quasi-state

File:Les rebelles touaregs joignent leurs forces dans le nord du Mali (8248043080).jpg]]

The term "proto-state" has been used in reference to contexts as far back as Ancient Greece, to refer to the phenomenon that the formation of a large and cohesive nation would often be preceded by very small and loose forms of statehood.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8QTDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Dynamics+of+Ancient+Empires+proto-state&pg=PT150|title=The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium|last1=Scheidel|first1=Walter|last2=Morris|first2=Ian|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195371581|location=Oxford|pages=5–6, 132}} For instance, historical sociologist Garry Runciman describes the evolution of social organisation in the Greek Dark Ages from statelessness, to what he calls semistates based on patriarchal domination but lacking inherent potential to achieve the requirements for statehood, sometimes transitioning into protostates with governmental roles able to maintain themselves generationally, which could evolve into larger, more centralised entities fulfilling the requirements of statehood by 700 BC in the archaic period.{{Cite journal|last=Runciman|first=W. G.|date=July 1982|title=Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0010417500010045/type/journal_article|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=351–377|doi=10.1017/S0010417500010045|s2cid=145247889 |issn=0010-4175}}

Most ancient proto-states were the product of tribal societies, consisting of relatively short-lived confederations of communities that united under a single warlord or chieftain endowed with symbolic authority and military rank. These were not considered sovereign states since they rarely achieved any degree of institutional permanence and authority was often exercised over a mobile people rather than measurable territory. Loose confederacies of this nature were the primary means of embracing a common statehood by people in many regions, such as the Central Asian steppes, throughout ancient history.{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Hyun Jin|title=The Huns|date=2015|pages=3–6|publisher=Routledge Books|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-1138841758}}

Proto-states proliferated in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, likely as a result of a trend towards political decentralisation following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the adoption of feudalism.{{cite book|last=Borza|first=Eugene|title=In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon|date=1992|pages=238–240|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691008806}} While theoretically owing allegiance to a single monarch under the feudal system, many lesser nobles administered their own fiefs as miniature "states within states" that were independent of each other.{{cite book|last=Duverger|first=Maurice|title=The Study of Politics|date=1972|pages=[https://archive.org/details/studyofpolitics0000duve/page/144 144–145]|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons, Publishers|location=Surrey|isbn=978-0690790214|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/studyofpolitics0000duve/page/144}} This practice was especially notable with regards to large, decentralised political entities such as the Holy Roman Empire, that incorporated many autonomous and semi-autonomous proto-states.{{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Andrew|title=The Danube: A Cultural History|date=2011|page=35|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199768356}}

Following the Age of Discovery, the emergence of European colonialism resulted in the formation of colonial proto-states in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.{{cite book|last=Abernethy|first=David|title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415-1980|date=2002|pages=327–328|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300093148}} A few colonies were given the unique status of protectorates, which were effectively controlled by the metropole but retained limited ability to administer themselves, self-governing colonies, dominions, and dependencies. These were distinct administrative units that each fulfilled many of the functions of a state without actually exercising full sovereignty or independence. Colonies without a sub-national home rule status, on the other hand, were considered administrative extensions of the colonising power rather than true proto-states.{{cite book|last=Morier-Genoud|first=Eric|title=Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique|date=2012|page=2|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004222618}} Colonial proto-states later served as the basis for a number of modern nation states, particularly on the Asian and African continents.

During the twentieth century, some proto-states existed as not only distinct administrative units, but their own theoretically self-governing republics joined to each other in a political union such as the socialist federal systems observed in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union.{{cite book|last=Kostovicova|first=Denisa|title=Kosovo: The Politics of Identity and Space|url=https://archive.org/details/kosovopoliticsid00kost|url-access=limited|date=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kosovopoliticsid00kost/page/n21 5]–7|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415348065}}

File:Oslobođena teritorija u vreme prvog zasedanja AVNOJ-a.jpg, which established its own proto-state in 1942]]

Another form of proto-state that has become especially common since the end of World War II{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} is established through the unconstitutional seizure of territory by an insurgent or militant group that proceeds to assume the role of a de facto government.{{sfnp|Lia|2015|pp=31–32}} Although denied recognition and bereft of civil institutions, insurgent proto-states may engage in external trade, provide social services, and even undertake limited diplomatic activity.{{cite book|last=Sellström|first=Tor|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-204|title=Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Vol. 2 : Solidarity and assistance, 1970–1994|date=2002|pages=97–99|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|location=Uppsala|isbn=978-91-7106-448-6}} These proto-states are usually formed by movements drawn from geographically concentrated ethnic or religious minorities, and are thus a common feature of inter-ethnic civil conflicts.{{cite book|last=Christian|first=Patrick James|title=A Combat Advisor's Guide to Tribal Engagement: History, Law and War as Operational Elements|date=2011|pages=36–37|publisher=Universal Publishers|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1599428161}} This is often due to the inclinations of an internal cultural identity group seeking to reject the legitimacy of a sovereign state's political order, and create its own enclave where it is free to live under its own sphere of laws, social mores, and ordering. Since the 1980s a special kind of insurgent statehood has emerged in form of the "Jihadi proto-state", as the Islamist concept of statehood is extremely flexible. For instance, a Jihadi emirate can be simply understood as a territory or group ruled by an emir; accordingly, it might rule a significant area or just a neighborhood. Regardless of its extent, the assumption of statehood provides Jihadi militants with important internal legitimacy and cementes their self-identification as frontline society opposed to certain enemies.{{sfnp|Lia|2015|pp=31–32}}

