Template:Timeline History of Computing

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Period = from:1940 till:2030

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barset:first_use

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barset:hardware_systems

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barset:operating_systems

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bar:periods
from:1964 till:1972 text:"3rd Generation" width:16"

at:1975 text"Microsoft founded"
at:1976 text"Apple Computer founded"
at:1983 text"Borland founded"

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bar:title from:start till:end text:"History of Computing" fontsize:XL anchor:middle align:center width:25 color:canvas mark:(line,canvas)

bar:section1 from:start till:end text:"Predictions and concepts"

bar:section2 from:start till:end text:"Open problems/(Competitions)"

bar:section3 from:start till:end text:"First use/(Inventions)"

bar:section4 from:start till:end text:"Hardware Systems/(Processors)"

bar:section5 from:start till:end text:"Operating Systems"

bar:section6 from:start till:end text:"Programming Languages"

bar:section7 from:start till:end text:"New Application Areas"

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quotations and predictions

width:8

barset:quotes

at:1949 text:"'Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons.' —Popular Mechanics"

at:1950 text:"'We'll have to think up bigger problems if we want to keep them busy.' —Howard Aiken"

at:1965 text:"Moore's law: processor complexity will double every year - revised in 1975: complexity will double every two years. —Gordon E. Moore"

at:1968 text:"No computer will be able to beat David Levy at chess in the next 10 years~ - David Levy"

barset:skip

at:1970 text:"Relational database —Edgar Codd"

at:1970 text:"'In from three to eight years we will have a machine with the general intelligence of an average human being.' —Marvin Minsky"

at:1977 text:"'There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.' —Ken Olson, Chairman DEC"

barset:break

at:1995 text:"'The Internet will suffer a catastrophic collapse~ sometime during 1996.' —Bob Metcalfe, Ethernet inventor"

barset:skip

open problems / (competitions)

barset:open_problems

at:1950 text:"Turing Test —Alan Turing"

barset:break

at:1970 text:"(North American Computer Chess Championship)"

at:1971 text:"P versus NP problem"

at:1981 text:"Quantum Computer Richard Feynmann"

barset:break

at:1989 text:"(International Olympiad in Informatics)"

at:1992 text:"(TPC-C)"

at:1996 text:"(CADE ATP System Competition)"

at:1998 text:"(ICFP Programming Contest)"

at:2001 text:"(TopCoder)"

at:2003 text:"(Google Code Jam)"

at:2004 text:"(DARPA Grand Challenge)"

barset:break

at:2005 text:"(POPLmark challenge)"

at:2006 text:"(Hutter Prize)"

first use / (inventions)

fontsize:M

barset:first_use

shift:(5,-5)

at:1940 text:"teletype"

at:1946 text:"(trackball)"

at:1946 text:"electrostatic memory"

at:1947 text:"(transistor)"

at:1948 text:"random access memory"

at:1948 text:"magnetic drum"

at:1949 text:"registers"

at:1953 text:"magnetic core memory"

at:1956 text:"hard disk"

at:1957 text:"dot matrix printer"

at:1958 text:"integrated circuit"

at:1959 text:"(time-sharing)"

at:1959 text:"garbage collection"

barset:break

at:1962 text:"spooling"

at:1962 text:"interrupts"

at:1962 text:"virtual memory"

at:1962 text:"paging"

at:1963 text:"mouse"

at:1964 text:"(packet switching)"

at:1965 text:"fuzzy logic"

at:1969 text:"RS-232"

at:1969 text:"ARPANET"

at:1969 text:"NPL network"

barset:break

at:1970 text:"dynamic RAM"

at:1971 text:"floppy disk"

at:1971 text:"microprocessor~(4004)"

barset:skip

at:1972 text:"game console~(Magnavox Odyssey)"

barset:skip

at:1973 text:"ethernet"

at:1973 text:"touchscreen"

at:1974 text:"TCP/IP"

at:1975 text:"single-board computer"

at:1976 text:"laser printer"

at:1976 text:"supercomputer"

at:1979 text:"compact disk"

at:1979 text:"VMEbus"

barset:break

at:1981 text:"ISA bus"

at:1981 text:"CGA video card"

at:1981 text:"Smartmodem"

at:1982 text:"MIDI"

at:1982 text:"RISC CPU"

