The Holocaust in Ukraine#Death toll

{{Main|Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppen trial}}

Image:The last Jew in Vinnitsa, 1941.jpg, the 1942 photograph showing a Jewish man near the town of Vinnytsia about to be shot dead by a member of Einsatzgruppe D. Also present are members of the German Army and the German Labor Service.{{Cite book |last=Berenbaum |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Berenbaum |year=2006 |title=The World Must Know |others=Contributors: Arnold Kramer, USHMM |edition=2nd |publisher= USHMM / Johns Hopkins Univ Press |isbn=978-0801883583 |page=93}}]]

Total civilian losses during the war and the German occupation of Ukraine are estimated to number four million, including up to a million Jews who were murdered by Einsatzgruppen units, Order Police battalions, Wehrmacht troops and local Nazi collaborators. Einsatzgruppe C (Otto Rasch) was assigned to north and central Ukraine, and Einsatzgruppe D (Otto Ohlendorf) to Moldavia, south Ukraine, the Crimea, and, during 1942, the north Caucasus. According to Ohlendorf's testimony at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, "the Einsatzgruppen had the mission to protect the rear of the troops by killing the Jews, Romani, Communist functionaries, active Communists, uncooperative Slavs, and all persons who would endanger the security." In practice, their victims were nearly all Jewish civilians (no Einsatzgruppe member was killed in action during these operations).{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}} The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum tells the story of one survivor of the Einsatzgruppen in Piryatin, Ukraine, when they killed 1,600 Jews on 6 April 1942, the second day of Passover,

{{Blockquote|I saw them do the killing. At 5:00 p.m. they gave the command, "Fill in the pits". Screams and groans were coming from the pits. Suddenly I saw my neighbor Ruderman rise from under the soil … His eyes were bloody and he was screaming: "Finish me off!" … A murdered woman lay at my feet. A boy of five years crawled out from under her body and began to scream desperately. "Mommy!" That was all I saw, since I fell unconscious.{{r|Berenbaum2006}}}}

From 16 to 30 September 1941 the Nikolaev massacre in and around the city of Mykolaiv resulted in the deaths of 35,782 Soviet citizens, most of whom were Jews, as was reported to Hitler.{{cite web | last =Hemme | first =Amira Lapidot | title =Jewish History of Mykolayiv (Nikolayev), Kherson Gubernia | publisher =JewishGen | date =2012 | url =http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/mykolayiv/history%20&%20geography.htm | access-date = 29 December 2014 }}

{{quote box |align=right |width=30% |fontsize=90%

|quote= Jews of the city of Kiev and vicinity! On Monday, September 29, you are to appear by 08:00 a.m. with your possessions, money, documents, valuables, and warm clothing at Dorogozhitskaya Street, next to the Jewish cemetery. Failure to appear is punishable by death.|source=— Order posted in Kiev in Russian and Ukrainian on or around September 26, 1941.{{sfn|Berenbaum|2006|pp=97–98}}}}

The most notorious massacre of Jews in Ukraine was at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kyiv, where 33,771 Jews were killed in an operation on 29–30 September 1941; some 100,000–150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks. The mass killing was approved by the military governor Major-General Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South (SS-Obergruppenführer Friedrich Jeckeln), and the Einsatzgruppe C Commander Otto Rasch. It was carried out by SS, SD and Security Police. On Monday 29 September, the Jews of Kiev gathered by the cemetery, expecting to be loaded onto trains. The crowd was large enough that most of the men, women, and children could not have known what was happening until it was too late: by the time they heard the machine-gun fire, there was no chance to escape. All were driven down a corridor of soldiers, in groups of ten. A truck driver described the scene,

{{Blockquote|[O]ne after the other, they had to remove their luggage, then their coats, shoes, and overgarments and also underwear … Once undressed, they were led into the ravine which was about 150 meters long and 30 meters wide and a good 15 meters deep … When they reached the bottom of the ravine they were seized by members of the Schutzmannschaft and made to lie down on top of Jews who had already been shot … The corpses were literally in layers. A police marksman came along and shot each Jew in the neck with a submachine gun … I saw these marksmen stand on layers of corpses and shoot one after the other … The marksman would walk across the bodies of the executed Jews to the next Jew, who had meanwhile lain down, and shoot him.{{sfn|Berenbaum|2006|pp=97–98}}}}

{{Main|Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany}}

Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-A0706-0018-029, Sowjetunion, Storow, Juden vor Exekution.jpg