The accumulation of territory by an insurgent force to form a sub-national geopolitical system and eventually, a proto-state, was a calculated process in China during the Chinese Civil War that set a precedent for many similar attempts throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Proto-states established as a result of civil conflict typically exist in a perpetual state of warfare and their wealth and populations may be limited accordingly.{{Cite news

|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2010/07/12/internacional/1278885612_850215.html

|title=Estados-embrión

|last=Torreblanca

|first=José Ignacio

|author-link=José Ignacio Torreblanca

|date=12 July 2010

|newspaper=El País

|language=es

|access-date=18 March 2016

}} One of the most prominent examples of a wartime proto-state in the twenty-first century is the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant,{{Cite news

|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2427742/0/estado-islamico/claves-califato/terrorismo-yihadista/

|title=¿Por qué Estado Islámico le está ganando la partida a los herederos de Bin Laden?

|last=Segurado

|first=Nacho

|date=16 April 2015

|newspaper=20 minutos

|language=es

|access-date=12 March 2016

}}{{Cite news

|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2015/04/05/javier-martin-estado-islamico_n_6862082.html

|title=Javier Martín: "El Estado Islámico tiene espíritu de gobernar y permanecer"

|last=Rengel

|first=Carmen

|date=5 April 2015

|language=es

|access-date=12 March 2016

|website=huffingtonpost.es

}}{{Cite news

|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35585298

|title=Islamic State: The struggle to stay rich - BBC News

|language=en-GB

|access-date=17 March 2016

|date=2016-03-08

|last1=Keatinge

|first1=Tom

}} that maintained its own administrative bureaucracy and imposed taxes.{{Cite book

|url=http://www.catarata.org/libro/mostrar/id/1057

|title=Estado Islámico. Geopolítica del Caos

|last=Martín Rodríguez

|first=Javier

|publisher=Los Libros de la Catarata

|year=2015

|isbn=978-84-9097-054-6

|edition=3rd

|page=15

|location=Madrid, Spain

|language=es

|trans-title=Islamic State: Geopolitics of Chaos

|access-date=2016-04-22

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203195640/http://www.catarata.org/libro/mostrar/id/1057

|archive-date=2017-12-03

|url-status=dead

}}

The definition of a proto-state is not concise, and has been confused by the interchangeable use of the terms state, country, and nation to describe a given territory.{{cite book|last=Middleton|first=Nick|title=An Atlas of Countries That Don't Exist: A Compendium of Fifty Unrecognized and Largely Unnoticed States|date=2015|pages=14–16|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1447295273}} The term proto-state is preferred to "proto-nation" in an academic context, however, since some authorities also use nation to denote a social, ethnic, or cultural group capable of forming its own state.

A proto-state does not meet the four essential criteria for statehood as elaborated upon in the declarative theory of statehood of the 1933 Montevideo Convention: a permanent population, a defined territory, a government with its own institutions, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. A proto-state is not necessarily synonymous with a state with limited recognition that otherwise has all the hallmarks of a fully functioning sovereign state, such as Rhodesia or the Republic of China, also known as Taiwan. However, proto-states frequently go unrecognised since a state actor that recognises a proto-state does so in violation of another state actor's external sovereignty.{{cite book|last=Coggins|first=Bridget|title=Power Politics and State Formation in the Twentieth Century: The Dynamics of Recognition|date=2014|pages=35–64, 173|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107047358}} If full diplomatic recognition is extended to a proto-state and embassies exchanged, it is defined as a sovereign state in its own right and may no longer be classified as a proto-state.

File:Map of Republika Srpska Krajina.png controlled by the Republic of Serbian Krajina proto-state 1991–1995]]

Throughout modern history, partially autonomous regions of larger recognised states, especially those based on a historical precedent or ethnic and cultural distinctiveness that places them apart from those who dominate the state as a whole, have been considered proto-states. Home rule generates a sub-national institutional structure that may justifiably be defined as a proto-state.{{cite book|last=Augusteijn|first=Joost|title=The Irish Revolution, 1913-1923|url=https://archive.org/details/irishrevolution00augu|url-access=limited|date=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/irishrevolution00augu/page/n27 13]|publisher=Palgrave|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0333982266}} When a rebellion or insurrection seizes control and begins to establish some semblance of administration in regions within national territories under its effective rule, it has also metamorphosed into a proto-state.{{cite book|last=Araoye|first=Ademola|editor-last=Okome|editor-first=Mojubaolu|title=Contesting the Nigerian State: Civil Society and the Contradictions of Self-Organization|date=2013|page=35|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1137324528}} These wartime proto-states, sometimes known as insurgent states, may eventually transform the structure of a state altogether, or demarcate their own autonomous political spaces. While not a new phenomenon, the modern formation of a proto-states in territory held by a militant non-state entity was popularised by Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War, and the national liberation movements worldwide that adopted his military philosophies.{{cite book|last=McColl|first=R. W.|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1|date=2005|pages=397–398, 466|publisher=Facts on File, Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5786-3}} The rise of an insurgent proto-state was sometimes also an indirect consequence of a movement adopting Che Guevara's foco theory of guerrilla warfare.

Secessionist proto-states are likeliest to form in preexisting states that lack secure boundaries, a concise and well-defined body of citizens, or a single sovereign power with a monopoly on the legitimate use of military force.{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Kenneth|last2=Van Deth|first2=Jan|title=Foundations of Comparative Politics|date=2016|pages=364–365|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107582859}} They may be created as a result of putsches, insurrections, separatist political campaigns, foreign intervention, sectarian violence, civil war, and even the bloodless dissolution or division of the state.

Proto-states can be important regional players, as their existence affects the options available to state actors, either as potential allies or as impediments to their political or economic policy articulations.

