and Pennsylvania produced many of the war's most important military leaders, including George C. Marshall, Hap Arnold, Jacob Devers, and Carl Spaatz. During World War II, over a million Pennsylvanians served in the armed forces, and more Medals of Honor were awarded to Pennsylvanians than to individuals from any other state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}

On March 28, 1979, the Three Mile Island accident was the most significant nuclear accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.{{cite web |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824203624/https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |access-date=August 24, 2019 |website=Nuclear Regulatory Commission}}{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Laura |last2=Hall |first2=Kenji |last3=Magnier |first3=Mark |date=March 18, 2011 |title=In Japan, workers struggling to hook up power to Fukushima reactor |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2011-mar-18-la-fgw-japan-quake-main-20110319-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322152850/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/18/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-main-20110319 |archive-date=March 22, 2011}} The state was hard-hit by the decline and restructuring of the steel industry and other heavy industries during the late 20th century. With job losses came heavy population losses, especially in the state's largest cities. Pittsburgh lost its place among the top ten most populous cities in the United States in 1950, and Philadelphia dropped to the fifth and is currently the sixth-largest city after decades of ranking among the top three.

After 1990, as information-based industries became more important in the economy, state and local governments put more resources into the old, well-established public library system. Some localities, however, used new state funding to cut local taxes.William F. Stine, "Does State Aid Stimulate Public Library Expenditures? Evidence from Pennsylvania's Enhancement Aid Program" Library Quarterly (2006) 76#1 107–139. New ethnic groups, especially Hispanics and Latinos, began entering the state to fill low-skill jobs in agriculture and service industries. For example, in Chester County, Mexican immigrants brought the Spanish language, increased Catholicism, high birth rates, and cuisine when they were hired as agricultural laborers; in some rural localities, they made up half or more of the population.Victor M. Garcia, "The Mushroom Industry And The Emergence Of Mexican Enclaves In Southern Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1960–1990" Journal of Latino-Latin American Studies (JOLLAS) (2005) 1#4 pp 67–88.

Stateside Puerto Ricans have built a large community in the state's third-largest city, Allentown, where they comprise over 40% of the city's population as of 2000.Gilbert Marzan, "Still Looking for that Elsewhere: Puerto Rican Poverty and Migration in the Northeast." Centro Journal (2009) 21#1 pp 100–117 [https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/377/37721248005.pdf online].

In the late 20th century, as Pennsylvania's historical national and even global leadership in mining largely ceased and its steelmaking and other heavy manufacturing sectors slowed, the state sought to grow its service and other industries to replace the jobs and economic productivity lost from the downturn of these industries. Pittsburgh's concentration of universities has enabled it to be a leader in technology and healthcare. Similarly, Philadelphia has a concentration of university expertise. Healthcare, retail, transportation, and tourism are some of the state's growing industries of the postindustrial era. As in the rest of the nation, most residential population growth has occurred in suburban rather than central city areas, although both major cities have had significant revitalization in their downtown areas.Ashok K. Dutt, and Baleshwar Thakur, City, Society, and Planning (Concept Publishing Company, 2007) pp. 55–56 Philadelphia anchors the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country and one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, and Pittsburgh is the center of the nation's 27th-largest metropolitan areas. As of 2020, the Lehigh Valley in eastern Pennsylvania is the nation's 69th-largest metropolitan area.{{cite news |last1=Kraus |first1=Scott |title=No end in sight to Valley's population growth |url=https://www.mcall.com/2012/07/14/no-end-in-sight-to-valleys-population-growth/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007013920/http://articles.mcall.com/2012-07-14/news/mc-allentown-growth-figures-20120714_1_population-growth-new-residents-macungie-and-bethlehem-townships |archive-date=October 7, 2012}} Pennsylvania also has six additional metropolitan areas that rank among the nation's 200-most populous metropolitan areas. Philadelphia forms part of the Northeast megalopolis and is associated with the Northeastern United States. Pittsburgh is part of the Great Lakes megalopolis and is often associated with the Rust Belt.

{{further|Pittsburgh synagogue shooting|United Airlines Flight 93}}

File:Flight93Crash.jpg crash site of Flight 93, one of four planes hijacked in the September 11 attacks; the site is now a national memorial. Flight 93 passengers wrestled with al-Qaeda terrorist hijackers for control of the plane, preventing it from being flown into the White House or U.S. Capitol.[https://www.nps.gov/flni/learn/historyculture/sources-and-detailed-information.htm "Sources and detailed information"], National Park Service website]]

During the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, the small town of Shanksville, Pennsylvania, received worldwide attention after United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township, located {{convert|1.75|mi|km}} north of the town. All 40 civilians and 4 Al-Qaeda hijackers on board were killed. The hijackers had intended to crash the plane into either the United States Capitol or The White House. After learning from family members via air phone of the earlier attacks on the World Trade Center, however, Flight 93's passengers revolted against the hijackers and fought for control of the plane, causing it to crash. It was the only one of the four aircraft hijacked that day that never reached its intended target and the heroism of the passengers has been commemorated.Alexander Riley, Angel patriots: The crash of United Flight 93 and the myth of America (NYU Press, 2015) pp 1–34.

Since 2003, the Tekko anime convention has been held annually in Pittsburgh.{{cite web |title=Tekko 2019 |url=http://www.teamtekko.us/about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222153355/http://www.teamtekko.us/about/ |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |access-date=February 21, 2019 |website=About Tekko}}

In October 2018, the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation, a conservative Jewish synagogue, experienced the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, which resulted in 11 fatalities.{{cite news |date=October 28, 2018 |title='They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029012657/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/28/victims-expected-be-named-after-killed-deadliest-attack-jews-us-history/ |archive-date=October 29, 2018}} On July 13, 2024, near Butler, Pennsylvania, an assassination attempt on the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump occurred.

{{Main|Geography of Pennsylvania}}

{{Further|List of counties in Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania is {{convert|170|mi|km|0}} north to south and {{convert|283|mi|km|0}} east to west.{{cite web |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm |title=Pennsylvania geography |publisher=Netstate.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527020624/http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/pa_geography.htm |archive-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=live }} Of a total {{convert|46055|sqmi|km2|0}}, {{convert|44817|sqmi|km2|0}} are land, {{convert|490|sqmi|km2|0}} are inland waters, and {{convert|749|sqmi|km2|0}} are waters in Lake Erie.[http://compendia/statab/tables/06s0347.xls 2006 Statistical Abstract: Geography & Environment: Land and Land Use]{{dead link|date=July 2010}} It is the 33rd-largest state in the United States.{{cite web |url=http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml |title=Pennsylvania Time Zone |publisher=Timetemperature.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109233640/http://www.timetemperature.com/tzus/pennsylvania_time_zone.shtml |archive-date=January 9, 2011 |url-status=live }} Pennsylvania has {{convert|51|mi|km|0}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm |title=National Park Service: Our Fourth Shore |publisher=Cr.nps.gov |date=December 22, 2003 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518085351/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/shore/shore8.htm |archive-date=May 18, 2011 }} of coastline along Lake Erie and {{convert|57|mi|km|0}} of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean.

The boundaries of the state are the Mason–Dixon line (39°43' N) to the south, Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80°31' W to the west, and the 42° N to the north, except for a short segment on the western end where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie. The state has five geographical regions: Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Erie Plain.

{{Main|Climate of Pennsylvania}}

File:Köppen Climate Types Pennsylvania.png of Pennsylvania based on 1991–2020 climate normals]]

File:Flickr - Nicholas T - Endless Mountains Landscape (1).jpg in Wyoming County in October 2011]]

Pennsylvania's diverse topography produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cool to cold winters and very warm, humid summers. Straddling two major zones, much of the state has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa or Dfb). The southern portion of the state has a humid subtropical climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa).

Summers are generally hot and humid. Moving toward the mountainous interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increases, and snowfall amounts are greater. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over {{convert|100|in|cm}} of snowfall annually, and the entire state receives plentiful precipitation throughout the year. The state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into autumn. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, such as 30 recorded tornadoes in 2011; violent tornadoes, however, are rarer than they are in states further west.{{Cite web|url=http://www.homefacts.com/tornadoes/Pennsylvania.html/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517123642/http://www.homefacts.com/tornadoes/Pennsylvania.html/|url-status=dead|title=Pennsylvania Tornados | Homefacts|archivedate=May 17, 2015|website=www.homefacts.com}}

{{Main|List of municipalities in Pennsylvania}}

{{See also|List of counties in Pennsylvania|List of cities in Pennsylvania|List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania|List of townships in Pennsylvania||List of county seats in Pennsylvania (by population)|List of census-designated places in Pennsylvania|List of populated places in Pennsylvania}}

Cities in Pennsylvania include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, and the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton in the central east, known as the Lehigh Valley. The northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining cities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston, Nanticoke, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest. State College is located in the central region. Williamsport is in the north-central region with York, Carlisle, and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the east-central region of the state. Altoona and Johnstown are in the state's west-central region.

The state's three-most populated cities, in order of size, are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Allentown.

{{Largest municipalities

| country = Pennsylvania

| stat_ref = Source:

| list_by_pop =

| div_name =

| div_link = Counties of Pennsylvania{{!}}County

| municipality_1 = Philadelphia{{!}}Philadelphia

| div_1 = Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Philadelphia

| pop_1 = 1,603,797

| img_1 = CCP2016.jpg

| municipality_2 = Pittsburgh{{!}}Pittsburgh

| div_2 = Allegheny County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Allegheny

| pop_2 = 302,971

| img_2 = Point from Mount Washington, 2015-10-26, 01.jpg

| municipality_3 = Allentown, Pennsylvania{{!}}Allentown

| div_3 = Lehigh County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lehigh

| pop_3 = 125,845

| img_3 = 2018 - Center Square - Looking Northeast - 12 Oct - Allentown PA.jpg

| municipality_4 = Reading, Pennsylvania{{!}}Reading

| div_4 = Berks County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Berks

| pop_4 = 95,112

| img_4 = ReadingPennsylvaniaSkyline.jpg

| municipality_5 = Erie, Pennsylvania{{!}}Erie

| div_5 = Erie County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Erie

| pop_5 = 94,831

| img_5 =

| municipality_6 = Upper Darby Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Upper Darby

| div_6 = Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Delaware

| pop_6 = 85,681

| img_6 =

| municipality_7 = Scranton, Pennsylvania{{!}}Scranton

| div_7 = Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lackawanna

| pop_7 = 76,328

| img_7 =

| municipality_8 = Bethlehem, Pennsylvania{{!}}Bethlehem

| div_8 = Northampton County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Northampton

| pop_8 = 75,781

| img_8 =

| municipality_9 = Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lower Merion Township

| div_9 = Montgomery County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Montgomery

