Voiceless velar fricative#Voiceless post-velar fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨x⟩ in IPA}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=x

|ipa number=140

|decimal=120

|xsampa=x

|kirshenbaum=x

|braille=x

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0078.svg

}}

The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, e.g. in loch, broch or saugh (willow).

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|x}}, the Latin letter x. It is also used in broad transcription instead of the symbol {{angbr IPA|χ}}, the Greek chi, for the voiceless uvular fricative.

There is also a voiceless post-velar fricative (also called pre-uvular) in some languages, which can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|x̠}} or {{angbr IPA|χ̟}}. For voiceless pre-velar fricative (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal fricative.

Some scholars also posit the voiceless velar approximant distinct from the fricative, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɰ̊}}, but this symbol is not suitable in case of the voiceless velar approximant that is unspecified for rounding (the sound represented by the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɰ̊}} is specified as unrounded), which is best transcribed as {{angbr IPA|x̞}}, {{angbr IPA|ɣ̞̊}} or {{angbr IPA|ɣ̊˕}} - see voiced velar approximant. The velar approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close back unrounded vowel {{angbr IPA|ɯ̊}}.

Features

File:Voiceless velar fricative articulation.svg

Features of the voiceless velar fricative:

{{fricative}}

{{velar}}

{{voiceless}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

Varieties

class=wikitable

! IPA !! Description

style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|x}}plain velar fricative
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʷ}}labialised
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʼ}}ejective
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʷʼ}}ejective labialised
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|x̜ʷ}}semi-labialised
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|x̹ʷ}}strongly labialised
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʲ}}palatalised
style="font-size:1.714em" |{{IPA|xʲʼ}}ejective palatalised

Occurrence

The voiceless velar fricative and its labialized variety are postulated to have occurred in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of the Germanic languages, as the reflex of the Proto-Indo-European voiceless palatal and velar stops and the labialized voiceless velar stop. Thus Proto-Indo-European {{lang|ine-x-proto|r̥nom}} "horn" and {{lang|gem-x-proto|ód}} "what" became Proto-Germanic *hurnan and *hwat, where *h and *hw were likely {{IPA|[x]}} and {{IPA|[xʷ]}}. This sound change is part of Grimm's law.

In Modern Greek, the voiceless velar fricative (with its allophone, the voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}, occurring before front vowels) originated from the Ancient Greek voiceless aspirated stop {{IPA|/kʰ/}} in a sound change that lenited Greek aspirated stops into fricatives.

class="wikitable"

