BRICS#Summits

Collective action in the political arena in the late 1990s was present before the economic rationale of BRICS.{{Cite book |last1=Raman |first1=G. Venkat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BauGEAAAQBAJ |title=Locating BRICS in the Global Order. Perspectives from the Global South |last2=Kumar |first2=Rajan |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000738766 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Rajan |chapter=1. Introduction |editor-last2=Mehra |editor-first2=Meeta Keswani |editor-last3=Raman |editor-first3=G. Venkat |editor-last4=Sundriyal |editor-first4=Meenakshi}} The idea of a multipolar group like BRICS can be traced back to Yevgeny Primakov during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. He reiterated the idea in New Delhi in 1998. The forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) predated and played an important role in the creation of BRIC and subsequently BRICS.File:New Development Bank HQ Shanghai.jpg, headquartered in Shanghai, China, is the premier institution of BRICS.{{Cite web |title=BRICS Architecture – BRICS 2023 |url=https://brics2023.gov.za/brics-architecture/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=brics2023.gov.za}}]]

The term BRIC, as compared to the alternate term CRIB, was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.Jim O'Neill (30 November 2001).[https://www.goldmansachs.com/pdfs/insights/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf "Building Better Global Economic BRICs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202851/http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/building-better.html |date=14 July 2014}} . Goldman Sachs. Retrieved 12 February 2015.{{Cite web |last=Nagashybayeva |first=Gulnar |date=November 2016 |title=Research Guides: BRICS: Sources of Information: Introduction |url=https://guides.loc.gov/brics/introduction |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723194646/https://guides.loc.gov/brics/introduction |archive-date=23 July 2023 |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=guides.loc.gov |language=en-US}}{{cite press release|access-date=2024-10-31|title=Jim O'Neill Named Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management|url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/pressroom/press-releases/2010/oneill-gsam|publisher=Goldman Sachs|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130193446/https://www.goldmansachs.com/pressroom/press-releases/2010/oneill-gsam|url-status=live}} O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for Project Syndicate he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".{{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |date=17 October 2024 |title=The BRICS Still Don't Matter |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moscow-brics-summit-expanded-bloc-still-rudderless-and-ineffective-by-jim-o-neill-2024-10 |url-access=registration |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=Project Syndicate}}{{Cite news |last=O'Neill |first=Jim |date=16 September 2021 |title=Will the BRICS Ever Grow Up? |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/brics-20-years-of-disappointment-by-jim-o-neill-2021-09 |url-access=registration |access-date=10 January 2024 |work=Project Syndicate}}

The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.{{Cite web |date=27 March 2013 |title=Information about BRICS |url=http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710163822/http://brics6.itamaraty.gov.br/about-brics/information-about-brics |archive-date=10 July 2015 |access-date=4 September 2017 |publisher=Brics6.itamaraty.gov.br}} A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml "Cooperation within BRIC"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619032104/http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/bric_1.shtml |date=19 June 2009}}. Kremlin.ru. Retrieved 16 June 2009.

The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,{{Cite news |date=16 June 2009 |title=First summit for emerging giants |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618002740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8102216.stm |archive-date=18 June 2009 |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=BBC News}} with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.{{Cite news |last=Bryanski |first=Gleb |date=26 June 2009 |title=BRIC demands more clout, steers clear of dollar talk |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619134448/https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLG67435120090616 |archive-date=19 June 2009 |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=Reuters}} The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions amid the Great Recession. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future, and ways developing countries, such as three-fourth of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.

In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable".{{Cite news |date=16 June 2009 |title=BRIC wants more influence |url=http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621022125/http://www.euronews.net/2009/06/16/bric-wants-more-influence/ |archive-date=21 June 2009 |access-date=16 June 2009 |work=Euronews}} Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.{{Cite news |last=Zhou |first=Wanfeng |date=16 June 2009 |title=Dollar slides after Russia comments, BRIC summit |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142310/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/16/us-markets-forex-idUSTRE5530NQ20090616 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=6 July 2014 |work=Reuters}}

In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Jack A. |date=21 January 2011 |title=BRIC Becomes BRICS: Changes on the Geopolitical Chessboard |url=http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126031749/http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2011/01/21/bric-becomes-brics-changes-on-the-geopolitical-chessboard/2/ |archive-date=26 January 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011 |work=Foreign Policy Journal}} South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China,{{Cite news |date=24 December 2010 |title=China invites South Africa to join BRIC: Xinhua |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609013836/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bric-safrica-idUSTRE6BN1DZ20101224 |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=Reuters}} and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries. The group was renamed BRICS to represent the addition of South Africa to the original four BRIC members.Blanchard, Ben and Zhou Xin (14 April 2011). [https://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 "Update 1-BRICS discussed global monetary reform, not yuan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620043200/http://af.reuters.com/article/southAfricaNews/idAFL3E7FE13B20110414 |date=20 June 2017}}. Reuters Africa. Retrieved 26 April 2013. At the third BRICS summit in 2011 in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time.{{Cite news |date=24 December 2010 |title=South Africa joins BRIC as full member |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228032338/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/24/c_13662138.htm |archive-date=28 December 2010 |access-date=14 April 2011 |agency=Xinhua News Agency}}{{Cite news |date=12 April 2011 |title=BRICS countries need to further enhance coordination: Manmohan Singh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717130455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BRICS-countries-need-to-further-enhance-coordination-Manmohan-Singh/articleshow/7961167.cms |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=14 April 2011 |work=The Times of India}}{{Cite news |date=10 April 2011 |title=BRICS should coordinate in key areas of development: PM |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415005531/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/brics-should-coordinate-in-key-areas-of-development-pm/775130 |archive-date=15 April 2011 |access-date=14 April 2011 |work=The Indian Express}}

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File:PM in a family photograph during the BRICS Leaders Retreat Meeting, at Johannesburg, in South Africa on August 23, 2023 (1).jpg and other BRICS representatives during the 15th BRICS summit in Johannesburg, 23 August 2023]]

In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.{{Cite web |last=Bryanski |first=Gleb |date=21 June 2012 |title=Russia says BRICS eye joint anti-crisis fund |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515075723/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/06/21/russia-brics-imf-idINDEE85K04C20120621 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=5 December 2012 |work=Reuters}} In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=David |date=28 March 2013 |title=Brics eye infrastructure funding through new development bank |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030120601/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/mar/28/brics-countries-infrastructure-spending-development-bank |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013 |website=The Guardian}} They planned to set up this New Development Bank (known at the time as the "BRICS Development Bank") by 2014.{{Cite web |last=Eckert |first=Paul |date=19 April 2013 |editor-last=Ricci |editor-first=Andrea |title=India sees BRICS development bank agreed by 2014 summit |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093058/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/04/19/g20-brics-india-idINDEE93I0DK20130419 |archive-date=28 May 2013 |access-date=10 July 2013 |work=Reuters}}

At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.{{Cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Lidia |last2=Soto |first2=Alonso |date=11 October 2013 |editor-last=Nomiyama |editor-first=Chizu |title=BRICS may decide on $100 billion fund early 2014 – Russia |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194824/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/11/g20-brics-fund-idINL6N0I13N720131011 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=Reuters.com}} In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.{{Cite news |last1=Cascione |first1=Silvio |last2=Duarte |first2=Patricia |date=10 October 2013 |title=Brazil's Mantega urges Fed to communicate tapering 'clearly' |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194821/http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-brazil-economy-mantega-idINBRE9990WR20131010 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=4 September 2017 |work=Reuters.com}} However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.{{Cite web |last1=Samofalova |first1=Olga |date=14 April 2014 |title=BRICS countries to set up their own IMF |url=http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531200454/http://rbth.com/business/2014/04/14/brics_countries_to_set_up_their_own_imf_35891.html |archive-date=31 May 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |work=Russia Beyond The Headlines}}

In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.{{Cite news |date=31 July 2014 |title=Outcome of Brics summit-2014 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=107747 |work=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília.[https://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html "BRICS to launch bank, tighten Latin America ties"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712193150/http://news.yahoo.com/brics-launch-bank-tighten-latin-america-ties-034909760.html |date=12 July 2015}} . Yahoo!. 11 July 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.

File:2024 BRICS Games opening ceremony 31.jpg in Russia]]

Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (Institute of Geography and Statistics (Brazil), Federal State Statistics Service (Russia), the National Bureau of Statistics (China), the Central Statistics Office (India), and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.

Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.{{Cite web |date=16 April 2012 |title=Brics Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services between Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119201528/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aDLKQqIM.ZZ0 |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=5 March 2017 |publisher=Bloomberg News}} Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.{{Cite web |last=Rolland |first=Nadège |date=2 April 2015 |title=A Fiber-Optic Silk Road |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119180928/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/a-fiber-optic-silk-road/ |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=19 November 2015 |work=The Diplomat}} Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost.{{cite web | url=https://jsis.washington.edu/news/reactions-u-s-cybersecurity-policy-bric-undersea-cable/#:~:text=Therefore%2C%20although%20the%20BRICS%20are,the%20responsibility%20of%20the%20author. | title=International Reactions to U.S. Cybersecurity Policy: The BRICS undersea cable | publisher=University of Washington | date=8 January 2016 | accessdate=9 January 2025 | author=Lee, Stacie}}

In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group{{Cite web |title=BRICS countries to cooperate in ICT sector |url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820144600/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/brics-countries-to-cooperate-in-ict-sector--1304946 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019}} held in Brasília, Brazil.