| pop_9 = 63,633

| img_9 =

| municipality_10 = Bensalem Township, Pennsylvania{{!}}Bensalem Township

| div_10 = Bucks County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Bucks

| pop_10 = 62,707

| img_10 =

| municipality_11 = Lancaster, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lancaster

| div_11 = Lancaster County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lancaster

| pop_11 = 58,039

| img_11 =

| municipality_12 = Millcreek Township, Erie County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Millcreek Township

| div_12 = Erie County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Erie

| pop_12 = 54,073

| img_12 =

| municipality_13 = Lower Paxton Township, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Lower Paxton Township

| div_13 = Dauphin County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Dauphin

| pop_13 = 53,501

| img_13 =

| municipality_14 = Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Haverford Township

| div_14 = Delaware County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Delaware

| pop_14 = 50,431

| img_14 =

| municipality_15 = Harrisburg, Pennsylvania{{!}}Harrisburg

| div_15 = Dauphin County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Dauphin

| pop_15 = 50,099

| img_15 =

| municipality_16 = York, Pennsylvania{{!}}York

| div_16 = York County, Pennsylvania{{!}}York

| pop_16 = 44,800

| img_16 =

| municipality_17 = Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania{{!}}Wilkes-Barre

| div_17 = Luzerne County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Luzerne

| pop_17 = 44,328

| img_17 =

| municipality_18 = Altoona, Pennsylvania{{!}}Altoona

| div_18 = Blair County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Blair

| pop_18 = 43,963

| img_18 =

| municipality_19 = Hempfield Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Hempfield Township

| div_19 = Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Westmoreland

| pop_19 = 41,466

| img_19 =

| municipality_20 = Penn Hills, Pennsylvania{{!}}Penn Hills

| div_20 = Allegheny County, Pennsylvania{{!}}Allegheny

| pop_20 = 41,059

| img_20 =

}}

• Ontario (Province of Canada) (Northwest)
• New York (North and Northeast)
• New Jersey (East and Southeast)
• Delaware (Extreme Southeast)
• Maryland (South)
• West Virginia (Southwest)
• Ohio (West)

{{Further|List of people from Pennsylvania}}

{{US Census population

| 1790 = 434373

| 1800 = 602365

| 1810 = 810091

| 1820 = 1049458

| 1830 = 1348233

| 1840 = 1724033

| 1850 = 2311786

| 1860 = 2906215

| 1870 = 3521951

| 1880 = 4282891

| 1890 = 5258113

| 1900 = 6302115

| 1910 = 7665111

| 1920 = 8720017

| 1930 = 9631350

| 1940 = 9900180

| 1950 = 10498012

| 1960 = 11319366

| 1970 = 11793909

| 1980 = 11863895

| 1990 = 11881643

| 2000 = 12281054

| 2010 = 12702379

| 2020 = 13002700

| estyear = 2024

| estimate = 13078751

| estref =

| footnote = Source: 1910–2020{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}

}}

File:Pennsylvania population density 2020.png

As of the 2020 U.S. census, Pennsylvania had a population of 13,011,844, up from 12,702,379 in 2010. Pennsylvania is the fifth-most populated state in the U.S. after California, Texas, Florida, and New York.{{Cite web |title=Data |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data.html |access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=United States Census Bureau }} In 2019, net migration to other states resulted in a decrease of 27,718, and immigration from other countries resulted in an increase of 127,007. Net migration to Pennsylvania was 98,289. Migration of native Pennsylvanians resulted in a decrease of 100,000 people. 7.2% of the population was foreign-born as of 2021.{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42000.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065329/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42000.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |title=Pennsylvania United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}[https://data.census.gov/profile/Pennsylvania?g=040XX00US42#populations-and-people Pennsylvania QuickFacts]. Accessed July 12, 2023 Pennsylvania's center of population is in Duncannon in Perry County.{{cite web|title=Population and Population Centers by State—2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 3, 2008 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080918020344/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=September 18, 2008 }}

According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 12,691 homeless people in Pennsylvania.{{Cite web |title=2007–2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf|title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress}}

Among Pennsylvania residents, as of 2020, nearly three out of four, 74.5%, are native to the state and were born in Pennsylvania, 18.4% were born in a different U.S. state, 1.5% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 5.6% were foreign born.{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_SF4/DP02/0400000US42|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212102855/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_SF4/DP02/0400000US42|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|access-date=October 7, 2014}} Foreign-born Pennsylvanians are largely from Asia (36.0%), Europe (35.9%), and Latin America (30.6%) with the remainder from Africa (5%), North America (3.1%), and Oceania (0.4%). The state's largest ancestry groups, expressed as a percentage of total people who responded with a particular ancestry for the 2010 census, were German 28.5%, Irish 18.2%, Italian 12.8%, African Americans 9.6%, English 8.5%, Polish 7.2%, and French 4.2%.{{cite web |author=American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/08_3YR/DP3YR2/0400000US42 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212083238/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/08_3YR/DP3YR2/0400000US42 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |title=American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |access-date=July 31, 2010 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf |title=Puerto Ricans in Pennsylvania |access-date=November 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127044304/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf |archive-date=January 27, 2018 |url-status=live }} As of 2018, the top countries of origin for Pennsylvania's immigrants were India, the Dominican Republic, China, Mexico, and Vietnam.{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_pennsylvania.pdf|title=Immigrants in Pennsylvania}}

File:Ethnic Origins in Pennsylvania.png

The vast majority of Pennsylvania's population is made up of whites, blacks and Hispanics, with the latter two being minorities and having significant populations. Non-Hispanic Whites make up the majority of Pennsylvania; they are mostly descended from German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Italian, and English immigrants. Rural portions of South Central Pennsylvania are recognized nationally for their Amish communities. Wyoming Valley, including Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, has the highest percentage of white residents of any metropolitan area with a population of 500,000 or above in the U.S.; in Wyoming Valley, 96.2% of the population claim to be white with no Hispanic background. The state's Hispanic or Latino American population grew by 82.6% between 2000 and 2010, marking one of the largest increases in a state's Hispanic population. The significant growth of the Hispanic or Latino population is due to migration to the state mainly from Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory, and to a lesser extent immigration from countries such as the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and various Central and South American nations and a wave of Hispanic and Latinos leaving New York City and New Jersey for more affordable living.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Romani people have been present in the state since the mid-1800s.{{Cite web|url=http://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/lycoming-county-romani-pennsylvania/|title=Romani in Pennsylvania|website=Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine}}

The majority of Hispanic or Latino Americans in Pennsylvania are of Puerto Rican descent.{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder—Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|website=census.gov|access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213801/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP05&prodType=table|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story |title=The Daily Journal—Puerto Rico's population exodus is all about jobs |website=USA Today |access-date=June 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022940/http://content.usatoday.com/dist/custom/gci/InsidePage.aspx?cId=thedailyjournal&sParam=53490820.story|archive-date=October 16, 2015|url-status=dead|author-first1=Haya|author-last1=El Nasser}} Most of the remaining Hispanic or Latino population is made up of Mexicans and Dominicans, and the majority of Hispanics and Latinos are concentrated in Philadelphia, the Lehigh Valley, and South Central Pennsylvania.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/asrh/2004/tables/SC-EST2004-03-42.xls |title=Annual Estimates of the Population |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120132138/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/asrh/2004/tables/SC-EST2004-03-42.xls |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }} The Hispanic or Latino population is greatest in Bethlehem, Allentown, Reading, Lancaster, York, and around Philadelphia. As of 2010, the vast majority of Hispanics and Latino Americans in Pennsylvania, about 85%, live within a {{convert|150|mi|km|adj=mid}} radius of Philadelphia, and about 20% live in the city itself.

The Asian population swelled by almost 60%, mostly Indian, Vietnamese, and Chinese immigrants, and many Asians moving to Philadelphia from New York City. The rapid growth of this community has given Pennsylvania one of the largest Asian populations in the nation. The African American population grew by 13%, which was the largest increase in that population among the state's peers of New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan.{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |title=2010 Census Data—2010 Census |publisher=2010.census.gov |access-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706203009/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/ |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }} Pennsylvania has a high in-migration of black and Hispanic people from other nearby states with the eastern and south-central portions of the state seeing the bulk of the increases.{{cite web |url=https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/sdc/pasdc_files/researchbriefs/2010_Census_PL94_Release_RB_FINAL.pdf |title=Research Brief : The Commonwealth's Official Source for Population and Economic Statistics |date=March 9, 2011 |website=Pasdc.hbg.psu.edu |access-date=June 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215817/https://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/sdc/pasdc_files/researchbriefs/2010_Census_PL94_Release_RB_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/research/datacenter/puerto-ricans-leave-ny-report-tells-where-they-go |title=Puerto Ricans Leave N.Y. Report Tells Where They Go—Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños |website=cuny.edu |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032407/http://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/research/datacenter/puerto-ricans-leave-ny-report-tells-where-they-go |archive-date=July 22, 2015|access-date=June 5, 2015}}

Among the state's black population, the vast majority in the state are African American. There are also a growing number of black residents of West Indian, recent African, and Hispanic or Latino origins.{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |title=American FactFinder—Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |website=census.gov|access-date=June 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212204/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&prodType=table |archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}} Most Blacks live in the Philadelphia area, Pittsburgh, or South Central Pennsylvania.{{cn|date=September 2024}} Additionally, in 2020, 31,052 identified as being Native American alone, and 158,112 did in combination with one or more other races.{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |publisher=US Census Bureau |website=Census.gov}}

Note: data for births of White Hispanic origin have not been collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

As of the 2010 census, Pennsylvania had the fourth-highest proportion of elderly (65+) citizens in the nation at 15.4%, compared to a national average of 13.0%.{{cite web |title=Table 16: Resident Population by Age and State: 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426204152/https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/population.html |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |url-status=live}} According to U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the state's poverty rate was 12.5% in 2017 compared to 13.4% for the U.S. as a whole.{{cite web |title=Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/saipe/saipe.html?s_appName=saipe&map_yearSelector=2017&map_geoSelector=aa_c&s_state=42&menu=grid_proxy |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 26, 2019}}

File:Lancaster County Amish 03.jpg family riding in a traditional Amish buggy in Lancaster County. As of 2024, Pennsylvania has an Amish population of 92,660, the largest of any state in the nation.]]

