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Timeline of ancient history

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{{For|earlier events|Timeline of prehistory|Timelines of world history}}

{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}

This timeline of ancient history lists historical events of the documented ancient past from the beginning of recorded history until the Early Middle Ages. Prior to this time period, prehistory civilizations were pre-literate and did not have written language.

{{Ancient chronology}}

Millennia:

4th millennium BC –

3rd millennium BC –

2nd millennium BC –

1st millennium BC –

1st millennium

Centuries:

34th BC –

33rd BC –

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30th BC –

29th BC –

28th BC –

27th BC –

26th BC –

25th BC –

24th BC –

23rd BC –

22nd BC –

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20th BC –

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1st BC –

1st AD –

2nd AD –

3rd AD –

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5th AD

Early history

  • Late 4th millennium BC: Sumerian cuneiform writing system{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Writing |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}"Beginning in the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, clay tokens are widely attested as a system of counting and identifying specific amounts of specified livestock or commodities. The tokens, enclosed in clay envelopes after being impressed on their rounded surface, were gradually replaced by impressions on flat or plano-convex tablets, and these in turn by more or less conventionalized pictures of the tokens incised on the clay with a reed stylus. The transition to writing was complete {{cite book |author1=W. Hallo |title=The Ancient Near East |author2=W. Simpson |publisher=New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich |year=1971 |page=25}} and Egyptian hieroglyphs are first used.{{cite journal |author=Richard Mattessich |year=2002 |title=The oldest writings, and inventory tags of Egypt |url=https://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/cont/article/viewFile/25609/21149 |url-status=dead |journal=Accounting Historians Journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.2308/0148-4184.29.1.195 |jstor=40698264 |s2cid=160704269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119082926/https://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/cont/article/viewFile/25609/21149 |archive-date=2018-11-19 |access-date=2016-08-27|url-access=subscription }}
  • 3200 BC: Cycladic culture in Greece.
  • 3200 BC: Caral–Supe civilization begins in Peru.
  • 3200 BC: Rise of Proto-Elamite Civilization in Iran.
  • 3180 BC: Skara Brae is built in Scotland.{{Cite book |last=Childe |first=Vere Gordon |title=Skara Brae |last2=Clarke |first2=D. V. |date=1983 |publisher=H.M.S.O |isbn=978-0-11-491755-5 |editor-last=Childe |editor-first=Vere Gordon |edition=Rev. |location=Edinburgh |page=6}}
  • 3100 BC: First Dynasty of Egypt.{{Cite book |last=Gardiner |first=Alan |title=Egypt of the Pharoahs |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1961}}
  • c. 3000 BC: Stonehenge construction begins. In its first version, it consisted of a circular ditch and bank, with 56 wooden posts.Caroline Alexander, "Stonehenge," National Geographic, June 2008.
  • c. 3000 BC: Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is established in Romania and Ukraine.
  • 3000 BC: Jiroft culture begins in Iran.
  • 3000 BC: First known use of papyrus by Egyptians.{{cite journal |last=Tallet |first=Pierre |year=2012 |title=Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Tallet.pdf |journal=British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan |volume=18 |pages=147–68 |issn=2049-5021 |access-date=21 April 2013}}
  • 3000 – 2500 BC: Earliest evidence of autochthonous iron production in West Africa.Augustin F. C. Holl. The Origins of African Metallurgies. Anthropology. Oxford research encyclopaedias. Published online 30 June 2020. {{doi|10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63}}
  • 3000 – 2300 BC: The Pastoral Neolithic culture builds East Africa's earliest and largest monumental cemetery at Lothagam North Pillar Site.Hildebrand, Elisabeth; et al. (2018). "A monumental cemetery built by eastern Africa's first herders near Lake Turkana, Kenya". PNAS. 115 (36): 8942–8947. {{doi|10.1073/pnas.1721975115}}. PMC 6130363. {{PMID|30127016}}.
  • 3000 BC: Domestication of the horse in the Yamnaya culture.
  • 2800 BC: Kot Diji phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins.
  • 2800 BC: Longshan culture begins in China.
  • 2700 BC: Minoan civilization ancient palace city Knossos reaches 80,000 inhabitants.
  • 2700 BC: Rise of Elam in Iran.
  • 2700 BC: The Old Kingdom begins in Egypt.
  • 2600 BC: Oldest known surviving literature: Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the Kesh temple hymn.{{cite book |last=Biggs |first=Robert D. |url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip99.pdf |title=Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-226-62202-9 |series=Oriental Institute Publications |author-link=Robert D. Biggs |issue=99}}Two fragmentary Akkadian versions survive, from the 15th century BCE and from the end of the second millennium BCE: "Its great antiquity and popularity is evidenced by the large number of manuscripts of it that have survived" (Beaulieu in Clifford 2007:4).{{cite book |author1=Mogens Herman Hansen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBa3oW3F5rQC&pg=PA40 |title=A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation |author2=Københavns universitet. Polis centret |date=2002 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |isbn=978-87-7876-316-7 |pages=40– |access-date=2 June 2011}}{{cite book |author1=Jeremy A. Black |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1W2mTtGVV4C&pg=PA325 |title=The Literature of Ancient Sumer |author2=Jeremy Black |author3=Graham Cunningham |author4=Eleanor Robson |date=13 April 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-929633-0 |pages=325– |access-date=2 June 2011}}
