list of caliphs

{{Main|Rashidun|Rashidun Caliphate}}

{{Main|Umayyad Caliphate}}

{{Main|Abbasid Caliphate}}

During the later period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Amir al-umara and Sultan.

{{Main|Fatimid Caliphate}}

{{Main|Mamluk Sultanate}}

The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate that existed after the takeover of the Ayyubid dynasty.Bosworth 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA7 p. 7]Houtsma & Wensinck 1993, [https://books.google.com/books?id=s5tMi-uGlfwC&pg=PA3 p. 3]

{{Main|Ottoman Caliphate}}

The head of the Ottoman dynasty was just entitled Sultan originally, but soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.Lane-Poole 2004, [https://archive.org/stream/mohammedandynas00lanegoog#page/n254/mode/1up p. 195]Bosworth 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA239 pp. 239–240] Murad I (reigned 1362–1389) was the first Ottoman claimant to the title of Caliph; claimed the title after conquering Edirne.{{cite book |last1=Lambton |first1=Ann |author-link1=Ann Lambton |last2=Lewis |first2=Bernard |author-link2=Bernard Lewis |title=The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C |page=320 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780521223102|access-date=14 March 2015}}

The Office of the Ottoman Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey by its President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

After the abolition of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islamic religious authority in the country.

{{Main|Hasan ibn Ali}}

After Ali was killed, the governor of Syria Mu'awiya led his army toward Kufa, where Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali had been nominated as Ali's successor.{{sfn|Donner|2012|p=166}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=317}} Mu'awiya successfully bribed Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, the commander of Hasan's vanguard, to desert his post, and sent envoys to negotiate with Hasan.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=320, 322}} In return for a financial settlement, Hasan abdicated and Mu'awiya entered Kufa in July or September 661 and was recognized as caliph. This year is considered by a number of the early Muslim sources as 'the year of unity' and is generally regarded as the start of Mu'awiya's caliphate.{{sfn|Hinds|1993|p=265}}{{sfn|Marsham|2013|p=93}} Hasan abdicated as caliph after ruling for six or seven months.

{{Main|Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr}}

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakar and a nephew of Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, led an uprising against the Umayyad Caliphate in 684 AD. He was proclaimed caliph in Mecca. He ruled Mecca and Medina, the most important places in Islam, for about eight years; outlasting three Ummayad rulers: Yazid ibn Muawiyah, Muawiyah ibn Yazid, and Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. Islamic scholars consider him to be the rightful caliph instead of Marwan ibn Al-Hakam. He was eventually defeated and killed in Mecca in 692 AD after a six-month siege by general Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&dq=sack+of+mecca&pg=PA647 Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O] edited by Tony Jacques

{{Main|Talib al-Haqq}}

{{Main|Caliphate of Córdoba}}(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Maghreb)Lane-Poole 2004, [https://archive.org/stream/mohammedandynas00lanegoog#page/n57/mode/1up p. 21]Bosworth 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA11 p. 11]

{{Main|Almohad Empire}}

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa and Iberia)Lane-Poole 2004, [https://archive.org/stream/mohammedandynas00lanegoog#page/n85/mode/1up p. 47]Bosworth 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA39 p. 39]

File:Almohads1200.png

• Abd al-Mu'min 1130–1163
• Abu Ya'qub Yusuf I 1163–1184
• Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 'al-Mansur' 1184–1199
• Muhammad al-Nasir 1199–1213
• Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II 'al-Mustansir' 1213–1224
• Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu' 1224
• Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
• Yahya 'al-Mutasim' 1227–1229
• Abu al-Ala Idris I al-Ma'mun, 1229–1232
• Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid' 1232–1242
• Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said' 1242–1248
• Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada', 1248–1266
• Abu al-Ula (Abu Dabbus) Idris II 'al-Wathiq' 1266–1269

{{chart top|width=100%|Almohad family tree}}

{{tree chart/start|summary=family tree of the Almohad dynasty.}}

{{tree chart | | | | | | |AK| | | | | | | | | | | | | AK=Ali al-Kumi}}

{{tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}

{{tree chart | | | | | | |AC| | | | | | | | | | | | |AC= Abd al-Mu'min
(1) |boxstyle_AC=background-color: #afa; }}

{{tree chart | |,|-|-|v|-|-|+|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|.| }}

{{tree chart |B1|AC|B3|B4|B5|B6|B7|B8|B9|B10|B11|B12|B13|B14|B15

|B1 = Muhammad

|AC = Abu Yaqub Yusuf I
(2)

|B3 = Abu al-Hassan Ali

|B4 = Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman

|B5 = Abu Zakariya Abd al-Rahman

|B6 = Abu Abd al-Rahman Yaqub

|B7 = Abu Ibrahim Ismail

|B8 = Abu Said Uthman

|B9 = Abu Ali al-Hussein

|B10 = Abu Muhammad Abd Allah

|B11 = Abu Musa Isa

|B12 = Abu Ishaq Ibrahim

|B13 = Abu al-Rabi Sulayman

|B14 = Abu Imran Musa

|B15 = Abu Hafs Umar

|boxstyle_AC = background-color: #afa;}}

{{tree chart | |,|-|-|+|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|+|-|-|.| }}

{{tree chart |AC |C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 |C7 | ||| C8 | | | | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6

|AC = Abu Yusuf Yaqub 'al-Mansur'
(3)

|C2 = Abu al-Ula Idris
the Old

|C3 = Abu Yahya

|C4 = Abu Ishaq Ibrahim

|C5 = Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Rashid'

|C6 = Abu Zayd Muhammad

|C7 = Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid I 'al-Makhlu'
(6)

|C8 = Abu Ibrahim Ishaq
'al-Tahir'

|D1 = Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman

|D2 = Abu Zakariya Yahya

|D3 = Abu al-Hassan Ali

|D4 = Abu Yusuf Yaqub

|D5 = Abu al-Rabi Sulayman

|D6 = Abu Abd Allah Muhammad

|boxstyle_AC = background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_C7 = background-color: #afa;}}

{{tree chart | |)|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|.| | | | | |)|-|-|v|-|-|.| | ||||,|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|(| }}

{{tree chart |G1|G2x|G3|G4|G5|G6|G7||||E1|E2|E3| | | |F1|F2|F3|F4

|G1 = Muhammad al-Nasir
(4)

|G2x = Abdallah al-Adil
(7)

|G3 = Abu Muhammad Said

|G4 = Abu Musa

|G5 = Ibrahim

|G6 = Abu Said

|G7 = Abu al-Ala Idris I 'al-Ma'mun'
(9)

|E1 = Abu Hafs Umar 'al-Murtada'
(12)

|E2 = Abu Zayd

|E3 = Abu Ishaq

|F1 = Abu Dabbus Idris II 'al-Wathiq'
(13)

|F2 = Abu Ali

|F3 = Abd Allah 'al-Bayyansi'

|F4 = Abu Zayd

|boxstyle_G1 = background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_G2x = background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_G7 = background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_E1 = background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_F1 = background-color: #afa;}}

{{tree chart | |)|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|v|-|-|.||||||)|-|-|.| }}

{{tree chart |H1|H2|H3|H4|H5||||I1|I2

|H1= Yahya 'al'Mutasim'
(8)

|H2= Musa

|H3= Zakariya

|H4= Ali

|H5=Yusuf II 'al'Mustansir'
(5)

|I1= Abu al-Hassan Ali 'al-Said'
(11)

|I2=Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid II 'al-Rashid'
(10)

|boxstyle_H1=background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_H5=background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_I1=background-color: #afa;

|boxstyle_I2=background-color: #afa; }}

{{tree chart/end}}

{{chart bottom}}

{{Main|Hafsid Calipahte}}

The Hafsids claimed their descent from Rashidun caliph Omar.{{Cite book|last=Fromherz|first=Allen James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5w7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|title=Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age|year=2016|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-1007-6|language=en}} After the fall of Baghdad, Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub and Sharif of Mecca Abu Numayy recognized the Hafsids in 1258 and 1259 respectively.{{Cite book |last=Abun-Nasr |first=Jamil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC |title=A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=0521337674 |location=Cambridge |pages= |language=en}}

{{Main|Bornu Empire|Songhai Empire}}

File:Bornu map 1750.svgFile:SONGHAI empire map.PNG

Several rulers of West Africa adopted the title of Caliph. Mai Ali Ghaji ibn Dunama was the first ruler of Bornu Empire to assume the title. Askia Mohammad I of Songhai Empire also assumed the title around the same time.{{cite book|title=The History of Islam in Africa|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author-link1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=81}}

Since the 12th century, despite the South Asian domination of numerous Muslim empires, kingdoms and sultanates, Islamic caliphates were not fully attempted to be established across the Indian subcontinent. However, under the sharia based reigns of Sunni emperors such as Alauddin Khalji, Mughal Empire's Aurangzeb, and Mysore's rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, absolute forms of caliphates clearly appeared. These largely impacted the French-Italian emperor Napoleone Bonaparte and soldiers of the British Empire.{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Roy|title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136950360}}Shah Muhammad Waseem (2003): [https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ&q=aurangzeb+caliph هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء], Kanishka Publishing, original source from the University of Michigan {{ISBN|9788173915376}}{{cite book|last1=Hussein|first1=S M|title=Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707 |date=2002|publisher=Kanishka Publishers Distributors (2002)|isbn=978-8173914898}}{{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}

{{Main|Sokoto Caliphate}}

File:Sokoto_caliphate.png

(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of West Africa)

Established by Tariqa Islamic scholar and religious leader Usman dan Fodio through the Fulani War (alternatively known as the Fulani Jihad), which sought to reduce the influence of pre-Islamic religious practices and spread a more vigorous form of Islam through the auspices of a Caliphate.

{{Main|Khalifatul Masih#List of Ahmadiyya Caliphs}}

File:Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg

The Khalīfatul Masīh ({{langx|ar|خليفة المسيح}}; {{langx|ur|خلیفہ المسیح}}; {{langx|en|Successor of the Messiah}}), sometimes simply referred to as Khalifah (i.e. Caliph, successor), is the elected spiritual and organizational leader of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and is the successor of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who had taken the titles of Mahdi and Messiah of Islam.{{refn|Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is the founder of the Ahmadiyya sect of Islam. The Sunni mainstream and the majority of Muslims reject the sect as it believes in prophethood after Muhammad;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e85|title=Ahmadis – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-03|quote=Controversial messianic movement founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, Punjab (British-controlled India), in 1889. Founder claimed to be a “nonlegislating” prophet (thus not in opposition to the mainstream belief in the finality of Muhammad 's “legislative” prophecy) with a divine mandate for the revival and renewal of Islam ... }}{{Cite news|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0004.xml|title=The Ahmadiyyah Movement – Islamic Studies – Oxford Bibliographies – obo|access-date=2018-09-03|language=en}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e723|title=Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza – Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-08|quote=Founder of Ahmadi movement in Punjab, India, in 1889... The movement is labeled non-Muslim and fiercely opposed by Muslims, although the group considers itself Muslim.}} see also Persecution of Ahmadis on this topic.|group=nb}} The Caliph is believed to be divinely guided and is also referred to by members of current Khalifatul Masih is Mirza Masroor Ahmad.

After the death of Ghulam Ahmad, his successors directed the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community from Qadian in Punjab, British India, which remained the headquarters of the community until 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. From this time on, the headquarters moved to and remained in Rabwah, a town built on land bought in Pakistan by the community in 1948. In 1984, Ordinance XX was promulgated by the government of Pakistan which rendered the Khalifatul Masih unable to perform his duties and put the very institution in jeopardy. Due to these circumstances, Khalifatul Masih IV left Pakistan and migrated to London, England, provisionally moving the headquarters to the Fazl Mosque.{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/topics/khilafat/|title=Khilafat – Caliphate – The Guided Khilafat – Khilafat e Ahmadiyya – Al Islam Online|website=www.alislam.org}}

{{Main|Sharifian Caliphate}}

File:Hijaz.png

An attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style following the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate was made by Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son Ali bin Hussein, who did not adopted the caliphal office and style.Bosworth 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&pg=PA118 p. 118] Like the Fatimid caliphs, he was a descendant of Muhammad through a grandson of Hasan ibn Ali. Hussein's claim for caliphate was not accepted by the Wahhabi and Salafi movements, and in 1925 he was driven from Hejaz by the forces of Ibn Saud as an outcome of the Second Saudi-Hashemite War. He continued to use the title of caliph during his remaining life in exile, until his death in 1931.

On 29 June 2014, the Islamic State, more commonly known as ISIS, proclaimed the return of the Islamic caliphate, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its first caliph and Amir al-Mu'minin.{{cite news|author=Adam Withnall|date=2014-06-30|title=Iraq crisis: Isis declares its territories a new Islamic state with 'restoration of caliphate' in Middle East – Middle East – World|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-declares-new-islamic-state-in-middle-east-with-abu-bakr-albaghdadi-as-emir-removing-iraq-and-syria-from-its-name-9571374.html|access-date=2014-07-04}}{{cite news|date=29 June 2014|title=ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as "Islamic State"|publisher=SITE Institute|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html|access-date=29 June 2014}} The caliphate's claimed territory at its peak controlled 12 million people. At its height, ISIS ruled territories in various countries including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Nigeria, Libya, the Philippines, Afghanistan, Congo, Yemen, and the Sinai region in Egypt, in addition to running guerrilla cells in many other countries.{{cite news|date=13 March 2015|title=Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-icrc-idUSKBN0M921N20150313|newspaper=Reuters}}

In 2014–15, dozens of Salafi Jihadi groups[http://jihadology.net/2015/04/19/aq-is-power-rankings-april-2015/ Power rankings April 2015] and scholars{{cite web | url=https://www.jihadica.com/a-jihadi-civil-war/ | title=A Jihadi Civil War of Words: The Ghuraba' Media Foundation and Minbar al-Tawhid wa'l-Jihad }} around the world pledged allegiance to ISIS-claimed Caliphate.

On 10 April 2018, during a rally of U.S. President Donald Trump in Elkhart, Indiana in support of Mike Braun’s bid for the US Senate, Vice President Mike Pence referred to ISIS as a Caliphate, claiming "ISIS is on the run, their Caliphate has crumbled, and we will soon drive them out of existence once and for all."{{Citation|last=Trump TV Network|title=FULL EVENT: President Donald Trump MASSIVE Rally in Elkhart, Indiana – May 10, 2018|date=2018-05-10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab3wW2sJVKw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510231652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab3wW2sJVKw&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2018-05-10 |url-status=dead|access-date=2018-05-12}}. See 6:00

ISIS severely degraded in operational capability, subscribers and territorial control during the military intervention in Iraq and Syria by the U.S.-led Global Coalition to Defeat Daesh, and in Syria by the Russian military intervention.Office of the 33rd Lead Inspector General of the United States Department of Defense (May 2023) [https://media.defense.gov/2023/May/02/2003213005/-1/-1/1/LEAD%20INSPECTOR%20GENERAL%20FOR%20OIR.PDF "OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS"] (PDF) Retrieved 2023-05-04

As of early 2022, ISIS occupies some territory in Nigeria and has 3 million people under its rule;{{cite web | url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/after-shekau-confronting-jihadists-nigerias-north-east | title=After Shekau: Confronting Jihadists in Nigeria's North East | date=29 March 2022 }} and also it continues to maintain control over some rural uninhabited areas in both Iraq and Syria{{cite web | url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2876741/5-isis-enclaves-remain-central-eastern-syria | title=5 ISIS Enclaves Remain in Central, Eastern Syria }}"IS's concern continues to be maintaining control in places like the Muqdadiya and Khanaqin districts, Hawija, and Tarmiya

https://musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2023/02/violence-drops-in-iraq-in-january-2023.html

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• Worldwide caliphate
• Shah
• Emir
• Shaykh al-Islām
• List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
• Grand Imam of al-Azhar
• List of grand imams of al-Azhar
• List of presidents of Al-Azhar University
• Mouride#Leadership
• Succession to Muhammad
• History of Islam
• Shia Islam
• Sunni Islam
• Sharifate of Mecca
• Sharif of Mecca

{{reflist|group=nb}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Bobrick |first1=Benson |title=The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad |date=2012 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1416567622}}
• {{The History of al-Tabari | volume=32 | url={{Google Books|4J3PJZDYBMoC|plainurl=y}} }}
• {{EI2|last=Bosworth|first=C.E.|authorlink=C.E. Bosworth||title=Al-Muntasir|volume=7}}
• {{cite book

|last=Bosworth

|first=Clifford Edmund

|author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth

|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC

|edition=2nd

|series=New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys

|orig-year=1996

|year=2004

|publisher=Edinburgh University Press

|isbn=978-0-7486-2137-8

|oclc=56639413

|ref=Bos04}}

• {{cite book|last1=Donner |first1=Fred M. |author-link=Fred M. Donner |title=Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam |date=2012 |orig-year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-05097-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ}}
• {{EI2 |article=Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān |last=Hinds |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Hinds |volume=7 |pages=263–268 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muawiya-i-SIM_5279}}
• {{cite book

|last1=Houtsma

|first1=M. Th.

|last2=Wensinck

|first2=A. J.

|title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936

|edition=Reprint

|volume=IX

|year=1993

|publisher=BRILL

|location=Leiden

|isbn=978-90-04-09796-4

|ref=Hou93|title-link=Encyclopaedia of Islam

}}

• {{cite book | last = Kennedy | first = Hugh | author-link = Hugh N. Kennedy | title = When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty | location = Cambridge, MA | publisher = Da Capo Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-306814808 | url = {{Google Books|67fZB5YGkOQC|plainurl=y}} }}
• {{EI2 |article=Yazīd (II) b. ʿAbd al-Malik |last1=Lammens |first1=H. |authorlink=Henri Lammens |last2=Blankinship |first2=Kh. Y. |authorlink2=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |volume=11 |page=311}}
• {{cite book

|last=Lane-Poole

|first=Stanley

|author-link=Stanley Lane-Poole

|title=The Mohammedan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions

|url=https://archive.org/details/mohammedandynas00lanegoog

|year=1894

|publisher=Archibald Constable and Company

|location=Westminster

|oclc=1199708

|ref=Lan04}}

• {{cite book |last1=Madelung |first1=Wilferd |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |date=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-56181-7 | title-link=The Succession to Muhammad }}
• {{cite book |last1=Marsham |first1=Andrew |editor1-last=Beihammer |editor1-first=Alexander |editor2-last=Constantinou |editor2-first=Stavroula |editor3-last=Parani |editor3-first=Maria |title=Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden and Boston |isbn=978-90-04-25686-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WJTAQAAQBAJ |chapter=The Architecture of Allegiance in Early Islamic Late Antiquity: The Accession of Mu'awiya in Jerusalem, ca. 661 CE |pages=87–114 }}
• {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=24 |url={{Google Books|kIKGclA7YykC|plainurl=y}}}}
• {{The Arab Kingdom and its Fall}}
• {{cite encyclopedia | title = al-Muʿtaḍid Bi'llāh | last=Zetterstéen | first=K. V. | author-link = Karl Vilhelm Zetterstéen | encyclopedia = E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VI: Morocco–Ruzzik | editor-first = Martijn Theodoor | editor-last = Houtsma | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden | year = 1987 | isbn = 978-90-04-08265-6 | url = {{Google Books|fWNpIGNFz0IC|page=777|plainurl=y}} | page = 777 }}

{{Caliphs}}

Caliphs

Caliphs

Caliphs

Category:632 establishments

Category:Medieval Islamic world-related lists