{{cleanup section|reason=Some of the below are considered "constituent countries" of a particular polity (such as those of the Netherlands) or have been granted significant autonomy within an otherwise unitary state, such as New Caledonia or Åland|date=November 2022}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"

|-

! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !!Since!! Source

|-

|{{flag|Adygea}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Åland}}

|{{flag|Finland}}|| {{No}}

|1921{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Cite web|url=https://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/suec/an/e1/e1.html|title=Euromosaic - Swedish in Finland|website=www.uoc.edu|access-date=2017-11-11}}{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Altai Republic}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Aruba}}

|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}}

|1986{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashanti.svg}} Ashanti

|{{flag|Ghana}} || {{No}}

|1957{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{cite book|last=Roeder|first=Philip|title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism|date=2007|page=281|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691134673}}{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Azad Kashmir}}

|{{flag|Pakistan}}|| {{No}}

|1975{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Azawad}}

|{{flag|Mali}}|| {{No}}

|1975{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Azores}}

|{{flag|Portugal}}|| {{No}}

|1816{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Bashkortostan}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{Partial|Russian Federation}}

|1990

|

|-

|{{flag|British Virgin Islands}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}} || 1960 ||

|-

|{{flag|Bougainville}}

|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|2001

|

|-

|{{flag|Buryatia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1990

|

|-

|{{flag|Canary Islands}}

|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}}

|1816{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Catalonia}}

|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}}

|1978

|

|-

|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}

|1962

|

|-

|{{flag|Chin State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1948

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Chinland}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|2023

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Christmas Island}}

|{{flag|Australia}}|| {{No}}

|1958{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Chuvashia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Cook Islands}}

|{{flag|New Zealand}}|| {{Partial|De jure}}

|1888

|

|-

|{{flag|Corsica}}

|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}}

|1978{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Curaçao}}

|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}}

|2010{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Dagestan}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Darfur}}

|{{flag|Sudan}}|| {{partial|Sudan}}

|1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Easter Island}}

|{{flag|Chile}}|| {{No}}

|1944{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Euskadi}}

|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}}

|1978

|

|-

|{{flag|Falkland Islands}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}

|1833{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Faroe Islands}}

|{{flag|Denmark}}|| {{No}}

|1948

|

|-

|{{flag|Flanders}}

|{{flag|Belgium}}|| {{No}}

|1970{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

| {{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|French Polynesia}}

|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}}

|1847{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Galicia}}

|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}}

|1978

|

|-

|{{flag|Greenland}}

|{{flag|Denmark}}|| {{No}}

|1816

|

|-

|{{flag|Guam}}

|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}}

|1816

|

|-

|{{flag|Guernsey}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}

|1204{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|Indian reservations

|{{flag|United States}}|| {{Partial|De jure}}

|1658

|

|-

|Indigenous territory (Brazil)

|{{flag|Brazil}}|| {{No}}

|1850{{Cite web|title=L0601-1850|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l0601-1850.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.planalto.gov.br}}

|{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

|-

|{{flag|Ingushetia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Iraqi Kurdistan}} || {{flag|Iraq}} || {{No}} || 1991 || {{cite book|last=Dyer|first=Gwynne|title=Don't Panic: ISIS, Terror and Today's Middle East|date=2015|pages=105–107|publisher=Random House Canada|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0345815866}}

|-

|{{flag|Isle of Man}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{Partial|De jure}} || 1828 ||

|-

|{{flag|Jersey}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{Partial|De jure}} || 1204 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg}} Jewish Autonomous Oblast

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1934

|{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

|-

|{{flag|Jubaland}} || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{No}} || 2001 || {{refn|Jubaland declared itself independent of Somalia in 1998.{{cite book|last=Piskunova|first=Natalia|editor-last=Krishna-Hensel|editor-first=Sai Felicia|title=Order and Disorder in the International System|date=2010|page=126|publisher=Routledge Books|location=London|isbn=978-140940505-4}} It technically rejoined Somalia in 2001 when its ruling Juba Valley Alliance became part of the country's Transitional Federal Government. However, Jubaland has continued to persist as a more or less autonomous state.{{cite web | title=Somalia | work=World Statesmen | url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html#Jubaland | access-date=March 9, 2006 }} - also shows Italian colonial flag & links to [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/eastafrica/somalia1925.gif map]|name=KBN|group=note}}

|-

|{{flag|Kabardino-Balkaria}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Kachin State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1948

|

|-

|{{flag|Kalmykia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Karelia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Kayah State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1959

|

|-

|{{flag|Kayin State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1948

|

|-

|{{flag|Khakassia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|Kokang people

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1959

|

|-

|{{flag|Komi Republic}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1996

|

|-

|{{flag|Madeira}}

|{{flag|Portugal}}|| {{No}}

|1816{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Mari El}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1990

|

|-

|{{flag|Marquesas Islands}}

|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}}

|1844{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Montserrat}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| {{No}}

|1632{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Mon State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1948

|

|-

|{{flag|Mordovia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1994

|

|-

|{{flag|New Caledonia|FLNKS}}

|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}}

|1853{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Northern Marianas}}

|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}}

|1899

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|North Ossetia-Alania}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1995

|

|-

|{{flag|Nunavut}}

|{{flag|Canada}}|| {{No}}

|1999

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|Palaung people

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1959

|

|-

|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}

|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}}

|1816

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Puntland}} || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{No}} || 1998 || {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Andrew|title=The New Pirates: Modern Global Piracy from Somalia to the South China Sea|date=2014|page=74|publisher=I.B. Tauris, Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1848856332}}

|-

|{{flag|Quebec}}

|{{flag|Canada}}|| {{No}}

|1816

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Rakhine State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}} || {{No}}