!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan=2| Abaza{{lang|abq-Cyrl|хьзы}} /xzë{{IPA|[xʲzə]}}'name'
colspan=2| Adyghe{{lang|ady-Cyrl|хы}} /xë{{Audio-IPA|Ady-6.oga|[xəː]}}'six'
colspan=2| Afrikaans{{lang|af|groot}}{{IPA|[χrʊət]}}'big'
colspan=2| Albanian{{lang|sq|gjuha}}{{IPA|[ɟuxɑ]}}'language'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See Albanian phonology
AleutAtkan dialect{{lang|ale-Latn|alax}}{{IPA|[ɑlɑx]}}'two'
ArabicModern Standard{{lang|ar|ﻀراء|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[xadˤraːʔ]}}'green' (f.)May be velar, post-velar or uvular, depending on dialect.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|pp=17, 19–20, 35–36 and 38}} See Arabic phonology
colspan=2| Armenian{{lang|as|խրոխտ/xëroxt}}{{IPA|[χəˈɾoχt]}}'brave'
colspan=2| Assamese{{lang|as|মীয়া/oxomia}}{{IPA|[ɔxɔmia]}}'Assamese'
colspan=2| Assyrianܚܡܫܐ {{lang|aii-Latn|xemša}}{{IPA|[xεmʃa]}}'five'
colspan=2| Avar{{lang|av-Cyrl|чeхь}} / {{lang|av-Latn|čex}}{{IPA|[tʃex]}}'belly'
colspan=2| Azerbaijani{{lang|az-Latn|x|italic=yes}} / {{lang|az-Cyrl|хош}}/{{lang|az-Arab|ﻮش|rtl=yes}}{{IPA|[xoʃ]}}'pleasant'
BasqueSome speakers{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|pp=16 and 26}}{{lang|eu|jan}}{{IPA|[xän]}}'to eat'Either velar or post-velar.{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|pp=16 and 26}} For other speakers it's {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|j}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʝ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɟ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=16}}
colspan="2" | Blackfoot{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot_guide.htm|title=Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide|work=Native-Languages.org|access-date=2007-04-10}}{{lang|bla|ᖻᖳᐦᓭ}} / {{Transliteration|bla|naaáhsa}}{{IPA|[naːáxsʌ]}}'my grandparents'Sometimes /x/ becomes allophone /h/ in beginning of words like "hánnia!" Really! Or becomes allphone /ç/ after i/ii like ihkitsika seven.
colspan=2| Brahui{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=100}}{{IPA|[xan]}}'eye'Corresponds to /x/ in Kurukh and /q/ in Malto.
colspan=2| Breton{{lang|br|hor c'hi}}{{IPA|[hor xiː]}}'our dog'
colspan=2| Bulgarian{{lang|bg|тихо}} / {{lang|bg-Latn|tiho}}{{Audio-IPA|Tiho.ogg|[ˈt̪ixo]}}'quietly'Described as having "only slight friction" ({{IPA|[x̞]}}).{{cite book|last1=Ternes|first1=Elmer|last2=Vladimirova-Buhtz|first2=Tatjana|year=1999|chapter=Bulgarian|pages=55|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0}}
colspan=2| Catalan{{lang|ca|kharja|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈxaɾ(d)ʑə]}}'kharja'Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" | Chechen{{lang|ce-Cyrl|хан}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|xan}}{{IPA|[xɑːn]}}'time'
ChineseMandarin{{lang|cmn-Hani|}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|hé|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xɤ˧˥]}}'river'See Standard Chinese phonology
colspan=2| Czech{{lang|cs|chlap|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xlap]}}'guy'See Czech phonology
Danish|Southern Jutlandic{{lang|da|kage|italic=yes}}[ˈkʰaːx]'cake'See Sønderjysk dialect
rowspan=2| DutchStandard Belgian{{Harvcoltxt|Verhoeven|2005|p=243}}{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|2003|p=191}}rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|loochen|italic=yes}}rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|Nl-loochen (Belgium).ogg|[ˈloː.xən]}}rowspan="2" | 'deny'rowspan="2" | May be post-palatal {{IPAblink|ç̠}} instead. In dialects spoken above the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Waal the corresponding sound is a postvelar-uvular fricative trill {{IPAblink|ʀ̝̊˖}}. See Dutch phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Southern Netherlands accents{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}
rowspan=3| EnglishScottishloch{{IPA|[ɫɔx]}}'loch'Younger speakers may merge this sound with {{IPAslink|k}}.{{Cite web |url=http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm |title=Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables |access-date=2014-12-03 |archive-date=2021-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075912/https://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/STELLA/Glasgow%20accent/annex4.htm |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/archive/viewconf2000/abstracts.html |title=University of Essex :: Department of Language and Linguistics :: Welcome |publisher=Essex.ac.uk |access-date=2013-08-01}} See Scottish English phonology
Irishlough{{IPA|[lɑx]}}'lough'Occurs only in Gaelic borrowings. See Irish English phonology
Scouse{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=373}}book{{IPA|[bʉːx]}}'book'A syllable-final allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} (lenition).
colspan=2| Esperanto{{lang|eo|monaĥo|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[moˈnaxo]}}'monk'See Esperanto phonology
colspan=2| Estonian{{lang|et|jah|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[jɑx]}}'yes'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See Estonian phonology
colspan=2| Eyak{{lang|eya-Latn|duxł}}{{IPA|[tʊxɬ]}}'traps'
colspan=2| Finnish{{lang|fi|kahvi|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈkɑxʋi]}}'coffee'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See Finnish phonology
colspan=2| French{{lang|fr|jota|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xɔta]}}'jota'Occurs only in loanwords (from Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). See French phonology
colspan=2| Georgian{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}{{lang|ka|ჯო}} / {{lang|ka-Latn|joxi}}{{IPA|[ˈdʒɔxi]}}'stick'
colspan=2| German{{lang|de|Buch|italic=yes}}{{audio-IPA|De-Buch.ogg|[buːx]}}'book'See Standard German phonology
colspan=2| Greek{{lang|el|τέχνη}} / {{lang|el-Latn|ch}}{{IPA|[ˈte̞xni]}}'art'See Modern Greek phonology
HebrewBiblical{{lang|he|מִיכָאֵל|rtl=yes}}/Michael{{IPA|[mixaʔel]}}'Michael'See Biblical Hebrew phonology
rowspan="2" | Hindustani

| Hindi

| {{lang|hi|ख़ुशी}}/xuší

| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|[xʊʃiː]}}

| rowspan="2" |'happiness'

| rowspan="2" | Occurs only in loanwords. May be replaced in Hindi with {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. See Hindustani phonology

Urdu

| {{lang|ur|ﻮشی|rtl=yes}}/xuşi

colspan=2| Hungarian{{lang|hu|sahhal|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ʃɒxːɒl]}}'with a shah'See Hungarian phonology
colspan=2| Icelandic{{lang|is|október|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈɔxtoːupɛr̥]}}'October'See Icelandic phonology
colspan=2| Indonesian{{lang|id|khas|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xas]}}'typical'Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k] by some Indonesians. See Indonesian phonology
colspan=2| Irish{{lang|ga|deoch|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[dʲɔ̝̈x]}}'drink'See Irish phonology
colspan=2| Japanese{{lang|ja-Hani|マッハ}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|mahha}}{{IPA|[maxːa]}}'Mach'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}.{{cite journal |last1=Okada |first1=Hideo |title=Japanese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1991 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.1017/S002510030000445X |s2cid=242782215 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/abs/japanese/EF0E01DD40A1B2779F3ADFF96B5D97E3 |access-date=14 July 2022}} See Japanese phonology
colspan=2| Kabardian{{lang|kbd-Cyrl|хы}} / khy{{Audio-IPA|Хы.ogg|[xəː]}}'sea'
colspan=2| Kazakhханзада / {{lang|kk-Latn|hanzada}}{{IPA|[xanzada]}}'prince'
colspan=2| Korean{{lang|ko-Hang|흥정}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|heungjeong|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xɯŋd͡ʑʌ̹ŋ]}}'bargaining'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/ɯ/}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" | Kurdish{{lang|ku|xanî}}{{IPA|[xɑːˈniː]}}'house'See Kurdish phonology
colspan=2| Kurukh{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=74}}कुड़ुख़{{IPA|[kuɽux]}}'Kurukh'Corresponds to /x/ in Brahui and /q/ in Malto.
colspan="2" | Limburgish{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{lang|li|loch|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[lɔx]}}'air'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch
Lishan Didan

|Urmi Dialect

|חלבא / xalwa

|{{IPA|[xalwɑ]}}

|'milk'