at:1982 text:"portable PC"

at:1982 text:"Multi-touch technology"

at:1983 text:"math~coprocessor"

barset:skip

at:1983 text:"PC harddisk"

at:1984 text:"DNS (Domain~Name Server)"

barset:skip

at:1984 text:"IDE interface"

at:1985 text:"Expanded Memory"

at:1985 text:"EGA video card"

at:1985 text:"CD ROM"

at:1986 text:"ATA interface"

at:1986 text:"SCSI interface"

at:1986 text:"Personal digital assistant"

barset:break

at:1987 text:"massive parallel computing~(Connection Machine)"

barset:skip

at:1987 text:"VGA video card"

at:1987 text:"sound card for PC (AD-LIB)"

at:1988 text:"optical chip"

at:1988 text:"EISA bus"

at:1990 text:"SVGA video card,~VESA driver"

barset:skip

at:1991 text:"PCMCIA"

at:1992 text:"CD-i"

at:1993 text:"PCI bus"

at:1994 text:"Smartphone"

at:1994 text:"DNA computing"

at:1994 text:"Beowulf cluster"

at:1995 text:"Firewire"

at:1995 text:"USB"

at:1995 text:"DVD-ROM"

at:1997 text:"AGP"

at:1998 text:"ADSL"

barset:break

at:2001 text:"Blade servers"

at:2003 text:"Serial ATA"

at:2004 text:"PCI Express"

at:2004 text:"Onion routing~(Tor)"

barset:break

at:2009 text:"Cryptocurrency"

at:2013 text:"Docker"

Hardware systems and processors

barset:hardware_systems

at:1940 text:"Model I~Relay Calculator"

barset:skip

at:1941 text:"Atanasoff–Berry Computer"

at:1941 text:"Z3"

at:1943 text:"Harvard Mark I"

at:1943 text:"Relay Interpolator"

at:1943 text:"Colossus"

at:1946 text:"ENIAC"

at:1948 text:"IBM SSEC"

at:1948 text:"Manchester SSEM"

at:1949 text:"Manchester Mark 1"

at:1951 text:"Ferranti Mark 1~first commercial computer"

barset:skip

at:1951 text:"LEO I~first business computer"

barset:skip

at:1951 text:"UNIVAC I"

at:1951 text:"Whirlwind"

at:1952 text:"UNIVAC 1101"

at:1952 text:"IBM 701"

barset:break

at:1953 text:"Strela"

at:1954 text:"IBM 650"

at:1954 text:"IBM 704"

at:1955 text:"Harwell CADET"

at:1956 text:"IBM 305 RAMAC"

at:1957 text:"IBM 608"

at:1958 text:"UNIVAC II"

at:1958 text:"AN/FSQ-7~largest computers ever built"

barset:skip

at:1959 text:"IBM 1401"

at:1960 text:"DEC PDP-1"

at:1960 text:"CDC 1604"

at:1961 text:"IBM 7030 Stretch"

at:1962 text:"ATLAS"

at:1962 text:"ReserVec"

at:1963 text:"DEC PDP-6"

at:1964 text:"IBM 360"

at:1964 text:"DEC PDP-8"

barset:break

at:1965 text:"CDC 6600~first supercomputer"

barset:skip

at:1966 text:"BESM-6"

at:1968 text:"DEC PDP-10"

at:1970 text:"Datapoint 2200"

at:1970 text:"DEC PDP-11"

at:1971 text:"electronic~calculator TI"

barset:skip

at:1971 text:"(4004)"

at:1972 text:"scientific~calculator HP"

barset:skip

at:1972 text:"(8008)"

at:1972 text:"first 32-bit~ supermini"

barset:skip

at:1974 text:"(8080)"

at:1974 text:"(MC 6800)"

barset:break

at:1975 text:"Altair 8800~first personal~computer"

barset:skip

at:1976 text:"(Z80)"

at:1976 text:"(6502)"

at:1976 text:"Cray-1"

at:1976 text:"Apple I"

at:1977 text:"PET"

at:1977 text:"DEC VAX-11"

at:1977 text:"Apple II"

at:1977 text:"TRS-80"

at:1978 text:"(8086)"

at:1979 text:"(MC68000)"

barset:break

at:1980 text:"VIC-20"

at:1980 text:"ZX80"

at:1980 text:"Apple III"

at:1981 text:"8010~Star"

barset:skip

at:1981 text:"ZX81"

at:1981 text:"IBM PC"

at:1982 text:"BBC Micro"

at:1982 text:"C64"

at:1982 text:"(80286)"

at:1982 text:"Compaq~Portable"

barset:skip

at:1982 text:" ~ZX Spectrum"

barset:skip

at:1983 text:"Apple IIe"

at:1983 text:"Lisa"

at:1983 text:"IBM XT"

at:1983 text:"IBM PCjr"

barset:break

at:1984 text:"Macintosh"

at:1984 text:"LaserJet printer"

at:1984 text:"IBM AT"

at:1984 text:"(MIPS R2000)"

at:1985 text:"(80386 - i386)"

at:1985 text:"Atari ST"

at:1985 text:"Commodore Amiga"

at:1986 text:"Amstrad 1512"

at:1986 text:"(ARM2)"

at:1987 text:"Acorn Archimedes"

at:1987 text:"Connection Machine"

at:1987 text:"IBM PS/2"

at:1989 text:"(80486 - i486)"

barset:break

at:1993 text:"(Pentium - i586)"

at:1993 text:"(PowerPC601)"

barset:skip

at:1994 text:"Power_Macintosh"

at:1996 text:"(AMD_K5)"

at:1997 text:"(Pentium MMX)"

at:1997 text:"(AMD_K6)"

at:1997 text:"(Pentium II)"

at:1998 text:"iMac"

at:1998 text:"(Celeron)"

at:1999 text:"(Pentium III)"

at:1999 text:"(AMD K7 Athlon)"

barset:break

at:2000 text:"(Pentium_4)"

at:2001 text:"(POWER4) (dual core)"

at:2001 text:"(Itanium)"

at:2003 text:"(PowerPC G5)"

at:2003 text:"(AMD K8 Athlon 64)"

at:2005 text:"(Pentium_D)"

at:2006 text:"(Pentium_Dual-Core)"

at:2006 text:"(Intel_Core_2)"

at:2006 text:"(Cell)"

at:2007 text:"Amazon_Kindle~e-book reader"

barset:skip

at:2007 text:"Apple iPhone"

at:2008 text:"(Intel i7)"

at:2009 text:"(Intel i5)"

barset:break

at:2010 text:"(Intel i3)"

at:2010 text:"iPad"

at:2017 text:"(AMD Ryzen)"

at:2019 text:"IBM_Q_System_One~IBM's first commercial quantum computer"

barset:skip

major or well known operating systems selection based on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems_timeline

barset:operating_systems

at:1955 text:"GM Research~ OS for the~ IBM 701"

barset:skip

at:1956 text:"GM-NAA I/O"

at:1958 text:"UMES"

at:1959 text:"SHARE"

barset:break

at:1960 text:"IBSYS"

at:1961 text:"CTSS"

at:1961 text:"Burroughs MCP"

at:1962 text:"GECOS"

at:1964 text:"DTSS"

at:1964 text:"TOPS-10"

at:1965 text:"OS/360"

at:1965 text:"Multics"

at:1967 text:"ITS"

at:1967 text:"MTS"

at:1967 text:"CP/CMS"

at:1967 text:"WAITS"

at:1969 text:"ACP"

at:1969 text:"TENEX/TOPS-20"

at:1969 text:"Unix"

barset:break

at:1970 text:"RT-11"

at:1970 text:"RSTS-11"

at:1972 text:"VM/CMS"

at:1974 text:"MVS"

at:1976 text:"CP/M"

at:1978 text:"Apple DOS 3.1"

at:1978 text:"VMS"

barset:break

at:1980 text:"OS-9"

at:1981 text:"MS-DOS"

at:1982 text:"SunOS"

at:1983 text:"Lisa OS"

at:1983 text:"UNIX System V"

at:1984 text:"Macintosh OS"

at:1984 text:"GNU project"

at:1985 text:"AmigaOS"

at:1985 text:"Atari TOS"

at:1985 text:"Windows 1.0"

at:1986 text:"Mach"

at:1986 text:"AIX"

at:1986 text:"GS-OS"

at:1986 text:"HP-UX"

at:1987 text:"IRIX"