|1948

|Arakan Army

|-

|{{flag|Saint Helena}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}

|1834

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Sakha Republic}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Shan State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1959

|

|-

|{{flag|Sint Maarten}}

|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}}

|2010

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|South Tyrol}}

|{{flag|Italy}}|| {{No}}

|1926

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{noflag}} Svalbard

|{{flag|Norway}}|| {{No}}

|1992{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Tatarstan}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1990

|

|-

|{{flag|Temotu}}

|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}|| {{No}}

|1981{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Turks and Caicos}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}

|1973

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Tuva}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Udmurtia}}

|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|Russian Federation}}

|1990

|

|-

|{{flag|United States Virgin Islands}}

|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}}

|1816

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flag|Wallonia}}

|{{flag|Belgium}}|| {{No}}

|1970

|

|-

|{{flag|Wa State}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|2010

|29 December 2004, [http://www.phoenixtv.com/phoenixtv/76575495906394112/20041229/477702.shtml 佤帮双雄], Phoenix TV{{Cite web|last=Steinmüller|first=Hans|date=2018|title=Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161929578.pdf|url-status=live|website=London School of Economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109101438/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161929578.pdf |archive-date=Jan 9, 2023 }}

|-

|{{flag|Zanzibar}}

|{{flag|Tanzania}}|| {{No}}

|1964

|

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"

|-

! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved
statehood !!Dates!! Ref

|-

|{{flag|Adjara}}

|{{flag|Georgia}}|| {{No}}

|1921–2004

|

|-

|{{flag|Armenian SSR}}

|{{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Yes}}

|1922–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Artsakh.svg}} Artsakh

|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|1991-2023

|

|-

|{{flag|Aruba}}

|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}}

|1986{{clarify span|rationale=What happened in 1995?|–1995|date=October 2022}}

|

|-

|{{flag|Azerbaijan SSR}}

|{{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Yes}}

|1922–1991

|

|-

|Bangsamoro Republik

|{{Flag|Philippines}}

| || {{No}}

|1974, 2012, and 2013

|

|-

|{{flag|Bophuthatswana}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Partial|De jure}}

|1977–1994

|{{cite book|title=Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil|last=Marx|first=Anthony|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521585903|location=Cambridge|page=106}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} Bosnia-Herzegovina

|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1943–1992

|

|-

|{{flag|Byelorussian SSR}}

|{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Yes}}

|1920–1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Ciskei}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Partial|De jure}}

|1981–1994

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of SR Croatia.svg}} Croatia

|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1943–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon|Carpatho-Ukraine}} Carpathian Ruthenia

|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|1938–1939

|

|-

|{{flag|Czech Socialist Republic}}

|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1969–1993

|

|-

|{{flag|East Caprivi}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1972–1989

|

|-

|{{flag|Estonian SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1940–1941, 1944–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Socialist_red_flag.svg}} Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic || {{flag|Finland}} || {{No}} || 1918

|

|-

|File:Flag of the Repubblica Romana (1798).svg Free State of Bottleneck

|{{Flag|Prussia}}
{{Flag|Weimar Republic}}

|{{No}}

|1919-1923

|

|-

|File:Wappen Schwarzenberg Erzgebirge.svg Free Republic of Schwarzenberg

|{{Flagicon|Soviet occupation zone}} Soviet occupation zone in Germany|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|1945

|

|-

|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} Galician Ruthenians || {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 1848–1918

|

|-

|{{flag|Gagauzia}}

|{{flag|Moldova}}|| {{No}}

|1991–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|Gazankulu}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1971–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|Georgian SSR}}

|{{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Yes}}

|1922–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon|India}} Jammu and Kashmir

|{{flag|India}}|| {{No}}

|1921–2019

|

|-

|{{flag|Hereroland}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1970–1989

|

|-

|{{flag|KaNgwane}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1972–1994

|

|-

|{{flagicon|Karelia|1937}} Karelian ASSR

|{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Partial|union republic}}

|1923–1940

|

|-

|{{flag|Karelo-Finnish SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{No}}

|1940–1956

|

|-

|{{flag|Kavangoland}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1973–1989

|

|-

|{{flag|Kazakh SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1936–1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Kirghiz SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1936–1991

|

|-

|{{flag|KwaNdebele}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1981–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|KwaZulu}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1981–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|Latvian SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1940–1941, 1944–1991

|

|-

|Gonâve Island

|{{flag|Haiti|1859}}|| {{No}}

|1920s

|

|-

|{{flag|Lebowa}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1972–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|Lithuanian SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1940–1941, 1944–1990/1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of North Macedonia (1946–1992).svg}} Macedonia

|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1945–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1994–2004).svg}} Montenegro

|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}

| {{Yes}}

|1945–2006

|

|-

|{{flagicon|Moldova|1925}} Moldavian ASSR

|{{flag|Ukrainian SSR|1919}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Partial|union republic}}

|1924–1940

|

|-

|{{flag|Moldavian SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1940–1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Ovamboland}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1973–1989

|

|-

|{{flag|QwaQwa}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}}

|1974–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|Russian SFSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1917–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of SR Serbia.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Serbia (1992–2004).svg}} Serbia

|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}
{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}

| {{Yes}}

|1945–2006

|

|-

|{{flagicon|Singapore}} Singapore

|{{flag|Malaysia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1963–1965

|

|-

|{{flag|Slovak Socialist Republic}}

|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1969–1993

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945-1991).svg}} Slovenia

|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}}

|1945–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} South West Africa (Namibia)