  • 2600 BC: Mature Harappan phase of the Indus Valley civilization (in present-day Pakistan and India) begins.
  • 2600 BC: Emergence of Mayan culture in the Yucatán Peninsula.{{Cite journal |last=Hammond |first=Norman |last2=Pring |first2=Duncan |last3=Berger |first3=Rainer |last4=Switsur |first4=V. R. |last5=Ward |first5=A. P. |date=1976 |title=Radiocarbon chronology for early Maya occupation at Cuello, Belize |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/260579a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=260 |issue=5552 |pages=579–581 |doi=10.1038/260579a0 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}
  • 2560 BC: King Khufu completes the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Land of Punt in the Horn of Africa first appears in Egyptian records around this time.
  • 2500 – 1500 BC: Kerma culture begins in Nubia.
  • 2500 BC: The last mammoth population, on Wrangel Island in Siberia, goes extinct.
  • Late 24th century BC: Akkadian Empire is founded, dating depends upon whether the Middle chronology or the Short chronology is used.Samuel Noah Kramer, The Sumerians, Chicago University Press, 1971, {{ISBN|0-226-45238-7}}
  • 2291 BC: Pharaoh Teti is thought to be the earliest known victim of assassination.{{Cite book |last=Withington |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9sBEAAAQBAJ&q=history+of+assassination |title=Assassins' Deeds: A History of Assassination from Ancient Egypt to the Present Day |date=2020 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-352-2 |language=en}}
  • 2250 BC: Oldest known depiction of the Staff God, the oldest image of a god to be found in the Americas.
  • 2200 – 2100 BC: 4.2-kiloyear event: a severe aridification phase, likely connected to a Bond event, which was registered throughout most of North Africa, Middle East and continental North America. Related droughts very likely caused the collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt and the Akkadian Empire in Mesopotamia.
  • 2200 BC: Completion of Stonehenge.
  • 2115 BC: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of Armenia by Hayk.De Mieroop, Marc Van. (2004). A History of the Ancient Near East: c. 3000–323 BC. (p. 67) Malden, MA: Blackwell PublishingMovses Khorenatsi, History of Armenia. Ed. by G. Sargsyan. Yerevan: Hayastan, 1997, (pp. 83, 286)
  • 2055 BC: The Middle Kingdom begins in Egypt.{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Ian |title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0192804588}}
  • 1900 BC: Erlitou culture begins in China.
  • c. 1850 BC: Alphabetic writing emerges.http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/issue_09/simons_alphabet.pdf p. 24
  • 1800 BC: The Old Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh constitutes the earliest complete version of that narrative.{{Cite book |last=Dalley |first=Stephanie |title=Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780199538362 |page=45}}{{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=T |title=The Bible in the British Museum |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1988 |page=70}}
  • 1780 BC: Oldest Record of Code of Hammurabi.
  • c. 1750 BC: Mycenaean civilization begins in mainland Greece.{{Cite book |last=Knodell |first=Alex R. |url=https://luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.101/ |title=Societies in Transition in Early Greece: An Archaeological History |date=2021-05-25 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-38053-0 |pages=7, 65 |doi=10.1525/luminos.101}}
  • 1700 – 1400 BC: The Proto-Sinaitic script is the oldest alphabet created in Egypt.
  • 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture; The beginning of Poverty Point culture in North America.
  • 1600 BC: Minoan eruption destroys Akrotiri and causes damage to some Minoan sites in eastern Crete.{{cite book |author=Hardy DA |url=http://www.therafoundation.org/articles/chronololy/ |title='Therea and the Aegean World III', Volume III – Chronology (Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Hardy DA, editor) |year=1989 |access-date=2008-03-16}}{{Cite journal |last=Paris |first=Raphaël |last2=Smedile |first2=Alessandra |last3=Falvard |first3=Simon |last4=Devidal |first4=Jean-Luc |last5=Suchorski |first5=Krzysztof |date=2022 |title=A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322722001797 |journal=Marine Geology |volume=452 |pages=106908 |doi=10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106908 |issn=0025-3227 |quote="...tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece...marine sediments and pumices from the ~1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini."|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |author=Antonopoulos, J. |year=1992 |title=The great Minoan eruption of Thera volcano and the ensuing tsunami in the Greek Archipelago |journal=Natural Hazards |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=153–68 |doi=10.1007/BF00127003 |bibcode=1992NatHa...5..153A |s2cid=129836887}}
  • 1600 BC: The beginning of Shang dynasty in China;{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Yun Kuen |date=2002 |title=Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/article/2914 |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |doi=10.1353/asi.2002.0006 |issn=1535-8283|hdl=10125/17161 |hdl-access=free }} evidence of a fully developed writing system, see Oracle bone script.