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The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.{{Cite web |date=29 April 2020 |title=BRICS To Allocate $15 Billion For Rebuilding Economies Hit By COVID-19 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126173126/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-brics-to-allocate-15-billion-for-rebuilding-economies-hit-by-covid-19-2220046 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=20 October 2020 |website=NDTV |agency=PTI}} During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.{{Cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Suhasini |last2=Krishnan |first2=Ananth |date=15 September 2021 |title=India, China avoided open clash over COVID-19 origins |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916021840/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-china-avoided-open-clash-over-origins-of-covid-19-virus/article36479981.ece |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |work=The Hindu}}

In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Sarah |date=2023-05-30 |title=South Africa moves to let Putin attend BRICS summit despite ICC arrest warrant over Ukraine war |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-vladimir-putin-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-brics-immunity/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616001351/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-africa-vladimir-putin-icc-arrest-warrant-ukraine-war-brics-immunity/ |archive-date=16 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |date=2 June 2023 |title=South Africa's diplomatic dilemma with Putin |url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africas-diplomatic-dilemma-with-putin/a-65804176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612222322/https://www.dw.com/en/south-africas-diplomatic-dilemma-with-putin/a-65804176 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}} In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin would remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.Bartlett K. (19 July 2023). [https://www.npr.org/2023/07/19/1188568761/russia-putin-south-africa-brics-summit "Putin won't attend a South Africa summit next month, avoiding possible arrest"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721213130/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/19/1188568761/russia-putin-south-africa-brics-summit |date=21 July 2023}} NPR.org. Accessed 21 July 2023.

In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them. BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions and a network including think tanks and dialogues in various areas. The group has an agenda of over 30 subjects. These groups include: BRICS Business Council, BRICS Think Tanks Council, BRICS Women's Business Alliance, BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Academic Forum. At Kazan the establishment of a BRICS Deep-Sea Resources International Research Center and a BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network was announced.{{Cite web |title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian's Regular Press Conference on October 24, 2024 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/xw/fyrbt/lxjzh/202410/t20241024_11515512.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. www.mfa.gov.cn}}

In 2021 BRICS formally agreed to work together to build a satellite constellation and share remote sensing satellite data from this.{{Cite news |date=2021-08-19 |title=BRICS signs deal on cooperation in remote sensing satellite data sharing |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/brics-signs-deal-on-cooperation-in-remote-sensing-satellite-data-sharing/articleshow/85449130.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |agency=PTI}} The constellation will have six existing satellites from China, Russia and India.{{Cite news |last=Patranobis |first=Sutirtho |date=27 May 2022 |title=2 Indian satellites to be part of Brics 'virtual constellation': Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/2-indian-satellites-to-be-part-brics-virtual-constellation-report-101653551552685.html |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}} In 2023, Russia proposed that the other BRICS members could build a joint research station on its space station.{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Chris |date=2023-07-25 |title=Russia proposes joint research module on space station for BRICS partners |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/25/europe/russia-space-station-module-for-brics-intl-scn-hnk/index.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}

BRICS has been involved in discussions related to areas of conflict and humanitarian crises such as Afghanistan,{{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=XVI BRICS Summit |url=http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/241023-declaration.html |website=University of Toronto}}{{Cite web |last=Soltani |first=Mohammad Bashir |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS Members Support an Independent, Peaceful, War-Free Afghanistan |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-191337 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}} Gaza, Lebanon,{{Cite web |last=Fheili |first=Mohammad Ibrahim |date=13 November 2024 |title=The Challenges for Lebanon if it Gets into Bed with BRICS |url=https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/the-challenges-for-lebanon-if-it-gets-into-bed-with-brics/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=International Policy Digest}} Sudan, Haiti,{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Joint Statement of the BRICS Ministers of Foreign Affairs/International Relations |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/37860/joint+statement+of+the+brics+ministers+of+foreign+affairsinternational+relations |access-date=1 April 2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} Syria{{Cite journal |last=Abdenur |first=Adriana Erthal |date=September 2016 |title=Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict |url=https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/rising-powers-and-international-security-the-brics-and-the-syrian-conflict/ |journal=Rising Powers Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=109–133}}{{Cite web |date=29 March 2012 |title=Fourth BRICS Summit - Delhi Declaration |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/19158/Fourth+BRICS+Summit++Delhi+Declaration |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} and Ukraine.{{Cite news |last=Parashar |first=Sachin |date=22 March 2025 |title=As Trump threat looms, Jaishankar backs BRICS in Parliament |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-not-involved-in-any-brics-effort-to-weaken-dollar-eam/articleshow/119319268.cms |access-date=2025-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}{{Cite journal |last1=Júnior |first1=Laerte Apolinário |last2=Branco |first2=Giovana Dias |date=2022-12-28 |title=The BRICS countries and the Russia-Ukraine conflict |url=https://www.cartainternacional.abri.org.br/Carta/article/view/1286 |journal=Carta Internacional |language=pt |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=e1286 |doi=10.21530/ci.v17n3.2022.1286 |issn=2526-9038|doi-access=free }} NATO air strikes in Libya were discussed during the third summit.{{Cite book |last1=Monyae |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtwaEAAAQBAJ |title=The BRICS Order: Assertive or Complementing the West? |last2=Ndzendze |first2=Bhaso |date=2021-02-08 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan. Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-62765-2 |pages=18 |language=en |chapter=1. Introduction: The Genealogies, Elements and Implications of a 'BRICS Order'}} In 2023 South African chair President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the Gaza war.{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Shola |date=21 November 2023 |title=BRICS condemns Israel war on Gaza in signal to the West |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/21/brics-condemns-israel-war-on-gaza-in-signal-to-the-west |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} In 2024, a joint statement slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza was made by the foreign ministers of BRICS.{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2024-06-12 |title=India joins other BRICS members in slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-joins-other-brics-members-in-slamming-israels-attacks-in-gaza/articleshow/110919130.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}

File:2024 BRICS Summit (1729759568).jpg

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.{{Cite web|last=Monteiro|first=Ana|date=2023-12-29|title=BRICS to Grow as Saudi, Iran, UAE, Egypt, Ethiopia Join Ranks|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/brics-to-grow-as-saudi-iran-uae-egypt-ethiopia-join-ranks|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231231210031/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/brics-to-grow-as-saudi-iran-uae-egypt-ethiopia-join-ranks|archive-date=2023-12-31|access-date=2024-01-09|website=Bloomberg News}}

However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.{{Cite web|title=BRICS membership in doubt as opposition rejects move|url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentinas-brics-membership-in-doubt-as-opposition-rejects-move.phtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828170311/https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/argentina/argentinas-brics-membership-in-doubt-as-opposition-rejects-move.phtml|archive-date=28 August 2023|access-date=2023-08-28|website=batimes.com.ar|date=24 August 2023}} On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS.{{Cite news|last=Bonelli|first=Matías|date=1 December 2023|title=Diana Mondino confirmó que la Argentina no ingresará a los BRICS|trans-title=Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina won't join BRICS|url=https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/diana-mondino-confirmo-que-la-argentina-no-ingresara-a-los-brics/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130205429/https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/diana-mondino-confirmo-que-la-argentina-no-ingresara-a-los-brics/|archive-date=30 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=El Cronista|language=es}} On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.{{Cite web|date=2023-12-29|title=El gobierno de Javier Milei oficializó que la Argentina no entrará a los Brics|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-gobierno-de-javier-milei-oficializo-que-la-argentina-no-entrara-a-los-brics-nid29122023/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229134619/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-gobierno-de-javier-milei-oficializo-que-la-argentina-no-entrara-a-los-brics-nid29122023/|archive-date=29 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-29|website=La Nación|language=es}}

By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership.{{Cite news |date=2023-12-29 |title=Brics: What is the group and which countries have joined? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-66525474 |access-date=2025-01-08 |publisher=BBC|language=en-GB}} Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and it announced in mid-January that it was still considering the matter.{{Cite web|last1=El Dahan|first1=Maha|last2=Zhdannikov|first2=Dmitry|date=18 January 2024|title=Exclusive: Saudi Arabia still considering BRICS membership, sources say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-considering-brics-membership-sources-2024-01-18/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208140859/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-considering-brics-membership-sources-2024-01-18/|archive-date=8 February 2024|access-date=23 March 2024|work=Reuters}} As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration.{{Cite web|url=https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62696-saudi-mbs-on-brics-leaders-calling-him-to-abandon-us-dollar-in-oil-transactions|title=Saudi MBS on BRICS leaders calling him to abandon U.S. dollar in oil transactions|date=26 April 2024|website=Tactical Report|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145217/https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/62696-saudi-mbs-on-brics-leaders-calling-him-to-abandon-us-dollar-in-oil-transactions|url-status=live}} The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.{{Cite web|last=Ismail|first=Sumayya|date=2023-08-24|title=Saudi Arabia, Iran among 6 nations invited to join BRICS|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/8/24/saudi-arabia-iran-to-join-brics-as-grouping-admits-six-new-members|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824170532/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/8/24/saudi-arabia-iran-to-join-brics-as-grouping-admits-six-new-members|archive-date=24 August 2023|access-date=2023-08-24|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en}} China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.{{Cite web|last=杜娟|title=More nations interested in joining BRICS|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202407/17/WS66971e2da31095c51c50e7ae.html|access-date=2024-07-19|website=China Daily}}