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Yes}}

|1915–1990

|{{cite book|title=Recueil des cours: Collected courses of the Hague Academy of International Law|author=Hague Academy of International Law|date=1978|publisher=Sijthoff and Noordhoff, Publishers|isbn=978-90-286-0759-0|location=Alphen aan den Rijn|pages=100–101}}

|-

|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} Southern Sudan

|{{flag|Sudan}}|| {{Yes}}

|2005–2011

|{{cite book|title=Non-State Actors in International Law|last=Suzuki|first=Eisuke|date=2015|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=978-1849465113|editor1-last=Noortmann|editor1-first=Math|location=Portland|page=40|editor2-last=Reinisch|editor2-first=August|editor3-last=Ryngaert|editor3-first=Cedric}}

|-

|{{flag|Transkei}}

|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Partial|De jure}}

|1976–1994

|

|-

|{{flag|Trucial States}}

|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| {{Yes}}

|1820–1971

|{{cite book|title=The Rise of the Global South: Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century|last=Ulrichsen|first=Kristian Coates|date=2013|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|isbn=978-9814397803|editor-last=Dargin|editor-first=Justin|location=Singapore|pages=155–156}}

|-

|{{flag|Tajik SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1929–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Turkestan Autonomous SSR Flag.svg}} Turkestan ASSR

|{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}|| {{No}}

|1918–1924

|{{cite book|title=Border Work: Spatial Lives of the State in Rural Central Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/borderworkspatia00reev|url-access=limited|last=Reeves|first=Madeleine|date=2014|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801477065|location=Ithaca|page=[https://archive.org/details/borderworkspatia00reev/page/66 66]}}

|-

|{{flag|Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|name=Turkmen SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1925–1991

|

|-

| {{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets}}

| {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}

| {{No}}

| 1917–1918

|

|-

| {{flag|Ukrainian Soviet Republic}}

| {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}

| {{No}}

| 1918

|

|-

| {{flag|Ukrainian SSR}}

| {{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

| {{Yes}}

| 1919–1991

| {{cite book|title=Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies|last=Ryabchuk|first=Mykola|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10556-6|editor-last=Kennedy|editor-first=Michael D.|location=Ann Arbor|page=135|chapter=Between Civil Society and the New Etatism: Democracy in the Making and State Building in Ukraine|quote=For Ukraine, even the formal declaration of the Ukrainian SSR, however puppet like, was extremely important. First, it somewhat legitimised the very existence of the Ukrainian state and nation, even if by an “inviolable” union with Russia. Second, it provided an opportunity to create certain state structure, establish state symbols, and even attain an only informal but, as it turned out, crucial membership in the United Nations. Third, the formal existence of the Ukrainian SSR as a distinct ethnic, territorial, and administrative entity with state like features objectively created a legitimate and psychological basis for the eventual formation of a political nation. It has proven much easier to change a nominal “sovereignty” to a real one than to build a state out of several provinces (gubernia) threatened by foreign intervention and civil war, as in 1917–20.}}

|-

|{{flag|Uzbek SSR}}

|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}

|1924–1991

|

|-

|{{flag|Venda}} || {{flag|South Africa|1928}} || {{Partial|De jure}} || 1979–1994 ||

|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"

! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !! Since !! Source

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Abkhazia.svg}} Abkhazia || {{flag|Georgia}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 1992 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Al-Qaeda || {{flag|Mali}}
{{flag|Somalia}}|| {{Partial|De facto}} || 2006 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg}} Islamic Emirate of Somalia (Al-Shabaab) || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 2009 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of ADF.png}} Allied Democratic Forces || {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{flag|Uganda}} || {{No}} || 1996 || {{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/19/new-insights-on-congos-islamist-rebels/ |title=New insights on Congo's Islamist rebels |author=Daniel Fahey |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=16 October 2017}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons.svg}} Ambazonia || {{flag|Cameroon}} || {{No}} || 2017 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)

|{{flag|Yemen}}|| {{No}}

|2011

|{{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{nowrap|25px Ansar al-Sunna}}

|{{Flag|Mozambique}}|| {{No}}

|2020

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg}} Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

|{{flag|Syria}}||{{No}}

|2012

|{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Brian Glyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x82DQAAQBAJ&q=Rojava+%22proto-state%22&pg=PA300 |title=Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria |date=2016-10-20 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812248678 |language=en}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Cabinda (FLEC propose).svg}} Cabinda || {{flag|Angola}} || {{No}} || 1975 ||

|-

|{{flag|Chinland}}

|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|2023

|{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}

|-

|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} Coalition of Patriots for Change || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{No}} || 2020 ||

|-

|{{flag icon|Houthis}} Houthi Yemen|| {{Flag|Yemen}}|| {{Partial|De facto}} || 2004 ||{{Update inline|date=November 2022|?=yes}}

|-

|25px Islamic State|| {{flag|Iraq}}
{{flag|Syria}}
{{flag|Afghanistan}}
{{flag|Somalia}}
{{flag|Yemen}}
{{flag|Nigeria}}
{{flag|Libya}}
{{flag|Mali}}
{{flag|Mozambique}}|| {{Partial|De facto}} || 2013 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}{{Cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-asil-annual-meeting/article/remarks-by-anicee-van-engeland/DC3E7E22186E0187F209F819A3E0BA77 | doi=10.1017/S0272503700103052| title=Remarks by Anicée van Engeland| year=2016| last1=Van Engeland| first1=Anicée| journal=Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting| volume=110| pages=225–228| s2cid=233341833}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Khaatumo State of Somalia.svg}} Khatumo

|{{flag|Somalia}}|| {{No}}

|2012

|

|-

|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} Kosovo

|{{flag|Serbia}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|2008

|

|-

|Mai-Mai

|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|| {{No}}

|2015

|

|-

|File:Flag of the Eastern Shan State Special Region 4 (Myanmar).png National Democratic Alliance Army