Ukrainians who collaborated with the Nazi Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in German-supervised auxiliary police, Schutzmannschaft, in the German military, and serving as concentration camp guards. The National Geographic reported:

A number of Ukrainians had collaborated: According to German historian Dieter Pohl, around 100,000 joined police units that provided key assistance to the Nazis. Many others staffed the local bureaucracies or lent a helping hand mass shootings of Jews. Ukrainians, such as the infamous Ivan the Terrible of Treblinka, were also among the guards who manned the German Nazi death camps."[https://web.archive.org/web/20140531162529/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/05/140530-ukraine-jews-poroshenko-putin-pushilin-right-sector-lviv-zissels/ President Putin Has Called Ukraine a Hotbed of Anti-Semites. It's Not.]". National Geographic. May 30, 2014

Timothy Snyder notes that, "the majority, probably the vast majority of people who collaborated with the German occupation were not politically motivated. They were collaborating with an occupation that was there, and which is a German historical responsibility."[http://www.eurozine.com/germans-must-remember-the-truth-about-ukraine-for-their-own-sake/ Germans must remember the truth about Ukraine – for their own sake], Eurozine (7 July 2017)

Widespread coordination between the Third Reich and Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian militia and rank-and-file pogromists occurred. Prior to the German invasion of Ukraine, the two active OUN factions coordinated directly from their headquarters in Berlin and Krakow. The headquarters decided to create marching companies ("pohidni groopi") to accompany the German invasion of Ukraine, recruiting new members into their ranks.{{Cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036794 |author=Berkhoff and Carynnk|title=The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'Ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys |date=1999|journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies|volume=23 |issue=3/4 |pages=149–184 |jstor=41036794 }} The OUN supported Nazi antisemitic policies. In 1941, when German official Reinhard Heydrich requested "self-cleansing actions" in June of that year the OUN organized militias who killed several thousand Jews in western Ukraine soon afterward that year.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/83452/ The Lviv pogrom of 1941] By John Paul Himka. Kyiv Post 23 September 2010. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925054240/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/opinion/op_ed/detail/83452/ |date=25 September 2010 }} The Ukrainian People's Militia under the OUN's command led pogroms that resulted in the massacre of 6,000 Jews in Lviv soon after that city's fall to German forces.{{cite web |author=Yad Vashem |year=2005 |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/chronology/1939-1941/1941/chronology_1941_13.html |title=June 30: Germany occupies Lvov; 4,000 Jews killed by July 3 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050311224727/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/chronology/1939-1941/1941/chronology_1941_13.html |archive-date=11 March 2005 |url-status=dead |author-link=Yad Vashem }}{{cite web |title=Lwów |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005171 |author=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2006|author-link = Holocaust Encyclopedia}}{{cite web |author=Yad Vashem |year=2005 |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/chronology/1939-1941/1941/chronology_1941_18.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20050311225417/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/chronology/1939-1941/1941/chronology_1941_18.html%23top |archive-date=11 March 2005 |title=July 25: Pogrom in Lwów |work=Chronology of the Holocaust |publisher=Yad Vashem |url-status=dead |author-link=Yad Vashem }}

OUN members spread propaganda urging people to engage in pogroms.[http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Patr/12.pdf І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004] I.K Patrylyak. (2004). Military activities of the OUN (B) in the years 1940–1942. Kyiv, Ukraine: Shevchenko University \ Institute of History of Ukraine National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. p. 324. A slogan put forth by the Bandera group and recorded in the 16 July 1941 Einsatzgruppen report stated: "Long live Ukraine without Jews, Poles and Germans; Poles behind the river San, Germans to Berlin, and Jews to the gallows".Philip Friedman. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation." In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. (1980) New York: Conference of Jewish Social Studies. p. 181Philip Friedman. "Ukrainian-Jewish Relations During the Nazi Occupation." at Yivo annual of Jewish social science Yiddish Scientific Institute, 1959 p. 268{{Verify source|date=February 2023}} In instructions to its members concerning how the OUN should behave during the war, it declared that "in times of chaos... one can allow oneself to liquidate Polish, Russian and Jewish figures, particularly the servants of Bolshevik-Muscovite imperialism" and further, when speaking of Russians, Poles, and Jews, to "destroy in struggle, particularly those opposing the regime, by means of: deporting them to their own lands, eradicating their intelligentsia, which is not to be admitted to any governmental positions, and overall preventing any creation of this intelligentsia (e.g. access to education etc.)... Jews are to be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabotage... Those who are deemed necessary may only work under strict supervision and removed from their positions for slightest misconduct... Jewish assimilation is not possible."Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, [http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/2.pdf Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095016/http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/2.pdf |date=25 March 2009 }}, pp. 62–63