  • c. 1550 BC: The New Kingdom begins in Egypt.{{cite journal |last1=Ramsey |first1=Christopher Bronk |last2=Dee |first2=Michael W. |last3=Rowland |first3=Joanne M. |last4=Higham |first4=Thomas F. G. |last5=Harris |first5=Stephen A. |last6=Brock |first6=Fiona |last7=Quiles |first7=Anita |last8=Wild |first8=Eva M. |last9=Marcus |first9=Ezra S. |last10=Shortland |first10=Andrew J. |year=2010 |title=Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1189395 |journal=Science |volume=328 |issue=5985 |pages=1554–1557 |bibcode=2010Sci...328.1554R |doi=10.1126/science.1189395 |pmid=20558717 |s2cid=206526496|url-access=subscription }}
  • 1500 – 400 BC: Olmec civilization flourishes in Pre-Columbian Mexico, during Mesoamerica's Formative period.{{cite book |last=Diehl |first=Richard A. |author-link=Richard Diehl |url=https://archive.org/details/olmecsamericasfi0000dieh/page/9 |title=The Olmecs : America's First Civilization |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2004 |isbn=0-500-28503-9 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/olmecsamericasfi0000dieh/page/9 9–25]}}
  • 1500 BC: Composition of the Rigveda is completed.{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996}}{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=David W. |title=The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007}}{{Cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |title=Which of us are Aryans? rethinking the concept of our origins |last2=Witzel |first2=Michael |last3=Menon |first3=Jaya |last4=Friese |first4=Kai |last5=Khan |first5=Razib |date=2019 |publisher=Aleph |isbn=978-93-88292-38-2 |location=New Delhi}}
  • c. 1500 BC: Nok culture begins in West Africa.{{cite journal |last1=Champion |first1=Louis |display-authors=etal |date=15 December 2022 |title=A question of rite – pearl millet consumption at Nok culture sites, Nigeria (second/first millennium BC) |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=263–283 |doi=10.1007/s00334-022-00902-0 |s2cid=254761854 |doi-access=free}}
  • c. 1400 BC: Oldest known song with notation.
  • c. 1209 BC: The Merneptah Stele is the first non-biblical reference to the Israelites.
  • 1200 – 1150 BC: Late Bronze Age collapse occurs in Southwestern Asia and in the Eastern Mediterranean region.{{Cite journal |last=Millek |first=Jesse |date=2021 |title=Why Did the World End in 1200 BCE |url=https://www.academia.edu/50934851 |journal=Ancient Near East Today |volume=9 |issue=8}} This period is also the setting of the Iliad and the Odyssey epic poems (which were composed about four centuries later).
  • 1200 BC: The Hallstatt culture begins.{{cite journal |last=Reinecke |first=Paul |year=1922 |title=Chronologische Übersicht der vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeiten |journal=Bayer. Vorgeschichtsfreund |volume=1–2 |issue=1921–1922 |pages=18–25}}
  • c. 1180 BC: Disintegration of Hittite Empire.{{Cite book |last=Gurney |first=O.R. |title=The Hittites |date=1966 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=0140202595}}
  • 1100 BC: Use of Iron spreads.
  • c. 1050 BC: The Phoenician alphabet is created.{{Cite book |last=Markoe |first=Glenn E. |title=Phoenicians |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=0520226135 |location=Berkeley}}
  • c. 1046 BC: The Zhou force, led by King Wu of Zhou, overthrows the last king of Shang dynasty; Zhou dynasty established in China.{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Yun Kuen |date=2002 |title=Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42928543 |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |doi=10.1353/asi.2002.0006 |jstor=42928543 |hdl=10125/17161 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Peiyu |first=Zhang |date=2002 |title=Determining Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Through Astronomical Records in Historical Texts |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/156852302322454602 |journal=Journal of East Asian Archeology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=347–357 |doi=10.1163/156852302322454602 |publisher=Brill|url-access=subscription }}
  • 1000 BC: The second stream of Bantu expansion reaches the great lakes region of Africa, creating a major population centre.{{Cite journal|last=Ehret|first=Christopher|date=2001|title=Bantu Expansions: Re-Envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|volume=34|issue=1|pages=5–41|doi=10.2307/3097285|jstor=3097285|issn=0361-7882}}Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–1044. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. {{doi|10.1126/science.1172257}}. PMC 2947357. {{PMID|19407144}}
  • 890 BC: Approximate date for the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey.
  • 814 BC: Foundation of Carthage by the Phoenicians in Tunisia.{{cite book |author=Serge Lancel |title=Carthage |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford: Blackwell |pages=20–23 |translator=Antonia Nevill}}Picard, Life and Death of Carthage (1968, 1969) at 28–35 – Picard specifically favors 750–25 BC, closer to Apion than Timaeus.
  • 808 BC: Formation of the Kingdom of Macedonia by King Karanos {{Cite web |title=Macedonia |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/macedonia/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}
  • 800 BC: Rise of Greek city-states.
  • 788 BC: Iron Age begins in Sungai Batu (Old Kedah).
  • c. 785 BC: Rise of the Kingdom of Kush.{{Cite book |last=Török |first=László |title=The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization |date=1997 |publisher=Brill Academic Pub |isbn=9789004104488 |location=Leiden, NL}}

Classical antiquity

{{Main|Classical antiquity}}

Classical antiquity is a term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea. It primarily refers to the timeframe of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.William Smith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3uYtAAAAIAAJ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities]. J. Murray, 1891 In the context of this list its use encompasses various other civilizations including, but not limited to, those of the Ancient Near East.

End of ancient history in Europe

The date used as the end of the ancient era is arbitrary. The transition period from Classical Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages is known as Late Antiquity. Late Antiquity is a periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in both mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world: generally from the end of the Roman Empire's Crisis of the Third Century (c. ACE 284) to the Islamic conquests and the re-organization of the Byzantine Empire under Heraclius. The Early Middle Ages are a period in the history of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from CE 500 to 1000. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in CE 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I in CE 565, or the coming of Islam in CE 632 as the end of classical antiquity.

{{For|later events|Timeline of the Middle Ages}}

Horizontal timeline

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AlignBars = justify

Colors =

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id:period value:rgb(1,0.7,0.5) #

id:age value:rgb(0.95,0.85,0.5) #

id:era value:rgb(1,0.85,0.5) #

id:eon value:rgb(1,0.85,0.7) #

id:filler value:gray(0.8) # background bar

id:black value:black

Period = from:-3000 till:400

TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal

ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:500 start:-3000

ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:100 start:-3000

PlotData =

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:10 mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(0,-5)

