Academy Award for Best Visual Effects#Engineering Effects Award
{{short description|Academy Award given for the best achievement in visual effects}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Academy Award for Best Visual Effects
| image =
| caption =
| presenter = Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
| country = United States
| year = {{start date and age|1929|5|16}} (for films released during the 1927/1928 film season)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| most_awards = Industrial Light & Magic (15) / Dennis Muren (8)
| most_nominations = Dennis Muren (15)
| holder = Paul Lambert, Stephen James, Rhys Salcombe, and Gerd Nefzer
Dune: Part Two (2024)
| website = {{URL|oscars.org}}
| former name = {{plainlist|
}}
}}
The Academy Award for Best Visual Effects is presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for the best achievement in visual effects. It has been handed to four members of the team directly responsible for creating the film's visual effects since 1980.
History
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences first recognized the technical contributions of special effects to movies at its inaugural dinner in 1929, presenting a plaque for "Best Engineering Effects" to the first Best Picture Oscar winner, the World War I flying drama Wings.
Producer David O. Selznick, then production head at RKO Studios, petitioned the Academy Board of Governors to recognize the work of animator Willis O'Brien for his groundbreaking work on 1933's King Kong.{{Cite web |date=April 25, 2021 |title=10 Movies that Should Have Won A VFX Oscar, But Didn't |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/movies-that-should-have-won-vfx-oscar/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Digital Trends |language=en}} However, the Academy did not have a category to acknowledge its visual achievements at the time.{{Cite magazine |title=Oscars: Nominated for Nothing |url=https://ew.com/gallery/oscars-nominated-nothing/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |language=en}}{{cite book |last=Way |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LIphDwAAQBAJ |title=King Kong and Other Monstrous Apes |date=July 15, 2015 |publisher=Rosen Publishing |isbn=978-1-4994-3539-9 |page=20 |access-date=May 27, 2024}}
It was not until 1938 when a film was actually recognized for its effects work, when a "Special Achievement Award for Special Effects" was given to the Paramount film Spawn of the North. The following year, "Best Special Effects" became a recognized category, although on occasion the Academy has chosen to honor a single film outright rather than nominate two or more films. From 1939 to 1963, it was an award for a film's visual effects as well as audio effects, so it was often given to two persons, although some years only one or the other type of effect was recognized. For the 22nd Academy Awards, RKO was nominated for the work done on Mighty Joe Young (1949), and when they won, it was Willis H. O'Brien who went on stage to accept the statue.{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svr4giOnmos | title=Willis O'Brien Wins Special Effects: 1950 Oscars | website=YouTube | date=10 May 2014 }} In 1964, it was given only for visual effects, and the following year the name of the category was changed to "Best Special Visual Effects".
Honorees for this award have been bestowed several times as a Special Achievement Academy Award. In 1977, the category was given its current name "Best Visual Effects." For decades, shortlisted finalists were selected by a steering committee. They are presently chosen by the visual effects branch executive committee.{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |title=92nd Academy Awards of Merit |author= |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424163237/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/92aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |url-status=live }} 1990 was the last year there were no official nominees. Back to the Future Part III, Dick Tracy, Ghost and Total Recall advanced to a second stage of voting, but only Total Recall received a requisite average and it was given a special achievement Oscar.{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/1991/film/features/oscar-choices-omissions-reflect-quirky-voting-rules-99125806/ |title=Oscar Choices/Omissions Reflect Quirky Voting Rules |last=Cohn |first=Lawrence |date=February 17, 1991 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914001220/https://variety.com/1991/film/features/oscar-choices-omissions-reflect-quirky-voting-rules-99125806/ |url-status=live }}
There have been three wholly animated films nominated in this category: The Nightmare Before Christmas in 1993, Kubo and the Two Strings in 2016, and The Lion King in 2019. There have been three semi-animated films nominated, which also won: Mary Poppins in 1964, Bedknobs and Broomsticks in 1971, and Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1988.{{cite journal |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/01/24/how_kubo_and_the_two_strings_became_the_first_animated_movie_in_24_years.html |title=How Kubo and the Two Strings Landed a Surprise Visual Effects Oscar Nomination |journal=Slate |date=24 January 2017 |last1=Kois |first1=Dan |access-date=21 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221121357/http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2017/01/24/how_kubo_and_the_two_strings_became_the_first_animated_movie_in_24_years.html |url-status=live }} In 2024, Godzilla Minus One became the first non-English-language film ever to win in the category.{{Cite web |last=McGovern |first=Joe |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Godzilla Minus One Record: 1st Director to Win VFX Oscar Since Kubrick |url=https://www.thewrap.com/godzilla-minus-one-oscar-win-stanley-kubrick-milestone/ |access-date=March 19, 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}
Rules
In 1979, there were five films nominated. For most of the next three decades, there were three nominees a year, although at some times there were two and at others, a single film was given the award outright.
In 2007, it was decided that a list of no more than 15 eligible films would be chosen, from which a maximum of seven would be shortlisted for further consideration. A vote would then proceed, with a maximum of three nominees. Since 2010, there are ten shortlisted finalists which, using a form of range voting, produce five nominees.{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf#page=32|title=89TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS OF MERIT|date=2016|website=oscars.org|at=RULE TWENTY-TWO SPECIAL RULES FOR THE VISUAL EFFECTS AWARD|quote=Five productions shall be selected using reweighted range voting to become the nominations for final voting for the Visual Effects award.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702001650/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/89aa_rules.pdf|archive-date=July 2, 2016|url-status=live}} No more than four people may be nominated for a single film.[http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule22.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914153856/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/rules/rule22.html|date=September 14, 2012}}
According to the official Academy Award [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108103547/http://www.oscars.org/78academyawards/rules/rule22.html rules], the criteria are:
(a) consideration of the contribution the visual effects make to the overall production and
(b) the artistry, skill and fidelity with which the visual illusions are achieved.
Filmmakers
A number of filmmakers have had their movies honored for their achievements in visual effects; i.e., six by director James Cameron (who began his career in Hollywood as an effects technician), five films produced by George Pal, five by director/producer George Lucas, four by directors Richard Fleischer, Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson, three by directors Robert Zemeckis, Christopher Nolan, and Denis Villeneuve, and two by directors Clarence Brown, Cecil B. DeMille, Mark Robson, Ridley Scott, Robert Stevenson.
Only two directors have won in the same category: Four time Best Director nominee Stanley Kubrick's only Oscar win for 1968's 2001: A Space Odyssey, and Japanese filmmaker Takashi Yamazaki's first Oscar win for 2023's Godzilla Minus One.{{Cite web |last=Goodfellow |first=Melanie |date=2024-03-11 |title=Record Number Of Non-English Language Movies Take Home Oscar Statuettes |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/godzilla-minus-one-makes-vfx-oscar-record-number-of-non-english-language-movies-oscar-winners-1235854658/ |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}} The credits for 2001 list four effects contributors, including Douglas Trumbull. However, according to the rules of the Academy in effect at the time, only three persons could be nominated for their work on a single film, which would have resulted in the omission of either Trumbull, Tom Howard, Con Pederson or Wally Veevers. Ultimately, it was Kubrick's name that was submitted as a nominee in this category, resulting in his winning the award, which many consider a slight to the four men whose work contributed to the film's success.{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1969|title=1969 Winners and Nominees|website=Oscars|date=4 October 2014 |access-date=2019-07-24|archive-date=2016-09-10|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160910175650/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1969|url-status=live}}
Engineering Effects Award
The table below display the Oscar nominees for Best Engineering Effects.
