agriculture in Turkey

{{See also|Fertile Crescent|Economic history of the Ottoman Empire#Agriculture|History of wine#Ancient Thrace}}

File:International_Agricultural_Fair_in_Adana,_Turkey_(16221775345).jpg in 1924]]

Historically, Turkey's farmers have been fairly fragmented.{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Isha |last2=Gül |first2=Serap |year=2000 |title=More from less: policy options and farmer choice under and Drainage Systems |url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/erg/documents/waterscarcity.pdf |journal=Irrigation and Drainage Systems |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=363–383 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216015126/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/erg/documents/waterscarcity.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-16|doi=10.1023/A:1006357511193|s2cid=108983638 }} Atatürk, who founded the republic in the early 20th century, said that the foundation of the economy was agriculture.{{Cite web |title=Agriculture |url=https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-104169/agriculture.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Ministry of Culture and Tourism}} Governments initiated many projects, such as the controversial{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=The Great Anatolia Project: Is Water Management a Panacea or Crisis Multiplier for Turkey's Kurds? |url=https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2013/08/great-anatolian-project-water-management-panacea-crisis-multiplier-turkeys-kurds/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=New Security Beat |language=en-US}} Southeastern Anatolia Project,{{cite web |title=What's GAP? |url=http://www.gap.gov.tr/en/ |access-date= |publisher=Ministry of Industry and Technology}} but later much agriculture was privatized.{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=The state of Turkey's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/3/CA3505EN/ca3505en.pdf |website=Food and Agriculture Organization}}

The population increased a lot in the 20th century, so there was more demand for food and agricultural land. From 1880 to 1950 agricultural output growth averaged about 1% a year, in line with the increased population having new land. Then growth accelerated as more land could be cultivated because there were many more machines, such as tractors – for example due to the Marshall Plan. By the 1970s higher yielding varieties of wheat had been planted,{{Cite journal |title= The Impact of New Wheat Technology on Income Distribution: A Green Revolution Case Study, Turkey, 1960–1983| date=1989 | doi=10.1086/451778 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/451778?journalCode=edcc | last1=Bayri | first1=Tulay Y. | last2=Furtan | first2=W. Hartley | journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change | volume=38 | issue=1 | pages=113–127 | s2cid=154937584 | url-access=subscription }} but einkorn continued to be consumed by locals.{{Cite journal |last=Atalan Helicke |first=Nurcan |title=Markets and Collective Action: A Case Study of Traditional Wheat Varieties in Turkey |journal=Journal of Economy Culture and Society |date=2019 |volume=59 |issue=1 |doi=10.26650/JECS402676|doi-access=free }}

The increase in agricultural land continued until the 1990s when it started to decrease.{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=TURKEY Land Degradation Neutrality National Report |url=https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/turkey-ldn-country-report.pdf |website=Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (Turkey)}} Like many other countries Turkey industrialized and urbanized, and by the end of the 20th century only 35% of employment and 13% of GDP was from agriculture.{{Cite web |last=Pamuk |first=Şevket |year=2008 |title=Agriculture and economic development in Turkey, 1870–2000 |url=https://ata.boun.edu.tr/sites/ata.boun.edu.tr/files/faculty/sevket.pamuk/agl_chap15-june_2008.pdf |publisher=Boğaziçi University}}

Formerly widespread in the west and centre of the country, in 1933 opium growing was strictly controlled.{{Cite web |title=UNODC – Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 1 – 003 |url=https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1950-01-01_1_page004.html |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime |language=en}} In the 20th century growing tobacco was economically important in provinces such as Samsun, and was supported by the state, but in the early 21st century it was discouraged by governments keen to reduce smoking in Turkey.{{Cite journal |title=Farmers as Dispossessed Citizens. The Remaking of the Tobacco Market in Adıyaman |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-ethnologie-francaise-2014-2-page-207.htm|journal=Ethnologie française|date=2014 |doi=10.3917/ethn.142.0207 |last1=Kayaalp |first1=Ebru |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=207–214 |url-access=subscription }} During the early 21st century farmers shifted to growing more profitable crops such as fruit and vegetables, instead of wheat and corn.{{Cite book |last1=Ağır |first1=Seven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snavzwEACAAJ |title=Agropv's Potential Opportunities and Challenges in a Mediterranean Developing Country Setting: A Farmer's Perspective |last2=Güre |first2=Pınar Derin |last3=Şentürk |first3=Bilge |date=2023 |publisher=Economic Research Center |language=en}}{{Rp|page=4}}

{{See also|Environmental issues in Turkey}}

Half of Turkey's land is agricultural. Turkish agriculture emits greenhouse gases half from cattle. Since at least 1990 enteric fermentation (cows and sheep belching methane) has been the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, followed by agricultural soils.{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Türkiye. 2023 National Inventory Report (NIR). |url=https://unfccc.int/documents/627786 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=unfccc.int |publisher=Turkstat}}{{Rp|page=38}} According to the World Bank, the sector should adapt more to climate change in Turkey and make technical improvements. The Aegean Region may be the most at risk from climate change.{{Cite journal |last1=Pilevneli |first1=Tolga |last2=Capar |first2=Goksen |last3=Sánchez-Cerdà |first3=Clara |date=1 January 2023 |title=Investigation of climate change impacts on agricultural production in Turkey using volumetric water footprint approach |journal=Sustainable Production and Consumption |volume=35 |pages=605–623 |doi=10.1016/j.spc.2022.12.013 |issn=2352-5509 |s2cid=254848305|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023SusPC..35..605P }} However coffee can now be grown in the country.{{Cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=Climate change brings coffee production to Antalya - Türkiye News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/climate-change-brings-coffee-production-to-antalya-192783 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}