As of 2010, 90.2% (10,710,239) of Pennsylvania residents age five and older spoke English at home as a primary language while 4.1% (486,058) spoke Spanish, 0.9% (103,502) spoke German, including Pennsylvania Dutch, and 0.5% (56,052) spoke Chinese, including Mandarin. In total, 9.9% (1,170,628) of Pennsylvania's population age{{nbsp}}5 and older spoke a mother tongue other than English.{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |title=Pennsylvania |publisher=Modern Language Association |access-date=August 12, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619224705/http://www.mla.org/cgi-shl/docstudio/docs.pl?map_data_results |archive-date=June 19, 2006 }}

{{Main|Pennsylvania Dutch language}}

Pennsylvania Dutch is a descendant of the West Central German dialect family and is closest to Palatine German. Pennsylvania Dutch is still very vigorous as a first language among Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites, principally in the Lancaster County and Berks County areas; it is almost extinct as an everyday language outside the plain communities, though a few words have passed into English usage.

{{Pie chart

| thumb = right

| caption = Religious self-identification in Pennsylvania (April 2023 Franklin & Marshall College poll)

| label1 = Unaffiliated

| value1 = 32

| color1 = White

| label2 = Protestantism

| value2 = 29

| color2 = DarkBlue

| label3 = Catholicism

| value3 = 24

| color3 = Purple

| label4 = Other

| value4 = 14

| color4 = Teal}}

Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania and Rhode Island had the most religious freedom.{{Cite web |url=http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/psu.ph/1134140590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220060046/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/psu.ph/1134140590|url-status=dead |title=Religious diversity in Pennsylvania |archive-date=February 20, 2007}} Voltaire, writing of William Penn in 1733, observed: "The new sovereign also enacted several wise and wholesome laws for his colony, which have remained invariably the same to this day. The chief is, to ill-treat no person on account of religion, and to consider as brethren all those who believe in one God."{{cite book |author-link=Voltaire |first=François-Marie ("Voltaire") |last=Arouet |title=Philosophic Letters |date=1733}} Republished in: {{cite book |title=The Works of Voltaire: A Contemporary Version |volume=XXXIX: Short Studies on English and American Topics |page=209 |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Morley |editor2-first=William F. |editor2-last=Fleming |editor3-first=Tobias |editor3-last=Smollett |date=1901 |location=New York |publisher=E. R. DuMont |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OdENAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA209 |access-date=August 4, 2015}} One result of this uncommon freedom was a wide religious diversity, which continues to the present.

Pennsylvania's population in 2010 was 12,702,379; of these, 6,838,440 (53.8%) were estimated to belong to some sort of organized religion. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) at Pennsylvania State University, the largest religious bodies in Pennsylvania by adherents were the Catholic Church with 3,503,028 adherents, the United Methodist Church with 591,734 members, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 501,974 members. Since 2014, among the state's religious population, 73% were Christian, according to Pew Research Center.{{cite web

| title = Religious composition of adults in Pennsylvania

| website = Religious Landscape Study

| publisher = The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life

| year = 2017

| url = http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/pennsylvania/

| access-date = October 5, 2017

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005201836/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/pennsylvania/

| archive-date = October 5, 2017

| url-status = live

}} In 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute estimated 68% of the population identified with Christianity.{{Cite web|title=PRRI – American Values Atlas|url=http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-PA|access-date=February 7, 2022|website=ava.prri.org|archive-date=February 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221221714/http://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-PA|url-status=dead}} As of 2014, 47% of all Pennsylvanians identified as Protestants, making Protestantism far and away the most prominent religious affiliation among Pennsylvanians. Among all self-identified Christians in the state, however, 24% identified as Catholics, the most of any Christian religious affiliation. In April 2023, a Franklin & Marshall College poll found that a plurality of Pennsylvania residents were unaffiliated, with the rest predominately being Protestant or Catholic.{{Cite web |last=Yost |first=Berwood |date=April 13, 2023 |title=Poll Release: April 2023 |url=https://www.fandmpoll.org/franklin-marshall-college-poll-april-2023/ |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Franklin & Marshall College Poll |language=en}}

Pennsylvania, especially the Greater Pittsburgh area, has one of the largest communities of Presbyterians in the nation, the third-highest by percentage of population and the largest outright in membership as Protestant Christians.{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1142p.asp|title=Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) States (2010)|author=Association of Religion Data Archives|date=2010|publisher=Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies|access-date=February 4, 2021|archive-date=August 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813175310/https://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1142p.asp|url-status=dead}} The American Presbyterian Church, with about 250,000 members and 1,011 congregations, is the largest Presbyterian denomination, and the Presbyterian Church in America is also significant, with 112 congregations and approximately 23,000 adherents; the EPC has around 50 congregations, including the ECO, according to 2010 estimates. The fourth-largest Protestant denomination, the United Church of Christ, has 180,000 members and 627 congregations in the state. The American Baptist Churches USA, also referred to as the Northern Baptist Convention is based in King of Prussia.

Pennsylvania was the center state of the German Reformed denomination from the 1700s.{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/42/rcms2010_42_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721175940/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/42/rcms2010_42_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead }} Bethlehem is one of the headquarters of the Moravian Church in the U.S. Pennsylvania also has a very large Amish population, second only to Ohio among U.S. states.{{cite web |author=Webb Design Inc. |url=http://www.visitamishcountry.com/ |title=Amish Country | Ohio | Visitor Information |publisher=Visitamishcountry.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220001106/http://www.visitamishcountry.com/ |archive-date=February 20, 2010 |url-status=live }} As of 2000, there was a total Amish population of 47,860 in Pennsylvania and an additional 146,416 Mennonites and 91,200 Brethren. The total Anabapist population including Bruderhof was 232,631, about two percent of the population.Donald B. Kraybill and C. Nelson Hostetter: Anabaptist World USA, Scottdale, PA and Waterloo, Ontario, 2001, pages 200–201. While Pennsylvania owes its existence to Quakers, and much of the historic character of Pennsylvania is ideologically rooted in the teachings of the Religious Society of Friends (as they are officially known), practicing Quakers are a small minority of about 10,000 adherents as of 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1076c.asp |title=Friends General Conference States (2010)—QuickLists—The Association of Religion Data Archives |website=www.thearda.com|access-date=October 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029044341/http://www.thearda.com/ql2010/QL_S_2010_2_1076c.asp |archive-date=October 29, 2016 |url-status=dead}}

{{See also|List of Pennsylvania counties by per capita income}}

[[File:Pennsylvania vs US unemployment 1976-2021.png|thumb|{{legend|#4572A7|Pennsylvania's unemployment rate between 1976 and 2021}}

{{legend|#AA4643|The U.S. unemployment rate during these years}}]]

As of 2024, Pennsylvania's gross state product (GSP) is $1.017 trillion, the sixth-largest among all U.S. states, behind California, Texas, New York, Florida, and Illinois.{{cite web |title=GDP by State |url=https://www.bea.gov/data/gdp/gdp-state |website=GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |access-date=April 10, 2022}} If Pennsylvania were an independent country, its economy, as of 2023, would rank as the 20th-largest in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=32&pr.y=19&sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,672,914,946,612,137,614,546,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,199,646,733,648,184,915,524,134,361,652,362,174,364,328,732,258,366,656,734,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698,668&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org|language=en-US|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024038/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=32&pr.y=19&sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,672,914,946,612,137,614,546,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,199,646,733,648,184,915,524,134,361,652,362,174,364,328,732,258,366,656,734,654,144,336,146,263,463,268,528,532,923,944,738,176,578,534,537,536,742,429,866,433,369,178,744,436,186,136,925,343,869,158,746,439,926,916,466,664,112,826,111,542,298,967,927,443,846,917,299,544,582,941,474,446,754,666,698,668&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|archive-date=January 31, 2018|url-status=live}} On a per capita basis, Pennsylvania's 2021 per capita income of $68,957 ranks 21st among the 50 states.{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2019-04/qgdpstate0519_4.pdf|title=Regional Economic Accounts|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501132003/https://www.bea.gov/system/files/2019-04/qgdpstate0519_4.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2019|url-status=live}} As of 2016, there were 5,354,964 people in employment in Pennsylvania with 301,484 total employer establishments. As of January 2024, the state's unemployment rate is 3.4%.[https://www.media.pa.gov/Pages/Labor-and-Industry-Details.aspx?newsid=831 "Pennsylvania's Unemployment Rate At 3.4% In January As Total Nonfarm Jobs Sets New Record High For Sixth Straight Month"], Pennsylvania Press Room, March 8, 2024

The state has five manufacturing centers: Philadelphia in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, Erie in the northwest, Scranton-Wilkes-Barre in the northeast, and the Lehigh Valley in the east.{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-11042003-190258.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113215908/http://www.phillyburbs.com/pb-dyn/news/103-11042003-190258.html|url-status=dead|title=Appeals court races wrap up with focus on voter mobilization|archive-date=January 13, 2005|access-date=September 1, 2006}}

Pennsylvania is home to 23 of the nation's 500 largest companies that comprise the Fortune 500, including two that rank in the top 100, Cencora (formerly AmeriSource Bergen) in Conshohocken, which is the nation's 11th-largest company, and Comcast in Philadelphia, which is the 29th-largest.[https://patch.com/pennsylvania/across-pa/23-pa-companies-make-fortune-500-list-2023 "23 PA Companies Make Fortune 500 List For 2023"], Patch, June 6, 2023. Philadelphia is home to six of the Fortune 500 companies,{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/PA.html |title=Fortune 500 |work=CNN|date=April 30, 2007 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822202259/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/PA.html |archive-date=August 22, 2010 |url-status=live }} with more located in suburbs like King of Prussia; it is a leader in the financial{{cite web |url=http://www.phlx.com/ |title=Philadelphia stock exchange |publisher=Phlx.com |date=July 23, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603041053/http://www.phlx.com/ |archive-date=June 3, 2009 |url-status=dead }} and insurance industries. Pittsburgh is home to eight Fortune 500 companies, including U.S. Steel, PPG Industries, Heinz, and GE Transportation. Hershey is home to The Hershey Company, one of the world's largest chocolate manufacturers. In eastern Pennsylvania, the Lehigh Valley has become an epicenter for the growth of the U.S. logistics industry, including warehousing and the intermodal transport of goods.{{cite web|url=https://www.inboundlogistics.com/articles/logistics-hotspots-nine-that-shine/|title=Eastern Pennsylvania: Epicenter of Growth|date=September 20, 2016 |publisher= Inbound Logistics|access-date=January 4, 2023}}

Like many U.S. states, Walmart is the largest private employer in Pennsylvania. The state's second-largest employer is the University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League private research university in Philadelphia.{{cite web |url=http://www.paworkstats.state.pa.us/admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/pasep_t50.pdf |title=Pennsylvania Top 50 Employers |publisher=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |date=March 28, 2011 |access-date=July 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5zzY0lHAq?url=http://www.paworkstats.state.pa.us/admin/gsipub/htmlarea/uploads/pasep_t50.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2011 }} Pennsylvania is home to the oldest investor-owned utility company in the U.S., The York Water Company.