at:1987 text:"Minix"

at:1987 text:"OS/2"

at:1987 text:"Windows 2.0"

at:1987 text:"RISC OS"

at:1988 text:"OS/400"

at:1988 text:"POSIX Standard"

at:1989 text:"NeXTSTEP"

at:1989 text:"SCO Unix"

barset:break

at:1990 text:"BeOS"

at:1990 text:"OSF/1"

at:1991 text:"Linux kernel"

at:1992 text:"Solaris"

at:1992 text:"Windows 3.1"

at:1992 text:"OS/2 2.0"

at:1992 text:"SLS Linux"

at:1992 text:"UnixWare"

at:1993 text:"Windows NT 3.1"

at:1993 text:"Slackware Linux"

at:1993 text:"Debian GNU/Linux"

at:1994 text:"Red Hat Linux"

at:1995 text:"OpenBSD"

at:1995 text:"OS/390"

at:1995 text:"Windows 95"

at:1996 text:"MkLinux"

at:1996 text:"SUSE Linux"

at:1997 text:"Mac OS 7.6"

at:1997 text:"Symbian"

at:1998 text:"FreeDOS"

at:1998 text:"Windows 98"

at:1999 text:"BlackBerry OS"

at:1999 text:"Mac OS 8"

barset:break

at:2000 text:"Mac OS 9"

at:2000 text:"Windows Me"

at:2000 text:"Windows 2000"

at:2001 text:"Mac OS X"

at:2001 text:"Windows XP"

at:2001 text:"z/OS"

at:2002 text:"Gentoo Linux"

at:2003 text:"Windows Server 2003"

at:2003 text:"ReactOS"

at:2004 text:"Ubuntu"

at:2005 text:"Windows Server 2003 R2"

at:2007 text:"iOS"

at:2007 text:"Windows Vista"

at:2007 text:"Windows Server 2008"

at:2008 text:"Android"

at:2009 text:"Windows 7"

at:2009 text:"Windows Server 2008 R2"

barset:break

at:2011 text:"Chrome OS"

at:2012 text:"Windows 8"

at:2012 text:"Windows Server 2012"

at:2012 text:"Qubes OS"

at:2013 text:"Windows Server 2012 R2"

at:2015 text:"Windows 10"

at:2016 text:"Windows Server 2016"

at:2017 text:"ArcaOS"

at:2018 text:"Windows Server 2019"

barset:break

at:2021 text:"Windows 11"

at:2021 text:"Windows Server 2022"

major or well known programming languages & dev tools selection based on
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages
generally only first versions are listed

barset:sys_dev_software

at:1945 text:"Plankalkül~ (Plan Calculus)"

barset:skip

barset:break

at:1952 text:"A-0"

at:1954 text:"Mark I"

at:1957 text:"FORTRAN I"

at:1958 text:"ALGOL 58"

at:1958 text:"LISP"

at:1959 text:"MAD"

barset:break

at:1960 text:"COBOL"

at:1962 text:"APL"

at:1962 text:"Simula"

at:1962 text:"SNOBOL"

at:1964 text:"BASIC"

at:1966 text:"FORTRAN 66"

at:1967 text:"BCPL"

at:1968 text:"ALGOL 68"

at:1968 text:"Logo"

at:1969 text:"PL/I"

at:1969 text:"B"

barset:break

at:1970 text:"Pascal"

at:1970 text:"Forth"

at:1972 text:"Smalltalk"

at:1972 text:"C"

at:1972 text:"Prolog"

at:1973 text:"ML"

at:1975 text:"Scheme"

at:1977 text:"FORTRAN 77"

at:1977 text:"IDL"

at:1978 text:"VisiCalc"

at:1978 text:"Modula-2"

at:1978 text:"SQL"

at:1979 text:"AWK"

at:1979 text:"Rexx"

at:1979 text:"DBASE-II"

barset:break

at:1983 text:"Ada"

at:1983 text:"C++"

at:1983 text:"Turbo Pascal"

at:1984 text:"Common Lisp"

at:1985 text:"PARADOX"

at:1985 text:"PostScript"

at:1985 text:"Caml"

at:1986 text:"Eiffel"

at:1986 text:"Objective-C"

at:1987 text:"HyperTalk"

at:1987 text:"SQL"