According to political scientist Ivan Katchanovski, the agreement between Ukrainian nationalists and the occupying authorities in the region was not limited to ideology, as 63% of UPA commanders by early 1944 were represented by former commanders of police formations created by Nazi Germany during the initial stage of the occupation of Ukraine.{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262727967 |title=The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, and the Nazi Genocide in Ukraine, Conference: Collaboration in Eastern Europe during World War II and the Holocaust" Conference, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum & Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies, Vienna, 2013 |website=researchgate.net |last=Katchanovski |first=Ivan}} Police units and civil militia established by the Nazi authorities played the role of collaborators of the Nazis, participating not only in the genocide of the Jewish population{{Cite journal |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article-abstract/48/2-3/217/538/Terrorists-or-national-heroes-Politics-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext |title=Terrorists or national heroes? Politics and perceptions of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies|last=Katchanovski |first=Ivan|year=2015 |volume=48 |issue=2–3 |pages=217–228 |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.06.006 }} but also in the killing of Soviet prisoners, as well as in the murder of Ukrainian civilians, such as the killing of 3,000 people in the village of Kortelitsa in September 1942.{{Cite journal |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10835-009-9097-8 |title=Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower (eds.): The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization |journal=Jewish History |last=Stone |first=Dan|year=2010 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=225–227 |doi=10.1007/s10835-009-9097-8 |s2cid=161077713 }}

Ukrainian police auxiliaries "had been involved at least in preparations for the Babi Yar massacre."{{Cite book|title=Complicated Complicity: European Collaboration with Nazi Germany during World War II|author=Martina Bitunjac, Julius H. Schoeps|year=2021|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG}}

According to the Israeli Holocaust historian Yitzhak Arad, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of Einsatzgruppe 11. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions."{{cite book|last1=Arad|first1=Yitzhak|author-link1=Yitzhak Arad|title=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union|date=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0803222700|page=211|url={{Google books|DqAb5tY4Ai8C|page=211|plainurl=yes}}}}

According to The Simon Wiesenthal Center (in January 2011), "Ukraine has, to the best of our knowledge, never conducted a single investigation of a local Nazi war criminal, let alone prosecuted a Holocaust perpetrator." There had been many prosecutions in the past, but all of these trials were conducted by Soviet military and Ukrainian SSR courts, and never by Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/94616/ Nazi-hunters give low grades to 13 countries, including Ukraine], Kyiv Post (12 January 2011){{Cite journal |last=Penter |first=Tanja |date=2005 |title=Collaboration on Trial: New Source Material on Soviet Postwar Trials against Collaborators |journal=Slavic Review |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=782–790 |doi=10.2307/3649913 |jstor=3649913 |s2cid=35070744 |issn=0037-6779|doi-access=free }}

File:Lwow Ghetto (spring 1942).jpg courtyard.]]

According to Timothy D. Snyder, at least 1.7 million Soviet Jews were killed by Germans and their collaborators by the end of 1942, "and the Soviet Jewish populations under their control had ceased to exist."{{Cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/jul/16/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/|title=Holocaust: The Ignored Reality|last=Timothy Snyder|date=16 July 2009|publisher=The New York Review of Books|format=Internet Archive|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109073643/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/jul/16/holocaust-the-ignored-reality/|archive-date=January 9, 2014|url-status=dead}} Until the fall of the Soviet Union, it was believed that about 900,000 Jews were murdered as part of the Holocaust in Ukraine. This estimate is found in renowned and respected works as The Destruction of the European Jews by Raul Hilberg. In the late 1990s, access to Soviet archives increased the estimates of the prewar population of Jews and as a result, the estimates of the death toll have been increasing.{{cite journal |last1=Lower |first1=Wendy |title=Introduction: the Holocaust in Ukraine |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/pages/the_holocaust_in_Ukraine |language=en|page=3}}

In the 1990s, Dieter Pohl estimated that 1.2 million Jews were murdered, and more recent estimates of the death toll have been as high as 1.6 million. Some of those Jews whose names have been added to the death toll attempted to find refuge in the forest, but later on, during the German retreat, they were killed by members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, members of some nationalist units of the Home Army, or members of other partisan groups. According to American historian Wendy Lower, "there were many perpetrators, albeit with different political agendas, who killed Jews and suppressed this history".{{cite journal |last1=Lower |first1=Wendy |title=Introduction: the Holocaust in Ukraine |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/pages/the_holocaust_in_Ukraine |language=en|page=3}} Yad Vashem research maintains that between 1 and 1.1 million Soviet Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, of them around 225,000 were from Belarus.{{cite journal |last1=|first1=|title=Questions and answers about the Holocaust (#4) |journal=Yad Vashem |url=https://www.yadvashem.org/he/holocaust/faqs.html |language=he|page=}}