{{legend|#FAEB86|indicates competitive winner}}
{{legend|#91CFF6|indicates non-competitive winner}}
=1920s=
| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |
| bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="15%" | Year ! width="30%" | Film ! width="55%" | Nominees |
| style="background:#FAEB86"
| Wings |
| colspan=2| Ralph Hammeras (photographic) The nomination for Ralph Hammeras was not associated with any individual film. |
| colspan=2| Nugent Slaughter (photographic) According to the Academy's in-house records, the nomination for Nugent Slaughter was most often connected with The Jazz Singer. It is not considered an official nomination for that film. |
Special Effects Awards
The tables below display the Oscar nominees for Best Special Effects including the recipients of the Special Achievement Awards.
=1930s=
| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |
| bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year ! width="30%" | Film ! width="65%" | Nominees |
| style="background:#91CFF6;"
| For outstanding achievement in creating Special Photographic and Sound Effects in the Paramount production Spawn of the North. Special Effects by Gordon Jennings, assisted by Jan Domela, Dev Jennings, Irmin Roberts and Art Smith. Transparencies by Farciot Edouart, assisted by Loyal Griggs. Sound Effects by Loren Ryder, assisted by Harry Mills, Louis Mesenkop and Walter Oberst. |
| style="background:#FAEB86"
! rowspan="7" |1939 | Fred Sersen (photographic); E. H. Hansen (sound) |
| Gone with the Wind
| Jack Cosgrove (photographic); Fred Albin and Arthur Johns (sound) |
| Only Angels Have Wings
| Roy Davidson (photographic); Edwin C. Hahn (sound) |
| The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
| Byron Haskin (photographic); Nathan Levinson (sound) |
| Topper Takes a Trip
| Roy Seawright (photographic) |
| Union Pacific
| Farciot Edouart and Gordon Jennings (photographic); Loren Ryder (sound) |
| The Wizard of Oz
| A. Arnold Gillespie (photographic); Douglas Shearer (sound) |
=1940s=
=1950s=
=1960s=
| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |
| bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year ! width="30%" | Film ! width="65%" | Nominees |
| style="background:#FAEB86"
| Gene Warren and Tim Baar (visual) |
| The Last Voyage
| Augie Lohman (visual) |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1961 (34th) |
|---|
| style="background:#FAEB86"
| Bill Warrington (visual); Vivian C. Greenham (audible) |
| The Absent-Minded Professor
| Robert A. Mattey and Eustace Lycett (visual) |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1962 (35th) |
| style="background:#FAEB86"
| Robert MacDonald (visual); Jacques Maumont (audible) |
| Mutiny on the Bounty
| A. Arnold Gillespie (visual); Milo B. Lory (audible) |
Visual Effects Awards
The tables below display the Oscar nominees for Best Visual Effects including the recipients of the Special Achievement Awards.
=1960s=
| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |
| bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="5%" | Year ! width="30%" | Film ! width="65%" | Nominees |
| style="background:#FAEB86" |
| The Birds |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1964 (37th) |
|---|
| style="background:#FAEB86" |
| 7 Faces of Dr. Lao |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1965 (38th) |
| style="background:#FAEB86" |
| The Greatest Story Ever Told |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1966 (39th) |
| style="background:#FAEB86" |
| Hawaii |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1967 (40th) |
| style="background:#FAEB86" |
| Tobruk |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1968 (41st) |
| style="background:#FAEB86" |
| Ice Station Zebra |
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | 1969 (42nd) |
| style="background:#FAEB86"
| Marooned |
| Krakatoa, East of Java
| Eugène Lourié and Alex Weldon |
=1970s=
=1980s=
=1990s=
=2000s=
=2010s=
=2020s=
Shortlisted finalists
Finalists for Best Visual Effects are selected by the Visual Effects Branch Executive Committee. Beginning with a long list of up to 20 titles, the committee then advances ten films to the shortlist.{{cite web |url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/93aa_rules.pdf |title=93rd Academy Award of Merit Rules |author= |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |access-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502044737/https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/93aa_rules.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |url-status=live }} Prior to the 83rd Academy Awards, only fifteen films were long-listed, and only seven films were shortlisted.{{cite web |last=Knegt |first=Peter |date=December 10, 2010 |title=Oscars Announce Visual Effects Shortlist |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2010/12/oscars-announce-visual-effects-shortlist-244202/ |access-date=May 4, 2021 |website=IndieWire |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504150109/https://www.indiewire.com/2010/12/oscars-announce-visual-effects-shortlist-244202/ |url-status=live }} The full membership of the Visual Effects Branch is invited to view excerpts and is provided with supporting information at a "bake-off" where balloting determines the five nominees. These are the additional films that presented at the bake-off.