As of 2018, Pennsylvania ranks first in the nation in a few economic sectors and niches, including barrels of beer produced annually (3.9 million), farmers' markets (over 6,000), food processing companies (2,300), hardwood lumber production (a billion board feet annually), mushroom farms (68), natural gas production, potato chip manufacturing (24 facilities manufacturing one-fourth of the nation's total), and pretzel manufacturing (80 percent of the nation's total).[https://www.pennlive.com/news/2018/02/things_pennsylvania_ranks_numb.html "Pa. ranks No. 1 in many things. Not all are good."], PennLive, February 13, 2018

Other notable Pennsylvania companies include C. F. Martin & Company, based in Nazareth, which manufacturers Martin Guitars, used by some of the world's most prominent guitarists, including Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Neil Young, John Lennon, Kurt Cobain, Eric Clapton, and others.

{{main|Agriculture in Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania ranks 19th overall among all states in agricultural production.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/pa/cp99042.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414005319/http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/profiles/pa/cp99042.PDF |url-status=dead |title=Agricultural Census 2002|archive-date=April 14, 2008}} Its leading agricultural products are mushrooms, apples, Christmas trees, layer chickens, nursery, sod, milk, corn for silage, grapes (including juice grapes), and horses production. Pennsylvania ranks eighth in the nation in winemaking.

The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture worked with private companies to establish "PA Preferred" as a way to brand agricultural products grown or made in the state.{{cite news |url=http://www.pennlive.com/food/index.ssf/2014/01/pa_preferred_pa_farm_show_pa_m.html |title=What is PA Preferred? Just a pretty logo or a way to build a brand? |work=The Patriot-News |date=January 8, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224040150/http://www.pennlive.com/food/index.ssf/2014/01/pa_preferred_pa_farm_show_pa_m.html |archive-date=February 24, 2015 |url-status=live }} The financial impact of agriculture in Pennsylvania{{cite web |url=http://cidepiqc.com/partners/state-of-pennsylvania/agribusiness/ |title=Agribusiness |website=CIDEP—Investment Attraction & Business Leads Generation |access-date=October 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910202950/http://cidepiqc.com/partners/state-of-pennsylvania/agribusiness/ |archive-date=September 10, 2014 }} includes employment of more than 66,800 people employed by the food manufacturing industry and over $1.7 billion in food product export as of 2011.

The first nationally chartered bank in the U.S., the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is now part of Wells Fargo. Pennsylvania is home to the first nationally chartered bank under the 1863 National Banking Act. That year, the Pittsburgh Savings & Trust Company received a national charter and renamed itself the First National Bank of Pittsburgh as part of the National Banking Act. That bank is still in existence today as PNC and remains based in Pittsburgh. PNC is currently the state's largest and the nation's sixth-largest bank.

{{See also|Harrisburg in film and television|List of films and television shows shot in Pennsylvania|List of films shot in the Lehigh Valley|List of films shot in Pittsburgh}}

The Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit began in 2004 and stimulated the development of a film industry in the state.{{Cite news |title=Rendell signs film production tax credit law |newspaper=Philadelphia Business Journal |date=July 21, 2004 |url=http://philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2004/07/19/daily26.html |access-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040903230427/http://philadelphia.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/stories/2004/07/19/daily26.html |archive-date=September 3, 2004 |url-status=live }}

{{main|Gambling in Pennsylvania}}

{{see also|List of casinos in Pennsylvania}}

File:RiversCasino.jpg, located in the Chateau section of Pittsburgh on the Ohio River, one of Pennsylvania's 16 casinos]]

Casino gambling was legalized in Pennsylvania in 2004. As of 2010, there are 16 casinos in the state.{{Cite web|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-2009-06-19-4392853-story.html|title = Casino table games in budget debate? Rendell won't say no, but stresses revenue wouldn't make a dent in deficit| date=June 19, 2009 }}

Coal mining in Pennsylvania dates back to the mid-1700s. Since then, over 15 billion tons of coal were removed from the state. Production peaked in 1918. As mine output decreased, some 250,000 acres of mine land were abandoned.{{cite web |title=PA's Mining Legacy and AML |url=https://www.pa.gov/agencies/dep/programs-and-services/mining/abandoned-mine-reclamation/aml-program-information/pas-mining-legacy-and-aml.html |website=Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |publisher=Department of Environmental Protection |access-date=December 18, 2024}}{{cite web |title=Coal Culture Timeline |url=https://www.iup.edu/library/departments/archives/coal/coal-culture-timeline.html |website=IUP |publisher=Indiana University of Pennsylvania |access-date=December 18, 2024}} As of 2024, the state has the largest inventory of abandoned mines in the United States, creating environmental problems such as water pollution and ground subsidence which damages above-ground buildings. Allegheny and Westmoreland counties alone account for over 550 abandoned sites. The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection is responsible for remediation of such problems.{{cite news |last1=Vellucci |first1=Juston |title=Coal, once king in Pennsylvania, leaves behind abandoned mines that pose concerns |url=https://triblive.com/local/westmoreland/coal-once-king-in-pennsylvania-leaves-behind-abandoned-mines-that-pose-concerns/?fbclid=IwY2xjawHQMxhleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHZBZHxNRWHG2TCCbWAHxf-fhZARn_D1GwDNBcSadVkwUsGuASisZTgxB4w_aem_8JRVa09Y0Z2Xrb864Z3X1w |access-date=December 18, 2024 |publisher=Tribune-Review (Pittsburgh) |date=December 8, 2024}}

{{Main|Government of Pennsylvania}}

{{See also|Commonwealth (U.S. state)}}

Pennsylvania has had five constitutions during its statehood:{{cite web |author=Jenkins Law Library |url=http://www.jenkinslaw.org/collection/researchguides/publications/ann-constitutions.php |title=23 Pennsylvania Law Weekly 324 (March 27, 2000) |publisher=Jenkinslaw.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113203057/http://www.jenkinslaw.org/collection/researchguides/publications/ann-constitutions.php |archive-date=January 13, 2010 }} [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1776-2/ 1776], [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1790-2/ 1790], [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1838-2/ 1838], [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/1874-2/ 1874], and [https://www.paconstitution.org/texts-of-the-constitution/ 1968]. Before that the province of Pennsylvania was governed for a century by a Frame of Government, of which there were four versions: 1682, 1683, 1696, and 1701. The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. The legislature meets there in the State Capitol.

In a 2020 study, Pennsylvania was ranked as the 19th-hardest state for citizens to vote.{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free |issn = 1533-1296 }}

{{Further|List of governors of Pennsylvania|List of Pennsylvania state agencies}}

The current Governor is Josh Shapiro. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor Austin Davis, Attorney General Dave Sunday, Auditor General Timothy DeFoor, and Pennsylvania Treasurer Stacy Garrity. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor run as a ticket in the general election and are up for re-election every four years during the midterm elections. The elections for Attorney General, Auditor General, and Treasurer are held every four years coinciding with a Presidential election."[https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_state_executive_offices#Current_officeholders Pennsylvania State Executive Offices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914040134/https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_state_executive_offices#Current_officeholders |date=September 14, 2016 }}", Ballotpedia, retrieved January 23, 2019.

{{Main|Pennsylvania General Assembly}}

File:Flying the Pride Flag over the Capitol (50035197647).jpg in Harrisburg]]

Pennsylvania has a bicameral legislature that was established in the Pennsylvania Constitution, which was ratified in 1790. The original Frame of Government of William Penn had a unicameral legislature.{{cite web |url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/BAH/dam/rg/rg7.htm |title=Pennsylvania State Archives |publisher=Phmc.state.pa.us |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914201845/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/rg/rg7.htm |archive-date=September 14, 2010 |url-status=live }} The General Assembly includes 50 senators and 203 representatives. Kim L. Ward is currently president pro tempore of the State Senate, Joe Pittman the majority leader, and Jay Costa the minority leader.[https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/senate/officers.cfm Officers of the State Senate], PA State Senate. Retrieved June 7, 2023 Joanna McClinton is speaker of the House of Representatives, with Matthew Bradford as majority leader and Bryan Cutler as minority leader.[https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/home/member_information/house/officers.cfm Officers of the State House], PA State House of Representatives. Retrieved June 7, 2023 As of 2025, the Republicans hold the majority in the State Senate (27–23) and the Democrats in the State House (102–101). Pennsylvania is one of four states that currently have divided party control of the state legislature.[https://documents.ncsl.org/wwwncsl/About-State-Legislatures/2023%20May%20State%20&%20Legislative%20Partisan%20Composi_Adam%20Kuckuk.pdf 2023 State and Legislative Partisan Competition], National Conference of State Legislatures

{{Main|Judiciary of Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts.{{cite web |url=http://www.aopc.org/T/CommonPleas/listofcounties.htm |title=Judicial districts |publisher=Aopc.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720213457/http://www.aopc.org/T/CommonPleas/listofcounties.htm |archive-date=July 20, 2010 }} With the exception of Philadelphia County, most have district justices and justices of the peace who preside over most preliminary hearings in felony and misdemeanor offenses, all minor (summary) criminal offenses, and small civil claims. Most criminal and civil cases originate in the Courts of Common Pleas, which also serve as appellate court. The Superior Court hears all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. The Superior Court also has original jurisdiction to review probable cause governmental requests for warrants in wiretap surveillance. The Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania is the state's final appellate court. All judges in Pennsylvania are elected, and the chief justice of the state's Supreme Court is determined by seniority.

{{Main|Local government in Pennsylvania}}

File:Pennsylvania-counties-map.gif]]

File:Pennsylvania Municipalities map.png]]

Pennsylvania is divided into 67 counties.The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-3. Counties are further subdivided into municipalities that are either incorporated as cities, boroughs, or townships.Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-5. The most populous county in Pennsylvania and 24th-most populous county in the United States

is Philadelphia County, which includes the city of Philadelphia, with a 2020 population of 1,603,797; the state's least populous county is Cameron with a population of 4,547.

There are a total of 56 cities in Pennsylvania, which are classified by population as either first-class, second-class, or third-class cities.The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-46. Philadelphia, the state's largest city with a population exceeding 1.6 million, is Pennsylvania's only first-class city. Pittsburgh (303,000) and Scranton (76,000) are second-class and second-class 'A' cities, respectively. All of the state's remaining cities including Allentown, the state's third-largest city, and Reading, its fourth-largest, to Parker, the state's smallest city with a population of only 820, are designated as third-class cities.{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Pennsylvania |year=2010 |website=Population Estimates |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-04-42.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709111603/http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-04-42.xls |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |format=XLS |access-date=July 4, 2010 }} First- and second-class cities are governed by a "strong mayor" form of mayor–council government, whereas third-class cities are governed by either a "weak mayor" form of government or a council–manager government.