• Einsatzgruppen C & D (Einsatzkommando)
• Order Police battalions
• Abwehr/Brandenburg special saboteur unit Nachtigall Battalion
• Freiwilligen-Stamm-Regiment 3 & 4 (Russians & Ukrainians)
• Ukrainian auxiliary units"[http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007710 Mobile Killing Squads]". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) Schutzmannschaft as well as Ukrainische Hilfspolizei

• Roald Hoffmann
• Mordechai Rokeach
• Mina Rosner
• Adam Daniel Rotfeld
• Shevah Weiss
• Simon Wiesenthal

Ukraine rates fourth in the number of people recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations" for saving Jews during the Holocaust, with 2,673 individuals recognized as of December 2024.{{cite web|title=Names and Numbers of Righteous Among the Nations - per Country & Ethnic Origin, as of January 1, 2015|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/statistics.asp|website=Yad Vashem|access-date=12 December 2015|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013105541/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/statistics.asp|url-status=dead}}

The Shtundists, an evangelical Protestant denomination which emerged in late 19th century Ukraine, helped hide Jews.{{cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy|title=Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rnDWBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT328|year=2015|publisher=Crown/Archetype|isbn=978-1101903469|page=328}}

• Borshchiv
• Brody
• Buchach
• Chortkiv
• Drohobycz
• Kolomyia
• Kostopil
• Lwów
• Lutsk
• Mizoch
• Olyka
• Rovno
• Sambor
• Sharhorod
• Stanisławów
• Stryi
• Tarnopol
• Trochenbrod

• Bogdanovka
• Pechora
• Syrets
• Vapniarka

• 1941 Bila Tserkva massacre
• 1941 Odessa massacre
• Artemivsk massacre
• Berdychiv
• Boryslav
• Babi Yar
• Dnipropetrovsk
• Drobytsky Yar
• Feodosiya
• Ivano-Frankovsk
• Kamenets-Podolskiy massacre
• Klevan
• Kremenets
• Lviv pogroms (1941)
• Massacre of Lwów professors
• Mezhirichi
• Mizoch
• Nikolaev massacre
• Niezwiska{{Cite web |title=Timeline of pogroms in the former Soviet occupation zone – summer of 1941 {{!}} Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich POLIN w Warszawie |url=https://polin.pl/en/news/2016/07/09/timeline-of-pogroms-in-the-former-soviet-occupation-zone-summer |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=polin.pl |language=en}}
• Olyka
• Pliskov
• Sarny massacre
• Terebovl
• Ternopil
• Zhytomyr
• Zolochiv

