tropical cyclone naming#South Atlantic Ocean

{{main|History of tropical cyclone naming|List of historic tropical cyclone names}}

Before the formal start of naming, tropical cyclones were often named after places, objects, or saints' feast days on which they occurred. The credit for the first usage of personal names for weather systems is generally given to the Queensland Government meteorologist Clement Wragge, who named systems between 1887 and 1907. This system of naming weather systems subsequently fell into disuse for several years after Wragge retired until it was revived in the latter part of World War II for the Western Pacific. Formal naming schemes have subsequently been introduced for the North Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Western and Southern Pacific basins as well as the Australian region and Indian Ocean.{{cite web|title=They Called the Wind Mahina: The History of Naming Cyclones|url=ftp://ftp.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/pub/dorst/Mahina.pptx|work=Hurricane Research Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|author=Dorst, Neal M|at=Slides 8–72|date=October 23, 2012|format=PPTX}}

{{as of|2014}}, tropical cyclones are officially named by one of eleven warning centers and retain their names throughout their lifetimes to facilitate the effective communication of forecasts and storm-related hazards to the general public.{{cite book|author=Landsea, Christopher W|author2=Dorst, Neal M|date=June 1, 2014|title=Tropical Cyclone Frequently Asked Question|chapter=Subject: Tropical Cyclone Names: B1) How are tropical cyclones named?|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division|chapter-url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210075835/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/B1.html|archive-date=December 10, 2018|url-status=live}} This is especially important when multiple storms are occurring simultaneously in the same ocean basin. Names are generally assigned in order from predetermined lists, once they produce one, three, or ten-minute sustained wind speeds of more than {{convert|65|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}. However, standards vary from basin to basin, with some systems named in the Western Pacific when they develop into tropical depressions or enter PAGASA's area of responsibility. Within the Southern Hemisphere, systems must be characterized by a significant amount of gale-force winds occurring around the center before they are named.

{{anchor|Retirement}}Any member of the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane, typhoon and tropical cyclone committees can request that the name of a tropical cyclone be retired or withdrawn from the various tropical cyclone naming lists. A name is retired or withdrawn if a consensus or majority of members agree that the system has acquired a special notoriety, such as causing a large number of deaths and amounts of damage, impact, or for other special reasons. A replacement name is then submitted to the committee concerned and voted upon, but these names can be rejected and replaced with another name for various reasons: these reasons include the spelling and pronunciation of the name, the similarity to the name of a recent tropical cyclone or on another list of names, and the length of the name for modern communication channels such as social media.{{cite web |title=Naming tropical cyclones|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/tropical-cyclone-knowledge-centre/understanding/tc-names/ |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=February 27, 2025 }} PAGASA also retires the names of significant tropical cyclones when they have caused at least {{ntsp|1000000000||₱}} ({{ntsp|{{To USD|1000000000|PHL}}||US$}}) in damage or have caused at least 300 deaths.{{Cite press release |title=PAGASA replaces names of 2014 destructive typhoons |access-date=March 30, 2015 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |url=http://pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/92-press-release/682-pagasa-replaces-names-of-2014-destructive-typhoons |date=February 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210102848/http://pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/add-news/2252-pagasa-replaces-names-of-2014-destructive-typhoons |archive-date=February 10, 2015 |url-status=dead }}

{{further|List of retired Atlantic hurricane names}}

File:Milton 2024-10-07 1920Z.jpg at peak intensity to the north of the Yucatán Peninsula in October 2024]]

Within the North Atlantic Basin, tropical or subtropical storms are named by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), when they are judged to have 1-minute sustained winds of at least {{convert|34|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. The name selected comes from one of six rotating alphabetic lists of twenty-one names, that are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) RA IV Hurricane Committee. These lists skip the letters Q, U, X, Y and Z, rotate from year to year and alternate between male and female names. Should all of the names for a given year be used up, then any additional storms would be named using names from a supplemental list. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next meeting of the Hurricane Committee.

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{{further|List of retired Pacific hurricane names}}

File:Kristy 2024-10-24 2128Z.jpg at peak intensity while over the open Pacific in October 2024]]

Within the Eastern Pacific Ocean, there are two warning centers that assign names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization when they are judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least {{convert|34|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. Tropical cyclones that intensify into tropical storms between the coast of Americas and 140°W are named by the National Hurricane Center (NHC/RSMC Miami), while tropical cyclones intensifying into tropical storms between 140°W and 180° are named by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu). Significant tropical cyclones have their names retired from the lists and a replacement name selected at the next World Meteorological Organization Hurricane Committee.

When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between the coastline of the Americas and 140°W, it will be named by the NHC. There are six lists of names which rotate every six years and begin with the letters A—Z used, skipping Q and U, with each name alternating between a male or a female name. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next meeting of the Hurricane Committee. If all of the names on the annual name list are used, any additional tropical or subtropical storms will receive a name from a supplemental list.