Pennsylvania boroughs are generally smaller in population than the state's cities, and most of the state's cities were incorporated as boroughs prior to being designated cities. There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, all of which are governed by the "weak mayor" form of mayor-council government. The largest borough in Pennsylvania is State College (40,501) and the smallest is Centralia.

Townships are the third type of municipality in Pennsylvania and are classified as either first-class or second-class townships. There are 1,454 second-class townships and 93 first-class townships.The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-6. Second-class townships can become first-class townships if they have a population density greater than {{Convert|300|PD/sqmi}} and a referendum is passed supporting the change. Pennsylvania's largest township is Upper Darby Township (85,681), and the smallest is East Keating Township.

There is one exception to the types of municipalities in Pennsylvania: Bloomsburg was incorporated as a town in 1870 and is, officially, the only town in the state.The Pennsylvania Manual, p. 6-22. In 1975, McCandless Township adopted a home-rule charter under the name of "Town of McCandless", but is, legally, still a first-class township.Title 302, Pennsylvania Code, Section 23.1–101. The state has 56 cities, 958 boroughs, 93 first-class townships, 1,454 second-class townships, and one town (Bloomsburg) for a total of 2,562 municipalities.

Pennsylvania had the 15th-highest state and local tax burden in the nation as of 2012, according to the Tax Foundation.{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania Tax Rates & Rankings {{!}} PA State Taxes |url=https://taxfoundation.org/state/pennsylvania/ |website=Tax Foundation |access-date=September 28, 2020}} Residents paid a total of $83.7 billion in state and local taxes with a per capita average of $4,589 annually. Residents share 76% of the total tax burden. Many state politicians have tried to increase the share of taxes paid by out-of-state sources. Suggested revenue sources include taxing natural gas drilling as Pennsylvania is the only state without such a tax on gas drilling.{{cite web |url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-07-03/news/29733315_1_shale-tax-extraction-tax-drilling-tax |title=Shale tax comes up dry for 3d year |date=July 3, 2011 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081641/http://articles.philly.com/2011-07-03/news/29733315_1_shale-tax-extraction-tax-drilling-tax |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }} Additional revenue prospects include trying to place tolls on interstate highways; specifically Interstate 80, which is used heavily by out of state commuters with high maintenance costs.{{cite web |url=http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4527 |title=Gov Rendell says all of Pennsylvania's transit agencies will get I-80 toll $s |publisher=TOLLROADSnews |date=January 6, 2010 |access-date=September 19, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405231239/http://www.tollroadsnews.com/node/4527 |archive-date=April 5, 2012 }}

Sales taxes provide 39% of Pennsylvania's state revenue; personal income taxes 34%; motor vehicle taxes about 12%, and taxes on cigarettes and alcoholic beverages 5%.{{Cite web |url=https://www.revenue.pa.gov:443/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515021138/http://www.revenue.state.pa.us/revenue/CWP/view.asp?Q=261929&A=208 |url-status=dead |title=PA Department of Revenue Homepage |archive-date=May 15, 2008|website=Pennsylvania Department of Revenue}} The personal income tax is a flat 3.07%. An individual's taxable income is based on the following eight types of income: compensation (salary); interest; dividends; net profits from the operation of a business, profession or farm; net gains or income from the dispositions of property; net gains or income from rents, royalties, patents and copyrights; income derived through estates or trusts; and gambling and lottery winnings (other than Pennsylvania Lottery winnings).{{cite web |url=http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/personal_income_tax/11409 |title=Personal Income Tax |publisher=Portal.state.pa.us |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125171618/http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/personal_income_tax/11409 |archive-date=November 25, 2009 |url-status=live }}

Counties, municipalities, and school districts levy taxes on real estate. In addition, some local bodies assess a wage tax on personal income. Generally, the total wage tax rate is capped at 1% of income but some municipalities with home rule charters may charge more than 1%. Thirty-two of Pennsylvania's sixty-seven counties levy a personal property tax on stocks, bonds, and similar holdings. With the exception of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, municipalities and school districts are allowed to enact a local earned income tax within the purview of Act 32. Residents of these municipalities and school districts are required to file a local income tax return in addition to federal and state returns. This local return is filed with the local income tax collector, a private collection agency appointed by a particular county to collect the local earned income and local services tax (the latter a flat fee deducted from salaried employees working within a particular municipality or school district).{{cite web |title=Local Income Tax Information |url=http://dced.pa.gov/local-government/local-income-tax-information/ |website=PA Department of Community & Economic Development |access-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201022801/http://dced.pa.gov/local-government/local-income-tax-information/#.WD8AMuYrJEY |archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}

Philadelphia has its own local income taxation system. Philadelphia-based employers are required to withhold the Philadelphia wage tax from the salaries of their employees. Residents of Philadelphia working for an employer are not required to file a local return as long as their Philadelphia wage tax is fully withheld by their employer. If their employer does not withhold the Philadelphia wage tax, residents are required to register with the Revenue Department and file an Earnings Tax return. Residents of Philadelphia with self-employment income are required to file a Net Profits Tax (NPT) return, while those with business income from Philadelphia sources are required to obtain a Commercial Activity License (CAL) and pay the Business Income and Receipts Tax (BIRT) and the NPT. Residents with unearned income except interest from checking and savings accounts are required to file and pay the School Income-tax (SIT).{{cite web |title=Department of Revenue |url=https://beta.phila.gov/departments/department-of-revenue/ |website=City of Philadelphia |access-date=November 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201014425/https://beta.phila.gov/departments/department-of-revenue/ |archive-date=December 1, 2016 |url-status=live }}

The complexity of Pennsylvania's local tax filing system has been criticized by experts, who note that the outsourcing of collections to private entities is akin to tax farming and that many new residents are caught off guard and end up facing failure to file penalties even if they did not owe any tax. Attempts to transfer local income tax collections to the state level by having a separate local section on the state income tax return, currently the method used to collect local income taxes in New York, Maryland, Indiana, and Iowa, have been unsuccessful.{{cite web|title=Taking a Closer Look at Government: Pennsylvania's Local Taxation "System"|url=http://issuespa.org/content/taking-closer-look-government-pennsylvanias-local-taxation-system |website=issuespa.org|access-date=November 30, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201015143/http://issuespa.org/content/taking-closer-look-government-pennsylvanias-local-taxation-system |archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=usurped}}

{{see also|Crime in Pennsylvania}}

The Pennsylvania State Police is the chief law enforcement agency in the Pennsylvania.

{{main|Politics of Pennsylvania}}

{{see also|Elections in Pennsylvania}}

File:Pennsylvania Presidential Election Results 2024.svg by county in Pennsylvania{{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]

Since the latter half of the 20th century, Pennsylvania has been perceived as a powerful swing state, and winning Pennsylvania has since been deemed as essential to U.S. presidential candidates. Only thrice between 1932 and 1988 (1932, 1948, and 1968, with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, and Richard Nixon, respectively) has a presidential candidate been able to win the White House while losing Pennsylvania.

Between 1992 and 2016, Pennsylvania trended Democratic in presidential elections; Bill Clinton won the state twice by large margins and Al Gore won it by a slightly closer margin in 2000. In the 2004 presidential election, John F. Kerry beat President George W. Bush in Pennsylvania, 2,938,095 (51%) to 2,793,847 (48%). In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain in Pennsylvania, 3,276,363 (54%) to 2,655,885 (44%).

In the 2016 United States presidential election, however, Republican Donald Trump broke the Democratic streak in the state, winning by 2,970,733 (48%) votes to 2,926,441 (47%) votes.{{Cite news|url=http://lancasteronline.com/news/local/donald-trump-becomes-st-republican-to-win-pennsylvania-since/article_9173e044-a647-11e6-885f-a35dd164ac8c.html|title=Donald Trump becomes 1st Republican to win Pennsylvania since 1988|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=LancasterOnline|access-date=November 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112051813/http://lancasteronline.com/news/local/donald-trump-becomes-st-republican-to-win-pennsylvania-since/article_9173e044-a647-11e6-885f-a35dd164ac8c.html|archive-date=November 12, 2016|url-status=dead}} The state returned to the Democratic column in 2020 by voting for Joe Biden over Trump, 3,458,229 (50%) to 3,377,674 (49%). In 2024, Pennsylvania swung back to Trump, with the former president winning 3,543,308 (50%) to Vice President Kamala Harris’s 3,423,042 (49%). The state holds 19 electoral votes.{{Cite web |title=List of State Electoral Votes For The 2024 Election |url=https://state.1keydata.com/state-electoral-votes.php |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=state.1keydata.com}}

Despite voting for the Democratic ticket for president in every election between 1992 and 2012, Pennsylvania has a history of electing Republican U.S. senators. From 2009 to 2011, the state was represented by two Democratic senators for the first time since 1947 after Republican Senator Arlen Specter switched party affiliation. In 2010, Republicans recaptured a U.S. Senate seat and a majority of the state's congressional seats, control of both chambers of the state legislature, and the governorship. Democrats won back the governorship, however, four years later in the 2014 election. It was the first time since a governor became eligible for reelection that an incumbent governor had been defeated in a reelection bid.

Historically, Democratic strength was concentrated in Philadelphia in the southeast, the Pittsburgh, and Johnstown areas in the southwest, and Scranton and Wilkes-Barre in the northeast. Republican strength was concentrated in the Philadelphia suburbs and the more rural areas in the state's central, northeastern, and western portions, some of which have long been considered among the nation's most conservative areas. Since 1992, however, the Philadelphia suburbs have swung Democratic; the brand of Republicanism there was traditionally moderate. In the 21st century, however, Pittsburgh suburbs, which historically had been Democratic strongholds, have swung more Republican.

Democratic political consultant James Carville once pejoratively described Pennsylvania as "Philadelphia in the east, Pittsburgh in the west, and Alabama in the middle", suggesting that political power in the state was based in its two largest cities, which have been reliably Democratic, offset by the state's large rural power base, which has proven equally reliably Republican. Political analysts and editorials refer to central Pennsylvania as the "T" in statewide elections. The state's three valleys (Delaware, Lehigh, and Wyoming Valleys) and Greater Pittsburgh generally vote Democratic, while the majority of the counties in the central part of the state vote Republican. As a result, maps showing the results of statewide elections invariably form a shape that resembles a "T".

Pennsylvania retains the death penalty, although there is currently a gubernatorial hold on executions.{{Cite web |title=State by State |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US}}

{{Main|Pennsylvania's congressional districts}}

{{see also|United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania's two U.S. senators are Republican Dave McCormick and Democrat John Fetterman.

Pennsylvania has 17 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives as of 2023.{{cite web |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/PA |title=Pennsylvania's Members of Congress & Congressional District Map |access-date=February 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325150517/http://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/PA |archive-date=March 25, 2013 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Education in Pennsylvania}}

Pennsylvania has 500 public school districts, thousands of private schools, publicly funded colleges and universities, and over 100 private institutions of higher education.