Artists with multiple awards
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;8 awards
;5 awards
;4 awards
;3 awards
- Randall William Cook
- Farciot Edouart
- John P. Fulton
- Alex Funke
- A. Arnold Gillespie
- Andrew Lockley
- Louis Mesenkop
- Gerd Nefzer
- Carlo Rambaldi
- Jim Rygiel
- Stan Winston
- Robert Legato
{{col-break}}
;2 awards
- Richard Baneham
- Neil Corbould
- John Dykstra
- Scott R. Fisher
- A. D. Flowers
- Paul Franklin
- Charles Gibson
- George Gibbs
- Allen Hall
- Thomas Howard
- Ian Hunter
- Brian Johnson
- Andrew R. Jones
- Eustace Lycett
- Robert MacDonald
- Tristan Myles
- John Nelson
- Warren Newcombe
- Bruce Nicholson
- Guillaume Rocheron
- Stephen Rosenbaum
- Loren L. Ryder
- Fred Sersen
- Douglas Shearer
- Robert Skotak
- Kenneth F. Smith
- John Stears
- Richard Taylor
- Phil Tippett
- Bill Westenhofer
- Albert Whitlock
{{col-end}}
Artists with multiple nominations
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;15 nominations
;13 nominations
;12 nominations
;11 nominations
;10 nominations
;8 nominations
;7 nominations
;6 nominations
- John Bruno
- Chris Corbould
- Russell Earl
- Scott Farrar
- Roger Guyett
- John Knoll
- Douglas Shearer*
- John Richardson
- Phil Tippett
- Stan Winston
{{col-break}}
;5 nominations
- L. B. Abbott
- Jack Cosgrove
- John Dykstra
- John P. Fulton
- Roger Heman
- Michael Lantieri
- Robert Legato
- Dan Lemmon
- Neal Scanlan
;4 nominations
- Daniel Barrett
- Tim Burke
- Lawrence Butler
- Burt Dalton
- Charles Gibson
- Allen Hall
- Byron Haskin
- Hal Hickel
- Arthur Johns*
- Paul Lambert
- Chris Lawrence
- Eustace Lycett
- Louis Mesenkop
- Thomas T. Moulton*
- John Nelson
- Glen Robinson
- Ben Snow
- James G. Stewart*
- Patrick Tubach
- Dominic Tuohy
- Vernon L. Walker
- Guy Williams
{{col-break}}
;3 nominations
- Scott E. Anderson
- Scott Benza
- R.O. Binger
- Eric Brevig
- Bernard B. Brown*
- Stéphane Ceretti
- Randall William Cook
- Dan DeLeeuw
- George Dutton*
- Stefen Fangmeier
- Jonathan Fawkner
- Scott R. Fisher
- A. D. Flowers
- Paul Franklin
- Alex Funke
- George Gibbs
- Bryan Grill
- E.H. Hansen*
- Pablo Helman
- Richard R. Hoover
- Donald Jahraus
- Joseph McMillan Johnson
- Andrew R. Jones
- Anders Langlands
- Andrew Lockley
- Robert MacDonald
- Erik Nash
- Gerd Nefzer
- Warren Newcombe
- Bruce Nicholson
- Carlo Rambaldi
- Stephen Rosenbaum
- Loren Ryder*
- Jim Rygiel
- Eric Saindon
- Roy Seawright
- Janek Sirrs
- Scott Squires
- Richard Stammers
- Michael Steinore*
- Mark Stetson
- Scott Stokdyk
- Christopher Townsend
- Douglas Trumbull
- Bill Westenhofer
- Albert Whitlock
- Richard Yuricich
{{col-break}}
;2 nominations
- Nicolas Aithadi
- Matt Aitken
- Richard Baneham