|{{Flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|1989

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of National Resistance Front of Afghanistan.svg}} National Resistance Front of Afghanistan

|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}|| {{No}}

|2021

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Arab Republic (1958–1971), Flag of Syria (1980–2024).svg}} Neo-Ba'athist insurgents

|{{flag|Syria}}|| {{No}}

|2024

|

|-

| {{flagicon image|Flag of PDF Myanmar.svg|size=25px}} National Unity Government of Myanmar

|{{Flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}}

|2021

|

|-

| {{flagicon image|NDCRflag.svg}} Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated

| {{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|| {{No}}

| 2015

|

|-

|{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}} || {{flag|Cyprus}} || {{Partial|De facto}}|| 1974 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg}} Oromo Liberation Front

|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}|| {{No}}

|1973

|

|-

|{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}

|{{flag|Morocco}}|| {{Partial}}

|1976

|

|-

|{{flagicon|State of Palestine}} State of Palestine || {{flag|Israel}} || {{Yes}} || 1988 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Somaliland.svg}} Somaliland

|{{flag|Somalia}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Ossetia.svg}} South Ossetia || {{flag|Georgia}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 1991 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} Southern Transitional Council || {{flag|Yemen}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 2017 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sudan Revolutionary Front.svg}} Sudan Revolutionary Front

|{{Flag|Sudan}}|| {{No}}

|2011

|

|-

|SPLM-North (al-Hilu Faction) or "New Sudan"

|{{Flag|Sudan}} || {{Partial|De facto}}

|2023

|{{Cite news |last=Casey |first=Nicholas |last2=Saman |first2=Moises |date=2024-08-08 |title=Inside the Mountain Stronghold of an Elusive Rebel Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/08/magazine/sudan-nuba-war.html |access-date=2025-04-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

|{{flag|Pakistan}}|| {{No}}

|2002

|{{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Infobox TPLF.png}} Tigray People's Liberation Front || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || {{Partial|Partial}} || 2020 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Transnistria (state).svg}} Transnistria

|{{flag|Moldova}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|1990

|

|-

|File:United Wa State Army flag.png Wa State

|{{Flag|Myanmar}}|| {{Partial|De facto}}

|1989

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of West Papua.svg}} West Papua || {{flag|Indonesia}} || {{No}} || 1971 ||

|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"

|-

! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !! Dates !! Source

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg}} Al-Nusra Front || {{flag|Ba'athist Syria|name=Syria}} || {{No}} || 2012–2017 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg}} Ansar al-Islam || {{flag|Iraq|1991}}|| {{No}} || 2001–2003 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg}} Islamic Emirate of Yemen || {{Flag|Yemen}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 2015–2020 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Islamic Emirate of Rafah

|{{Flag|Gaza}}

|{{No}}

|2009

|{{Cite web |title=Islamist leader dies in Gaza battle |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2009/8/15/islamist-leader-dies-in-gaza-battle |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Press |first=Associated |date=2009-08-15 |title=Hamas: Leader of al-Qaeda-inspired group committed suicide |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3762066,00.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=Ynetnews |language=en}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} Kurdistan

|{{No}}

|1994–2003

|{{Cite web |title=The Islamist Threat from Iraqi Kurdistan {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/islamist-threat-iraqi-kurdistan |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.washingtoninstitute.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Does Kurdish jihadist group threaten Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in north Syria? - Al-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/does-kurdish-jihadist-group-threaten-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-north-syria |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Movimento_Popular_de_Libertação_de_Angola_(bandeira).svg}} Angola || {{flag|Portugal}} || {{Yes}} || 1961–1975 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg}} Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) || {{flag|Libya}} || {{No}} || 2014–2017 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}

|-

|{{flag decoration|Syria}} Syrian Interim Government

|{{Flag|Ba'athist Syria|name=Syria}}|| {{Yes}}

|2013-2025

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg}} Syrian Salvation Government

|{{Flag|Ba'athist Syria|name=Syria}}|| {{Yes}}

|2017-2024

|

|-

|{{flag decoration|Syria}} Revolutionary Commando Army

|{{Flag|Ba'athist Syria|name=Syria}}|| {{Yes}}

|2016-2025

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} Ansar Dine || {{flag|Mali}} || {{No}} || 2012–2013 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}

|-

|{{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}} and {{flag|Luhansk People's Republic}}

| {{flag|Ukraine}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 2014–2022 || {{cite book|last=Socor|first=Vladimir|title=Countering Hybrid Threats: Lessons Learned from Ukraine|date=2016|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-1614996507|editor1-last=Iancu|editor1-first=Niculae|location=Washington, DC|pages=187–192|chapter=Conserved Conflict: Russia's Pattern in Ukraine's East|quote=Russia’s 2014 military intervention breached [Ukraine’s titles to sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of its borders] de facto, but the Minsk armistice formalises that breach at the international level. Under the armistice, a formal restoration of Ukraine’s sovereignty and control of the external border in Donetsk-Luhansk is no longer a matter of title, right, or international law. Instead, that restoration becomes conditional on enshrining the Donetsk-Luhansk proto-state in Ukraine’s constitution and legitimising the Moscow-installed authorities there through elections. Moreover, the terms of that restoration are negotiable between Kyiv and Donetsk-Luhansk (i.e., Moscow) under the Minsk armistice.|editor2-last=Fortuna|editor2-first=Andrei|editor3-last=Barna|editor3-first=Cristian|editor4-last=Teodor|editor4-first=Mihaela}}