{{See also|List of high schools in Pennsylvania|List of school districts in Pennsylvania}}

File:South Philly HS.JPG on Broad Street in South Philadelphia in February 2010]]

Under state law, school attendance in Pennsylvania is mandatory for children between ages eight and 17, or until graduation from an accredited high school, whichever is earlier, unless students are homeschooled.{{cite web|url=http://www.pde.state.pa.us/|title=Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE)|access-date=December 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202153904/http://www.pde.state.pa.us/|archive-date=December 2, 2009|url-status=live}} As of 2005, 83.8% of Pennsylvania residents age 18 to 24 are high school graduates. Among residents age 25 and over, 86.7% have graduated from high school.

The following are the four-year graduation rates for students completing high school in 2016:{{cite web|publisher=Pennsylvania Department of Education|title=Cohort Graduation Rate|url=http://www.education.pa.gov/Data-and-Statistics/Pages/Cohort-Graduation-Rate-.aspx#tab-1|access-date=October 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201083645/http://www.education.pa.gov/Data-and-Statistics/Pages/Cohort-Graduation-Rate-.aspx#tab-1|archive-date=February 1, 2016|url-status=dead}}

Among Pennsylvania high school graduates as of 2009, 27.5% of them went on to obtain a bachelor's degree or higher degree.{{cite web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/|title=National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)|access-date=December 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116125625/http://nces.ed.gov/|archive-date=January 16, 2011|url-status=live}} State students consistently do well in standardized testing. In 2007, Pennsylvania ranked 14th in the nation in mathematics, 12th in reading, and 10th in writing for eighth grade students.'NCES'. In 1988, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed Act 169, which allows parents or guardians to homeschool their children as an alternative to compulsory school attendance. The law specifies varying geographic requirements and responsibilities on the part of parents and school districts.[http://www.pde.state.pa.us/home_education/site/default.asp Pennsylvania Department of Education: Home Education and Private Tutoring, Retrieved December 4, 2009.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105050517/http://www.pde.state.pa.us/home_education/site/default.asp |date=November 5, 2009 }}

{{See also|List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania}}

File:Benjamin Franklin statue in front of College Hall.JPG on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia, which pays tribute to Benjamin Franklin, a Founding Father who founded the university, now an Ivy League institution and one of the world's top universities, in 1740{{Cite web |date=January 1, 2022 |title=Best National University Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities |access-date=April 27, 2022 |website=U.S. News & World Report}}]]

"Pennsylvania has the fourth most higher education institutions of any state," according to Inside Higher Ed, with 250 universities and colleges.{{Cite news |last=Knox |first=Liam |date=July 12, 2023 |title=Fighting for Scraps in Pennsylvania |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/admissions/traditional-age/2023/07/12/pa-public-colleges-battle-students-and-funding |access-date=July 12, 2023 |work=Inside Higher Ed}} The state is ranked second among the nation's top destinations for freshman out-of-state college students, according to NPR/PBS affiliate WHYY, which cites a study by the Association of Independent Colleges and Universities of Pennsylvania (AICUP).{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Stephen |date=September 12, 2024 |title=Pa. ranked 2nd among nation's top destinations for freshman out-of-state college students, survey says |url=https://whyy.org/articles/pennsylvania-freshman-out-of-state-students/ |access-date=September 12, 2024 |work=WHYY (NPR/PBS)}} Pennsylvania is third in the nation for the quantity of "Best Colleges", according to The Wall Street Journal.{{Cite news |last=King |first=Brendan |date=September 5, 2024 |title=Wall Street Journal ranks Pennsylvania colleges third in the nation |url=https://www.fox43.com/article/life/announcements/wall-street-journal-pennsylvania-ranked-third-colleges/521-6c2c50c5-6b06-42b5-8280-647814cf4b89 |access-date=September 5, 2024 |work=WPMT Fox43}}

The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE), which includes 14 state-owned universities and colleges, is Pennsylvania's public university system. West Chester University is by far the largest of the 14 with nearly 15,000 students. The Commonwealth System of Higher Education is the organizing body of Pennsylvania's four state-related schools, which include Pennsylvania State University, Lincoln University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Temple University. There are 15 publicly funded two-year community colleges and technical schools in Pennsylvania that are separate from the PASSHE system, and many private two- and four-year technical schools, colleges, and universities.

Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania State University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of Pittsburgh are members of the Association of American Universities, an invitation-only organization of leading research universities. Lehigh University, founded in 1865 and located in Bethlehem, is a private research university. The Pennsylvania State University is Pennsylvania's land-grant university, Sea Grant College, and Space Grant College.

The University of Pennsylvania, founded in West Philadelphia in 1740 by Benjamin Franklin, a Founding Father of the nation, is Pennsylvania's only Ivy League university, and is the geographically most southern of the nation's eight Ivy League universities. The University of Pennsylvania was one of the first universities established in the nation; its medical school, Perelman School of Medicine, founded in 1765, was the first medical school established in the nation.

The Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) is a private graduate school of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy with a main campus in Erie, a branch campus in Greensburg, and two additional campuses outside Pennsylvania. It is the largest medical school in the United States.{{Cite web |url=https://lecom.edu/about-lecom/quick-facts/|title=Quick Facts|access-date=August 13, 2020}} The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is the first and oldest art school in the United States.{{cite web|title=History of the School |url=http://www.pafa.org/School/Overview/History-of-the-School/350/ |website=pafa.org|access-date=April 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615012302/http://www.pafa.org/School/Overview/History-of-the-School/350/|archive-date=June 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}} Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, now part of University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, was the first pharmacy school in the United States.{{cite web |title=About—University of the Sciences |url=http://www.usciences.edu/about/|website=usciences.edu|access-date=April 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524050754/http://www.usciences.edu/about/ |archive-date=May 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}

{{see also|Gambling in Pennsylvania|List of festivals in Pennsylvania|List of Pennsylvania state parks}}

File:Dorney Park Steel Force Thunderhawk.jpg's Steel Force and Thunderhawk roller coasters in Allentown; Steel Force is the eighth-longest steel roller coaster in the world with a first drop of {{convert|205|ft|m}} and a top speed of {{convert|75|mph|km/h}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.rcdb.com/id276.htm |title=Rollercoaster Database: Steel Force (Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom) |access-date=July 10, 2008}} Founded in 1884, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom is the fifth-oldest amusement park in the nation.[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1358559/oldest-amusement-parks-us/ "Oldest amusement parks in the United States as of May 2024, by year of first operation"], Statista, accessed February 1, 2025]]

Pennsylvania is home to the nation's first zoo, the Philadelphia Zoo.{{cite web|url=https://philadelphiazoo.org/about-the-zoo/|access-date=February 12, 2020|title=Philadelphia Zoo}} Other long-accredited AZA zoos include the Erie Zoo and the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. The Lehigh Valley Zoo and ZooAmerica are other notable zoos.

Pennsylvania is home to some of the most notable museums in the nation, including the Allentown Art Museum in Allentown, Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Philadelphia, and several others. One unique museum is the Houdini Museum in Scranton, the only building in the world devoted to the legendary magician.{{cite web |url=http://www.houdini.org |title=Houdini Harry Houdini attractions magic Scranton Poconos Pocono birthday party show seance School Assembly Programs birthday |publisher=Houdini.org |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724162429/http://www.houdini.org/ |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |url-status=live }} Pennsylvania is also home to the National Aviary, located in Pittsburgh.

All 121 state parks in Pennsylvania feature free admission.

Pennsylvania's notable amusement parks include Conneaut Lake Park, Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom, Dutch Wonderland, DelGrosso's Amusement Park, Great Wolf Lodge, Hersheypark, Idlewild Park, Kalahari Resorts Poconos, Kennywood, Knoebels, Lakemont Park, Sandcastle Waterpark, Sesame Place Philadelphia, and Waldameer Park. The largest indoor waterpark resort on the U.S. East Coast is Splash Lagoon in Erie.

The state's notable music festivals include Musikfest, the nation's largest free music festival held annually each August in Bethlehem,{{cite web |url=http://www.musikfest.org/venues/ |title=Largest 10 day free music festival |publisher=Musikfest |access-date=May 26, 2012}} the Philadelphia Folk Festival, Creation Festival, and Purple Door. The Great Allentown Fair, held annually at the Allentown Fairgrounds since the 19th century, is one of the nation's longest-running annual fairs.

There are nearly one million licensed hunters in Pennsylvania. White-tail deer, black bear, cottontail rabbit, squirrel, turkey, and grouse are common game species. Pennsylvania is considered one of the finest wild turkey hunting states in the nation, alongside Texas and Alabama. Sport hunting in Pennsylvania provides a massive boost for the state's economy. A report from The Center for Rural Pennsylvania, a legislative agency of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, reported that hunting, fishing, and furtaking generated a total of $9.6 billion statewide.

The Boone and Crockett Club reports that five of the ten largest black bear entries came from the state.{{cite web |url=http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/212407 |title=Bear facts favor Pennsylvania State remains home to North America's biggest black bears |last=Reilly |first=P. |publisher=Intelligencer Journal |date=November 15, 2007 |access-date=December 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116162447/http://local.lancasteronline.com/4/212407 |archive-date=November 16, 2007 }} The state also has a tied record for the largest hunter shot black bear in the Boone and Crockett record books at {{convert|733|lb|abbr=on}} and a skull of 23 3/16, tied with a bear shot in California in 1993. As of 2007, Pennsylvania has the second-highest number of Boone and Crockett-recorded record black bears at 183, behind Wisconsin's 299.

The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, abbreviated as PennDOT, is responsible for transport issues in Pennsylvania.

{{See also|List of airports in Pennsylvania}}

File:Philadelphia International Airport.jpg, the busiest airport in the state and the 21st-busiest airport in the nation with over 13 million passengers in 2023]]

Pennsylvania has seven major airports: Philadelphia International, Pittsburgh International, Lehigh Valley International, Harrisburg International, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton International, Erie International, and University Park Airport. A total of 134 public-use airports are located in the state.

Intercity bus service is provided between cities in Pennsylvania and other major points in the Northeast by BoltBus, Fullington Trailways, Greyhound Lines, Martz Trailways, Megabus, OurBus, Trans-Bridge Lines, and various Chinatown bus companies. In 2018, OurBus began offering service from West Chester, Malvern, King of Prussia, and Fort Washington to New York City.