at:1987 text:"Perl"

at:1987 text:"Erlang"

at:1987 text:"Tcl"

at:1988 text:"Mathematica"

barset:break

at:1990 text:"Haskell"

at:1991 text:"Python"

at:1991 text:"Visual Basic"

at:1993 text:"AppleScript"

at:1995 text:"Delphi"

at:1995 text:"JavaScript"

at:1995 text:"Java"

at:1995 text:"Ruby"

at:1996 text:"OCaml"

at:1997 text:"PHP"

at:1999 text:"XSLT"

barset:break

at:2000 text:"D"

at:2000 text:"C#"

at:2000 text:"ActionScript"

at:2003 text:"Scala"

at:2005 text:"F#"

at:2006 text:"PowerShell"

at:2007 text:"Go"

at:2007 text:"Clojure"

at:2009 text:"CoffeeScript"

barset:break

at:2010 text:"Rust"

at:2011 text:"C++11"

at:2011 text:"Kotlin"

at:2012 text:"Elixir"

at:2012 text:"Elm"

at:2012 text:"TypeScript"

at:2014 text:"Swift"

at:2014 text:"C++14"

at:2015 text:"Raku"

at:2017 text:"C++17"

at:2017 text:"Q# (Quantum computing)"

at:2018 text:"Fortran 2018"

at:2019 text:"Bosque"

barset:break

at:2020 text:"C++20"

at:2021 text:"Power Fx"

New application areas

barset:applications

at:1951 text:"electronic music"

barset:break

at:1960 text:"compiler compiler"

at:1961 text:"timesharing (CTSS)"

at:1962 text:"flight booking"

at:1962 text:"computer game"

at:1965 text:"bulletin board"

at:1965 text:"super computing"

at:1967 text:"Proof assistant"

at:1968 text:"interactive computing"

at:1968 text:"networking"

barset:break

at:1970 text:"flight data processor"

at:1971 text:"Non-linear video editing"

at:1972 text:"arcade video game"

at:1974 text:"email (IBM OFS)"

at:1977 text:"spreadsheet"

at:1977 text:"electronic stock market"

at:1979 text:"Usenet"

barset:break

at:1981 text:"Fully automated mass transit"

at:1984 text:"WYSIWYG word~processing"

barset:skip

at:1989 text:"World Wide Web"

barset:break

at:1993 text:"Web search engine"

at:1995 text:"wikis"

at:1997 text:"blogs"

at:1997 text:"wireless networking"

at:1997 text:"online video"

extra years

mark:(line,grid1)

bar:dummy1

shift:(2,-8)

fontsize:XS

textcolor:years

at:1940 text:40

at:1950 text:50

at:1960 text:60

at:1970 text:70

at:1980 text:80

at:1990 text:90

at:2010 text:10

at:2020 text:20

shift:(-10,-8)

at:2000 text:2000

bar:dummy2

shift:(2,-8)

at:1940 text:40

at:1950 text:50

at:1960 text:60

at:1970 text:70

at:1980 text:80

at:1990 text:90

at:2010 text:10

at:2020 text:20

shift:(-10,-8)

at:2000 text:2000

bar:dummy3

shift:(2,-8)

at:1940 text:40

at:1950 text:50

at:1960 text:60

at:1970 text:70

at:1980 text:80

at:1990 text:90

at:2010 text:10

at:2020 text:20

shift:(-10,-8)

at:2000 text:2000

bar:dummy4

shift:(2,-8)

at:1940 text:40

at:1950 text:50

at:1960 text:60

at:1970 text:70

at:1980 text:80

at:1990 text:90

at:2010 text:10

at:2020 text:20

shift:(-10,-8)

at:2000 text:2000

bar:dummy5

shift:(2,-8)

at:1940 text:40

at:1950 text:50

at:1960 text:60

at:1970 text:70

at:1980 text:80

at:1990 text:90

at:2010 text:10

at:2020 text:20

shift:(-10,-8)

at:2000 text:2000

bar:dummy6

shift:(2,-8)

at:1940 text:40

at:1950 text:50

at:1960 text:60

at:1970 text:70

at:1980 text:80

at:1990 text:90

at:2010 text:10

at:2020 text:20

shift:(-10,-8)

at:2000 text:2000

}}

History Of