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File:Walaka 2018-10-02 0006Z.jpg at peak intensity south of Johnston Atoll in October 2018]]

When a tropical depression intensifies into a tropical storm to the north of the Equator between 140°W and 180°, it is named by the CPHC. Four lists of Hawaiian names are maintained by the World Meteorological Organization's hurricane committee, rotating without regard to year, with the first name for a new year being the next name in sequence that was not used the previous year. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired from the lists, with a replacement name selected at the next Hurricane Committee meeting.

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File:Yagi 2024-09-05 0000Z.jpg at its peak intensity over the South China Sea in September 2024]]

Tropical cyclones that occur within the Northern Hemisphere between the anti-meridian and 100°E are officially named by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms. However, PAGASA also names tropical cyclones that occur or develop into tropical depressions within their self-defined area of responsibility between 5°N–25°N and 115°E–135°E. This often results in tropical cyclones in the region having two names.

{{further|List of retired Pacific typhoon names}}

Tropical cyclones within the Western Pacific are assigned international names by the Japan Meteorological Agency when they become tropical storms with 10-minute sustained winds of at least {{convert|34|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. The names are used sequentially without regard to year and are taken from five lists of names that were prepared by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, after each of the 14 members submitted 10 names in 1998. The order of the names to be used was determined by placing the English name of the members in alphabetical order. Members of the committee are allowed to request the retirement or replacement of a system's name if it causes extensive destruction or for other reasons such as number of deaths.

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{{further|List of retired Philippine typhoon names}}

File:Man-yi 2024-11-16 0455Z.jpg nearing landfall in Catanduanes at peak intensity on November 16]]

Since 1963, PAGASA has independently operated its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones that occur within its own self-defined Philippine Area of Responsibility.{{Cite news|title=Why and how storms get their names|publisher=GMA News|access-date=December 1, 2016|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/233580/news/nation/why-and-how-storms-get-their-names|date=September 27, 2011|archive-date=December 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081827/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/233580/news/nation/why-and-how-storms-get-their-names|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Philippine Tropical Cyclone Names|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|access-date=May 6, 2023|url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130084249/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learning-tools/philippine-tropical-cyclone-names|archive-date=January 30, 2021}} The names are taken from four different lists of 25 names and are assigned when a system moves into or develops into a tropical depression within PAGASA's jurisdiction. The four lists of names are rotated every four years, with the names of significant tropical cyclones retired if they have caused at least {{ntsp|1000000000||₱}} in damage and/or at least 300 deaths within the Philippines;{{Cite press release |title=PAGASA replaces Tropical Cyclone "Lando" to "Liwayway" |access-date=November 4, 2015 |publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration |url=https://web.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/92-press-release/682-pagasa-replaces-names-of-2014-destructive-typhoons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114220225/https://web.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.php/news/92-press-release/682-pagasa-replaces-names-of-2014-destructive-typhoons |archive-date=November 14, 2015}} replacements to retired names are taken from the agency's list of reserved names. If the list of names for a given year are exhausted, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first ten of which are published every year.

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File:Mocha 2023-05-14 0050Z.jpg at peak intensity while approaching Myanmar in May 2023]]

Within the North Indian Ocean between 45°E – 100°E, tropical cyclones are named by the India Meteorological Department (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) when they are judged to have intensified into cyclonic storms with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of at least {{convert|34|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. If a cyclonic storm moves into the basin from the Western Pacific, then it will keep its original name. However, if the system weakens into a deep depression and subsequently reintensifies after moving into the region, then it will be assigned a new name.

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File:Batsirai 2022-02-02 0956Z.jpg near peak intensity northwest of Mauritius in February 2022]]

Within the South-West Indian Ocean in the Southern Hemisphere between Africa and 90°E, a tropical or subtropical disturbance is named when it is judged to have intensified into a tropical storm with winds of at least {{convert|34|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/liste_noms.html |url-status=live |author=La Reunion Tropical Cyclone Centre |title=How are the names chosen? |date=August 31, 2015 |access-date=September 1, 2015 |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |publisher=Météo-France |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721050915/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/liste_noms.html }} This is defined as being when gales are either observed or estimated to be present near a significant portion of the system's center. Systems are named in conjunction with Météo-France Reunion by either Météo Madagascar or the Mauritius Meteorological Service. If a disturbance reaches the naming stage between Africa and 55°E, then Météo Madagascar names it; if it reaches the naming stage between 55°E and 90°E, then the Mauritius Meteorological Service names it. The names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. These names are then replaced by the WMO's RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee, with names submitted by member nations.