{{See also|List of Interstate Highways in Pennsylvania|List of state routes in Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania Turnpike}}

PennDOT owns {{Convert|39861|mi}} of the {{convert|121770|mi}} of roadway in the state, making it the fifth-largest state highway system in the United States."Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 7. The Pennsylvania Turnpike system is {{Convert|535|mi}} long, with the mainline portion stretching from Ohio to Philadelphia and New Jersey. It is overseen by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. Another major east–west route is Interstate 80, which runs primarily in the northern tier of the state from Ohio to New Jersey at the Delaware Water Gap. Interstate 90 travels the relatively short distance between Ohio and New York through Erie County, in the extreme northwestern part of the state.

Primary north–south highways are Interstate 79 from its terminus in Erie through Pittsburgh to West Virginia, Interstate 81 from New York state through Scranton, Lackawanna County and Harrisburg to Maryland and Interstate 476, which begins {{Convert|7|mi|km}} north of the Delaware border, in Chester, Delaware County and travels {{Convert|132|mi|km}} to Clarks Summit, where it joins I-81. All but {{Convert|20|mi|km}} of I-476 is the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The highway south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike is officially called the "Veterans Memorial Highway", but is commonly referred to colloquially as the "Blue Route".

{{See also|List of Pennsylvania railroads|List of public transit authorities in Pennsylvania}}

File:Amtrak "Pennsylvanian" on Horseshoe Curve (8991394046).jpg's Pennsylvanian on Horseshoe Curve in Logan Township]]

SEPTA is the sixth-largest transit agency in the United States and operates the commuter, heavy and light rail transit, and transit bus service in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Pittsburgh Regional Transit is the 25th-largest transit agency and provides transit bus and light rail service in and around Pittsburgh."2010 Public Transportation Fact Book", p. 8.

Intercity passenger rail transit is provided by Amtrak, with the majority of traffic occurring on the Keystone Service in the high-speed Keystone Corridor between Harrisburg and Philadelphia's 30th Street Station before heading north to New York City, and the Northeast Regional, which provides regular high-speed service up and down the Northeast Corridor. The Pennsylvanian follows the same route from New York City to Harrisburg, but extends out to Pittsburgh. The Capitol Limited also passes through Pittsburgh, as well as Connellsville, on its way from Chicago to Washington, D.C. Traveling between Chicago and New York City, the Lake Shore Limited passes through Erie once in each direction. There are 67 short-line, freight railroads operating in Pennsylvania, the highest number in any U.S. state."Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book", p. 10. With more than four million inter-city rail passengers in 2018, Philadelphia's 30th Street Station is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation after Penn Station in Manhattan and Union Station in Washington, D.C.,{{cite web |url=https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/nationalfactsheets/Amtrak-Corporate-Profile-FY2018-0319.pdf |title=FY 2018 Company Profile |website=www.amtrak.com |access-date=April 18, 2019}} and North America's 12th-busiest train station overall.

{{see also|Port of Philadelphia|Port of Pittsburgh}}

The Port of Pittsburgh is the second-largest inland port in the United States and the 18th-largest port overall; the Port of Philadelphia is the 24th-largest port in the United States.Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center, p. 5-4. Pennsylvania's only port on the Great Lakes is located in Erie. The Allegheny River Lock and Dam Two is the most-used lock operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers of its 255 nationwide.{{Cite news|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_699345.html|title=Corps shuts Highland Park lock for two weeks of repairs|last=Santoni|first=Matthew|date=September 14, 2010|work=Pittsburgh Tribune-Review|publisher=Trib Total Media|access-date=September 14, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908040557/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/business/s_699345.html|archive-date=September 8, 2012}} The dam impounds the Allegheny River near Downtown Pittsburgh.

{{See also|Culture of Allentown, Pennsylvania|Culture of Philadelphia|Culture of Pittsburgh|LGBT culture in Philadelphia|List of museums in Pennsylvania|Music of Pennsylvania}}

File:Philly041907-002-PatsKingofSteaks.jpg in South Philadelphia is widely credited with inventing the cheesesteak in 1933.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/22/us/22olivieri.html?_r=1&oref=slogin |title=New York Times, "Harry Olivieri, 90, Co-Inventor of Cheese Steak in Philadelphia, Dies" July 22, 2006 retrieved July 25, 2006 | work=The New York Times | date=July 22, 2006 | access-date=May 21, 2010}}]]

File:Hershey Pennsylvania 1976.jpg in Hershey]]

In 2008, author Sharon Hernes Silverman wrote in the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review that Pennsylvania was the snack food capital of the world.{{cite web |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_546927.html |title=Pa. knack for snacks a Farm Show feature—Pittsburgh Tribune-Review |publisher=Pittsburghlive.com |date=January 11, 2008 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108051209/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_546927.html |archive-date=November 8, 2009 }} It leads all other states in the manufacture of pretzels and potato chips. In 1861, as the Civil War was beginning, Sturgis Pretzel House in Lititz was first to introduce the pretzel to American consumers. Two other Pennsylvania-based companies, Immergut Hand-Rolled Soft Pretzels in Intercourse and Snyder's of Hanover in Hanover, are leading national pretzel manufacturers. Two of the nation's three leading potato chip companies are based in Pennsylvania: Utz Brands, which started making chips in Hanover in 1921, and Wise Foods, which started making chips in Berwick the same year; the third, Frito-Lay is owned by Plano, Texas-based PepsiCo. Additional Pennsylvania-based companies, including Herr's Snacks in Nottingham, Martin's Potato Chips in Thomasville, are popular chip manufacturers.

The Hershey Company in Hershey is a nearly $9 billion a year company and one of the world's leading manufacturers of chocolate; the company was founded in Hershey by Milton S. Hershey in 1894.{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hsQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1978,4428241 |title=Chocolate Bunnies |website=The Southeast Missourian |agency=Associated Press |date=April 1, 1996 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420083939/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hsQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=1978,4428241 |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |url-status=live}} Gertrude Hawk Chocolates is based in Dunmore. Other notable companies include Just Born in Bethlehem, makers of Hot Tamales, Mike and Ikes, the Easter favorite marshmallow Peeps, and Boyer Brothers of Altoona, which manufacturers Mallo Cups. The pretzel company Auntie Anne's began as a market-stand in Downingtown, and now has corporate headquarters in Lancaster.{{cite web | title = Company History: Auntie Anne's Pretzels | publisher = Auntie Anne's | access-date = February 6, 2009 | url = http://www.auntieannes.com/company_history.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090123132324/http://auntieannes.com/company_history.aspx | archive-date = January 23, 2009 | url-status=dead | df = mdy-all }} Traditional Pennsylvania Dutch foods include chicken pot pie, ham pot pie, schnitz un knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), fasnachts (raised doughnuts), scrapple, pretzels, bologna, chow-chow, and Shoofly pie. Martin's Famous Pastry Shoppe, based in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in potato bread, another traditional Pennsylvania Dutch food. D.G. Yuengling & Son, America's oldest brewery, has been brewing beer in Pottsville since 1829.

Among the regional foods associated with Philadelphia are cheesesteaks, hoagies, soft pretzels, Italian water ice, Irish potato candy, scrapple, Tastykake, and strombolis. In Pittsburgh, tomato ketchup was improved by Henry John Heinz from 1876 to the early 20th century. Famous to a lesser extent than Heinz ketchup is the Pittsburgh's Primanti Brothers Restaurant sandwiches, pierogies, and city chicken. In northeastern Pennsylvania, Italian heritage has popularized a variety of pizza styles. Outside of Scranton, in Old Forge, there are dozens of Italian restaurants specializing in pizza made with thick, light crust, and American cheese. New York–style pizza is popular in Wilkes-Barre. Erie also has its share of foods, including Greek sauce and sponge candy. Sauerkraut along with pork and mashed potatoes is a traditional meal on New Year's Day in Pennsylvania; its tradition began with the Pennsylvania Dutch who believe the meal leads to good luck in the new year to come. Among other foods and drinks commonly found in Pennsylvania Dutch Country are chicken pot pie (a type of soup made with egg noodles and unrelated to the more commonly found baked pie), shoofly pie, scrapple, sand tarts (a type of thin cookie), and birch beer. Whoopie pies, an American favorite, are also said to trace their roots back to Pennsylvania Dutch Country.

{{Main|Sports in Pennsylvania}}

File:Super Bowl 402EF3AA.jpg are presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy on February 4, 2018, after winning Super Bowl LII, in which they defeated the New England Patriots 41–33.]]

File:Pittsburgh Steeler fans 15 Oct 2006.jpg' fans waving the Terrible Towel, a tradition that dates back to 1975]]

File:Citizens Bank Park, May 2009.jpg in South Philadelphia, home of the Philadelphia Phillies, the oldest continuous same-name, same-city franchise in American professional sports]]

File:Pocono Victory Lane.JPG racing at Pocono Raceway in Long Pond]]

Pennsylvania is home to eight major league professional sports teams: the Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA, the Philadelphia Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL, the Philadelphia Flyers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL, and the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. Among them, these teams have accumulated seven{{nbsp}}World Series championships (with the Pirates winning five and Phillies winning two), 16 National League pennants (with the Pirates winning nine and Phillies winning seven), three pre-Super Bowl era NFL championships (all won by the Eagles), eight Super Bowl championships (with the Steelers winning six and the Eagles two), two NBA championships (both won by the 76ers), and seven Stanley Cup championships (with the Penguins winning five and Flyers winning two).

With five professional sports teams and some of the most passionate sports fans in the nation, Philadelphia is often described as the “nation's best sports city.”[https://stanforddaily.com/2018/04/26/ziperski-philly-the-best-sports-city-in-america/ "Philly: the best sports city in America"], The Stanford Daily, April 26, 2018[https://www.phillyvoice.com/jj-redick-sixers-76ers-philly-sports-town-nba-summer-league/ "JJ Redick calls Philly 'the greatest sports town in America"], Philly Voice, July 13, 2022

In addition to its two Major League Baseball franchises, Pennsylvania is home to two Triple-A-level teams, the highest level of Minor League Baseball play. The Lehigh Valley IronPigs, affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies, are based in Allentown, where they play at Coca-Cola Park. The Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, affiliated with the New York Yankees, are based in Moosic, where they play at PNC Field.

Pennsylvania is home to four Double-A level baseball teams: the Altoona Curve, Erie SeaWolves, Harrisburg Senators, and Reading Fightin Phils. Pennsylvania has two collegiate summer baseball teams affiliated with the MLB Draft League: the State College Spikes and Williamsport Crosscutters. In independent baseball, the state has three teams, the Lancaster Stormers, Washington Wild Things, and York Revolution.