|Generally post-velar

colspan=2| Lithuanian{{lang|lt|choras|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈxɔrɐs̪]}}'choir'Occurs only in loanwords (usually international words)
colspan=2| Lojban{{lang|jbo|xatra|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xatra]}}'letter'
colspan=2| Macedonian{{lang|mk|Охрид}} / {{lang|mk-Latn|Ohrid}}{{audio-IPA|Mk-Ohrid.ogg|[ˈɔxrit]}}'Ohrid'See Macedonian phonology
colspan=2| Malayاير / {{lang|ms|akhir|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[axir]}}'last', 'end'Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Often pronounced as [h] or [k]. See Malay phonology
colspan=2| Manx{{lang|gv|aashagh|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈɛːʒax]}}'easy'
colspan="2" |Nepali

|{{Lang|ne|आँखा/axa}}

|{{IPA|[ä̃xä]}}

|'eye'

|Allophone of {{IPA|/kʰ/}}. See Nepali phonology

rowspan="11" | Norwegian
Urban East{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}}{{lang|no|hat|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xɑːt]}}'hate'Possible allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} near back vowels; can be voiced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} between two voiced sounds.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=40}} See Norwegian phonology
Brekke dialect{{cite web|title=Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter|url=http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/nos/?xsampa_search_string=M%5C_0|accessdate=13 April 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025954/http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/nos/?xsampa_search_string=M%5C_0|url-status=dead}}

| rowspan=4 | {{lang|no|seg}}

| rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[sɛɰ̊]}}

| rowspan=4 | 'oneself'

| rowspan=4 | Also described as an approximant. Coda allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}}; reported to occur only in this word. See Norwegian phonology

Kaldfarnes dialect
Sørkjosen dialect

| {{IPA|[sæɰ̊]}}

Undheim dialect

| {{IPA|[seɰ̊]}}

Bryne dialect

| rowspan=5 | {{lang|no|sterkaste}},
{{lang|no|sterkeste}}

| rowspan=4 | {{IPA|[ˈstæɰ̊kɑstə]}}

| rowspan=5 | 'strongest'

| rowspan=5 | Also described as an approximant. Allophone of {{IPA|/r/}} when it is in contact with voiceless consonants. Exact distribution may differ between dialects. In the Hafrsfjord dialect, {{IPA|[ɰ̊]}} may also occur in the word seg. See Norwegian phonology

Hafrsfjord dialect
Raundalen dialect
Stanghelle dialect
Fyllingsdalen dialect

|{{IPA|[ˈstæɰ̊kestɛ]}}

colspan=2| Pashto{{lang|fa|اخته|rtl=yes}} / axta{{IPA|[ax.t̪a]}}'occupied'See Pashto phonology
colspan=2| Persian{{lang|fa|دُخـتَر|rtl=yes}} / doxtär{{IPA|[doxˈtær]}}'daughter'See Persian phonology
colspan=2| Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}}{{lang|pl|chleb|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xlɛp]}}'bread'Also (in great majority of dialects) represented orthographically by {{angbr|h}}. See Polish phonology
rowspan=2| PortugueseFluminense{{lang|pt-BR|arte|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈaxtɕi]}}'art'In free variation with {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}} and {{IPAblink|h}} before voiceless consonants
General Brazilian{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}{{lang|pt-BR|rosa|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈxɔzɐ]}}'rose'Some dialects. An allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. See Portuguese phonology
rowspan="2" | Punjabi

| Gurmukhi

| {{lang|pa|ਖ਼ਬਰ}}/xabar

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[xəbəɾ]}}

| rowspan="2" |'news'

| rowspan="2" |Less frequent and may merge with /kʰ/ in Gurmukhi varieties.