On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries".{{Cite web |last=Norman |first=Izzah Aqilah |date=24 October 2024 |title=Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand become partner countries of BRICS |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-indonesia-vietnam-thailand-brics-asean-global-south-russia-china-4699841 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=CNA |language=en}} The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives.{{Cite web |last=de Carvalho |first=Gustavo |date=7 November 2024 |title=Reflections After the BRICS Summit: Membership, Payment Systems, and What Lies Ahead |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/reflections-after-brics-summit-membership-payment-systems-and-what-lies-ahead |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Wilson Center |language=en}} It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations.{{Cite web |last1=Stuenkel |first1=Oliver |last2=Treadwell |first2=Margot |date=21 November 2024 |title=Why Is Saudi Arabia Hedging Its BRICS Invite? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/emissary/2024/11/brics-saudi-arabia-hedging-why?lang=en |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}

On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member,{{cite web |last=Jin |first=Zhou |date=7 January 2025 |title=China congratulates Indonesia on becoming full member of BRICS |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/07/WS677c119fa310f1265a1d942d.html |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=China Daily}} making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 10th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024.{{Cite news |date=7 January 2025 |title=Indonesia joins BRICS bloc as full member, Brazil says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/indonesia-join-brics-bloc-full-member-brazil-says-2025-01-06/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=Reuters}} 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRICI" given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China.{{cite press release |title=Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Indonesia Will Have 1.2 Billion Internet Users by 2015, Says Report by The Boston Consulting Group |date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Globenewswire |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2010/09/01/924454/0/en/Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-Indonesia-Will-Have-1-2-Billion-Internet-Users-by-2015-Says-Report-by-The-Boston-Consulting-Group.html |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=globenewswire.com}}{{cite web |last=Gelling |first=Peter |date=8 July 2009 |title=Indonesia Ready to Join the Rising Powers Club |url=https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2009/07/08/indonesia_ready_to_join_the_rising_powers_club.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722214710/https://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2009/07/08/indonesia_ready_to_join_the_rising_powers_club.html |archive-date=22 July 2009 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=realclearworld.com |publisher=}}{{cite web |last=Carroll |first=Michael |date=31 August 2010 |title=BRICI Web users to double by 2015 |url=https://www.fierce-network.com/europe/brici-web-users-to-double-by-2015 |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=fierce-network.com}}{{cite web |date=September 2010 |title=The Internet's New Billion. Digital consumers in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Indonesia |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/BCGInternetReport.pdf |access-date=25 January 2025 |website=Boston Consulting Group |via=WSJ}}

The partnerships that were announced in the previous year, went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on 17 January.Ministério das Relações Exteriores: [https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/nigeria-joins-brics-as-a-partner-country Nigeria joins BRICS as a partner country], published 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2025-01-21.

BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population,{{Cite journal |last1=Afota |first1=Amandine |last2=Burban |first2=Valentin |last3=Diev |first3=Pavel |last4=Grieco |first4=Fabio |last5=Iberrakene |first5=Théo |last6=Ishii |first6=Karine |last7=Lopez-Forero |first7=Margarita |last8=Paul |first8=Quentin |last9=Sammeth |first9=Frank |last10=Valadier |first10=Cécile |date=13 February 2024 |title=Expansion of BRICS: what are the potential consequences for the global economy? |url=https://www.banque-france.fr/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/expansion-brics-what-are-potential-consequences-global-economy#:~:text=BRICS+%20carries%20significant%20demographic%20and,with%2028.2%25%20for%20the%20G7. |journal=Bank of France Bulletin |publisher=Bank of France |volume=Bulletin No. 250, article 2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226083644/https://www.banque-france.fr/en/publications-and-statistics/publications/expansion-brics-what-are-potential-consequences-global-economy |archive-date=26 February 2024}} and 25% of the world's landmass.{{Cite news |last1=Sarpong |first1=Emmanuel Frimpong |last2=Sibiri |first2=Hagan |date=2024-12-19 |title=Building a bloc from BRICS: Assessing China's strategic interests and influence |url=https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219162830/https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |archive-date=19 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=Africa Policy Research Private Institute (APRI) |language=en-US |url-status=live }} The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019.{{Cite journal |last1=Hluszko |first1=Cleiton |last2=Ramos Huarachi |first2=Diego Alexis |last3=Castillo Ulloa |first3=Micaela Ines |last4=Salvador |first4=Rodrigo |last5=Puglieri |first5=Fabio Neves |last6=de Francisco |first6=Antonio Carlos |date=December 2024 |title=How do the BRICS approach sustainable concerns? A systematic literature review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211464524001131 |journal=Environmental Development |language=en |volume=52 |pages=101075 |doi=10.1016/j.envdev.2024.101075|url-access=subscription }} In 2022, BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%. Intra-BRICS trade was US$614.8 billion as of 2022.{{Cite web |last=Liang |first=Yan |date=2 February 2024 |title=BRICS Expansion: Economic Cooperation and Implications |url=http://www.taiheinstitute.org/Content/2024/02-02/1954124404.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Taihe Institute}} BRICS has 4,716 centi-millionaires and 549 billionaires.{{Cite web |title=The BRICS Wealth Report 2024 |url=https://www.henleyglobal.com/publications/brics-wealth-report |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Henley & Partners |language=en}} BRICS+ countries have over 1200 satellites in orbit.{{Cite web |date=23 May 2024 |title=BRICS Heads of Space Agencies Meet in Moscow |url=https://brics-russia2024.ru/en/news/v-moskve-proshla-vstrecha-glav-kosmicheskikh-agentstv-stran-briks/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=brics-russia2024.ru BRICS 2024 |language=}} BRICS have 40 percent of existing internet users worldwide.{{Cite web |last1=Chandola |first1=Basu |last2=Patil |first2=Sameer |date=March 2025 |title=Balancing Development and Digital Harms: Assessing the BRICS Digital Agenda |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/balancing-development-and-digital-harms-assessing-the-brics-digital-agenda |website=Observer Research Foundation |series=ORF Issue Brief No. 789}} In 2022, more than 87% of Russians use digital payments followed by China at 86%, and then South Africa at 81% and Brazil at 77%, and lastly India at 35%.{{Cite book |url=https://www.intracen.org/file/itcbricsdigitaleconomyreport2022pdf |title=BRICS Digital Economy Report 2022 |publisher=International Trade Centre |year=2022 |page=17 |chapter=Market trends in key digital economy segments |access-date=29 March 2025}}

File:BRICS AND G7 GDP Nominal share between 1990 to 2024.png

Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20,{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430112801/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=IMF |language=en}}{{Primary source inline|date=November 2024}} BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022.{{Cite journal |last1=Duric |first1=Ivan |last2=Glauben |first2=Thomas |year=2024 |title=BRICS: World Heavyweight in Agricultural Trade |url=https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2024/number/3/article/brics-world-heavyweight-in-agricultural-trade.html#footnote-003 |journal=Intereconomics |language=en |volume=2024 |issue=3 |pages=160–166 }} The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP.

ATaking into account the GDP PPP of the BRICS+, China accounts for 52%. Economically the group represents $28.5 trillion.{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Himanshi |date=13 November 2024 |title=Chabahar, Sanctions, and BRICS: Iran's New Path Forward with India |url=https://iranwire.com/en/politics/136020-chabahar-sanctions-and-brics-irans-new-path-forward-with-india/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Iran Wire |language=en}} BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU.{{Cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=2024-10-22 |title=Putin returns to world stage hosting 36 leaders at Brics summit in Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/oct/22/putin-brics-summit-russia-china-india-iran-kazan |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%.{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Sushil |last2=Shahid |first2=Afsah |last3=Agarwal |first3=Manmohan |date=2024-12-20 |title=Is BRICS Expansion Significant for Global Trade and GDP? |url=https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/article/139877/ |journal=BRICS Journal of Economics |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=5–36 |doi=10.3897/brics-econ.5.e139877 |issn=2712-7508 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Gnidchenko |first=Andrey |date=2023-09-12 |title=Bargaining power, product differentiation, and currency patterns in intra-BRICS trade |url=https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/article/102638/ |journal=BRICS Journal of Economics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=285–299 |doi=10.3897/brics-econ.4.e102638 |issn=2712-7508 |doi-access=free}} In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows.{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Mihika |last2=Naka |first2=Ikuno |date=2022-01-02 |title=Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |journal=Oxford Development Studies |language=en |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |issn=1360-0818|url-access=subscription }}

File:GDP BRICS G7.svg and BRICS GDP (PPP) in world economy as from 1990 to 2022]]

In 2024 the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=The ILO and the BRICS |url=https://www.ilo.org/about-ilo/how-ilo-works/ilo-and-multilateral-system/ilo-and-brics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106115632/https://www.ilo.org/about-ilo/how-ilo-works/ilo-and-multilateral-system/ilo-and-brics |archive-date=6 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}} BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output. BRICS contribute to 45% of the global agricultural products. BRICS countries produce 42% of the world's wheat, 52% of rice, and 46% of soybeans.{{Cite web |last=South |first=Vox |date=6 November 2024 |title=Why is BRICS so popular among Global South countries? |url=https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english2023/opinion/202411/t20241108_165925.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=International Department of Central Committee of CPC}}

According to Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045.{{Cite web |last=Seli |first=Yeshi |date=2024-10-27 |title=Why BRICS is a counterweight to 'Group of Seven' rich nations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/explainers/2024/Oct/27/why-brics-is-a-counterweight-to-group-of-seven-rich-nations |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}} United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020.{{Cite book |date=2023 |title=BRICS Investment Report |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diae2023d1_en.pdf |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-002582-9}} Among the 10 wealthiest cities of the group, 5 are in China, 2 in UAE and India, and 1 in Russia.{{Cite web |title=The BRICS Wealth Report: Challenging the Global Economic Order |url=https://www.henleyglobal.com/newsroom/press-releases/brics-wealth-report-2024 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Henley & Partners |language=en}}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = GDP Nominal share in percentage (as of 2022)

|label1 = G7

|value1 = 43.70

|color1 = #0000FF

|label2 = BRICS +

|value2 = 28.70

|color2 = #FF0000

|label3 = Rest of world

|value3 = 27.6

|color3 = #808080

}}

• Bold indicates has higher value compared to other.