14% of food was lost during agricultural processing in 2016, compared to 23% trashed by consumers before eating and 5% leftovers.{{Cite web |last=Turetken |first=Mucahit |date=27 January 2021 |title=One-fourth of wasted food could feed 870M people: expert |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/life/one-fourth-of-wasted-food-could-feed-870m-people-expert/2124056 |access-date= |website=Anadolu Agency}} Stubble burning is illegal in Turkey, but farmers continue the practice illicitly.{{Cite journal |last1=Yakupoğlu |first1=Tuğrul |last2=Di̇ndaroğlu |first2=Turgay |last3=Rodri̇go-Comi̇no |first3=Jesús |last4=Cerdà |first4=Artemio |date=1 January 2022 |title=Stubble burning and wildfires in Turkey considering the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations |journal=Eurasian Journal of Soil Science |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.18393/ejss.993611 |issn=2147-4249 |s2cid=245619452|doi-access=free }} Deliberate burning of field residue can cause wildfires in Turkey.{{cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Turkey combats 19 wildfires in one day amid extreme heat and sabotages |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkey-combats-19-wildfires-in-one-day-amid-extreme-heat-and-sabotages-news-62746 |website=Gazete Duvar}} Agriculture on steep land can increase the risk of flooding.{{Rp|page=32}} In 2020 over 900 thousand tonnes of ammonia was emitted.{{Cite web |title=Agri-Environmental other indicators : Ammonia emissions |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=77261&lang=en |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=stats.oecd.org}}

File:Atatürk_Dam.jpg is the largest of the 22 dams in the Southeastern Anatolia Project, which includes the irrigation of 1.82 million hectares of land.|alt=Two large channels of water flow slowly from a low sloping dam with several pipes at one end of the dam]]

{{See also|State Hydraulic Works (Turkey)|Drought in Turkey|Water supply and sanitation in Turkey}}

At around 1300 m{{Sup|3}} freshwater per person per year, Turkey is water-stressed and at risk of water scarcity, mainly due to wasteful irrigation.{{Cite web |title=Per capita freshwater in Turkey reduced by three quarters |url=https://bianet.org/haber/per-capita-freshwater-in-turkey-reduced-by-three-quarters-286395 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Bianet |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Water Challenges in Turkey |url=https://water.fanack.com/turkey/water-challenges-in-turkey/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Fanack Water |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=29 March 2023 |title=Main Cause of Water Waste in Turkey: Agricultural Irrigation |url=https://www.iklimhaber.org/main-cause-of-water-waste-in-turkey-agricultural-irrigation/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=İklim Haber |language=}} Water pricing is being considered. Desertification has been modelled and the risk has been mapped,{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Combating Desertification and Erosion activities in Turkey |url=https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/cem/icerikler/faal-ing-1000-ad-20211108112156.pdf |website=Ministry of Environment, Urbanisation and Climate Change}} showing that high-risk regions are Karapınar, Aralık, Ceylanpınar and Lake Tuz basins.{{Cite web |title=Turkey Monitors Desertification with the Model Developed by TÜBİTAK BİLGEM YTE |url=https://dijitalakademi.bilgem.tubitak.gov.tr/en/turkey-monitors-desertification-with-the-model-developed-by-tubitak-bilgem-yte/ |website=Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007031312/https://dijitalakademi.bilgem.tubitak.gov.tr/en/turkey-monitors-desertification-with-the-model-developed-by-tubitak-bilgem-yte |url-status=dead }} Solar power is occasionally used to pump water to combat drought,{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Hannah |date=5 January 2023 |title=How this Turkish city is transforming its energy supply |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2023/01/05/antalya-goes-solar-how-this-turkish-city-is-transforming-its-energy-supply |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=euronews |language=en}} which can reduce planting of crops such as corn and potatoes.{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |title=Drought might hinder planting of some crops: Farmers |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/drought-might-hinder-planting-of-some-crops-farmers-180069 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}} The irrigation part of the Eastern Anatolia Project is controversial.{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=Turkey Plan To Build Dams On Aras River To Turn 3 Iranian Provinces Into Deserts: Univ. Professor |url=https://ifpnews.com/turkey-dams-aras-river-3-iranian-provinces-deserts-univ-professor/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Iran Front Page |language=en-US}}

Farmers mostly use surface irrigation, which loses 35% to 60% of water through evaporation, seepage, and leakage. This old-fashioned irrigation may quickly deplete groundwater and run off the farm. Runoff is causing nitrogen pollution in some river basins.{{Cite journal |last=Muratoglu |first=Abdullah |date=10 November 2020 |title=Grey water footprint of agricultural production: An assessment based on nitrogen surplus and high-resolution leaching runoff fractions in Turkey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720340754 |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=742 |pages=140553 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140553 |pmid=32615375 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.74240553M |s2cid=220331395 |issn=0048-9697|url-access=subscription }} This can cause eutrophication which threatens aquatic life{{Cite journal |last1=Varol |first1=Memet |last2=Tokatlı |first2=Cem |date=15 October 2021 |title=Impact of paddy fields on water quality of Gala Lake (Turkey): An important migratory bird stopover habitat |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749121012227 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=287 |pages=117640 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117640 |pmid=34182394 |bibcode=2021EPoll.28717640V |issn=0269-7491|url-access=subscription }} and a project is ongoing to map and combat this.{{Cite web |title=Nepiz Project {{!}} Nitrate Action Plans Protection of Waters Against Agricultural Pollution |url=https://www.nepiz.com/en/blog/nitrate-vulnerable-zone-3 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.nepiz.com}} {{As of|2023}} 73% of Turkey's water supply is used for irrigation, and it has been estimated that this is double what it would be if all farmers used drip irrigation.{{Cite web |date=4 April 2023 |title=A Water Crisis Of Turkey's Own Making |url=https://menafn.com/1105941176/A-Water-Crisis-Of-Turkeys-Own-Making |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=menafn.com}} Farmers are reluctant because of the installation cost of drip installation, and more government support has been suggested. Shrinking lakes have been blamed both on reduced precipitation due to climate change and incorrect crops using more water, such as corn and sugar beet.{{Cite news |title=Son 30 yılda Türkiye'nin büyük göllerinin yüzde 54'ü küçüldü |language=tr |trans-title=54 percent of Turkey's large lakes have shrunk in the last 30 years |work=BBC News Türkçe |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-65729417 |access-date=2023-05-30}} Charging for water used by agriculture has been suggested.{{Cite web |title=Water Efficiency Strategy Document and Action Plan in the Framework of Adaptation to the Changing Climate (2023 – 2033) |url=https://www.suverimliligi.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/su-vermliligi-eylem-plani-en.pdf}}{{Rp|pages=64–66}}

{{See also|Climate of Turkey}}

The most important regions for agriculture are the Mediterranean, Aegean, Black Sea, Thrace and Marmara, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia and transition regions.{{Rp|page=8}}

{{Excerpt|Soil in Turkey}}

File:Corylus maxima fruit.jpg in northwestern Turkey|alt=Two headscarfed women, one with a plastic bowl and the other a very big tin, kneeling on a large plastic sheet spread with hazelnuts. In the background is a pile of husks.]]