In addition to its two National Hockey League teams, Pennsylvania has three American Hockey League ice hockey teams: the Hershey Bears affiliated with the Washington Capitals, the Lehigh Valley Phantoms affiliated with the Philadelphia Flyers, and the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins affiliated with the Pittsburgh Penguins. It also has an ECHL-level ice hockey team, the Reading Royals, and an Arena Football League team, the Philadelphia Soul. These Pennsylvania-based developmental-level professional teams have accumulated 12 Triple-A and Double-A baseball league titles (Altoona Curve (1) Reading Fightin Phils (4), and Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Senators (6)), 3 ArenaBowl championships (Soul), and 11 Calder Cups (Bears).

In addition to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer, Pennsylvania has two lower level professional soccer teams: Philadelphia Union II of MLS Next Pro and the Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC of the USL Championship.{{cite web|url=https://www.brotherlygame.com/2018/10/8/17953280/penn-fc-to-go-on-hiatus-in-2019-join-new-usl-third-division-league-in-2020|title=Penn FC to go on hiatus in 2019, join new USL third division league in 2020|publisher=Brotherly Game|first=Chris|last=Bratton|date=October 8, 2018|access-date=November 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130112950/https://www.brotherlygame.com/2018/10/8/17953280/penn-fc-to-go-on-hiatus-in-2019-join-new-usl-third-division-league-in-2020|archive-date=November 30, 2018|url-status=live}}

Since 1959, the Little League World Series has been held annually in August in South Williamsport near where Little League Baseball was founded in Williamsport.{{cite web |title=Little League Chronology |url=http://www.littleleague.org/learn/about/historyandmission/chronology.htm |website=LittleLeague.org |access-date=August 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629095428/http://www.littleleague.org/learn/about/historyandmission/chronology.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}

In professional golf, Arnold Palmer, one of the 20th century's most accomplished professional golfers, comes from Latrobe, and Jim Furyk, a current PGA player grew up near in Lancaster. PGA tournaments in Pennsylvania include the 84 Lumber Classic played at Nemacolin Woodlands Resort in Farmington and the Northeast Pennsylvania Classic played at Glenmaura National Golf Club in Moosic.

Philadelphia is home to Love Park, located across from City Hall, which is a popular skateboard location that hosted ESPN's X Games in 2001 and 2002.{{cite web |url=http://skateboard.about.com/cs/events/a/XGamesHistory_2.htm |title=X Games History—part 2 |publisher=Skateboard.about.com |date=June 17, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075533/http://skateboard.about.com/cs/events/a/XGamesHistory_2.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |url-status=dead }}

In motorsports, the Mario Andretti dynasty of race drivers hails from Nazareth in the Lehigh Valley. Pennsylvania racetracks include Jennerstown Speedway in Jennerstown, Lake Erie Speedway in North East, Lernerville Speedway in Sarver, and Pocono Raceway in Long Pond, which is home to two NASCAR Cup Series races and an IndyCar Series race. The state is also home to Maple Grove Raceway, near Reading, which hosts major National Hot Rod Association-sanctioned drag racing events each year.

There are also two motocross race tracks that host a round of the AMA Toyota Motocross Championships in Pennsylvania. High Point Raceway is located in Mount Morris, Pennsylvania, and Steel City is located in Delmont, Pennsylvania.

Horse racing tracks in Pennsylvania include The Meadows in North Strabane Township, Mohegan Pennsylvania in Wilkes-Barre, Penn National in Grantville, Presque Isle Downs in Summit Township, and Parx Racing, Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, which was the home course of Smarty Jones, winner of the 2004 Kentucky Derby and 2004 Preakness Stakes. Harrah's Philadelphia also hosts harness racing and Presque Isle Downs also hosts thoroughbred racing.

In college football, three Pennsylvania universities compete in NCAA Division I, the highest level of sanctioned collegiate play in the sport: Penn State in the Big Ten Conference, Pitt in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and Temple in the American Athletic Conference.

Over their respective college football histories, Penn State claims two national championships (1982 and 1986) and seven undefeated seasons (1887, 1912, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1986, and 1994) and Pitt has won nine national championships (1915, 1916, 1918, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1937, and 1976) and had eight undefeated seasons (1904, 1910, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1920, 1937, and 1976).{{cite web |url=http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/pitt/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06guide-pantherhistory.pdf |title=Panther History—Pitt Football 2006 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525121616/http://graphics.fansonly.com/photos/schools/pitt/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/06guide-pantherhistory.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=dead }} Penn State plays its home games at Beaver Stadium, a 106,572-capacity stadium that is the second-largest stadium in the nation; the team is coached by James Franklin. Pitt plays its home games at Acrisure Stadium, a 68,400-capacity stadium it shares with the Pittsburgh Steelers; the team is coached by Pat Narduzzi. Over their respective histories, four additional Pennsylvania universities and colleges have won national college football championships: Lafayette in Easton (1896), Villanova in Villanova (2009), Penn in Philadelphia (1895, 1897, 1904, and 1908),{{cite web |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php |title=Recognized National Championships by Team |publisher=Cfbdatawarehouse.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920001615/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/nchamps_team.php |archive-date=September 20, 2010 }} and Washington & Jefferson in Washington (1921).

In college basketball, five Philadelphia and Philadelphia-area universities, collectively known as the Big Five, have a tradition in NCAA Division I basketball. National titles in college basketball have been won by La Salle (1954), Temple (1938), Penn (1920 and 1921), Pitt (1928 and 1930), and Villanova (1985, 2016, and 2018).

Pennsylvania has several universities and colleges known as national leaders in college wrestling. Penn State, coached by Cael Sanderson, has won ten NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships in its history, second most among all universities and colleges after Oklahoma State. Lehigh in Bethlehem has had 28 NCAA Division I individual champions over its history.

Since 1802, Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State, which remains the state's most popular and widely used nickname.{{Cite web|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504141346/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31|url-status=dead|title=PHMC: State Symbols|archive-date=May 4, 2009|access-date=August 16, 2006}} The nickname "Keystone State" originates with the agricultural and architectural term "keystone", and is based on the central role that Pennsylvania played geographically and functionally among the original Thirteen Colonies from which the nation was established, the important founding documents, including the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, that were signed and ratified in Pennsylvania, and the central role that Pennsylvania played in the nation's early manufacturing and agricultural development.{{Cite web |url=http://www.2nj.org/library/weapons/flintlock_rifles.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090008/http://www.2nj.org/library/weapons/flintlock_rifles.htm |url-status=dead |title=Lancaster rifle |archive-date=April 3, 2015|access-date=August 28, 2006}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/agriculture/page1.asp?secid=31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703102530/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/agriculture/page1.asp?secid=31 |url-status=dead |title=PHMC: Agriculture in Pennsylvania |archive-date=July 3, 2009 |access-date=August 28, 2006}}

Less often, Pennsylvania is referred to as the Coal State, the Oil State, and the Steel State, in recognition of the important role these respective industries played in the state in the 19th and 20th centuries.{{cite web |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/pa_intro.htm |title=The State of Pennsylvania—An Introduction the Keystone State |publisher=Netstate.Com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323161333/http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/pa_intro.htm |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |url-status=live }} The State of Independence appears on several current day road signs entering Pennsylvania from bordering states.

Pennsylvania residents and those of surrounding states sometimes refer to Pennsylvania by the state's abbreviation, PA.{{Cite web |last=URBAN |first=BOB |title=Talking Pennsylvanian {{!}} Times News Online |url=https://www.tnonline.com/20101211/talking-pennsylvanian/ |access-date=August 13, 2023 |website=www.tnonline.com |language=en-US}}

Pennsylvania was historically referred to by the nickname Quaker State during the colonial era{{Cite web |url=https://www.dgs.pa.gov:443/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325035935/http://www.dgs.state.pa.us/dgs/lib/dgs/pa_manual/section1/the_quaker_province_1681-1776.pdf |url-status=dead |title=The Quaker Province 1681–1776 |archive-date=March 25, 2009 |website=Department of General Services}} based on the influential role that William Penn and other Quakers played in establishing the first frame of government constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania that guaranteed liberty of conscience, which was a reflection of Penn's knowledge of the hostility Quakers confronted when they opposed religious rituals, taking oaths, violence, war, and military service, and what they viewed as ostentatious frippery.{{Cite web|url=http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/quaker.asp?secid=31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601223635/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/quaker.asp?secid=31 |url-status=dead |title=The Quaker Province 1681–1776 |archive-date=June 1, 2009|access-date=August 16, 2006}}{{cite web |first=Bill |last=Samuel |url=http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml |title=William Penn, Quaker |publisher=Quakerinfo.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213023706/http://www.quakerinfo.com/quakpenn.shtml |archive-date=December 13, 2010 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm |title=Frame of Government |publisher=Yale.edu |access-date=July 31, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617071216/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/pa04.htm |archive-date=June 17, 2010 }}

{{Main|List of people from Pennsylvania}}

{{See also|List of sister cities in Pennsylvania}}

• {{flagdeco|MAS}} Kedah, Malaysia
• {{flagdeco|CUB}} Matanzas Province, Cuba{{cite web | title =Pennsylvania Matanzas| publisher =U.S.-Cuba Sister Cities Association| url =http://www.uscsca.org/penn.htm| access-date =October 27, 2007| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071017015314/http://uscsca.org/penn.htm| archive-date =October 17, 2007| df =mdy-all}}
• {{flagdeco|FRA}} Rhône-Alpes, France

{{portal|Pennsylvania|United States}}

• Index of Pennsylvania-related articles
• Outline of Pennsylvania

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• {{cite web |title = 2010 Public Transportation Fact Book |date = April 2010 |publisher = American Public Transportation Association |url = http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf |access-date = July 5, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120112165928/http://apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/FactBook/APTA_2010_Fact_Book.pdf |archive-date = January 12, 2012 }}
• {{cite web |title = Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Fact Book |date = August 2009 |publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Transportation |url = http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html |access-date = July 4, 2010 |archive-date = December 4, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091204015527/http://www.dot.state.pa.us/PennDOT%20Factbook/index.html |url-status = dead}}
• {{cite web |author = Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center |title = Part 5: National Summaries |website = Waterborne Commerce of the United States |date = December 31, 2009 |publisher = United States Army Corps of Engineers |url = http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf |access-date = July 5, 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100920221417/http://www.ndc.iwr.usace.army.mil/wcsc/pdf/wcusnatl08.pdf |archive-date = September 20, 2010 }}

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• {{cite book |editor-first=Sharon |editor-last=Trostle |year=2009 |title = The Pennsylvania Manual |title-link = The Pennsylvania Manual |location = Harrisburg, PA |publisher = Pennsylvania Department of General Services |volume = 119 |isbn = 978-0-8182-0334-3 }}

{{refend}}

{{Sister project links|voy=Pennsylvania}}

• [https://www.pa.gov/ Official state government site]
• [https://www.visitPA.com/ Official state tourism site]
• [https://guides.loc.gov/pennsylvania-state-guide Pennsylvania: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress]
• {{OSM relation|162109}}

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