{{Clear}}

Leaders' meetings (or leaders' summits) are held once a year on a rotating basis.{{Cite book |last1=Long |first1=Zhao |url=https://www.siis.org.cn/updates/cms/cms/202503/12165827ixcc.pdf |title=Decoding Greater BRICS Cooperation:A Non-Western Path to a Shared Development Community |last2=Qiyue |first2=Zhang |last3=Haijie |first3=Yu |last4=Ming |first4=Zhu |last5=Baozhi |first5=Cheng |date=March 2025 |publisher=Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) |volume=43 |pages=4, 5, 11}} The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025|reason=Is it on a rotating basis or is the next President Pro Tempore elected?}} A number of ministerial meetings are held during the year, for example, between foreign ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, trade ministers and energy ministers. Technical level meetings focus on project implementation and technical exchanges, such as the meeting of BRICS heads of national statistics offices. There are working groups on technology, culture, education, health etc. Specialized forums exist such as the BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Think Tank Council. The BRICS has neither a permanent seat or secretariat.{{Cite web |date=September 2024 |editor-last=Holtzmann |editor-first=Hans-Dieter |editor2-last=Voort |editor2-first=Akim van der |title=BRICS Enlargement: A strategic move or a wake-up call for the West? |url=https://www.freiheit.org/publikation/brics-enlargement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://shop.freiheit.org/download/P2@1814/920164/Policy%20Paper_A4_BRICS_EN.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2025 |website=Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom |page=17}}

In 2019, the President Pro Tempore position was held by the president of Brazil.{{Cite web |title=Calendar of Meetings/Events for South Africa's 2018 BRICS Chairship |url=http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730203248/http://brics.itamaraty.gov.br/images/CALENDARIOPRESIDENCIAAFRICANA.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018}} The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 were the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime—especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council. In 2024 BRICS President Pro Tempore was from Russia and their goals were: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.{{Cite web |title=BRICS information portal |url=http://infobrics.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322122341/http://infobrics.org/ |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=26 October 2020 |website=BRICS |language=en}} Brazil has the current Pro Tempore Presidency in 2025.{{Cite web |date=1 January 2025 |title=Brazil takes over the BRICS presidency in 2025 |url=https://www.gov.br/planalto/en/latest-news/2025/01/brazil-assumes-the-presidency-of-brics-in-2025 |website=gov.br}}

The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

|}

{{Excerpt|Member states of BRICS#Member states}}

{{Excerpt|Member states of BRICS#Partner states}}

While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.{{Cite news |last=Devonshire-Ellis |first=Chris |date=9 November 2022 |title=The New Candidate Countries For BRICS Expansion |url=https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2022/11/09/the-new-candidate-countries-for-brics-expansion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117205632/https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2022/11/09/the-new-candidate-countries-for-brics-expansion/ |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=Silk Road Briefing}}{{Cite news |date=20 May 2022 |title=Wang Yi Chairs Dialogue of Foreign Ministers between BRICS and Emerging Markets and Developing Countries |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/202205/t20220520_10690435.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415235040/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/kjgzbdfyyq/202205/t20220520_10690435.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China}}{{Cite news |last=Teslova |first=Elena |date=8 November 2022 |title=At least a dozen countries interested in joining BRICS: Russian foreign minister |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/at-least-a-dozen-countries-interested-in-joining-brics-russian-foreign-minister/2732749 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116221958/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/at-least-a-dozen-countries-interested-in-joining-brics-russian-foreign-minister/2732749 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |publisher=Anadolu Agency}}

In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shweta |date=24 August 2023 |title=Brics countries agree major expansion as 6 countries invited to join |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/brics-2023-summit-new-members-saudi-uae-iran-b2398553.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825032330/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/brics-2023-summit-new-members-saudi-uae-iran-b2398553.html |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |work=The Independent |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=du Plessis |first1=Carien |last2=Miridzhanian |first2=Anait |last3=Acharya |first3=Bhargav |date=24 August 2023 |title=BRICS welcomes new members in push to reshuffle world order |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/brics-poised-invite-new-members-join-bloc-sources-2023-08-24/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825005541/https://www.reuters.com/world/brics-poised-invite-new-members-join-bloc-sources-2023-08-24/ |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=25 August 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}

Pakistan applied for membership in November 2023;{{Cite web |last=Zahid |first=Mashal |date=29 November 2023 |title=Pakistan's BRICS Aspiration |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/11/pakistans-brics-aspiration/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}} Russian Deputy Prime Minister supported Pakistan's request,{{Cite web |last=Kathju |first=Junaid |date=2024-09-22 |title=Pakistan's potential Brics entry seen as benefiting China at India's expense |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3279471/pakistans-potential-brics-entry-seen-benefiting-china-indias-expense |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} however support for Pakistan among BRICS has not been unanimous.{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Naveed |date=2022-06-27 |title=Pakistan's participation in BRICS dialogue 'blocked by one member': FO |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1696982 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Dawn |language=en}}

On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.{{Cite news |date=29 December 2023 |title=Argentina formally rejects BRICS membership |url=https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-formally-rejects-brics-membership/a-67856848 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229215032/https://www.dw.com/en/argentina-formally-rejects-brics-membership/a-67856848 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=29 December 2023}}

On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.

Saudi Arabia has not responded to an invitation to join BRICS, and is still considering joining.{{Cite web |date=22 October 2024 |title=Is Saudi Arabia a Brics member or not? A curious case of invitation, acceptance and a delay |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/is-saudi-arabia-a-brics-member-or-not-a-curious-case-of-invitation-acceptance-and-a-delay-13828018.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Firstpost}}{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=BRICS expansion: five countries join ranks |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/02/brics-expansion-five-countries-join-ranks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104112507/https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/02/brics-expansion-five-countries-join-ranks/ |archive-date=4 January 2024 |access-date=4 January 2024 |website=Africa News}}{{Cite web |last=Frantzman |first=Seth J. |date=2024-01-03 |title=Iran, UAE, Egypt and Ethiopia join BRICS |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-780601 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240103153426/https://www.jpost.com/international/article-780601 |archive-date=2024-01-03 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Magid |first=Pesha |date=16 January 2024 |title=Saudi Arabia has not yet joined BRICs - minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/saudi-arabia-has-not-yet-joined-brics-minister-2024-01-16/ |website=Reuters}}

On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc.{{Cite news |last1=Hacaoglu |first1=Selcan |last2=Kozok |first2=Firat |date=2024-09-02 |title=Turkey Bids to Join BRICS in Push to Build Alliances Beyond West |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-02/turkey-submits-bid-to-join-brics-as-erdogan-pushes-for-new-alliances-beyond-west |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240903015258/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-09-02/turkey-submits-bid-to-join-brics-as-erdogan-pushes-for-new-alliances-beyond-west |archive-date=3 September 2024 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |language=en}} At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country.{{Cite web |last=Bandow |first=Doug |date=2022-07-14 |title=Why Is Turkey Still in NATO? |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-turkey-still-nato |website=Cato Institute |language=en-US |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902162007/https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-turkey-still-nato |url-status=live }} Turkey's EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019.{{Cite web |last=Pangalos |first=Philip |date=2019-03-13 |title=European Parliament calls for suspension of Turkey EU accession talks |url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/13/european-parliament-calls-for-suspension-of-turkey-eu-accession-talks |website=Euronews |language=en-US |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=20 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820141533/https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/13/european-parliament-calls-for-suspension-of-turkey-eu-accession-talks |url-status=live }} In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.{{Cite news |last1=Balci |first1=Baris |last2=Hacaoglu |first2=Selcan |date=17 September 2022 |title=Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/turkey-seeks-china-led-bloc-membership-in-threat-to-nato-allies?srnd=fixed-income |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220918182309/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-17/turkey-seeks-china-led-bloc-membership-in-threat-to-nato-allies |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}} On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they{{Who|date=January 2025}} did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Tom |date=2024-07-11 |title=Exclusive: Why Turkey's Erdogan Is Breaking With Biden on Ukraine and Gaza |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-why-turkeys-erdogan-breaking-biden-ukraine-gaza-1923595 |website=Newsweek |language=en-US |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903005906/https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-why-turkeys-erdogan-breaking-biden-ukraine-gaza-1923595 |url-status=live }}

Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023,{{Cite news |date=July 2023 |title=Algeria president: 'Country applied to join BRICS, offered $1.5bn' |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230722-algeria-president-country-applied-to-join-brics-offered-1-5bn/ |archive-date=2 October 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002163655/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230722-algeria-president-country-applied-to-join-brics-offered-1-5bn/ |url-status=live }} but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.{{Cite web |title=Algeria no longer express interest in joining according to Algerian news agency |url=http://www.aps.dz/economie/176624 |website=Aps}}

Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela's application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.{{Cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=Angered over BRICS veto, Venezuela recalls ambassador to Brazil |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/30/angered-over-brics-veto-venezuela-recalls-ambassador-to-brazil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108231632/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/30/angered-over-brics-veto-venezuela-recalls-ambassador-to-brazil |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=2024-10-30 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

Since new members joined the acronym used has informally been BRICS+, that is, BRICS Plus.{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Expansion of BRICS: A quest for greater global influence? |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2024)760368 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320115227/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/760368/EPRS_BRI(2024)760368_EN.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2024 |website=Think Tank, European Parliament}}

Indonesia was originally intended to be an observer partner state but instead opted for full membership, which went into effect in January 2025.

{{Excerpt|Member states of BRICS#Countries that have applied for membership}}

File:20045-Shanghai-Pano (cropped).jpg.]]

File:Signing of documents at 6th BRICS Summit.jpeg

The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting to about 70% of the organization total.

The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.

{{Further|New Development Bank}}

The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062235/http://indiasnaps.com/brics-bank-to-be-headquartered-in-shanghai-india-to-hold-presidency/ "BRICS Bank to be headquartered in Shanghai, India to hold presidency"]}} . Indiasnaps.com. 16 July 2014 is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects{{Cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Raj M. |last2=Vreeland |first2=James Raymond |date=17 July 2014 |title=What the new bank of BRICS is all about |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717190437/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/07/17/what-the-new-bank-of-brics-is-all-about/ |archive-date=17 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{Cite news |date=18 July 2014 |title=New BRICS Bank a Building Block of Alternative World Order |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719184109/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/parag-khanna/new-brics-bank_b_5600027.html |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |work=HuffPost}} with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually. South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.{{Cite news |date=16 July 2014 |title=BRICS countries launch $100 billion developmental bank, currency pool |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Russia & India Report |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526230615/https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/16/brics_countries_launch_100_billion_developmental_bank_currency_pool_36733 |url-status=live }} The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.{{Cite news |date=10 July 2014 |title=BRICS Bank ready for launch – Russian Finance Minister |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Russia & India Report |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928033428/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2014/07/10/brics_bank_ready_for_launch_-_russian_finance_minister_36599 |url-status=live }} Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion. As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion.{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201122225/https://www.ndb.int/about-us/essence/history/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |website=New Development Bank |language=en-US}} By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32 billion for 96 projects.{{Cite web |last=Ferragamo |first=Mariel |date=12 December 2024 |title=What Is the BRICS Group and Why Is It Expanding? |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-brics-group-and-why-it-expanding |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}

In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.{{Cite news |last=Strohecker |first=Karin |date=2 September 2021 |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Edmund |title=BRICS development bank admits UAE, Bangladesh, Uruguay as new members |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312064641/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/brics-development-bank-admits-uae-bangladesh-uruguay-new-members-2021-09-02/ |archive-date=12 March 2022 |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Reuters}}

{{Further|BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement}}

The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures.{{Cite news |date=17 July 2014 |title=BRICS currency fund to protect members from volatility – Russia's top banker |url=https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925014216/https://www.rbth.com/world/2014/07/17/brics_currency_fund_to_protect_members_from_volatility_-_russias_top_ba_36767 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Russia & India Report}} This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures. Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.{{Cite journal |last1=Biziwick |first1=Mayamiko |last2=Cattaneo |first2=Nicolette |last3=Fryer |first3=David |year=2015 |title=The rationale for and potential role of the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement |journal=South African Journal of International Affairs |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=307–324 |doi=10.1080/10220461.2015.1069208 |s2cid=153695521}} The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation. It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey.[http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm On the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) Governing Council and Standing Committee inaugural meetings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002172250/http://www.cbr.ru/eng/press/pr.aspx?file=04092015_185039eng2015-09-04T18_46_05.htm |date=2 October 2016}} 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2016 It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.

{{Main|BRICS PAY}}

At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=DMPQ- BRICS payment system |url=https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121080257/https://haryana.pscnotes.com/international/dmpq-brics-payment-system/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=16 March 2022}} The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.{{Cite news |date=1 June 2015 |title=Russia offers to discuss BRICS prototype of SWIFT global system |url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |access-date=26 March 2016 |work=Russia & India Report |archive-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050300/https://www.rbth.com/economics/2015/06/01/russia_offers_to_discuss_brics_prototype_of_swift_global_system_43421 |url-status=live }}

China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.{{Cite news |date=9 March 2015 |title=Exclusive: China's international payments system ready, could launch by end-2015 – sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924214126/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/09/us-china-yuan-payments-exclusive-idUSKBN0M50BV20150309?irpc=932 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |work=Reuters}} India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.{{Cite web |date=2023-05-10 |title=BRICS to discuss common currency plan during the summit, says South African Foreign Minister |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/currency/brics-to-discuss-common-currency-plan-south-african-foreign-minister-china-india-russia-16621991.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512224525/https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/currency/brics-to-discuss-common-currency-plan-south-african-foreign-minister-china-india-russia-16621991.htm |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Lula confirma criação de uma moeda comum dos Brics para facilitar trocas comerciais |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/lula-confirma-criacao-de-uma-moeda-comum-do-brics-para-facilitar-trocas-comerciais/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153934/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/economia/lula-confirma-criacao-de-uma-moeda-comum-do-brics-para-facilitar-trocas-comerciais/ |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=CNN Brasil|date=24 August 2023 }}{{Cite web |title=BRICS summit: Leaders eye expansion, common currency – DW – 08/23/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brics-summit-leaders-eye-expansion-common-currency/live-66606155 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153934/https://www.dw.com/en/brics-summit-leaders-eye-expansion-common-currency/live-66606155 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-26 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en}} Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union.{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Common Currency on Agenda for South African BRICS Summit |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/common-currency-on-agenda-for-south-african-brics-summit/7090756.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512224523/https://www.voanews.com/a/common-currency-on-agenda-for-south-african-brics-summit/7090756.html |archive-date=12 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=VOA |language=en}}

BRICS Bridge—a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY—makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of their CBDC exchange rate.{{Cite web |last=Bryanski |first=Gleb |date=10 October 2024 |title=Russia calls on BRICS partners to create alternative to IMF |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-calls-brics-partners-create-alternative-imf-2024-10-10/ |website=Reuters.com}}{{Cite news |title=Putin's plan to dethrone the dollar |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2024/10/20/putins-plan-to-dethrone-the-dollar |access-date=2024-11-26 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127074740/https://www.economist.com/international/2024/10/20/putins-plan-to-dethrone-the-dollar |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Explainer: Putin's Swift rival a bridge too far for Brics |url=https://www.thebanker.com/Explainer-Putin-s-Swift-rival-a-bridge-too-far-for-Brics-1729858688 |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=thebanker.com |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204001740/https://www.thebanker.com/Explainer-Putin-s-Swift-rival-a-bridge-too-far-for-Brics-1729858688 |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Ebel |first=Francesca |date=24 October 2024 |title=Putin presents himself as champion of the developing world at summit |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/10/24/brics-kazan-summit-putin-russia/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{Cite news |title=A surprise new twist in Putin's currency wars |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2024/10/31/a-surprise-new-twist-in-putins-currency-wars |access-date=2024-11-26 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}

One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral.{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Thomas |date=2023-12-14 |title=China's de-dollarization message finds a receptive audience in North Africa |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/china-dedollarization-north-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107164940/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/china-dedollarization-north-africa/ |archive-date=7 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}} A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia.{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=24 October 2024 |title=BRICS Unveils Symbolic Banknote, Pushes for Local Currency Trade Amid Dollar Debate |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/brics-unveils-symbolic-banknote-pushes-for-local-currency-trade-amid-dollar-debate/3648619/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=25 October 2025 |title=Putin's BRICS Mock-Up Bill Sparks Debate, But No New Currency Yet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/policy/economy/putins-brics-mock-up-bill-sparks-debate-but-no-new-currency-yet/3649199/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}

{{Split section|Reception of BRICS|discuss={{TALKPAGENAME}}#Split proposed|date=October 2024}}

World analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Ruchir |date=November–December 2012 |title=Broken BRICs: Why the Rest Stopped Rising |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138219/ruchir-sharma/broken-brics |url-status=live |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=91 |issue=November/December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220021001/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138219/ruchir-sharma/broken-brics |archive-date=20 December 2012 |access-date=19 December 2012}}{{Cite web |last=Pesek |first=William |date=24 June 2013 |title=China Loses Control of Its Frankenstein Economy |url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-24/china-loses-control-of-its-frankenstein-economy.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104194221/http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2013-06-24/china-loses-control-of-its-frankenstein-economy.html |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}{{Cite news |last=Arancibia |first=Juan Carlos |date=26 June 2013 |title=Brazil Stocks In Bear Market As Economy Struggles |url=http://news.investors.com/investing-international-leaders/062613-661520-brazil-stocks-in-bear-market.htm |url-access=limited |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109023642/http://news.investors.com/investing-international-leaders/062613-661520-brazil-stocks-in-bear-market.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |work=Investor's Business Daily |publisher=Investors.com}}{{Cite news |date=27 July 2013 |title=Emerging economies: The Great Deceleration |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21582256-emerging-market-slowdown-not-beginning-bust-it-turning-point |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726184521/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21582256-emerging-market-slowdown-not-beginning-bust-it-turning-point |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=27 July 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}} disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform,Jim Yardley (29 March 2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/asia/brics-leaders-fail-to-create-rival-to-world-bank.html?_r=1 "BRICS Leaders Fail to Create Rival to World Bank"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904205816/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/world/asia/brics-leaders-fail-to-create-rival-to-world-bank.html|date=4 September 2017}} . The New York Times. 29 March 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013. and India and China's disputes{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Dr. Andrew F. |last2=Farooq |first2=Asif B. |year=2016 |title=EXCERPT {{!}} A Test of China–India Cooperative Dynamics within the BRICS Framework |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/04/EXCERPT-Test-of-China-India-Cooperative-Dynamics-BRICS-003-04-2017-0005.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Current Chinese Affairs |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=81–86 |issn=2381-3652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424175857/http://www.indrastra.com/2017/04/EXCERPT-Test-of-China-India-Cooperative-Dynamics-BRICS-003-04-2017-0005.html |archive-date=24 April 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017 |via=IndraStra Global}} over territorial issues.{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Khadija |date=3 April 2012 |title=Brics summit exposes the high wall between India and China |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/ND03Dj01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402171026/http://atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/ND03Dj01.html |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 July 2013 |work=Asia Times}} There is scope for multilateralism in space,{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Archana |date=2023-08-06 |title=BRICS: Can it form multilateralism in Outer Space? |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/08/06/brics-can-it-form-multilateralism-in-outer-space/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}} and collaboration in the space governance sector.{{Cite web |last=López |first=Laura Delgado |date=2 October 2023 |title=BRICS+ from Above: Why the Space Dimension of the Expanded Alliance Matters |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/brics-above-why-space-dimension-expanded-alliance-matters |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}

ILO Director-General Guy Ryder has positively received joint declarations and statements of the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS over the years.{{Cite web |date=2016-09-28 |title=Guy Ryder welcomes BRICS countries' will to boost growth and decent work |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/guy-ryder-welcomes-brics-countries-will-boost-growth-and-decent-work |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2018-08-03 |title=ILO head praises BRICS countries' commitment to social dialogue |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_636211/lang--en/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825163740/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_636211/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=25 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=International Labour Organization |publisher= |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-07-15 |title=ILO Director-General welcomes BRICS commitment to green jobs, skills development, workers' protection |url=https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/ilo-director-general-welcomes-brics-commitment-green-jobs-skills |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}} These statements cover decent work, social dialogue, green jobs, skills development, and workers' protection.

Christian E. Rieck of the Global Governance Institute writes in October 2024 that China's relative power distribution in BRICS is "4+1".{{Cite web |last=Rieck |first=Christian E. |date=30 October 2024 |title=A Fork in the Road? The Kazan Summit of the BRICS |url=https://www.globalgovernance.eu/publications/a-fork-in-the-road-the-kazan-summit-of-the-brics |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=globalgovernance.eu |series=GGI Briefing 6/2024 |publisher=Global Governance Institute |publication-place=Brussels}} While China has pushed for enlargement, India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the groups exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-western stance. Despite BRICS being regime neutral, multipolarity and non-alignment is balanced against an anti-western stance. BRICS' efforts to construct new financial architectures should not be actively challenged as that will only be counter-productive. Europe should not feel threatened by BRICS.

Alicia García-Herrero writes for the think tank Bruegel that the West should note the anti-West tilt developing amongst BRICS and that the West need to offer the Global South better deals.{{Cite web |last=Herrero |first=Alicia García |date=29 October 2024 |title=BRICS is becoming a more solid construction |url=https://www.bruegel.org/first-glance/brics-becoming-more-solid-construction |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Bruegel {{!}} The Brussels-based economic think tank |language=en}}

Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute writes in November 2024 that the pivot of a number of countries in the Global South, visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU.{{Cite web |last=Brender |first=Reinhold |date=13 November 2024 |title=Why the BRICS Summit in Kazan should be a Wake-up Call for the EU |url=https://www.egmontinstitute.be/app/uploads/2024/11/Reinhold-Brender_Policy_Brief_364_vFinal.pdf?type=pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=EGMONT – The Royal Institute for International Relations |series=Egmont Policy Brief 364}} The EU need to think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South.

In 2014 results of an opinion poll of 1881 respondents resulted in only 4% knowing what BRICS stood for; while in 2019 only 3% of 1849 respondents knew what the acronym stood for.{{Cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=Ivan Filipe |last2=Freitas |first2=Vinicius Ruiz Albino de |last3=Onuki |first3=Janina |date=November 2021 |title=The BRICS and Brazilian public opinion: soft balancing or economic strategy? |journal=Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |doi=10.1590/0034-7329202100212 |issn=0034-7329|doi-access=free }}File:14 11 2019 Diálogo dos Líderes com o Conselho Empresarial do BRICS e o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (49066644892).jpg, Brazil, in November 2019]]

File:14 11 2019 Almoço oferecido aos Líderes do BRICS (49066061897).jpg welcoming the BRICS leaders]]

Alissa Wang, co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-western is not likely.{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Alissa |date=5 July 2023 |title=The Evolving BRICS |url=http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/biblio/wang-evolving-brics-230705.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010092056/http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/biblio/wang-evolving-brics-230705.html |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=brics.utoronto.ca University of Toronto}} The group consists of three democracies – Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes – Russia, China, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance. Further a BRICS expansion would strengthen the group economically but political jointness could be negatively affected.

In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.{{Cite web |date=8 August 2012 |title=Brics a force for world peace, says China |url=http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130422020755/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=168422 |archive-date=22 April 2013 |access-date=9 November 2013 |website=Business Day}}

In March 2025, the government-affiliated think tank Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) published a report where they said that BRICS was not an anti-Western entity but a non-Western entity seeking a "just and reasonable post-Western order".{{Cite web |last=Sim |first=Dewey |date=2025-03-14 |title=Not anti-western but 'non-Western': Brics urged to jointly face external shocks |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3302460/brics-not-anti-western-must-unite-against-external-shocks-chinese-think-tank |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}

French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023.{{Cite web |last=Camut |first=Nicolas |date=2023-06-20 |title=Macron wants to crash summit with Russia, China and allies |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/france-emmanuel-macron-wants-to-attend-summit-with-russia-and-its-allies-french-fm-says/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Politico |language=en-GB}} Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world.{{Cite web |last=Teslova |first=Elena |date=26 July 2023 |title=Russia says France's participation in BRICS summit would be 'unsuitable' |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russia-says-frances-participation-in-brics-summit-would-be-unsuitable/2954705 |access-date=2025-02-17 |publisher=Anadolu Agency}}

A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level.{{Cite web |last=Haibin |first=Niu |date=September 2013 |title=Brics in Global Governance: A Progressive and Cooperative Force? |url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/global/10227.pdf |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=Friedrich Ebert Foundation}}

German diplomat Reinhard Butikofer, following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, stated that developing countries may turn to BRICS "if Europe fails to prove its reliability and credibility as a fair partner".{{Cite news |last1=Sarpong |first1=Emmanuel Frimpong |last2=Sibiri |first2=Hagan |date=2024-12-19 |editor-last=Mare |editor-first=Ada |title=Building a bloc from BRICS: Assessing China's strategic interests and influence |url=https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115023204/https://afripoli.org/building-a-bloc-from-brics-assessing-chinas-strategic-interests-and-influence |archive-date=15 January 2025 |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=APRI – Africa Policy Research Institute |language=en-US }}

A Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom policy paper explains that while the expansion of BRICS is a wake up call, the EU or Germany need not make any direct formal contact with BRICS until the goals of BRICS are officially defined.{{Cite book |last1=Holtzmann |first1=Dr. Hans-Dieter |url=https://shop.freiheit.org/#!/Publikation/1910 |title=Policy Paper: Decoding BRICS. The beginning of a new world order |last2=Voort |first2=Akim van der |date=April 2025 |publisher=Friedrich Naumann Foundation |isbn=978-3-911204-14-9 |editor-last=Holtzmann |editor-first=Dr. Hans-Dieter |page=13 |chapter=Will the BRICS States or Donald Trump Reshape the Liberal World Order? |editor-last2=Voort |editor-first2=Akim van der}} "Western-oriented BRICS countries ... should be more closely integrated into global governance."

In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.Prashad, Vijay 2014. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso. p10-11

Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception."{{Cite web |date=2014-07-15 |title=Modi Calls for Urgent Reform of UN Security Council, IMF |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Jul/15/modi-calls-for-urgent-reform-of-un-security-council-imf-636223.html |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}{{Cite news |date=15 July 2014 |title=Prime Minister's statement in 6th BRICS Summit on the Agenda – "Political Coordination: "International Governance & Regional Crises" |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/23632/Prime+Ministers+statement+in+6th+BRICS+Summit+on+the+Agenda++quotPolitical+Coordination+quotInternational+Governance+amp+Regional+Crisesquot |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906225939/https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/23632/Prime+Ministers+statement+in+6th+BRICS+Summit+on+the+Agenda++quotPolitical+Coordination+quotInternational+Governance+amp+Regional+Crisesquot |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US |url-status=live }}

In 2016 Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures including "institutionalized cooperation".{{Cite news |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |author-link=Brahma Chellaney |date=2016-10-18 |title=Has BRICS been reduced to a talking shop? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/has-brics-been-reduced-to-a-talking-shop/story-fuwLqfVDJDOPyiaJ0roLIO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325035925/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/has-brics-been-reduced-to-a-talking-shop/story-fuwLqfVDJDOPyiaJ0roLIO.html |archive-date=25 March 2024 |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }} He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world".

The Sino-Indian border dispute, for example during the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, has been a bilateral non-issue for BRICS.{{Cite journal |last1=Papa |first1=Mihaela |last2=Verma |first2=Raj |year=2021 |title=Scenarios for BRICS Evolution in Light of the India–China Conflict |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=539–544 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.13010 |issn=1758-5899|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Raj |last2=Papa |first2=Mihaela |year=2021 |title=BRICS amidst India-China Rivalry |journal=Global Policy |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=509–513 |doi=10.1111/1758-5899.12977 |issn=1758-5899|doi-access=free }} In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit. During the 2023 BRICS summit China and India agreed to make efforts to address border issues. However, following the 2023 BRICS summit, China released a disputed map.{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pramod |date=12 October 2023 |title=BRICS Summit 2023: Major Outcomes and Relevance – Australian Institute of International Affairs |url=https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/brics-summit-2023-major-outcomes-and-relevance/ |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Australian Institute of International Affairs}}

Ashok Malik comments that amid new BRICS members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get an "distortionary ideological edge".{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Ashok |author-link=Ashok Malik |date=2024-10-20 |title=BRICS: India's role is to ensure the grouping doesn't get a distortionary ideological edge |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/brics-indias-role-is-to-ensure-the-grouping-doesnt-get-a-distortionary-ideological-edge/articleshow/114403224.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}

In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won’t let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers.{{Cite web |last1=Maiorano |first1=Diego |last2=Kaur |first2=Kanika |date=13 November 2024 |title=India's Role in the BRICS: Navigating the Balance in a Changing World |url=https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/indias-role-in-the-brics-navigating-the-balance-in-a-changing-world/#_ftnref8 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore}}{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=India's Jaishankar on BRICS: "Because You Won't Let Us Into the G7 Club" |url=https://www.bricsforum.in/news-20240913-indias-jaishankar-on-brics-because-you-wont-let-us-into-the-g7-club |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=BRICS International Forum |language=en}} The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist.{{Cite news |date=2024-09-12 |title=Why BRICS? Jaishankar's sharp retort: 'Because you won't let us into G7 club' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-brics-jaishankar-s-sharp-retort-because-you-won-t-let-us-into-g7-club-101726159451821.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912174711/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-brics-jaishankar-s-sharp-retort-because-you-won-t-let-us-into-g7-club-101726159451821.html |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}

Prior to the Kazan summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that BRICS was never meant to be against anyone or be anti-western, and that it is only non-western.{{Cite news |date=2024-10-18 |title='Not anti-western but ...': Putin borrows PM Modi's words to describe Brics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/not-anti-western-but-putin-borrows-pm-modis-words-to-describe-brics/articleshow/114356100.cms |access-date=2025-02-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} At the Kazan summit the Prime Minister stated "We must be careful to ensure that this organization does not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions".{{Cite web |date=24 October 2024 |title=Brics must avoid being an anti-West group as it grows, says PM Modi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/brics-must-avoid-being-an-anti-west-group-as-it-grows-says-pm-modi-124102400534_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113214208/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/brics-must-avoid-being-an-anti-west-group-as-it-grows-says-pm-modi-124102400534_1.html |archive-date=13 November 2024 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }}

Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term."

The central bank of India, Reserve Bank of India, Governor Shaktikanta Das, stated in December 2024 that de-dollarisation for India was only a part of "derisking" Indian trade and reducing dependence on any one currency since that may become "problematic".{{Cite news |last=Varier |first=Aathira |date=6 December 2024 |title=De-dollarisation not our objective, says RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/news/de-dollarisation-is-not-our-objective-says-rbi-governor-shaktikanta-das-124120601110_1.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=Business Standard}} While a BRICS currency had been raised by a member state, nothing specific was decided. He also compared the Euro, and stated how nations in Euro countries are located in close proximity while that is not the case of BRICS. This was in response to a question about President-elect Trump warning about tariffs.

Former ambassador D. Bala Venkatesh Varma, in an interview with the think tank India Foundation, states that India's stance in BRICS is "pro-India" and "claiming that BRICS is dominated by China is an exaggeration".{{Cite web |date=2025-01-02 |others=Joyeeta Basu |title=BRICS Summit 2024:An Interview with Amb. D.B. Venkatesh Varma |url=https://indiafoundation.in/articles-and-commentaries/brics-summit-2024an-interview-with-amb-d-b-venkatesh-varma/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=India Foundation |language=en-US}}

Iran's admission as a member in 2023 has been touted by the country as a "strategic success".{{Cite web |last=Heiran-Nia |first=Javad |date=2023-08-30 |title=What Can Iran Achieve from BRICS Membership? |url=https://www.stimson.org/2023/what-can-iran-achieve-from-brics-membership/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Stimson Center |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Mehdi |first=Syed Zafar |date=24 August 2023 |title=Iran calls BRICS membership 'strategic victory' amid tensions with US |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/iran-calls-brics-membership-strategic-victory-amid-tensions-with-us/2975235 |access-date=2025-01-21 |publisher=Anadolu Agency}} Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as president stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing".{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Dr Raisi at the 15th BRICS summit: World needs foundation of a fair system/ Benefits of Iran's membership in BRICS to make history/ Iran backs de-dollarization in economic relations of members, use of national currencies |url=https://president.ir/en/146283 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Official Website of the President of the Islamic Republic of Iran}} Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS.{{Cite web |last=Ansari |first=Mona Hojat |date=2023-08-25 |title=BRICS: new era for Iran |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/488308/BRICS-new-era-for-Iran |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Tehran Times |language=en}}

In 2015, President Vladimir Putin stated that despite BRICS being a young organisation, it has already been effective.{{Cite web |date=1 April 2015 |title=Message from Vladimir Putin at the start of Russia's presidency of the BRICS group |url=https://canada.mid.ru/en/press-centre/news/message_from_vladimir_putin_at_the_start_of_russia_s_presidency_of_the_brics_group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525173813/https://canada.mid.ru/en/press-centre/news/message_from_vladimir_putin_at_the_start_of_russia_s_presidency_of_the_brics_group/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=canada.mid.ru The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Canada |url-status=live }} The five countries "are playing an active part in shaping a multipolar world order and developing modern models for the world’s financial and trading systems."

In 2024, President Putin speaking at a BRICS forum said "BRICS is one of the key elements of the emerging multipolar world order, which increasingly reflects the interests and aspirations of the states of both the global South and the East ... we are engaged in an active dialogue in the BRICS plus/outreach format, and are working to establish a category of partner states".{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Vladimir Putin describes BRICS as key element of emerging multipolar world order |url=https://tvbrics.com/en/news/vladimir-putin-describes-brics-as-key-element-of-emerging-multipolar-world-order/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=TV BRICS |language=en}} At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar.

In a briefing in October 2024 Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman said that "BRICS framework is non-confrontational and constructive", and that "it is a viable alternative to a world living by someone else's, alien rules". New members have made BRICS into a stronger representative of the "Global South and East – or the Global Majority".{{Cite web |title=Briefing by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova, Moscow, October 2, 2024. The global significance of BRICS. |url=https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1973703/#15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127201332/https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1973703/#15 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation }} Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role.

President Putin quoted Prime Minister Narendra Modi in saying that BRICS is not anti-western but non-western.

A poll following the Kazan summit revealed that 39% of 1500 respondents had never heard about BRICS.{{Cite web |last=Lissovolik |first=Yaroslav |date=8 November 2024 |title=A post-summit BRICS poll |url=https://brics-plus-analytics.org/a-post-summit-brics-poll/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=brics-plus-analytics.org BRICS+ Analytics}} Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening.

In 2025, Victoria Panova, Head of the BRICS Expert Council—Russia, has stated that while BRICS aims to make a fairer world order, it "doesn’t have an aim of expansion as an aim in itself." The aim isn't to duplicate the UN's Assembly General.{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2025-03-27 |title=BRICS has features to make world order fair: Top Russian expert |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/brics-has-features-to-make-world-order-fair-top-russian-expert/articleshow/119570104.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}

In March 2025, President Putin has suggested that BRICS countries could be a part of the Ukraine peace process.{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Russia's Putin says North Korea, BRICS should join Ukraine ceasefire talks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/28/russias-putin-says-north-korea-brics-should-join-ukraine-ceasefire-talks |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

According to Valdai Discussion Club's Dmitry Suslov in October 2024, there are many intra-BRICS disagreements.{{Cite web |last=Suslov |first=Dmitry |date=3 October 2024 |title=BRICS After Expansion |url=https://valdaiclub.com/a/highlights/brics-after-expansion/ |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Valdai Discussion Club}} Firstly prior cooperation and current relationship with the West is a major factor in making decisions where BRICS countries are concerned. Secondly, the speed of decision making varies with respect to making changes in economic governance, say when it concerns a new currency or settlement mechanism. Third, bilateral relations between countries such as China and India, and Saudi Arabia and Iran, have not always been amicable.