Shahmukhi

| {{lang|pa-Arab|ﺒر|rtl=yes}}/xabar

colspan=2| Romanian{{lang|ro|hram|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xräm]}}'patronal feast of a church'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See Romanian phonology
colspan=2| Russian{{sfnp|Padgett|2003|p=42}}{{lang|ru|хороший}} / {{lang|ru-Latn|horošij}}{{Audio-IPA|Ru-хороший.ogg|[xɐˈr̠ʷo̞ʂɨ̞j]}}'good'See Russian phonology
colspan=2| Scottish GaelicOftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Oslo. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.{{lang|gd|drochaid|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈt̪ɾɔxɪtʲ]}}'bridge'See Scottish Gaelic phonology
colspan=2| Serbo-Croatian{{lang|sh-Cyrl|храст}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|hrast}}{{IPA|[xrâːst]}}'oak'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
colspan=2| Slovak{{lang|sk|chlap|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xɫäp]}}'guy'
rowspan="2" |Slovene

|Standard

|{{lang|sl|pohlep|italic=yes}}

|{{IPA|[poˈxlɛ̂p]}}

|'greed'

|See Slovene phonology

Some dialects

|{{lang|sl|bog|italic=yes}}

|{{IPA|[ˈbôːx]}}

|'god'

|Allophone of {{IPA|/ɣ/}} before voiceless obstruents or pause. See Slovene phonology

colspan=2| Somali{{lang|so|khad|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xad]}}'ink'Also occurs allophone of /q/ in Arabic loan words. See Somali phonology
rowspan=2| Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}Latin American{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}rowspan=2| {{lang|es|ojo}}rowspan=2| {{IPA|[ˈo̞xo̞]}}rowspan="2" | 'eye'rowspan=2| May be glottal instead;{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}} in northern and central Spain it is often post-velar{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}{{Harvcoltxt|Hamond|2001|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Scipione|Sayahi|2005|p=128}}{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}} or uvular /χ/.{{sfnp|Lyons|1981|p=76}}{{sfnp|Harris|Vincent|1988|p=83}} See Spanish phonology
Southern Spain{{sfnp|Chen|2007|p=13}}
colspan=2| Sylheti{{lang|syl|ꠛꠞ}}/xobor{{IPA|[xɔ́bɔɾ]}}'news'
colspan="2" |Tachelhit

|ixf

|[ixf]

|'head'

|

colspan="2" |Taqbaylit

|axaṭar

|[ɑχɑtˤɑr]

|'because'

|

colspan=2| Tagalog{{lang|tl|bakit|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[baxit]}}'why'Allophone of {{IPA|/k/}} in intervocalic positions. See Tagalog phonology
colspan=2| Toda{{sfnp|Bhadriraju Krishnamurti|2003|p=149}}pax{{IPA|[pax]}}'smoke'
colspan=2| Turkish{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=6}}{{lang|tr|ıhlamur|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ɯxlämuɾ]}}'linden'Allophone of {{IPA|/h/}}. See Turkish phonology
colspan=2| Turkmen{{lang|tkm|hile}}{{IPA|[xiːle]}}'cunning' (noun)
colspan=2| Tyap{{lang|kcg|kham|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xam]}}1. 'calabash'; 2. 'prostitute'
colspan=2| Xhosa{{lang|xh|rhoxisa}}{{IPA|[xɔkǁiːsa]}}'to cancel'
colspan=2| Ukrainian{{lang|uk|хлопець}} / {{lang|uk-Latn|hlopeć|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈxɫɔ̝pɛt͡sʲ]}}'boy'See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2"| Uzbek{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|pp=11–12}}{{lang|uz|oxirgi}}{{IPA|[ɒxirgi]}}'last'Post-velar. Occurs in environments different from word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is pre-velar.{{sfnp|Sjoberg|1963|pp=11–12}}
colspan=2| Vietnamese{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}{{lang|vi|không|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xəwŋ͡m˧]}}'no', 'not', 'zero'See Vietnamese phonology
colspan=2| Yaghan{{lang|yag|xan}}{{IPA|[xan]}}'here'
colspan=2| Yi{{lang|ii|}} / {{lang|ii-Latn|he|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[xɤ˧]}}'good'
ZapotecTilquiapan{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=109}}{{lang|zts|mejor}}{{IPA|[mɘxoɾ]}}'better'Used primarily in loanwords from Spanish

See also

Notes

{{reflist|30em}}

References

{{refbegin|30em}}

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