Crops can be grown in all regions and there is livestock on high mountains and in arid regions.{{Cite journal |title=Agricultural SectorProfile of Turkey in the World |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/142163|journal=Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences }} Wheat, sugar beet, cotton, vegetables and fruit are major crops; and Turkey is the world's largest grower of hazelnuts, apricots, oregano and raisins.{{Cite web |title=Export Raisin |url=https://sepcotrading.com/products/export-raisin/ |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Sepcotrading |language=en-US}}

{{As of|2023}} most cultivated land is for grain.{{cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=Agri-tech market in Turkey |url=https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/turkiye/market-reports-etudes-de-marches/0006565.aspx?lang=eng}} In 2022 70 million tonnes of cereals and other crops were produced; 32 million tonnes of vegetables; and 27 million tonnes of fruit, beverages and spice crops;{{Cite web |title=Crop Production Statistics, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Crop-Production-Statistics-2022-45504 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Turkstat |language=}} and the country was self-sufficient in rapeseed, dry beans, potatoes and sugar beet and almost all fruits and vegetables.{{Cite web |title=Crop Products Balance Sheets, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Crop-Products-Balance-Sheets-2022-49456 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Turkstat}} Due to rotation a third of arable land is fallow each year.{{Rp|page=8}}

File:Turkish Grain Board additional silos in Izmir.JPG |alt=Very tall adjacent cylinders each painted in a pale colour]]

In 2021 the country was almost self-sufficient in cereals,{{Cite web |title=Amid high bread prices, TurkStat says Turkey self-sufficient in agriculture, wheat production |url=https://bianet.org/english/agriculture/259938-amid-high-bread-prices-turkstat-says-turkey-self-sufficient-in-agriculture-wheat-production |website=Bianet}} and the largest exports in 2022 were to Iraq, the United States and Syria.{{Cite web |last=Ministerie van Landbouw |first=Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit |date=22 February 2023 |title=Türkiye exports cereals and pulses to 216 countries – Nieuwsbericht – Agroberichten Buitenland |url=https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/22/turkiye-export-cereals-and-pulses-exports-to-216-countries |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl |language=en-GB}} However, in hotter and colder{{Request quotation|date=April 2024|reason=where in cite is colder?}} years less cereal is produced.{{cite journal | doi=10.58251/ekonomi.1315338 | title=The empirical analysis of cereal production under the climate exchange and examining the effects of banks' domestic credit on cereal production: Evidence from Turkey | date=2023 | last1=Sumerli̇ Sarigül | first1=Sevgi | last2=Ünlü | first2=Merve | last3=Avci | first3=Pınar | last4=Yaşar | first4=Esra | journal=Journal of Ekonomi | volume=5 | issue=2 | pages=40–51 | s2cid=260413625 | doi-access=free }} About 20 million tonnes a year of wheat are grown, but less than half that each of barley and corn.{{Cite web |title=FAO GIEWS Country Brief on Türkiye – |url=https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=TUR |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.fao.org}} Most wheat is winter wheat.{{Cite web|url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Grain%20and%20Feed%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_TU2022-0019.pdf|title=Grain and Feed Annual}} Wheat yields average 2 and a half tonnes a hectare,{{Cite web |title=Turkey Wheat Area, Yield and Production |url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/countrysummary/Default.aspx?id=TU&crop=Wheat |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=ipad.fas.usda.gov}} and climate change affects both wheat productivity and where it is grown.{{Cite journal |last1=Erdoğan |first1=Zeynep |last2=Selçuk |first2=Fatma |last3=Akgün |first3=Aliye |date=30 December 2022 |title=Wheat Self-Sufficiency in Turkey: Production and Climate Change in Focus |journal=Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences |language=en |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=654–670 |doi=10.29133/yyutbd.1141592 |s2cid=254809209 |issn=1308-7576|doi-access=free }} Barley is not usually irrigated, so yield depends on rainfall. Drought can be a problem for both winter wheat and winter barley.{{Cite news |date=11 April 2023 |title=Lowest rainfall in decades threatens Turkey's grain production |url=https://intellinews.com/lowest-rainfall-in-decades-threatens-turkey-s-grain-production-275557/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=intellinews.com |language=en}} Nearly 85% of corn is used to make animal feed. Rice is planted April/May and harvested Sept/Oct.

Citrus fruits are grown mainly in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions.{{Cite web|url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Citrus%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_TU2022-0052.pdf|title=Citrus annual}} Many tomatoes are exported.{{Cite web |title=Export ban on tomatoes has been lifted in Türkiye |url=https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9509854/export-ban-on-tomatoes-has-been-lifted-in-turkiye/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=www.hortidaily.com |date=8 March 2023 |language=EN}} Most vegetable and fruit exports are to the EU.{{Cite web |date=27 December 2022 |title=Türkiye's fruit, vegetables exports soar |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiyes-fruit-vegetables-exports-soar-179638 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}} Greenhouses have a competitive advantage over EU ones due to lower costs.{{Cite web |title=Troubles in Europe offer opportunities for Turkish agriculture sector |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/troubles-in-europe-offer-opportunities-for-turkish-agriculture-sector-177056 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |date=20 September 2022 |language=en}} In 2022 Turkey had a third of the world's greenhouses heated by geothermal energy.{{Cite web |last=Todorović |first=Igor |date=5 August 2022 |title=Turkey accounts for one third of world's geothermal greenhouses |url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/turkey-accounts-for-one-third-of-worlds-geothermal-greenhouses/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Balkan Green Energy News |language=en-US}} Geothermal heat can also be used to dry fruit.{{Cite web |last=GeoEnergy |first=Think |date=7 November 2022 |title=Geothermal fruit drying plant approved in Alasehir, Turkiye |url=https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/geothermal-fruit-drying-plant-approved-in-alasehir-turkiye/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=en-US}} Tropical fruit such as mangoes can be grown in greenhouses.{{Cite web |title=Türkiye grows seven tropical fruits, eyes four other |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-grows-seven-tropical-fruits-eyes-four-other-178068 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |date=29 October 2022}} In 2023 hydroponics was starting to be used in these geothermal greenhouses.{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Major Turkish company started production in geothermal greenhouses in 60 hectares |url=https://www.hortidaily.com/article/9530024/major-turkish-company-started-production-in-geothermal-greenhouses-in-60-hectares/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=www.hortidaily.com |language=EN}} Although banana cultivation in the Mediterranean region is increasing,{{Cite web |last= |date=11 June 2023 |title=Fruits from Turkey are to flood the markets because of another collapse of the Turkish lira |url=https://east-fruit.com/en/news/fruits-from-turkey-are-to-flood-the-markets-because-of-another-collapse-of-the-turkish-lira/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=EastFruit |language=en-US}} some farmers are switching to avocados as they are more profitable because they need less water.{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 November 2021 |title=Korona virüs avokado üretimini arttırdı, üretici talebe yetişemiyor |language=tr |trans-title=Coronavirus increased avocado production, the producer cannot keep up with the demand |work=Gazetebanka Haber |url=https://gazetebanka.com/korona-virus-avokado-uretimini-arttirdi-uretici-talebe-yetisemiyor/10954/ |url-status= |access-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215210705/https://gazetebanka.com/korona-virus-avokado-uretimini-arttirdi-uretici-talebe-yetisemiyor/10954/ |archive-date=15 December 2021}}{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=Alanya producers shift to avocado for higher profit |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/alanya-producers-shift-to-avocado-for-higher-profit-185303 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}

About 4 million tonnes of grapes are grown annually,{{Cite web |title=Leading Countries in Grape Exports in the World |url=https://www.turkishgoods.com/post/blog/leading-countries-in-grape-exports-in-the-world |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Turkish Goods – From Turkey to The World |language=en}} ranking sixth in the world.{{Cite web |title=Heritage grapes, old vines and cultural landscapes |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/aylin-oney-tan/heritage-grapes-old-vines-and-cultural-landscapes-174516 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |date=13 June 2022 |language=en}} The country has the fifth largest area of vineyard,{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=Young Turks and old vines |url=https://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/young-turks-and-old-vines |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.jancisrobinson.com |language=en}} and about 3% of the harvest is used for Turkish wine. Raisins are exported to the EU and the United Kingdom.{{Cite web |title=Turkey: Raisin Annual |url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/turkey-raisin-annual-7 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |date=31 August 2022 |language=en}}

File:Ballıca - Egyptian Campion 01.JPG|alt=Medium-sized trees with purple flowers underneath]]

There are almost 200 million olive trees,{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=A Predicted Record Harvest Would Make Turkey the World's Second-Largest Olive Oil Producer |url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/production/a-predicted-record-harvest-would-make-turkey-the-worlds-second-largest-olive-oil-producer/113905 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Olive Oil Times |language=en-US}} and Turkey produces about 200 thousand tonnes of olive oil a year,{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title=The World of Olive Oil |url=https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/the-world-of-olive-oil/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=International Olive Council |language=en-US}} that is an average of 1 kg per tree per year. Edremit (Ayvalık) is the main variety in northern Turkey and Memecik in the south. Gemlik is a black table olive and many other varieties are grown.{{cite web|url=http://www.olioofficina.net/knowledge/economy/the-turkish-olive-oil-sector.htm|title=The Turkish olive oil sector|website=www.olioofficina.net|access-date=2018-07-11|archive-date=2020-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217203554/http://www.olioofficina.net/knowledge/economy/the-turkish-olive-oil-sector.htm|url-status=dead |year=2016}}

Lentils are grown in the south-east.{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lentil-Harvest-Areas-in-Turkey-Wholly-concentrated-in-the-Southeast-Anatolia-Region_fig1_329735001|title=Figure 2 Lentil Harvest Areas in Turkey (Wholly concentrated in the...|website=ResearchGate}}

File:Pistacia vera in Turkey.jpg in Gaziantep Province|alt=A pile of twigs with large clusters of small green nuts with tiny white spots and tips shading to pale red, and green leaves]]

About 70% of the world's hazelnuts are produced in Turkey. Ferrero, the Italian producer of Nutella spread, buys the most.{{Cite web |last=Erdoğan |first=Çaglar |date=3 October 2022 |title=Turkey: Tree Nuts Annual |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Tree%20Nuts%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_TU2022-0041.pdf |website=USFDA}} The agriculture ministry is encouraging planting more almond and commercial walnut trees, as national supply does not meet domestic demand. Around 200 thousand tonnes of pistachios are produced annually but yields vary a lot between on and off years. The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion has been training pistachio farmers.

File:A sunflower field.jpg

Almost half of the country's sunflower seeds are grown in Thrace, and more sunflower oil is consumed than olive oil, as it is cheaper. Soybeans are used as a rotation crop and to feed fish and chickens.{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Oilseeds and Products Annual |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Oilseeds%20and%20Products%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_TU2023-0006.pdf}}

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{{Excerpt|Tea in Turkey#Domestic production}}

File:Poppy field, Turkey 04.jpg |alt=White flowers on long vertical stalks among similar stalks which are topped by green ovoids]]

There are about a thousand species of herbs, medicines and spices, of which almost half are exported, with oregano, bay leaves, sage, aniseed and cumin being the top export earners. Much aniseed is used in the country to flavour rakı.{{Cite web|url=https://www.astaspice.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/07/ASTA-PRESENTATION-TURKEY-CROP-REPORT-2021-JULY-19.pdf|title=Herbs & Spice Crop Report|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416160942/https://www.astaspice.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/07/ASTA-PRESENTATION-TURKEY-CROP-REPORT-2021-JULY-19.pdf|url-status=dead}} Turkey produces most of the world's oregano, and garlic is grown.{{Cite web |title=EU grants Turkish garlic geographical indication |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/eu-grants-turkish-garlic-geographical-indication/2211695 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=www.aa.com.tr}} Opium is grown for medicines.

