demographics of Canada

{{Expand section|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Population density per province by Canada gradient map (2021).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Population density of Canadian provinces and territories

{{legend|#034e7b|>25 people/km²}}

{{legend|#0570b0|15–24.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#3690c0|10–14.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#74a9cf|5–9.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#a6bddb|1–4.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#d0d1e6|<1 people/km²}}]]

{{Main|Population of Canada}}

The 2021 Canadian census had a total population count of 36,991,981 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.{{cite web |title=Environment — Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person) |url=http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64 |publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada |year=2010 |access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227221908/http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64 |archive-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=dead}} A population estimate for 2024 put the total number of people in Canada at 41,012,563.{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2018-06-27 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}{{citation |title=The World FactBook – Canada |date=2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook}}

{{Main|Population of Canada by province and territory}}

{{Excerpt|Population of Canada by province and territory|Population at last census|this=This table is}}

The vast majority of Canadians are positioned in a discontinuous band within approximately 300 km of the southern border with the United States; the most populated province is Ontario, followed by Quebec and British Columbia.{{cite web| url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&SR=1&S=3&O=D | title= Population data 2011 Census| author= Statistics Canada | author-link= Statistics Canada| year= 2011| access-date= 2012-05-16}}{{cite web | url= http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/phys01.htm?sdi=area | title= Land and freshwater area, by province and territory (2005) | author= Statistics Canada | author-link= Statistics Canada | year= 2005 | access-date= 2007-07-22 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070708110654/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/phys01.htm?sdi=area | archive-date= 2007-07-08 }}{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2022 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |archive-date=2022-02-09 }}

{{main|List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population}}

{{Largest cities

| country = Canada

| stat_ref = 2021 Census{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E|title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2021 and 2016 censuses|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=9 February 2022|access-date=2022-02-09}}

| list_by_pop = List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population

| div_name = Province

| city_1 = Toronto | div_1 = Ontario | pop_1 = 2,794,356

| city_2 = Montreal | div_2 = Quebec | pop_2 = 1,762,949

| city_3 = Calgary | div_3 = Alberta | pop_3 = 1,306,784

| city_4 = Ottawa | div_4 = Ontario | pop_4 = 1,017,449

| city_5 = Edmonton | div_5 = Alberta | pop_5 = 1,010,899

| city_6 = Winnipeg | div_6 = Manitoba| pop_6 = 749,607

| city_7 = Mississauga | div_7 = Ontario | pop_7 = 717,961

| city_8 = Vancouver | div_8 = British Columbia | pop_8 = 662,248

| city_9 = Brampton | div_9 = Ontario | pop_9 = 656,480

| city_10 = Hamilton, Ontario{{!}}Hamilton | div_10 = Ontario | pop_10 = 569,353

| city_11 = Surrey, British Columbia{{!}}Surrey | div_11 = British Columbia | pop_11 = 568,322

| city_12 = Quebec City | div_12 = Quebec | pop_12 = 549,459

| city_13 = Halifax, Nova Scotia{{!}}Halifax | div_13 = Nova Scotia | pop_13 = 439,819

| city_14 = Laval, Quebec{{!}}Laval | div_14 = Quebec | pop_14 = 438,366

| city_15 = London, Ontario{{!}}London | div_15 = Ontario | pop_15 = 422,324

| city_16 = Markham, Ontario{{!}}Markham | div_16 = Ontario | pop_16 = 338,503

| city_17 = Vaughan | div_17 = Ontario | pop_17 = 323,103

| city_18 = Gatineau | div_18 = Quebec | pop_18 = 291,041

| city_19 = Saskatoon | div_19 = Saskatchewan | pop_19 = 266,141

| city_20 = Kitchener, Ontario{{!}}Kitchener | div_20 = Ontario | pop_20 = 256,885

}}

{{main|List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada}}

{{Largest Metropolitan Areas of Canada}}{{Clear}}

File:Total Fertility Rate of Canada from 1861 to 2016.svg

The total fertility rate is the number of children born in a specific year cohort to the total number of women who can give birth in the country.

In 1971, the birth rate for the first time dipped below replacement{{citation |author=Jacques Henripin |title=Trends and Factors of Fertility in Canada |date=1972 |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/CS99-541-1972-eng.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/CS99-541-1972-eng.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |pages=30, 33 |location=Ottawa |publisher=Statistics Canada}}{{citation |title=Fertility: Fewer children, older moms |date=July 17, 2018 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2014002-eng.htm#a1 |website=Statistics Canada}} and since then has not rebounded.

Canada's fertility rate hit a record low of 1.4 children born per woman in 2020,{{cite web|url=https://www.cicnews.com/2023/02/why-birth-rates-are-low-in-canada-and-much-of-the-western-world-0232764.html#gs.qhxuy9|title=Why birth rates are low in Canada and much of the Western world|author=Vimal Sivakumar|date=8 February 2023|website=CIC News}} below the population replacement level, which stands at 2.1 births per woman. In 2020, Canada also experienced the country's lowest number of births in 15 years, also seeing the largest annual drop in childbirths (−3.6%) in a quarter of a century. The total birth rate is 10.17 births/1,000 population in 2022.

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Canada is among late-childbearing countries, with the average age of mothers at the first birth being 31.3 years in 2020.{{cite web|url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/960-fewer-babies-born-canadas-fertility-rate-hits-record-low-2020|title=Fewer babies born as Canada's fertility rate hits a record low in 2020|date=May 16, 2022|website=Statistics Canada}}

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{{Historical populations

|title=Historical population (since Confederation)

|align=centre

|1871|3689257

|1881|4324810

|1891|4833239

|1901|5371315

|1911|7206643

|1921|8787949

|1931|10374196

|1941|11506655

|1951|14009429

|1956|16080791

|1961|18238247

|1971|21568311

|1976|22992604

|1981|24343181

|1986|25309331

|1991|27296859

|1996|28846761

|2001|30007094

|2006|31612897

|2011|33476688

|2016|35151728

|2021|36991981

}}{{Clear}}

File:Can Provinces by Population Growth Rate.svg by population growth rate (2016–2021).{{legend|#f1ff69|< 4.0%}}{{legend|#dcc700| 4.0%–7.0%}}{{legend|#c29c00| 7.0%–10.0%}}{{legend|#a08100|> 10.0%}}{{legend|#ff8080ff|population decline}}]]

According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, for the same period the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.[http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012151137/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS |date=2009-10-12 }} Population 1971–2008 ([http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106205757/http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf |date=2012-01-06 }} pages 83–85) IEA (OECD/ World Bank) original population ref e.g. in IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2010 page 57 {{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925100340/http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS |archive-date=September 25, 2015 |access-date=2011-06-18 }} However, over the same period, the population of France grew by 8.0%. And from 1991 to 2011, the population of the UK increased by 10.0%.

The current population growth rate for Canada in 2022 was 0.75%.

Life expectancy in Canada has consistently risen since the country's formation.

File:Life expectancy in Canada.svg in Canada since 1831]]

File:Life expectancy by WBG -Canada -diff.png

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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

:total: 16 years

:male: 16 years

:female: 17 years (2016)

Infant mortality rate

:total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 180th

:male: 4.8 deaths/1,000 live births

:female: 4.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

File:Population pyramid of Canada overtime from 1950 to 2020.gif

{{Main|Aging in Canada}}

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 10.V.2016) (To ensure confidentiality, the values, including totals are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of '5' or '10.' As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the individual values since totals and sub-totals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100%.):{{cite web | url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2021/ | title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics }}

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Age structure

:0–14 years: 15.99% (male 3,094,008/female 2,931,953)

:15–24 years: 11.14% (male 2,167,013/female 2,032,064)

:25–54 years: 39.81% (male 7,527,554/female 7,478,737)

:55–64 years: 14.08% (male 2,624,474/female 2,682,858)

:65 years and over: 18.98% (male 3,274,298/female 3,881,126) (2020 est.)

Median age

:total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 40th

:male: 40.6 years

:female: 42.9 years (2020 est.)

:Median age in 2011

:total: 40.6 years

:male: 39.6 years

:female: 41.5 years (2011)

:

:Median age by province and territory in 2011{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |author-link=Statistics Canada |year=2011 |title=Population by broad age groups and sex, including median age, 1921 to 2011 for both sex (2011 Census) |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/as-sa/Pages/highlight.cfm?TabID=1&Lang=E&PRCode=13&Asc=0&OrderBy=1&Sex=1&View=1&tableID=22 |access-date=2012-05-29}}

:# Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0

:# Nova Scotia: 43.7

:# New Brunswick: 43.7

:# Prince Edward Island: 42.8

:# Quebec: 41.9

:# British Columbia: 41.9

:# Ontario: 40.4

:# Yukon: 39.1

:# Manitoba: 38.4

:# Saskatchewan: 38.2

:# Alberta: 36.5

:# Northwest Territories: 32.3

:# Nunavut: 24.1

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0–14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15–24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25–54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

55–64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2022 est).

Dependency ratios

:total dependency ratio: 47.3

:youth dependency ratio: 23.5

:elderly dependency ratio: 23.8

:potential support ratio: 4.2 (2015 est.)

Source: Statistics CanadaB.R. Mitchell. International historical statistics: the Americas, 1750–2000.[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001] United nations. Demographic Yearbooks{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=February 1, 1995 |title=Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/start |website=www.statcan.gc.ca}}[https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.1&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=1971&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2023&referencePeriods=19710101%2C20230101 Population estimates on July 1, by age and gender, Statistics Canada, visited 18 August 2024 ]

{{cite web |title=Estimates of the components of natural increase, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710005901 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=Statistics Canada| date=3 March 2025 }}{{sticky header}}

Note: all numbers in this table are provisional. While data for at least two years ago may be final, newer data for recent days are subject to change in the future. For example, as of September 25, 2024, The numbers are final up to December 2021, updated from January 2022 to March 2024 and preliminary from April 2024.

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

:total: 20.2%

:male: 20.9%

:female: 19.4% (2020 est.)

{{main| Ethnic origins of people in Canada}}

All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire.{{cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=Simon |first2=Victor |last2=Piché |title=Accounting for Ethnic and Racial Diversity: The Challenge of Enumeration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6t7p-xxFhnwC&pg=PT48 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-98108-4 |pages=48–49}} The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify directly with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage, intermarriage with variety of ethnic groups, and loss of ancestral language.{{Cite book |last1=Bezanson |first1=Kate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWO_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Rethinking Society in the 21st Century |last2=Webber |first2=Michelle |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-55130-936-1 |edition=4th |pages=455–456}}{{Cite book |last1=Edmonston |first1=Barry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVYOgvFPvBEC&pg=PA294 |title=The Changing Canadian Population |last2=Fong |first2=Eric |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7735-3793-4 |pages=294–296}}

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{{Main|Ethnic origins of people in Canada}}

File:Canada demographics over time.gif

File:Visible minorities over time in Canada including projections.svg

File:Visible minorities population pyramid 2016.svg

According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians. The major panethnic groups chosen were; European ({{Percentage | 19062115 | 36328475 | 1 }}), North American ({{Percentage | 8329945 | 36328475 | 1 }}), Asian ({{Percentage | 7013835 | 36328475 | 1 }}), North American Indigenous ({{Percentage | 2204475 | 36328475 | 1 }}), African ({{Percentage | 1394170 | 36328475 | 1 }}), Latin, Central and South American ({{Percentage | 900495 | 36328475 | 1 }}), Caribbean ({{Percentage | 774515 | 36328475 | 1 }}), Oceanian ({{Percentage | 105010 | 36328475 | 1 }}), and Other ({{Percentage | 2163380 | 36328475 | 1 }}).{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}} Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%.{{efn| name=ethnic|1=The 2021 census on ethnic or cultural origins, Statistics Canada states: "Given the fluid nature of this concept and the changes made to this question, 2021 Census data on ethnic or cultural origins are not comparable to data from previous censuses and should not be used to measure the growth or decline of the various groups associated with these origins".}}

The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian{{efn|name=Canadian|1=All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestral origin or descent. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones) and no longer self-identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude of reasons such as generational distance from ancestral lineage."{{cite web|title=Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'|url=http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf|author=Jack Jedwab|publisher=Association for Canadian Studies|date=April 2008|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002032711/http://www.acs-aec.ca/pdf/polls/12154527016855.pdf|archive-date=October 2, 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|author=Don Kerr|title=The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313|year=2007|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-322-2|pages=313–317}}}} (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Indian (5.1 percent),{{efn|name=Indo-Canadian| Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670)".{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total – Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}}}

Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent).{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Total – Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households – 25% sample data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}

Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 24.5 million reported being "White", representing 67.4 percent of the population. The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.{{cite web | title=The Daily — Indigenous population continues to grow and is much younger than the non-Indigenous population, although the pace of growth has slowed | website=Statistics Canada | date=2022-09-21 | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220921/dq220921a-eng.htm | access-date=2022-10-29}} One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority,{{efn|Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. Visible minorities are defined by Statistics Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-White in colour".{{cite web |date=July 25, 2008 |title=Classification of visible minority |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714060402/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/concepts/definitions/minority01-minorite01a-eng.htm |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=September 18, 2009}}}} the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent).{{cite web | title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity | website=Statistics Canada | date=2022-10-26 | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm | access-date=2022-10-29}}

As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada| author=Statistics Canada| date= 2023 | type=table | title=Ethnic or cultural origin |series= Census Profile | work= 2021 Census of Population | id= Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001|place=Ottawa}}

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The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows in 2006{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/sel_geo.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Table=2|title=Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=April 2, 2008|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}} (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

• Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
• New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
• Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
• Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
• Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
• Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
• Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
• Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
• Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
• British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
• Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
• Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
• Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Italics indicates either that this response is dominant within this province, or that this province has the highest ratio (percentage) of this response among provinces.

File:Largest Panethnic Groups in Canada, 2021 Census.jpg

{{Main|Visible minority}}

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|| Visible minority, {{abbr|n.i.e.|Not included elsewhere. (According to Statistics Canada, this "includes respondents who reported a write-in response such as 'Guyanese,' 'West Indian,' 'Tibetan,' 'Polynesian,' 'Pacific Islander,' etc.")}} ||align=center| {{nts|}} ||align=center| {{nts|}} ||align=center| {{nts|}} ||align=center| {{nts|}} ||align=center| {{nts|5440}} ||align=center| {{percentage|5440|26994040|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|69745}} ||align=center| {{percentage|69745|28528125|1}}

|- class="sortbottom"

|| Other ||align=center| {{nts|8530}} ||align=center| {{percentage|8530|24083495|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|8660}} ||align=center| {{percentage|8660|25022010|1}} ||align=center| {{nts}} ||align=center| ||align=center| {{nts}} ||align=center|

|- class="sortbottom"

! Not a visible minority ||align=center| {{nts|22951670}} ||align=center| {{percentage|22951670|24083495|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|23444300}} ||align=center| {{percentage|23444300|25022010|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|24468560}} ||align=center| {{percentage|24468560|26994040|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|25330645}} ||align=center| {{percentage|25330645|28528125|1}}

|- class="sortbottom"

|| Indigenous
(see breakdown below) ||align=center| {{nts|491465}} ||align=center| {{percentage|491465|24083495|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|711725}} ||align=center| {{percentage|711725|25022010|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|1016340}} ||align=center| {{percentage|1016340|26994040|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|799005}} ||align=center| {{percentage|799005|28528125|1}}

|- class="sortbottom"

|| Non-Indigenous &
Non-Visible Minority
(European/White){{refn|1981–2016 censuses and future projections: Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.

2021 census: Statistic includes all persons belonging to the "White" population group.|name="euro"}} ||align=center| {{nts|22460205}} ||align=center| {{percentage|22460205|24083495|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|22732575}} ||align=center| {{percentage|22732575|25022010|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|23452220}} ||align=center| {{percentage|23452220|26994040|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|24531640}} ||align=center| {{percentage|24531640|28528125|1}}

|- class="sortbottom"

! Total population in
private households ||align=center| {{nts|24083495}} ||align=center| {{percentage|24083495|24083495|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|25022010}} ||align=center| {{percentage|25022010|25022010|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|26994040}} ||align=center| {{percentage|26994040|26994040|1}} ||align=center| {{nts|28528125}} ||align=center| {{percentage|28528125|28528125|1}}

|}

Note: Indigenous population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".{{Cite journal |title=11.3 Natives by the Numbers |url=https://opentextbc.ca/postconfederation/chapter/11-3-natives-by-the-numbers/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.opentextbc.ca|date=17 May 2016 |last1=Belshaw |first1=John Douglas }}

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Note: Other Indigenous and mixed Indigenous groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Indigenous

Statistics Canada projects that visible minorities will make up between 38.2% and 43.0% of the total Canadian population by 2041, compared with 26.5% in 2021.{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}} Among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities are projected to represent between 42.1% and 47.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 28.5% in 2021.

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{{Main|Languages of Canada}}

{{bar box

|title=Top ten spoken languages in Canada
2021 census{{efn|The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. The following figures are from the 2021 Canadian Census.}}

|titlebar=#ddd

|left1=Language

|right1=Percent

|float=right

|bars=

{{bar percent|English|gray|87.06}}

{{bar percent|French|gray|29.08}}

{{bar percent|Chinese{{efn|name=chinese|2021 census: Combined responses of the Chinese languages, including Mandarin (987,300), Cantonese (724,925), Min Nan, Hakka, Wu (Shanghainese), Min Dong, Chinese, n.o.s.,{{refn|group="nb"|name=nos|n.o.s. – not otherwise specified}} and Chinese languages, n.i.e.{{refn|group="nb"|name=nie|n.i.e. – not included elsewhere}}}}|gray|4.21}}

{{bar percent|Hindustani{{efn|name=hindustani|2021 census: Combined responses of Hindi (761,425) and Urdu (414,870) as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language.}}|gray|3.24}}

{{bar percent|Spanish|gray|3.22}}

{{bar percent|Punjabi|gray|2.59}}

{{bar percent|Arabic|gray|2.31}}

{{bar percent|Tagalog|gray|2.03}}

{{bar percent|Italian|gray|1.51}}

{{bar percent|German|gray|1.15}}

}}

The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses, and first appeared on the 1991 Canadian census.{{efn|The 1991 Census was the first to ask Canadians whether they could conduct a conversation in a language other than English or French{{rp|50}}}} The following figures are from the 1991 Canadian census, 2001 Canadian census, 2011 Canadian census, and the 2021 Canadian census.

{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{bar box

|title=Languages in Canada (Mother Tongue)
2016 Census

|titlebar=#ddd

|left1=Language

|right1=Percent

|float=right

|bars=

{{bar percent|English|red|55.97}}

{{bar percent|Non-official|gray|21.06}}

{{bar percent|French|blue|20.61}}

{{bar percent|English and French|purple|0.48}}

}}

{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{main|Immigration to Canada|Canada immigration statistics}}

According to the 2021 Canadian census, immigrants in Canada number 8.3 million persons and make up approximately 23 percent of Canada's total population. This represents the eighth-largest immigrant population in the world, while the proportion represents one of the highest ratios for industrialized Western countries.Pison, Gilles. 2019 February. "[https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/28889/563.international.comparison.immigrants.2019.en.pdf The number and proportion of immigrants in the population: International comparisons]." Population & Societies 563. France: Institut National D'études Démographiques.

Immigrants from specific countries are divided into several ethnic groups. For example, there are both Punjabis and Muhajirs from Pakistan, both Turks and Kurds from Turkey and both Sinhalese and Tamil from Sri Lanka. Immigrants from Iran are divided into Mazandaranians, Azeris, Persians, Kurds, Gilaks and Lurs.{{cite web | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/en/start | title=Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency }}

Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports have detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population,{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=17 May 2018 |title= 150 years of immigration in Canada |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2016006-eng.htm |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |year=2013 |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm |title=Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present |access-date=2022-11-12}} while the greatest number of foreign-born individuals admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2021, with 405,330 new immigrants accounting for 1.1 percent of the total population.

Statistics Canada projects that immigrants will represent between 29.1% and 34.0% of Canada's population in 2041, compared with 23.0% in 2021,{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}} while the Canadian population with at least one foreign born parent (first and second generation persons) could rise to between 49.8% and 54.3%, up from 44.0% in 2021.{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-09-08 |title=Canada in 2041: A larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220908/dq220908a-eng.htm |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-09-08 |title=Projected population by racialized group, generation status and other selected characteristics (x 1,000) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710014601 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}

{{cite web |title=Immigration and Emigration Data | date=27 June 2018 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710001601 |publisher=Statistics Canada |accessdate=2024-06-06}}

{{See also|Religion in Canada}}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Religion in Canada

|label1= Christianity

|value1 = 53.3

|color1 = Blue

|label2 = No Religion

|value2 = 34.6

|color2 = beige

|label3 = Islam

|value3 = 4.9

|color3 = Green

|label4 = Hinduism

|value4 = 2.3

|color4 = #FF671F

|label5 = Sikhism

|value5 = 2.1

|color5 = Orange

|label6 = Buddhism

|value6 = 1.0

|color6 = gold

|label7 = Judaism

|value7 = 0.9

|color7 = #0038b8

|label8 = Others

|value8 = 0.8

|color8 = Pink

}}

In 2021, 53.3% of Canadians were Christians,{{cite web |title=Profile Table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population- Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |website=Statistics Canada | date=9 February 2022 |access-date=24 December 2022}} down from 67.3% in 2011.{{cite web |title=NHS Profile, Canada, 2011 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |website=Statistics Canada | date=8 May 2013 |access-date=24 December 2022}} 29.9% were Catholic while 11.4% were Protestant (all other listed denominations excluding Christian Orthodox, Latter Day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses). 7.6% were Christian not otherwise specified, 2.1% were "other Christian and Christian-related traditions", 1.7% were Christian Orthodox, 0.4% were Jehovah's Witnesses and 0.2% were Latter Day Saints adherents.

34.6% of Canadians were non-religious or secular, up from 23.9% in 2011. Of the non-Christian religions listed, 4.9% of Canadians were Muslim (3.2% in 2011), 2.3% were Hindu (1.5% in 2011), 2.1% were Sikh (1.4% in 2011), 1.0% were Buddhist (1.1% in 2011), 0.9% were Jewish (1.0% in 2011), 0.2% were believers of traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality (same as 2011), and 0.6% were believers of other religions and spiritual traditions (0.4% in 2011).

File:Canadian religious affiliation in 2021.png

{{portal|border=no|Canada}}

• Demographics of North America
• 1666 census of New France
• 2016 Canadian census
• 2021 Canadian census
• List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes
• Interprovincial migration in Canada
• Canada immigration statistics
• Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal
• Canadian Studies in Population academic journal

{{clear right}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{see also|Bibliography of Canada}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book

|first =J. M | last =Bumsted

|title =Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook

|publisher =Library of Congress ( ABC-CLIO)

|year =2003

|isbn =978-1-57607-672-9

|url =https://archive.org/details/canadasdiversepe0000bums

|url-access =registration |quote =The people of Canada. }}

• {{cite book

|first = Paul R| last = Magocsi

|title =Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples

|publisher =Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press

|year =1999

|isbn =978-0-8020-2938-6

|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&q=Territorial%20evolution%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1

}}

• {{cite book

|first =Madeline | last =Richard

|title =Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971

|publisher = University of British Columbia Press

|year =1992

|isbn =978-0-7748-0431-8

|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=y00ho38YLGMC&q=Ethnic%20origins%20of%20people%20in%20Canada&pg=PP1

}}

• {{cite book|last=Thornton|first=Russell|title=A population history of North America|editor=Michael R. Haines, Richard Hall Steckel|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&q=A%20population%20history%20of%20North%20America&pg=PA13|isbn=0-521-49666-7}}
• {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Donna M|author2=Northcott, Herbert C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PP1|title=Dying and Death in Canada|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|year=2008|isbn=978-1-55111-873-4}}
• Roderic Beaujot and Don Kerr, (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&dq=The%20Changing%20Face%20of%20Canada%3A%20Essential%20Readings%20in%20Population&pg=PP1 The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population], Canadian Scholars' Press, {{ISBN|978-1-55130-322-2}}.

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Demographics of Canada}}

• [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-402-x/11-402-x2010000-eng.htm Canada Year Book (2010)] – Statistics Canada
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20101202045341/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo23a-eng.htm Population estimates and projections, 2010 – 2036] – Statistics Canada
• [https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm Canada's population clock]

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