|-

|{{flagicon|Russia}} Armed Forces of South Russia || {{flag|Russian SFSR|name=Russia|1918}}|| {{No}} || 1919–1920 || Shambarov, V. [http://militera.lib.ru/research/shambarov2/index.html The State and revolutions (Государство и революции)]. "Algoritm". Moscow, 2001 {{in lang|ru}}

|-

|{{flag|Azawad}} || {{flag|Mali}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 2012–2013 ||

|-

|{{flagicon|Islamic State}} Boko Haram || {{flag|Nigeria}}
{{flag|Cameroon}} || {{No}} || 2013–2015 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}

|-

| {{Flag|Carpatho-Ukraine}}

| {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}}{{Flag|Hungary|1920}}

| {{Partial|De facto}}

| 1938–1939

|

|-

|{{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} || {{flag|Russia}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 1991–2000 ||

|-

|{{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic}} || {{flagicon|Taiwan}} Republic of China || {{No}} || 1931–1937 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg}} Communist China || {{flagicon|Taiwan}} Republic of China || {{Yes}} || 1927–1949 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg}} Dar al-Kuti || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 2015–2021 || {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/central-african-republic-rebels-declare-autonomous-state-in-north/2015/12/15/8efdd3a8-a380-11e5-ad3f-991ce3374e23_story.html|title=Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north|date=15 December 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=20 December 2015}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Флаг Дубровницкой республики (1991).png}} Dubrovnik Republic || {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia|| {{No}} || 1991–1992 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Eastern Slavonia - Baranja - and Western Syrmia.svg}} Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia || {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia|| {{No}} || 1995–1998 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the FARC-EP.svg}} FARC || {{flag|Colombia}} || {{No}} || 1964–2017 || {{cite book|last1=Faure|first1=Guy Olivier|last2=Zartman|first2=I. William|title=Engaging Extremists: Trade-offs, Timing, and Diplomacy|date=1997|page=5|publisher=United States Institute of Peace Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1601270740}}

|-

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Fatah al-Islam.png}} Fatah al-Islam

| {{flag|Lebanon}}

| {{No}}

| 2007

| {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Fujian People's Government.svg}} Fujian || {{flagicon|China|1928}} Republic of China || {{No}} || 1933–1934 ||

|-

| Armed Islamic Group of Algeria || {{flag|Algeria}} || {{No}} || 1993–1995 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{flagicon|Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia}} Herzeg-Bosnia || {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|| {{No}} || 1991–1996 ||

|-

|{{flag|Hyderabad State}} || 22px Dominion of India|| {{Partial|De facto}} || 1947–1948 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Idel-Ural State.svg}} Idel-Ural State || {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia || {{No}} || 1917–1918 || {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Glenn|title=Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924|date=2007|page=14|publisher=Universal Publishers|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1581123494}}

|-

|{{flagicon|Ireland}} Irish Republic || {{flag|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|name=United Kingdom}} || {{Partial}}||1916; 1919–1922 || {{cite book|last=Suzman|first=Mark|title=Ethnic Nationalism and State Power: The Rise of Irish Nationalism, Afrikaner Nationalism and Zionism|date=1999|pages=144–145|publisher=Macmillan Press|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0312220280}}

|-

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Islamic Emirate of Kunar

| {{Flag|Afghanistan|1987|name=Republic of Afghanistan}}

| {{No}}

| 1989–1991

| {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{Flagicon|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}} Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan || {{Flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 1996–2001 ||

|-

| {{flagicon image|Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya.png}} Islamic Republic of Imbaba

| {{flag|Egypt}}

| {{No}}

| 1989–1992

| {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} Jamiat-e Islami ||{{Flag|Afghanistan|1980|name=Democratic Republic of Afghanistan}}|| {{No}} || 1982–1989 || [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK_fAAAAMAAJ Defence Journal]. Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal, 2006, Volume 9-10 Collected Issues 12(9)-12 (10) page 47.

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania.svg}} Republic of Kosova || {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro|name=Yugoslavia}} || {{No}} || 1992–1999 || [http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognised the Republic of Kosova] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420190957/http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |date=April 20, 2012 }}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kharkov People's Republic.svg}} Kharkiv People's Republic || {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine|| {{No}} || 2014

|| {{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kharkiv-operation-ukraine-terrorism-separatist-arrests/25324984.html |title=Ukraine Authorities Clear Kharkiv Building, Arrest Scores Of 'Separatists' |date=April 8, 2014 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}

|-

|{{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic|name=Jiangxi}} || {{flagicon|China|1928}} Republic of China || {{No}} || 1931–1937 ||

|-

|{{flag|Jubaland}} || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{No}} || 1998–2001 ||

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1978).svg}} Junbish-e Milli

|| {{Flag|Afghanistan|1987|name=Republic of Afghanistan}} (until April 28)
{{Flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} (from April 28)|| {{No}} || 1992–1997 || {{Cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rashid-dostum-the-treacherous-general-9224857.html | title=Rashid Dostum: The treacherous general| website=Independent.co.uk| date=December 2001}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Yugoslav Partisans flag (1942-1945).svg}} Liberated Yugoslavia || {{flag|Independent State of Croatia}}
24px Occupied Serbia || {{Yes}} || 1942–1945 || {{cite book|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|title=Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study|date=1997|page=218|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|isbn=978-0765804068}}

|-

|{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}} || {{flagicon|China|1928}} China || {{Yes}} || 1911–1946

|

|-

|{{flag|Mozambique|1974}} || {{flag|Portugal}} || {{Yes}} || 1964–1974 || {{refn|The erosion of Portuguese military control over northern Mozambique during the Mozambican War of Independence allowed local guerrillas to establish a proto-state there, which survived until the war ended in 1974. Home to about a million people, the miniature insurgent proto-state was managed by FRELIMO's civilian wing and was able to provide administrative services, open trade relations with Tanzania, and even supervise the construction of its own schools and hospitals with foreign aid.|name=KBS|group=note}}

|-

|{{flagicon|Poland}} Polish autonomy in the Vilnius Region|| {{flag|Lithuania}} || {{No}} || 1988–1991