• Gas van
• German war crimes
• Hegewald, a short-lived German colony near Zhytomyr
• History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
• History of the Jews in Ukraine
• The Holocaust in the Soviet Union
• No Place on Earth, a 2012 documentary film about a group of Ukrainian Jews who survived the Holocaust by hiding in the Verteba and Priest's Grotto caves
• World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20130500-holocaust-in-ukraine.pdf The Holocaust in Ukraine: New Sources and Perspectives], Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Conference Papers, 2013
• {{Cite book |last=Arad |first=Yitzhak |author-link=Yitzhak Arad |title=The Holocaust in the Soviet Union |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0803245198 |series=Comprehensive History of the Holocaust |location=Lincoln |language=en}}
• {{Cite book |last=Bartov |first=Omar |author-link=Omer Bartov |title=Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0691166551 |location=Princeton |language=en}}
• {{Cite book |last=Berkhoff |first=Karel C. |author-link=Karel C. Berkhoff |title=Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780674027183 |location=Cambridge}}
• {{Cite book |last=Dean |first=Martin C. |author-link=Martin C. Dean |title=Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-44 |date=1999 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-4039-6371-0 |location=New York |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-6}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Martin Christopher |title=Forced Labor Camps for Jews in Reichskommissariat Ukraine: The Exploitation of Jewish Labor within the Holocaust in the East |journal=Eastern European Holocaust Studies |date=2022 |volume=1 |pages=175–196 |doi=10.1515/eehs-2022-0002 |language=en |issn=2749-9030|doi-access=free }}
• {{Cite book |last=Debois |first=Patrick |title=The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews |last2=Shapiro |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul A. Shapiro |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2009 |isbn=978-0230617575 |location=New York}}
• {{Cite book |last=Himka |first=John-Paul |author-link=John-Paul Himka |title=Ukrainians, Jews and the Holocaust: Divergent Memories |publisher=Heritage Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-88880-554-6 |location=Saskatoon}}
• {{Cite book |last=Himka |first=John-Paul |title=Ukrainian Nationalists and the Holocaust: OUN and UPA’s Participation in the Destruction of Ukrainian Jewry, 1941–1944 |publisher=ibidem |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-8382-1548-8 |publication-date=2021 |language=en}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kopstein |first=Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Kopstein |title=Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust |last2=Wittenberg |first2=Jason |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1501785023 |location=Ithaca}}
• {{Cite book |last=Lower |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy Lower |title=Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine Taschenbuch |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0807829608 |location=Chapel Hill |language=en}}
• {{Cite book |last=Lower |first=Wendy |title=The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization |last2=Brandon |first2=Ray |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0253222688 |location=Bloomington |publication-date=2010 |language=en}}
• {{Cite book |last=Pohl |first=Dieter |author-link=Dieter Pohl |url=https://open.ifz-muenchen.de/handle/repository/4694 |title=Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941 - 1944. Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens |publisher=Oldenbourgh |year=1996 |isbn=3-486-56233-9 |location=Munich |language=de |trans-title=National Socialist Persecution of Jews in Eastern Galicia 1941 - 1944. Organization and Execution of a State-sanctioned Mass Murder |doi=10.1524/9783486706505}}
• {{Cite book |last=Pohl |first=Dieter |title=Der deutsche Krieg im Osten 1941-1944. Facetten einer Grenzüberschreitung |publisher=De Gruyter Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-486-59138-5 |page=155-196 |trans-title=The German War in the East 1941-1944. Facets of a Border Crossing |chapter=Schauplatz Ukraine. Der Massenmord an den Juden im Militärverwaltungsgebiet und im Reichskommissariat 1941-1943 |trans-chapter=The scene of the crime: Ukraine. The mass murder of Jews in the military administration area and Reichskommissariat 1941-1943 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486707359.155/html}}
• {{cite web | last=Rossoliński-Liebe | first=Grzegorz | title=Holocaust, Fascism, and Ukrainian History: Does It Make Sense to Rethink the History of Ukrainian Perpetrators in the European Context, published by the American Association for Polish-Jewish Studies, April 2016. | website=Academia.edu | date=24 April 2016 | url=https://www.academia.edu/24713660 | access-date=1 March 2023|author-link=Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe}}
• {{Cite book |title=The Unknown Black Book: The Holocaust in the German-Occupied Soviet Territories |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0253349613 |editor-last=Rubenstein |editor-first=Joshua |editor-link=Joshua Rubenstein |location=Bloomington |language=en |editor-last2=Altman |editor-first2=Ilya |editor-link2=Ilya Altman}}
• {{Cite book |last=Rudling |first=Per Anders |author-link=Per Anders Rudling |url=https://carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cbp/article/download/164/160 |title=The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths |year=2011 |series=The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies |volume=107 |doi=10.5195/cbp.2011.164 |issn=2163-839X}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Rudling |first=Per Anders |year=2021 |title=Saving the OUN from a Collaborationist and Possibly Fascist Fate: On the Genealogy of the Discourse of the OUN’s 'Non-Fascism' |journal=Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=179–214}}
• {{Cite book |last=Steinhart |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Steinhart |title=The Holocaust and the Germanization of Ukraine |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1107659452 |series=Publications of the German Historical Institute |location=Oxford |doi=10.1017/CBO9781107447783}}
• {{Cite book |last=Zabarko |first=Boris |author-link=Borys Zabarko |title=Holocaust in the Ukraine |publisher=Vallentine Mitchell & Co Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=978-0853036128 |edition=Library of Holocaust Testimonies |location=Elstree |language=en}}

{{Holocaust Ukraine}}

{{The Holocaust|state=collapsed}}

{{Europe in topic|The Holocaust in}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Holocaust In Ukraine}}

Ukraine

Category:Jewish Ukrainian history

Category:Military history of Ukraine during World War II

Category:Reichskommissariat Ukraine

Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres

Category:Eastern Front (World War II)

Category:Ukraine in World War II

Category:1940s in Ukraine

Category:Generalplan Ost

Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe