list of plants used in herbalism
{{Short description|Plants used to treat Animal & Human Illnesses}}
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{{Alternative medical systems|traditional}}
This is an alphabetical list of plants used in herbalism.
Phytochemicals possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism, and may be grouped as:
:*primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates and fats found in all plants
:*secondary metabolites serving a more specific function.{{Cite book |last=Meskin |first=Mark S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJHsMALUDj0C&pg=PA123 |title=Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |isbn=9781587160837 |page=123 |name-list-style=vanc}}
For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. Secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans, and can be refined to produce drugs; examples are quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.
In Europe, apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients as traditional medicines. In the Latin names for plants created by Linnaeus, the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the marsh mallow has the classification Althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers.{{Cite book |last=Haubrich |first=William S. |title=Medical meanings: a glossary of word origins |publisher=ACP Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-930513-49-5 |page=162 |chapter=officina |name-list-style=vanc}} Pharmacognosy is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals.
Some modern prescription drugs are based on plant extracts rather than whole plants. The phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. Examples of such derivatives include aspirin, which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow. The opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates, including morphine. Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments.
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| Jasminum officinale
| Jasmine | It is purported as either an antiseptic or anti-inflammatory agent.{{Cite book |last1=Rapini |first1=Ronald P. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |last2=Bolognia |first2=Jean L. |last3=Joseph L. |first3=Jorizzo |publisher=Mosby |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 |location=St. Louis |pages=2049 |name-list-style=vanc}} |
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| Knautia arvensis
| Field scabious | The whole plant is astringent and mildly diuretic.{{Cite web |title=Naturalmedicinalherbs website |url=http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/k/knautia-arvensis=field-scabious.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107091245/http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/k/knautia-arvensis=field-scabious.php |archive-date=2016-11-07}} |
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| Quassia amara
| Amargo, bitter-wood | A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective cure of rosacea.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrari A, Diehl C |date=January 2012 |title=Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of a topical gel with 4% quassia extract in the treatment of rosacea |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=84–8 |doi=10.1177/0091270010391533 |pmid=21343346 |s2cid=29876609}} |
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| Uncaria tomentosa
| It has a long history of use in South America to prevent and treat disease.{{Cite web |title=Cat's claw |url=http://nccih.nih.gov/health/catclaw/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065250/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/catclaw |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-09-30 |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health}} | |
| Urtica dioica
| Common nettle, stinging nettle | It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout. |
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| Withania somnifera
| Ashwagandha | The plant's long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazón J |date=July 2009 |title=Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine |journal=Molecules |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=2373–93 |doi=10.3390/molecules14072373 |pmc=6255378 |pmid=19633611 |doi-access=free}} |
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| Xanthoparmelia scabrosa
| Sexy footpath lichen |
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| Youngia japonica
| Japanese hawkweed | The plant is antitussive and febrifuge. It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites.{{Cite web |title=Naturalmedicinalherbs website |url=http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/y/youngia-japonica=japanese-hawkweed.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026224615/http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/y/youngia-japonica=japanese-hawkweed.php |archive-date=2017-10-26}} |
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| Zingiber officinale
| Ginger | Ginger is effective for the relief of nausea.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Giacosa A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Riva A, Bianchi Porro G, Rondanelli M |date=April 2015 |title=Can nausea and vomiting be treated with ginger extract? |journal=European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=1291–6 |pmid=25912592}}{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nikkhah Bodagh M, Maleki I, Hekmatdoost A |date=January 2019 |title=Ginger in gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials |journal=Food Science & Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=96–108 |doi=10.1002/fsn3.807 |pmc=6341159 |pmid=30680163}} |
Databases
- {{Cite journal |vauthors=Manhã EM, Silva MC, Alves MG, Almeida MB, Brandão MG |date=October 3, 2008 |title=PLANT - A bibliographic database about medicinal plants |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=614–617 |doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2008000400020 |doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite web |last=Duke |first=James |name-list-style=vanc |title=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ |access-date=2011-09-29}}
- {{Cite web |title=Protabase: Useful Plants of Tropical Africa |url=http://database.prota.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216030624/http://database.prota.org/ |archive-date=2011-12-16 |access-date=2011-09-29 |publisher=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa}}
- {{Cite web |title=Tropical Plant Database |url=http://rain-tree.com/plants.htm |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Raintree}}
- {{Cite web |title=Plant Database |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plantsearch.aspx |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Plants for a Future}}
- {{Cite web |title=Vitamins & Supplements Center |url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/index |access-date=2021-10-01 |publisher=WebMD}}
See also
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
- Chinese classic herbal formula
- History of birth control
- List of branches of alternative medicine
- List of culinary herbs and spices
- List of herbs with known adverse effects
- Materia Medica
- Medicinal mushrooms
- Medicinal plants of the American West
- Medicinal plants traditionally used by the indigenous peoples of North America
- Naturopathic medicine
- Wikispecies
{{div col end}}
Notes
- {{note|1}}Digitalis use in the United States is controlled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can only be prescribed by a physician. Misuse can cause death.
- This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete description of these herbs, their dangers (up to and including death), and their (in)compatibility with alcohol or other drugs.
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References
{{Refbegin}}
- {{Cite book |last=Howard |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w6_OQAACAAJ |title=Traditional Folk Remedies: A Comprehensive Herbal |publisher=Century |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7126-1731-4 |series=Century paperbacks |language=de |access-date=2024-08-13}}
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Further reading
{{refbegin|30em}}
- {{Cite book |last=Bown |first=Deni |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe00bown |title=Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7894-0184-7 |url-access=registration |name-list-style=vanc}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Plant+medicine+in+practice:+using+the+teachings+of+John+Bastyr |title=Plant medicine in practice: using the teachings of John Bastyr |last2=Bastyr |first2=John B. |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-443-07238-3 |name-list-style=vanc}}
- {{Cite book |last=Harrod Buhner |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wxa1AAAAIAAJ&q=Sacred+plant+medicine:+explorations+in+the+practice+of+indigenous+herbalism |title=Sacred plant medicine: explorations in the practice of indigenous herbalism |publisher=Roberts Rinehart Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1570980916}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Cech |first1=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLsaAAAACAAJ&q=plant+medicine |title=Making Plant Medicine |last2=Cech |first2=Sena K. |last3=Gunter |first3=Anne |publisher=Horizon Herbs |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-9700312-0-4 |name-list-style=vanc}}
- {{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xMjzaMvbKUC&q=plant%20medicine |title=Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-89281-749-8 |format=Google eBook |name-list-style=vanc}}
- {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OE_dlKnYkd4C&q=The+Cherokee+herbal:+native+plant+medicine+from+the+four+directions+By+J.+T.+Garrett |title=The Cherokee herbal: native plant medicine from the four directions |vauthors=Garrett JT |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-879181-96-0}}
- {{Cite book |last=Cowan |first=Eliot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUfjPAAACAAJ&q=plant+medicine |title=Plant Spirit Medicine: The Healing Power of Plants |publisher=Granite Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-893183-11-7 |name-list-style=vanc}}
- {{Cite book |title=African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications |vauthors=Neuwinger HD |publisher=Medpharm Scientific |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-88763-086-7 |location=Stuttgart, Germany}}
- {{Cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Joanne |title=Herbal Medicines |last2=Anderson |first2=Linda A. |last3=Phillipson |first3=J.D. |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-85369-623-0 |edition=3rd |location=London |name-list-style=vanc}}
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External links
- {{wiktionary-inline|herbalism}}
- {{commons category-inline|Herbalism}}
{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Natural resources}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Plants Used In Herbalism}}
Category:Commercialization of traditional medicines