bar:Time color:period

from: -3000 till: -1200 text:Bronze Age

from: -1200 till: 400 text:Iron Age

bar:Mideast color:era

from: -3000 till: -550 text:Mesopotamia

from: -550 till: -322 shift:(0,-10) text:Achaemenid

from: -322 till: -247 shift:(0,0) text:Seleucid

from: -247 till: 224 shift:(0,-10) text:Parthian

from: 224 till: 400 text:Sassanid

bar:Africa color:age

from: -3000 till: -800 text:Ancient Egypt

from: -800 till: 350 text:Kingdom of Kush

from: 350 till: 400 text:Axumite Empire

bar:Med/Europe color:era

from: -3000 till: -1200 text:Archaic

from: -1200 till: -650 text:Phoenicia

from: -650 till: -146 text:Ancient Greece

from: -146 till: 400 text:Ancient Rome

bar:Indus color:age

from: -3000 till: -1200 text:Indus Valley

from: -1200 till: -180 text:Iron Age India

from: -180 till: 1 text:Indo-Greeks

from: 1 till: 400 text:Middle kingdoms

bar:China color:era

from: -3000 till: -2000 text:Sovereigns and Emperors

from: -2000 till: -200 text:Ancient China

from: -200 till: 400 text:Imperial China

bar:N.Americas color:age

from: -3000 till: -1500 text:Archaic

from: -1500 till: 400 text:Classic

bar:C.Americas color:era

from: -3000 till: -1500 text:Archaic

from: -1500 till: 250 text:Formative

from: 250 till: 400 text:Classic

bar:S.Americas color:age

from: -3000 till: -1900 text:Archaic

from: -1900 till: 200 text:Preclassic

from: 200 till: 400 text:Classic

:Dates are approximate, consult particular article for details

Maps

Image:East-Hem 500bc.jpg|Eastern Hemisphere in 500 BC.

Image:East-Hem 323bc.jpg|Eastern Hemisphere in 323 BC.

Image:East-Hem 200bc.jpg|Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC.

Image:East-Hem 100bc.jpg|Eastern Hemisphere in 100 BC.

Image:World in 1 CE.png|World in CE 1.

Image:World in 100 CE.PNG|World in CE 100.

Image:East-Hem 200ad.jpg|Eastern Hemisphere in CE 200.

Image:World in 300 CE.PNG|World in CE 300.

Image:East-Hem 475ad.jpg|Eastern Hemisphere in CE 486.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

  • {{cite book |last= Carr |first=E. H. (Edward Hallett) |title=What is History? }} Thorndike 1923, Becker 1931, MacMullen 1966, MacMullen 1990, Thomas & Wick 1993, Loftus 1996.
  • {{cite book |last= Collingwood |first=R. G. |title=The Idea of History |year= 1946 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location= Oxford }}
  • {{Cite book | last =Diamond | first =Jared | author-link =Jared Diamond | year =1999 | title =Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies | place =New York | publisher =Norton}}
  • {{cite book |last= Dodds |first= E. R. |title=The Greeks and the Irrational |year= 1964 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Calif. }}
  • {{cite book |last= Kinzl |first=Konrad H. |title=Directory of Ancient Historians in the USA|edition=2nd |year= 1998 |publisher= Regina Books |location= Claremont, Calif.|isbn=0-941690-87-3 | url =http://people.trentu.ca/kkinzl/aahdir.html }} Web edition is constantly updated.
  • {{Cite book | last1 =Kristiansen | first1 =Kristian | last2 =Larsson | first2 =Thomas B. | year =2005 | title =The Rise of Bronze Age Society | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}
  • {{cite journal |title = A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War |last = Libourel |first = Jan M. |journal = The American Journal of Philology |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |issn = 1086-3168 |volume = 94 |issue = 1 |year = 1973 |pages = 71–78 |doi = 10.2307/294039 |jstor = 294039 }}
  • {{cite web |url=https://www.livius.org/ |title= Livius. Articles on Ancient History }}
  • {{cite journal | last =Lobell | first =Jarrett | title =Etruscan Pompeii | journal =Archaeological Institute of America | volume =55 | issue =4 |date =July–August 2002 | url =http://www.archaeology.org/0207/newsbriefs/etruscan.html }}
  • {{cite book |last= Loftus |first= Elizbeth |title=Eyewitness Testimony |year= 1996 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0-674-28777-0 }}
  • {{cite book |last= MacMullen |first= Ramsay |title=Enemies of the Roman Order: Treason, Unrest and Alienation in the Empire |year= 1966 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts }}
  • {{cite book |last= MacMullen |first= Ramsay |title=Changes in the Roman Empire: Essays in the Ordinary |date= 1993 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=0-691-03601-2 }}
  • {{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Carol G. |title=Decoding Ancient History: A Toolkit for the Historian as Detective |author2=D.P. Wick |date=1994 |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey |isbn=0-13-200205-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/decodingancienth0000thom }}
  • {{cite book |last= Thorndike |first= Lynn |title=History of Magic and Experimental Science |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofmagicex01thor |date= 1923–58 |publisher= Macmillan|location=New York }} Eight volumes.

Citations and notes

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Ancient History}}

+Timeline

Ancient history

Ancient

Category:Archaeology timelines