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} Revolutionary Vietnam || {{flag|South Vietnam}} || {{No}} || 1969–1976 ||

{{cite book|last=Domínguez|first=Jorge|title=To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy|date=1989|pages=127–128|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0674893252}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Republika_Srpska.svg}} Republika Srpska || {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|| {{No}} || 1991–1995 ||

|-

|Red Spears' rebel area in Dengzhou || {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China.svg}} Republic of China || {{No}} || 1929 || {{sfnp|Bianco|2015|p=6}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg}} Serbian Krajina || {{flag|Croatia}} || {{No}} || 1991–1995 || {{cite book|last=Glaurdic|first=Josip|title=The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia|date=2011|page=149|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300166293}}

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of Province Sudetenland.Svg}} Sudetenland

|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{No}}

|1918–1938

|{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |last2=Gott |first2=Richard |title=The Appeasers |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |year=1967}}

|-

|{{flagicon|Liberia}} "Taylorland" or Greater Liberia || {{flag|Liberia}} || {{No}} || 1990–1995/97 || {{refn|In course of the First Liberian Civil War, the Liberian central government effectively collapsed, allowing warlords to establish their own fiefs. One of the most powerful rebel leaders in Liberia, Charles Taylor, set up his own domain in a way resembling an actual state: He reorganised his militia into a military-like organisation (split into Army, Marines, Navy, and Executive Mansion Guard), established his de facto capital at Gbarnga, and created a civilian government and justice system under his control that were supposed to enforce law and order. The area under his control was commonly called "Taylorland" or "Greater Liberia" and even became somewhat stable and peaceful until it largely disintegrated in 1994/5 as result of attacks by rival militias. In the end, however, Taylor won the civil war and was elected President of Liberia, with his regime becoming the new central government.{{sfn|Dwyer|2015|pp=39, 40, 62}}{{sfn|Lidow|2016|pp=116–130}}|name=Lib|group=note}}

|-

|{{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg}} Tamil Eelam|| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || {{No}} || 1983–2009 || {{cite web | url=https://www.prcprague.cz/fcdataset/srilanka-tamileelam | title=Sri Lanka vs. Tamil Eelam }}{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/cfa-gave-de-facto-recognition-to-eelam-ltte/story-mUyWfYQqqKRqk2CLexoiIM.html | title=CFA gave de facto recognition to Eelam: LTTE | date=23 February 2007 }}

|-

|{{flagicon|Tibet}} Tibet || {{flagicon|China|1928}} Republic of China || {{No}} || 1912–1951

| {{refn|See Tibetan sovereignty debate|group=note}}

|-

| {{flag|Ukrainian National Government}}

| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}{{Flag|Nazi Germany|Nazi}}

| {{No}}

| 1941

|

|-

| {{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}}

| {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}{{Flag|Russian Republic}}

| {{Yes}}

| 1917–1921

|

|-

|{{flag|United States|1776}}

|{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|name=Great Britain}}|| {{Yes}}

|1776–1783

|

|-

| {{flag|West Ukrainian People's Republic}}

| {{flag|Austria-Hungary|1918}}{{flag|Poland|1918}}

| {{No}}

| 1918–1919

|

|-

|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993–1995).svg}} Western Bosnia || {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|| {{No}} || 1993–1995 ||

|-

|{{Flagicon image|Ejército_Zapatista_de_Liberación_Nacional,_Flag.svg}} Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities

|{{Flag|Mexico}} || {{Partial|De facto}} || 1994–2023 ||

|-

| {{flag|Zaporozhian Sich}}

| {{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg|border=no}} Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

| {{Yes}}

| 16th century–1649

| {{sfnp|Essen|2018|p=83}}

|-

|}

• Aspirant state
• Deep state
• Failed state
• List of sovereign states
• Nation-building
• Rump state
• Sovereign state
• State-building
• List of rebel groups that control territory

{{reflist |group=note}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book

|title = Peasants without the Party: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth Century China

|last = Bianco

|first = Lucien

|date = 2015

|publisher = Routledge

|location = Abingdon-on-Thames, New York City

|isbn = 978-1563248405

}}

• {{cite book

|title = American Warlord. A true story

|last = Dwyer

|first = Johnny

|publisher = Vintage Books

|year = 2015

|location = New York City

}}

• {{cite book

|last = Essen

|first = Michael Fredholm von

|title = Muscovy's Soldiers. The Emergence of the Russian Army 1462–1689

|language = en

|date = 2018

|publisher = Helion & Company

|location = Warwick

|isbn = 978-1912390106

}}

• {{cite book

|title = Violent Order: Understanding Rebel Governance through Liberia's Civil War

|last = Lidow

|first = Nicholai Hart

|publisher = Cambridge University Press

|year = 2016

|location = Cambridge

}}

• {{cite journal| last = Lia| first = Brynjar| title = Understanding Jihadi Proto-States| journal = Perspectives on Terrorism| volume = 9| issue = 4| date = August 2015| pages=31–41| url = https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf |issn = 2334-3745 }}

{{Terms for types of country subdivisions}}

Category:Types of countries

Category:International law

Category:Political science terminology

Category:Political geography

Category:Political metaphors

Category:Political neologisms

Category:Forms of government

Category:Former countries

Category:Former countries by form of government

Category:Political anthropology