- Craig Barron
- Greg Butler
- Matthew E. Butler
- David Clayton
- Simone Coco
- Rob Coleman
- Paul Corbould
- Art Cruickshank
- Jim Danforth
- Nick Davis
- Randal M. Dutra
- Paul Eagler
- Peter Ellenshaw
- Joe Farrell
- Michael L. Fink
- Thomas L. Fisher
- Bill George
- Swen Gillberg
- Alec Gillis
- Roy Granville*
- Ben Grossmann
- Craig Hammack
- Ralph Hammeras
- Charley Henley
- Thomas Howard
- Ian Hunter
- Joel Hynek
- Andrew Jackson
- Greg Jein
- Harley Jessup
- Brian Johnson
- Michael Kanfer
- Neil Krepela
{{col-break}}
- Anthony LaMolinara
- Danny Lee
- Milo B. Lory*
- Howard Lydecker
- Derek Meddings
- Michael J. McAlister
- Patrick McClung
- Grant McCune
- Ben Morris
- Tristan Myles
- Gerd Nefzer
- Dan Oliver
- Zoran Perisic
- Clay Pinney
- Kelly Port
- Elmer Raguse*
- Guillaume Rocheron
- Dave Shirk
- Robert Skotak
- Robert Skotak
- Clarence Slifer
- Kenneth F. Smith
- John Stears
- Richard Taylor
- Jon Thum
- Adam Valdez
- Cameron Waldbauer
- Tim Webber
- Alex Weldon
- Kit West
- Jeff White
- R. Christopher White
- William H. Wilmarth*
- Trevor Wood
- Tom Woodruff Jr.
- Hoyt Yeatman
- Matthew Yuricich
- Habib Zargarpour
{{col-end}}
Franchises
= Multiple awards =
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;3 Wins
{{col-break}}
; 2 Wins
{{col-end}}
= Multiple nominations =
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;14 Nominations
;10 Nominations
;5 Nominations
;4 Nominations
{{col-break}}
;3 Nominations
- Avengers
- Batman
- Guardians of the Galaxy
- The Invisible Man
- Iron Man
- James Bond
- King Kong
- Pirates of the Caribbean
- Spider-Man
- Star Trek
- Wizarding World
{{col-break}}
;2 Nominations
{{col-end}}
Superlatives
For this Academy Award category, the following superlatives emerge:{{Cite web|url=http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics/indexStats.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301005626/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/help/helpMain.jsp?helpContentURL=statistics%2FindexStats.html|url-status=dead|title=Academy Award Statistics|archivedate=March 1, 2009}}
- Most awards: Dennis Muren {{ndash}} 8 awards (resulting from 15 nominations)
- Most nominations: Dennis Muren {{ndash}} 15 nominations (resulting in 8 awards)
- Most nominations without a win: Dan Sudick – 13 nominations
- Oldest winner: L. B. Abbott (68 years, 288 days) – Logan's Run (1976, Special Achievement Award)
- Oldest nominee: John Frazier (69 years, 115 days) – The Lone Ranger (2013)
- Youngest winner: Tatsuji Nojima (25 years, 149 days) – Godzilla Minus One (2023)
- Youngest nominee: Tatsuji Nojima (25 years, 102 days) – Godzilla Minus One (2023)
See also
Notes
{{reflist|group=note}}