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{{further|List of retired Australian cyclone names}}

Within the Australian region in the Southern Hemisphere between 90°E – 160°E, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the center which are forecast to continue. The Indonesian Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 90°E and 141°E, while Papua New Guinea's National Weather Service names systems that develop between the Equator and 10°S and 141°E and 160°E. Outside of these areas, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology names systems that develop into tropical cyclones. In order to enable local authorities and their communities in taking action to reduce the impact of a tropical cyclone, each of these warning centres reserve the right to name a system early if it has a high chance of being named. If a name is assigned to a tropical cyclone that causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that storm is retired from the list of names for the region. A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting.

If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator – 10°S and 90°E – 141°E, it will be named by the Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Names are assigned in sequence from list A, while list B details names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.

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If a system intensifies into a tropical cyclone between the Equator – 10°S and 141°E – 160°E, then it will be named by Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Names are assigned in sequence from list A and are automatically retired after being used regardless of any damage caused. List B contains names that will replace names on list A that are retired or removed for other reasons.

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{{anchor|Australia}}

File:Zelia 2025-02-13 0000Z.jpg at peak intensity approaching Western Australia in February 2025]]

When a system develops into a tropical cyclone below 10°S between 90°E and 160°E, then it will be named by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM/TCWC Melbourne). The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year.

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{{anchor|South Pacific}}

{{further|List of retired South Pacific cyclone names}}

File:Lola 2023-10-24 0300Z.jpg at peak intensity in October 2023.]]

Within the Southern Pacific basin in the Southern Hemisphere between 160°E – 120°W, a tropical cyclone is named when observations or Dvorak intensity analysis indicate that a system has gale force or stronger winds near the centre which are forecast to continue. The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) names systems that are located between the Equator and 25°S, while the New Zealand MetService names systems (in conjunction with the FMS) that develop to the south of 25°S. In order to enable local authorities and their communities in taking action to reduce the impact of a tropical cyclone, the FMS reserves the right to name a system early if it has a high chance of being named. If a tropical cyclone causes loss of life or significant damage and disruption to the way of life of a community, then the name assigned to that cyclone is retired from the list of names for the region. A replacement name is then submitted to the next World Meteorological Organization's RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee meeting. The name of a tropical cyclone is determined by using Lists A–D in order, without regard to the year before restarting with List A. List E contains names that will replace names on Lists A–D when needed.

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When a tropical or subtropical storm exists in the South Atlantic Ocean, the Brazilian Navy Hydrographic Center's Marine Meteorological Service names the system using a predetermined list of names. The names are assigned in alphabetical order and used in rotating order without regard to year. The name "Kurumí" replaced "Kamby" in 2018 without the latter being used. In 2022, 32 new names were added.{{cite web|title=NORMAS DA AUTORIDADE MARÍTIMA PARA AS ATIVIDADES DE METEOROLOGIA MARÍTIMA NORMAM-19 2ª REVISÃO 2022|url=https://www.marinha.mil.br/dhn/sites/www.marinha.mil.br.dhn/files/normam/NORMAM-19-DHN-2a-Rev-2022.pdf|publisher=Brazilian Navy|access-date=April 30, 2023|page=D-5|language=pt|date=2022|archive-date=March 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331140443/http://www.marinha.mil.br/dhn/sites/www.marinha.mil.br.dhn/files/normam/NORMAM-19-DHN-2a-Rev-2022.pdf|url-status=live}}

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{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}

• Tropical cyclone scales
• Atlantic hurricane season
• South Atlantic tropical cyclone
• Pacific hurricane season
• Pacific typhoon season
• South Pacific tropical cyclone
• North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
• South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
• Australian region tropical cyclone
• Regional Specialized Meteorological Center
• Weather system naming in Europe

{{Reflist|group=nb}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAbUM0fUbmA AskBOM: How do tropical cyclones get their names?]
• [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ United States National Hurricane Center – RSMC Miami]
• [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/ United States Central Pacific Hurricane Center – RSMC Honolulu]
• [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/ Japan Meteorological Agency – RSMC Tokyo]
• [http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/index.php?lang=en India Meteorological Department – RSMC New Delhi]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070330212754/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/ Météo-France – RSMC La Reunion]
• [http://meteo.bmkg.go.id/ Indonesia Badan Meteorologi & Geofisika – TCWC Jakarta]
• [http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/ Australia Bureau of Meteorology – TCWC Melbourne]
• [http://www.met.gov.fj/ Fiji Meteorological Service – RSMC Nadi]
• [http://www.metservice.co.nz/ Meteorological Service of New Zealand – TCWC Wellington]
• [https://www.marinha.mil.br/chm/ Brazilian Navy Hydrography Center – Marine Meteorological Service]
• [https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lists Of Tropical Cyclone Names}}

Names

Tropical cyclones