Voiceless velar fricative#Voiceless post-velar fricative

File:Voiceless velar fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiceless velar fricative:

{{fricative}}

{{velar}}

{{voiceless}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

The voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of the Germanic languages, as the reflex of the Proto-Indo-European voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European {{lang|ine-x-proto|ḱr̥nom}} "horn" and {{lang|gem-x-proto|kʷód}} "what" became Proto-Germanic *hurnan and *hwat, where *h and *hw were likely {{IPA|[x]}} and {{IPA|[xʷ]}}. This sound change is part of Grimm's law.

In Modern Greek, the voiceless velar fricative (with its allophone, the voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}, occurring before front vowels) originated from the Ancient Greek voiceless aspirated stop {{IPA|/kʰ/}} in a sound change that lenited Greek aspirated stops into fricatives.

• Guttural
• Index of phonetics articles

{{reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

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|year = 2007

|title = Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art

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|doi = 10.1075/jgl.8.08arv

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211020607/http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/ell/staff/amalia-arvaniti/docs/Greek%20Phonetics%20-%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Art.pdf

|archive-date = 2013-12-11

|citeseerx = 10.1.1.692.1365

}}

• {{citation

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|year= 2004

|title=Brazilian Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=227–232

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{citation

|last=Chen

|first=Yudong

|year=2007

|title=A Comparison of Spanish Produced by Chinese L2 Learners and Native Speakers---an Acoustic Phonetics Approach

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmWc4LrezVEC

|isbn=9780549464037

}}

• {{citation

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|year=2003

|orig-year=First published 1981

|title=The Phonetics of English and Dutch

|edition=5th

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|isbn=978-9004103405

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|isbn=978-0415114943

}}

• {{citation

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|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

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|pages=74–77

}}

• {{citation

|last1=Gussenhoven

|first1=Carlos

|last2=Aarts

|first2=Flor

|year=1999

|title=The dialect of Maastricht

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=29

|issue=2

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|doi=10.1017/S0025100300006526

|s2cid=145782045

|url=http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf

}}

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|year=2001

|title=The Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application

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|isbn=978-1-57473-018-0

}}

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|pages=79–130

|year=1988

|title=The Romance Languages

|publisher=Taylor & Francis

|isbn=978-0-415-16417-7

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lULWOT1o0SsC

}}

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|first2=Jon

|year=2003

|title=A Grammar of Basque

|place=Berlin

|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter

|isbn=978-3-11-017683-4

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kss999lxKm0C

}}

• {{citation

|last=Jassem

|first=Wiktor

|year=2003

|title=Polish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=1

|pages=103–107

|doi=10.1017/S0025100303001191

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{cite book | title=The Dravidian languages | url=https://archive.org/details/dravidianlanguag00kris | url-access=limited | publisher=Oxford University Press | author=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti | year=2003 }}
• {{citation

|last=Lyons

|first=John

|year=1981

|title=Language and Linguistics: An Introduction

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=978-0-521-54088-9

}}

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|year= 2003

|title=Castilian Spanish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=2

|pages=255–259

|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373

|doi-access= free

}}

• {{citation

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|year=2008

|title=Tilquiapan Zapotec

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|volume=38

|issue=1

|pages=107–114

|doi=10.1017/S0025100308003344

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|doi-access=free

}}

• {{citation

|last =Padgett

|first= Jaye

|year= 2003

|title= Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian

|journal= Natural Language & Linguistic Theory

|volume=21

|issue=1

|pages=39–87

|doi =10.1023/A:1021879906505

|s2cid= 13470826

}}

• {{citation

|last=Peters

|first=Jörg

|year=2006

|title=The dialect of Hasselt

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=1

|pages=117–124

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{citation

|last1=Scipione

|first1=Ruth

|last2=Sayahi

|first2=Lotfi

|chapter=Consonantal Variation of Spanish in Northern Morocco

|editor-last1=Sayahi

|editor-first1=Lotfi

|editor-last2=Westmoreland

|editor-first2=Maurice

|year=2005

|title=Selected Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics

|publisher=Cascadilla Proceedings Project

|place=Somerville, MA

|chapter-url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wss/2/paper1147.pdf

}}

• {{citation

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|last2 = Chikovani

|first2 =Vakhtang

|year= 2006

|title=Standard Georgian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=2

|pages=255–264

|doi = 10.1017/S0025100306002659

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf

|doi-access=free

}}

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|year=1963

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|series=Uralic and Altaic Series

|volume=18

|place=Bloomington

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}}

• {{citation

|last=Thompson

|first=Laurence

|year=1959

|title=Saigon phonemics

|journal=Language

|volume=35

|issue=3

|pages=454–476

|doi=10.2307/411232

|jstor=411232

}}

• {{citation

|last=Vanvik

|first=Arne

|year=1979

|title=Norsk fonetikk

|publisher=Universitetet i Oslo

|place=Oslo

|isbn=978-82-990584-0-7

}}

• {{citation

|last=Verhoeven

|first=Jo

|year=2005

|title=Belgian Standard Dutch

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=35

|issue=2

|pages=243–247

|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002173

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{Citation

|last=Watson

|first=Kevin

|year=2007

|title=Liverpool English

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=37

|issue=3

|pages=351–360

|url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/4011/1/download2.pdf?origin=publication_detail

|doi=10.1017/s0025100307003180

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{citation

|last=Watson

|first=Janet C. E.

|year=2002

|title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic

|place=New York

|publisher= Oxford University Press

}}

• {{citation

|last=Wells

|first=J.C.

|year=1982

|title=Accents of English 2: The British Isles

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

}}

• {{citation

|last1=Wetzels

|first1=W. Leo

|last2=Mascaró

|first2=Joan

|year=2001

|title=The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing

|journal=Language

|volume=77

|issue=2

|pages=207–244

|doi=10.1353/lan.2001.0123

|s2cid=28948663

|url=http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~prince/hold/wetzels-mascaro.pdf

}}

{{refend}}

• {{phoible|x}}

{{IPA navigation}}

Category:Fricative consonants

Category:Velar consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Central consonants

Category:Voiceless approximants