There are about 150 thousand km² of pasture. Much more meat is produced from cattle than sheep.{{Cite web |title=Kırmızı Et Üretim İstatistikleri, 2020–2021 |trans-title=Red meat production stats |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Kirmizi-Et-Uretim-Istatistikleri-2020-2021-45671 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Turkstat |language=tr}} A lot of sheep and goat meat is exported to Iraq. Over 20 million tonnes of milk is produced each year.{{Cite web |last=Duyum |first=Sinem |title=Livestock and Products Annual |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Livestock%20and%20Products%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_TU2022-0037.pdf |website=USFDA}} The {{ill|meat and milk board|tr|Et ve Süt Kurumu}} regulates the meat market.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Meat and Milk Board |url=https://www.esk.gov.tr/en/ |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Meat and Milk Board |language=en}}

The main animal feed crops are alfalfa, silage corn, oats, vetch, and sainfoin.{{Cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Mustafa |last2=Yolcu |first2=Halil |date=4 June 2021 |title=Current Status of Forage Crops Cultivation and Strategies for the Future in Turkey: A Review |journal=Journal of Agricultural Sciences |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=114–121 |doi=10.15832/ankutbd.903732|doi-access=free }} Animal feed manufacture depends on imports and more cattle feed is produced than chicken feed. Livestock are affected by foot and mouth disease.{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=Livestock markets closed as foot-and-mouth disease spreads |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/livestock-markets-closed-as-foot-and-mouth-disease-spreads-181537 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}

{{See also|Greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey#Agriculture and fishing}}

In 2022 there were 17 million cattle{{Cite web |title=Animal Production Statistics, 2022 |url=https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Animal-Production-Statistics-2022-49682 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Turkstat}} of which about 70% were dairy. Native cattle breeds such as Anatolian Black cattle are low yielding but hardy.{{Cite journal |last1=Demir |first1=Eymen |last2=Balcioglu |first2=Murat Soner |year=2019 |title=Genetic diversity and population structure of four cattle breeds raised in Turkey using microsatellite markers |url=https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/cjas.htm?type=article&id=62_2019-CJAS |url-status=live |journal=Czech Journal of Animal Science |volume=64 |issue=10 |pages=411–419 |doi=10.17221/62/2019-CJAS |s2cid=207819926 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209191454/https://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/cjas.htm?type=article&id=62_2019-CJAS |archive-date=9 February 2020|doi-access=free }} About 80% of cattle farm expenditure is on feed, with half of the ingredients being imported.{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Turkey's livestock outlook: A glimpse into challenges and prospects |url=https://feedplanetmagazine.com/blog/turkeys-livestock-outlook-a-glimpse-into-challenges-and-prospects-3737 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=feedplanetmagazine.com |language=en}} In 2023 inflation was a problem for cattle farmers as feed prices were increasing faster than milk and beef prices. Most imports are feeder cattle for beef. Around half of Turkey's agricultural greenhouse gas is due to cattle.{{efn|name=CattleEmissions}} Traditionally transhumance was practiced. The Agriculture Ministry is trying to get more biogas produced from cattle waste.{{Cite web |date=25 April 2023 |title=Türkiye working to diversify renewable energy resources |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkiye-working-to-diversify-renewable-energy-resources-182616 |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}

File:Sheep flock in grasland in Eğribel 02.jpg]]

Turkey is a major sheep producer. In 2022 there were 45 million sheep, including 30 million ewes (mostly of the fat-tailed type) and the average flock size was 85. A quarter of meat is from sheep, with 390 thousand tonnes a year and an average {{Convert|4.2|kg|lb}} is consumed per person per year. The highest sheep meat consumption is during Eid Al Adha. Turkish sheep meat is exported to Iraq, Syria and Gulf countries. Cheese is made from sheep milk.{{Cite web |title=Sheep – Turkey – a major sheep producer |url=https://www.teagasc.ie/news--events/daily/sheep/turkey---a-major-sheep-producer.php |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Teagasc |publisher=Agriculture and Food Development Authority}} Sheep and goats are mostly fed on pasture. In 2022 there were 12 million goats and 170 thousand water buffalos.

File:Fish_farming_in_Aegean_Turkey_-_panoramio.jpg

There are over 400 marine aquaculture facilities.{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=Lessons from the Young Turks: how Turkey became an aquaculture powerhouse |url=https://thefishsite.com/articles/lessons-from-the-young-turks-how-turkey-became-an-aquaculture-powerhouse |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=The Fish Site |language=en}} Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) are farmed, and mostly trout (rainbow trout and brown trout) in inland waters, these 3 being the most farmed, with about 150 thousand tonnes a year of each. Aquaculture overtook fishing in 2020, with Muğla, İzmir and Elazığ being the top provinces.

Government support is provided, although subsidies for seabream and seabass ended in 2016. In 2021, US$1.2 billion worth of farmed fish were exported, and Turkey was the world's top producer of seabass and seabream. Most exports are to the EU and EU directives are followed.

Over a million tonnes of poultry meat and over 2 million tonnes of eggs are produced a year,{{Cite web |title=Agriculture in Turkey |url=https://www.allaboutturkey.com/agriculture.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=www.allaboutturkey.com}} and over a hundred thousand tonnes of honey.{{Cite web |title=47th APIMONDIA {{!}} International Apicultural Congress |url=https://apimondia2021.com/?p=apiculture |access-date=2023-05-05 |website=apimondia2021.com}}

It is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Almost all the seeds used in Turkey are produced domestically. Seeds and bulbs are stored long term.{{Cite web |date=18 November 2022 |title=Digital database established for endemic plant species |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/digital-database-established-for-endemic-plant-species-178587 |website=Hürriyet Daily News}} The World Bank has a project to improve sustainable agriculture in some regions,{{Cite web|url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P175011|title=Development Projects : Turkey Climate Smart and Competitive Agricultural Growth Project (TUCSAP) – P175011|website=World Bank}} however in the first 2 decades of the 21st century farming is thought not to have been sustainable.{{Cite journal |last1=Yeni |first1=Onur |last2=Teoman |first2=Özgür |date=April 2022 |title=The Agriculture–Environment Relationship and Environment-based Agricultural Support Instruments in Turkey |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review/article/abs/agricultureenvironment-relationship-and-environmentbased-agricultural-support-instruments-in-turkey/675DC4D9B164DE78E6D1FC29F25758AC |journal=European Review |language=en |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=194–218 |doi=10.1017/S1062798720001015 |s2cid=225722222 |issn=1062-7987|url-access=subscription }} The EU said in 2022 that food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy should be improved.{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=Key findings of the 2022 Report on Türkiye |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=European Commission – European Commission |language=en}}

Various tech is being considered, sometimes similar is already being made in local factories, for example the defence industry makes drones.{{Cite web|url=https://tuba.gov.tr/files/yayinlar/bilim-ve-dusun/TUBA-978-625-8352-17-7_ch36.pdf|title=THE NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SECTORS}} There are about 2 million tractors and it has been suggested that electric tractors should be subsidized.{{Cite journal |title=A Literature Review on the Electric Tractors and Assessment of Using for Türkiye |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2425537|journal=Journal of Agricultural Machinery Science}} However, there is only one electric tractor manufacturer and they are not yet mass-produced.{{Cite web |title=Three electric tractor start-ups you need to know about – Agriculture News |url=https://www.autotrader.co.za/commercial/news-and-advice/agriculture-news/three-electric-tractor-start-ups-you-need-to-know-about/10957 |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=www.autotrader.co.za}} There is a General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) centre for research on soil borne pathogens.{{cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=Inauguration of the international soil-borne pathogens research & development center in Ankara, Turkey |url=https://www.cimmyt.org/news/inauguration-of-the-international-soil-borne-pathogens-research-development-center-in-ankara-turkey/ |website=International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center}}

{{As of|2022}} some gene editing of animal feed corn and feed soya has been allowed but not for human food.{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Turkey: Agricultural Biotechnology Annual |url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/turkey-agricultural-biotechnology-annual-5 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service |language=en}} Biostimulants have been suggested to increase drought resistance and food security, as has technology to use water more efficiently.{{Cite web |title=Climate Change Threatens Turkey's Role as a Food Supplier to Europe and the Middle East |url=https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/710-climate-change-threatens-turkey%E2%80%99s-role-as-a-food-supplier-to-europe-and-the-middle-east.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.turkeyanalyst.org |language=en}} No-till farming is being studied.{{Cite journal |last1=Altıkat |first1=Sefa |last2=Kuş |first2=Emrah |last3=Küçükerdem |first3=Hasan Kaan |last4=Gözübüyük |first4=Zinnur |date=27 December 2017 |title=The Applications of No-tillage in Turkey |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijent/issue/32841/369026 |journal=International Journal of Environmental Trends |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=54–63 |issn=2602-4160}} A 2023 study said that enforcement of pesticide rules was lax.{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Pesticide use in Türkiye at alarming level: Report |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pesticide-use-in-turkiye-at-alarming-level-report-186985 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}

Examples of good practice suggested by the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD) include reduced ploughing, low fertiliser use, mulching, and nitrogen inhibitors.{{Cite web |title=TÜSİAD'ın "Türkiye'de İklim Krizi ile Mücadelede Orman Ekosistemleri ve Yutak Alan Yönetimi" Raporu kamuoyu ile paylaşıldı |trans-title=TÜSİAD's "Forest Ecosystems and Sink Area Management in Combating the Climate Crisis in Turkey" Report was shared with the public |url=https://tusiad.org/tr/basin-bultenleri/item/11296-tusi-ad-in-turkiye-de-i-klim-krizi-ile-mucadelede-orman-ekosistemleri-ve-yutak-alan-yonetimi-raporu-kamuoyu-ile-paylasildi |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Turkish Industry and Business Association |language=tr-tr}}{{Rp|page=19}} Less ploughing saves fuel costs.{{Cite web |title=EVALUATION OF NO-TILLAGE AGRICULTURE WITHIN THE SCOPE OF FOOD AVAILABILITY FOR TÜRKİYE |url=https://agbiol.congress.gen.tr/files/site/17/files/AGRIBALKAN%202022%20FULL_%20PROCEEDING%20BOOK%20.pdf}}{{Rp|page=399}}

Agriculture is an important sector of Turkey's economy, and the country is one of the world's top ten agricultural producers. Over 50 billion dollars revenue a year is from agriculture, and farming provided 10% of exports in 2020 and 6.5% of GDP in 2022. Despite being a major food producer, Turkey is a net wheat importer, with much of it coming from Russia and Ukraine. Turkey is the EU's fourth largest non-EU vegetable supplier and the seventh largest fruit supplier. In 2023 Finance Minister Mehmet Şimşek said he would like to restart negotiations on the "low-hanging fruit" of extending the EU Customs Union Agreement to agricultural products, which had come to a halt in 2018;{{cite web |date=26 June 2018 |title=Enlargement and Stabilisation and Association Process: Council conclusions |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/35863/st10555-en18.pdf |work=Council of the European Union}} {{As of|2023|lc=y}} the agreement only applies to processed agricultural products.{{Cite web |last=Valero |first=Jorge |title=EU and Turkey Discuss Easing Trade Relations Amid Warmer Ties |url=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/eu-and-turkey-discuss-easing-trade-relations-amid-warmer-ties-1.1953757 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=BNN |date=2 August 2023 |language=en}} In 2021, Turkey received 65 percent of all imported wheat from Russia and more than 13 percent from Ukraine. Around 70% of imported wheat is reexported as pasta, bulgur and flour. Europe and the Middle East are large export markets and some food is processed before export. In 2020 the country receiving the most exports was Iraq,{{Cite web |title=Turkey Food Products Exports by country & region 2020|url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR/Year/2020/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/all/Product/16-24_FoodProd |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=wits.worldbank.org}} and that sending the most food to Turkey was Russia.{{Cite web |title=Turkey Food Products Imports by country 2020 {{!}} WITS Data |url=https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/Import/Partner/by-country/Product/16-24_FoodProd |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=wits.worldbank.org}} Turkey is the world's largest exporter of wheat flour, and some other countries' flour producers say it is dumping with unfair subsidies.{{Cite web|url=https://www.producer.com/markets/american-wheat-group-takes-turkey-to-task-over-dumping/|title=American wheat group takes Turkey to task over dumping|date=1 December 2022}} The EU intends to support rural development with €430 million during 2021–2027.{{Cite web |title=EU and Türkiye hold first high-level dialogue on agriculture |url=https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/eu-and-turkiye-hold-first-high-level-dialogue-agriculture-10857 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=EU Delegation to Türkiye |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226171348/https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/eu-and-turkiye-hold-first-high-level-dialogue-agriculture-10857 |url-status=dead }} Total factor productivity is estimated to have decreased by 2% annually on average from 2005 to 2016.{{Cite journal |last1=Şişman |first1=Zeynep |last2=Tekiner-Mogulkoc |first2=Hatice |date=9 October 2022 |title=Using malmquist TFP index for evaluating agricultural productivity: Agriculture of Türkiye NUTS2 regions |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sigma/issue/72968/1178895 |journal=Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences |language=en |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=513–528 |issn=1304-7191}} According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development "investment is needed to help farmers update production techniques, boost productivity and cope with climate change" in the uplands (most rural land is uplands). In 2023 food inflation was over 50%. In 2023 the EU complained that Turkey was restricting imports and said it should improve food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy.{{Cite web |title=Key findings of the 2023 Report on Türkiye {{!}} EEAS |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/t%C3%BCrkiye/key-findings-2023-report-t%C3%BCrkiye_en |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu}}

Although in April 2023 there were no import taxes on wheat, barley, maize, rye, oats, legumes and sorghum;{{cite web | url=https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=TUR | title=FAO GIEWS Country Brief on Türkiye – }} as of May 2023 there is a 130% import tariff on wheat, rye, oats, barley and corn. The TMO price of wheat was about 30% below the market price in 2023.{{Cite web|url=https://www.world-grain.com/articles/18995-focus-on-turkey|title=Focus on Turkey | World Grain|website=www.world-grain.com}} Gübretaş and Hektaş are large producers of fertiliser and other farm products. State enterprises market some products.{{Cite book |chapter= |url=https://doi.org/10.1787/7f4542bf-en |access-date=2023-04-12 |publisher=OECD |date=2022 |doi=10.1787/7f4542bf-en |isbn=9789264998681 |s2cid=264550308 |language=en |title=Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2022 }} The largest sugar company is the state-owned Türkşeker.{{Cite web |title=Sugar Annual Turkey |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Sugar%20Annual_Ankara_Turkey_TU2023-0014.pdf |website=USFDA}} Over a billion dollars of damage to agriculture infrastructure and storage was done by the 2023 earthquake.{{Cite web |title=Turkey-Syria earthquake sees $5.1bn wiped off food supply chains |url=https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2023/april/turkey-syria-earthquake-sees-51bn-wiped-off-food-supply-chains/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Supply Management}} The Agricultural Insurance Pool^(Turkish) is linked to the government. But import tariffs average over 40% so it would be hard to add agriculture to the EU customs union.{{cite web |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2018-12-12-eu-turkey-customs-union-hakura.pdf|website=chathamhouse.org|title= EU Turkey Customs Union|access-date=8 May 2023}} Some academics say that high food price inflation is due to macroeconomic instability.{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Türkiye'de gıda enflasyonu neden artıyor, nasıl düşürülebilir? |trans-title=Why is food inflation increasing in Turkey and how can it be reduced? |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/czdjd71yk0jo |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=BBC News Türkçe |language=tr}} Food price rises such as onion and potato prices can be politically sensitive. TÜSİAD say that Turkey needs a good climate change adaptation strategy to cope with effects such as drought. Input costs could be reduced by replacing some diesel use with solar power, but as of 2022 agrivoltaics is only allowed on agriculturally marginal land. and farmers say there is too much red tape. Problems include small farm sizes, rising import costs and natural resource depletion such as soil.{{Rp|page=4}} Nearly two-thirds of farms are smaller than 5 hectares, possibly due to divisions on inheritance.{{Cite web|url=https://www.climatescorecard.org/2023/09/97-of-turkish-farmers-reported-diminishing-harvests-and-yields-due-to-climate-change-related-impacts/|title=97% of Turkish Farmers Reported Diminishing Harvests and Yields Due to Climate Change-Related Impacts|first=Semih|last=Ergur|date=30 September 2023}}

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There are just under half a million farmers {{as of|lc=y|2022}}, 16% of the workforce. {{As of|2022|post=,}} agricultural statistics need improvement according to the EU.{{Cite report |title=Türkiye 2022 Report |url=https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/turkiye-2022-report-10910 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=EU Delegation to Türkiye |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113174042/https://www.avrupa.info.tr/en/news/turkiye-2022-report-10910 |url-status=dead }} In 2022 there were over 2 million people on the Agriculture Ministry's Farmer Registration System,{{Cite web |title=Çiftçi sayısı en fazla il: Ordu |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/ciftci-sayisi-en-fazla-il-ordu-680105.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.trthaber.com |date=14 May 2022 |language=tr}} but only half a million were farmers{{Cite web |title=Çiftçi sayısı son yılların en düşük seviyesine gerileyerek 500 binin altına düştü |url=https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/haberler/s/10443 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=TEPAV |language=tr-tr}} and known to the Social Security Institution.{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=Türkiye'de çiftçi sayısı son 5 yılda yüzde 28 azaldı |url=https://tr.euronews.com/2021/12/09/turkiye-de-ciftci-say-s-son-5-y-lda-yuzde-26-10-y-lda-yuzde-53-azald |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=euronews |language=tr}} Many farms are small,{{Cite journal |last=Türker |first=Metin |title=A research on agricultural land market in Turkey |journal=Ciência Rural |year=2022 |language=en |volume=52 |issue=12 |doi=10.1590/0103-8478cr20210491 |issn=0103-8478|doi-access=free }} mostly single person or family farms,{{Cite web|url=https://assets.ctfassets.net/pn8wbiqtnzw9/2heutbXmgSDxQW1Z3CcOOm/7bfdf99f5d5573faacbbb165f5d460ba/MR_Agriculture_in_T_rkiye_0623.pdf|title=AGRICULTURE IN TÜRKİYE}} with many women working informally.{{Cite book |title=Is the Globalization of Agriculture changing the role of Women? Cases of Turkey and Spain |date=2022 |url=https://avesis.anadolu.edu.tr/yayin/b2b3fe39-9d16-45b6-bf24-db26001566d5/is-the-globalization-of-agriculture-changing-the-role-of-women-cases-of-turkey-and-spain |last1=Karal Önder |first1=Zeynep |last2=Dudu |first2=Selda |last3=Rojo |first3=Teresa |last4=Coq Huelva |first4=Daniel }} It has been claimed that with the influx of Syrian refugees seasonal agricultural work became more precarious, especially for women and children.{{Cite book |last=Dedeoğlu |first=Saniye |title=Syrian Refugees and Agriculture in Turkey |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/syrian-refugees-and-agriculture-in-turkey-9780755634491/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |publisher=Bloomsbury |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last1=Aksu |first1=Ege |last2=Erzan |first2=Refik |last3=Kırdar |first3=Murat Güray |date=1 June 2022 |title=The impact of mass migration of Syrians on the Turkish labor market |url=http://eaf.ku.edu.tr/sites/eaf.ku.edu.tr/files/erf_wp_1815.pdf |journal=Labour Economics |language=en |volume=76 |pages=102183 |doi=10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102183 |s2cid=159259610 |issn=0927-5371|url-access= }} Kurdish seasonal workers are also poor.{{Cite journal |last=Pelek |first=Deniz |date=2 January 2022 |title=Ethnic residential segregation among seasonal migrant workers: from temporary tents to new rural ghettos in southern Turkey |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2020.1767077 |journal=The Journal of Peasant Studies |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=54–77 |doi=10.1080/03066150.2020.1767077 |s2cid=225580327 |issn=0306-6150|url-access=subscription }} The International Labour Organization is helping to stop child labour.{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labour in Seasonal Agriculture in Hazelnut Harvesting in Turkey – Annual Bulletin 2022 |url=http://www.ilo.org/ankara/publications/WCMS_864880/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.ilo.org |language=en}} The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has various projects, prioritising "Food and Nutrition Security and Food Safety", "Sustainable use of natural resources and raising awareness on climate change impacts" and "Institutional Capacity of Public and Private Sectors".{{Cite web |title=FAO in Türkiye |url=https://www.fao.org/turkiye/en/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.fao.org}}

The 2024 agricultural support budget was €2.7 billion. In 2019–21 about 20% of gross farm income was government support, mostly market price support, particularly for potatoes, wheat, sunflower seed and beef. Diesel and fertilizer payments were made, which may make the goal of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2053 more difficult. According to environmental group Doğa the subsidies for water intensive crops such as corn and sugar beet endanger wetlands in Turkey.{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Bakan Yumaklı, şeker pancarı alım fiyatını açıkladı |trans-title=Minister Yumaklı announced the purchase price of sugar beet |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/ekonomi/bakan-yumakli-seker-pancari-alim-fiyatini-acikladi-800894.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.trthaber.com |language=tr |quote=Tarım ve Orman Bakarı İbrahim Yumaklı ….. şeker pancarı alım fiyatının ton başına …. bin 855 lira olduğunu bildirdi. |trans-quote=Minister of Agriculture and Forestry İbrahim Yumaklı stated that the purchase price of sugar beet ….. is 1,855 lira,}}{{Cite news |last=Tridimas |first=Beatrice |date=25 September 2023 |title=Turkey's fishermen fight to save wetlands as water scarcity bites |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/feature-turkeys-fishermen-fight-to-save-wetlands-as-water-scarcity-bites-idUSL8N3AR3MX/ |access-date=2023-11-24 }}

Farmers are not allowed to export wheat.{{Cite web |last1=Bland |first1=William |last2=Bobylov |first2=Alexandre |date=25 May 2022 |title=Turkey's wheat farmers await state price amid criticism of higher-priced imports |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/052522-turkeys-wheat-farmers-await-state-price-amid-criticism-of-higher-priced-imports |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en}} Despite subsidies farmers' fuel and fertilizer costs increased a lot in 21/22 due to international price rises and the fall in the lira. The state's Grain Board (TMO)^(Turkish) sometimes pays more for foreign than Turkish wheat, and farmers complain that foreign wheat is sold at a discount: this is done so bread is cheaper, as Turks eat so much bread. A TMO objective is to stabilize grain prices. Cotton growing{{Cite journal |last1=Çullu |first1=Mehmet Ali |last2=Teke |first2=Mustafa |last3=Aydoğdu |first3=Mustafa Hakkı |last4=Günal |first4=Hikmet |date=1 September 2022 |title=Effects of subsidy and regulation policy on soil and water resources of cotton planted lands in Harran Plain, Turkey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837722003155 |journal=Land Use Policy |language=en |volume=120 |pages=106288 |doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106288 |bibcode=2022LUPol.12006288C |issn=0264-8377 |s2cid=251031944|url-access=subscription }} and oilseeds are subsidized. There is some support for organic farming.{{Cite web |title=Organic Farming Projects |url=https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Organic-Farming/Organic-Farming-Projects |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.tarimorman.gov.tr}} Some farmers say their debt is due to not enough state support.{{Cite web |title=Turkish farmers worse off than EU counterparts |url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkish-farmers-worse-off-than-eu-counterparts/a-68481800 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=dw.com |language=en}}

Although a healthy amount of sugar is less than 50g a day for an adult{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2021 |title=Turkiye_Seker_Tuketimini_Kullanimini_Azaltma_Rehber |url=https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/saglikli-beslenme-ve-hareketli-hayat-db/Dokumanlar/Rehberler/Turkiye_Seker_Tuketimini_Kullanimini_Azaltma_Rehber_04_10_2021_1.pdf |access-date=October 5, 2024 |website=hsgm.saglik.gov.tr}} the sugar production quota for market year 23/24 was 3 million tonnes,{{cite web | url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/turkiye-sugar-annual | title=Turkiye: Sugar Annual | USDA Foreign Agricultural Service | date=23 April 2024 }} thus for the population of 85 million about twice as much sugar is produced than is healthy.

{{notelist}}

{{reflist|group=Note}}

• [https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/ABDGM/Belgeler/Uluslararas%C4%B1%20Kurulu%C5%9Flar/NATIONAL%20PATHWAY%20OF%20TURKEY_29%20Kas%C4%B1m.pdf Towards sustainable food systems], Turkish government strategy for the agriculture sector
• [https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Tarim-111 TÜİK – Veri Portalı] Turkstat agriculture statistics
• {{Cite journal |title=Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry|publisher=TÜBİTAK|url=https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=journals.tubitak.gov.tr}}

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Category:Agriculture in Turkey