In an October 2024 interview to The Times of India, President Zelensky said that the Kazan summit was a total failure.{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Rudroneel |date=2024-10-28 |title='There can't be neutrality between aggressor & victim. It only means you're with Russia': Zelenskyy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/there-cant-be-neutrality-between-aggressor-victim-it-only-means-youre-with-russia-zelenskyy/articleshow/114668253.cms |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}} President Zelensky also criticized the presence of UN secretary general at the summit. The office of the UN secretary general clarified his participation, referring to BRICS' role "in boosting global co-operation".{{Cite web |last=Lukiv |first=Jaroslav |date=2024-10-25 |title=Ukraine's Volodymyr Zelensky snubs UN chief after his Russia trip |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyd4xg70ejo |access-date=2025-02-09 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}

On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Isobel |date=9 April 2013 |title=Ten Questions for the New BRICS Bank |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/09/ten-questions-for-the-new-brics-bank/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002050021/http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/09/ten-questions-for-the-new-brics-bank/ |archive-date=2 October 2016 |access-date=24 September 2016 |website=Foreign Policy}}

A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".{{Cite web |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Frank |last2=Papa |first2=Mihaela |last3=Han |first3=Zhen |date=18 August 2023 |title=As BRICS cooperation accelerates, is it time for the US to develop a BRICS policy? |url=https://theconversation.com/as-brics-cooperation-accelerates-is-it-time-for-the-us-to-develop-a-brics-policy-210021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927115736/https://theconversation.com/as-brics-cooperation-accelerates-is-it-time-for-the-us-to-develop-a-brics-policy-210021 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}

According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests. Replacing the dollar could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates, and undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions and SWIFT.

Michael Kugelman writes in BBC that "Brics projects meant to reduce reliance on the US dollar likely aren’t viable, because many member states’ economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."{{Cite web |last=Kugelman |first=Michael |date=25 October 2024 |title=Brics: How an evolving and expanding bloc benefits India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2verz8ggo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241105171801/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2verz8ggo |archive-date=5 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-08 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}

White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival.{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Saibal |date=2024-10-24 |title=BRICS meeting highlights geopolitical aspirations, rivalries with West |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/brics-meeting-highlights-geopolitical-aspirations-rivalries-with-west/7836994.html |access-date=2025-01-17 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en}} Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has largely dismissed BRICS efforts at dedollarisation. Following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, the US National Security Advisor stated that it does not possess a "serious challenge".

In November 2024 in a post on Truth Social, United States president-elect Donald Trump threatened a 100% United States tariff on countries that pursued a BRICS currency or moved to favor another currency instead of the U.S. dollar.{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Kaanita |date=2024-12-01 |title=Trump threatens 100% tariff on BRICS countries if they pursue creating new currency {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/30/politics/trump-brics-currency-tariff/index.html |access-date=2024-12-01 |publisher=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Wearden |first=Graeme |date=2024-12-01 |title=Trump threat of 100% tariffs against Brics nations raises trade war fears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2024/dec/01/trump-threat-100-per-cent-tariffs-brics-nations-dollar |access-date=2024-12-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} As US president he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term.{{Cite news |last=AP |date=2025-01-22 |title=Trump threatens 100% tariffs against BRICS countries if they try replacing U.S. dollar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-threatens-100-tariffs-against-brics-countries-if-they-try-replacing-us-dollar/article69126026.ece |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Md Zakariya |date=21 January 2025 |title=Trump's big warning to India, Brics nations on Day 1 as US President |url=https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-warning-brics-100-per-cent-tariff-de-dollarisation-125012100838_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121104744/https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/trump-warning-brics-100-per-cent-tariff-de-dollarisation-125012100838_1.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |url-status=live }} On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS.{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first=Samiran |title="Go Find Another Sucker Nation": Trump Warns BRICS Against Dollar Move |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/donald-trump-brics-dollar-seemingly-hostile-countries-donald-trump-threatens-brics-with-100-tariff-7600289 |access-date=2025-02-02 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}} In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead".{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Nicholas |date=14 February 2025 |title=Trump threatens a 100% tariff on 'dead' BRICS group if they 'play games with the dollar' |url=https://fortune.com/asia/2025/02/14/trump-threatens-brics-tariffs-challenge-us-dollar/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Fortune Asia |language=en}}{{Cite web |title="BRICS Is Dead, Will Impose 100% Tariff If Dollar Replaced", Warns Trump |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/brics-is-dead-will-impose-100-tariff-if-dollar-replaced-warns-donald-trump-7705864 |access-date=2025-02-16 |publisher=NDTV |language=en |agency=Asian News International}} He went on to say that BRICS is silent following his "150%" tariff threat.{{Cite web |date=21 February 2025 |editor-last=Chitre |editor-first=Manjiri |title="Not Heard From Them": Trump Claims BRICS "Broke Up" After 150% Tariff Threat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/not-heard-from-them-trump-claims-brics-broke-up-after-150-tariff-threat-7760332 |access-date=2025-02-21 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2025-02-18 |title=Is BRICS Dead? Here's why it's far from over |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/is-brics-dead-heres-why-its-far-from-over/3752595/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}

Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia";{{Cite web |last=Nye Jr |first=Joseph S. |date=2025-01-07 |title=BRICS is hardly a new fulcrum of world politics |url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/brics-is-hardly-a-new-fulcrum-of-world-politics/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Australian Strategic Policy Institute – The Strategist |language=en-AU}} the same goes for Iran.{{Cite web |last=Dzulhisham |first=Huzeir Ezekiel |date=4 December 2024 |title=Iran's Geopolitical Gamble in Turning to BRICS |url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/irans-geopolitical-gamble-in-turning-to-brics/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205042822/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/rsis/irans-geopolitical-gamble-in-turning-to-brics/ |archive-date=5 December 2024 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=RSIS Nanyang Technological University |language=en-US |url-status=live }} Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness.

Melissa Pistilli writes that at the 2024 BRICS summit President Putin seemed to back away from "aggressive calls for de-dollarization [...] but rather to deter the "weaponization" of the US dollar".{{Cite web |last=Pistilli |first=Melissa |date=6 January 2025 |title=How Would a New BRICS Currency Affect the US Dollar? (Updated 2025) |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/how-would-new-brics-currency-affect-us-dollar-updated-2025 |website=Investing News Network – NASDAQ}}

After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.

In 2024, Jim O'Neill comments the grouping merely generates rhetoric and symbolism.

According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%) and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=BRICS expansion – less than one in five positive about it |url=https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/brics-expansion-less-than-one-in-five-positive-about-it |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Gallup International Association |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423195305/https://www.gallup-international.com/survey-results-and-news/survey-result/brics-expansion-less-than-one-in-five-positive-about-it |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Attitudes towards BRICS: Gallup International's research |url=http://ratinggroup.ua/en/research/ukraine/stavlennya-do-brics-doslidzhennya-rejtingu-z-gallup-international.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Rating (sociological group) |language=en}}

Current leading member state representatives:

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• {{annotated link|Belt and Road Initiative}}
• {{annotated link|BRICS Games}}
• {{annotated link|Developing country}}
• {{annotated link|East–West dichotomy}}
• {{annotated link|Emerging power}}
• {{annotated link|List of multilateral free-trade agreements}}
• {{annotated link|MIKTA}}
• {{annotated link|G7}}
• {{annotated link|Potential superpowers}}
• {{annotated link|Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}
• BRICS PAY
• G20
• Member states of BRICS
• Non-Aligned Movement
• OPEC
• List of BRICS summit attendees
• List of country groupings
• BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
• BRICS Universities League

{{Div col end}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

Secondary sources

• {{Cite journal |last=Rewizorski |first=Marek |year=2016 |title=BRICS in the G20? The Involvement of Rising Powers in the Premier Forum of Global Governance |url=http://www.irjournal.pl/pdf-124586-52677?filename=BRICS%20in%20the%20G20_The.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Stosunki Międzynarodowe – International Relations |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=211–222 |doi=10.7366/020909611201611 |issn=0209-0961 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206131921/http://www.irjournal.pl/pdf-124586-52677?filename=BRICS%20in%20the%20G20_The.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2025}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Gavrilenko |first1=Vladimir |last2=Shenshin |first2=Victor |year=2024 |title=BRICS Expansion: A Geopolitical Triumph of Partner Countries |url=https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/view/1087/292 |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Law Journal |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=9–53 |doi=10.21684/2412-2343-2024-11-3-9-53 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305151858/https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour/article/download/1087/292 |archive-date=5 March 2025|doi-access=free }}
• {{Citation |last=Alpher |first=Yossi |title=Israel and the BRICS |date=September 2014 |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184175/a99d5052ba4147c043a40a58ba8077e1.pdf |publisher=Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Abdenur |first=Adriana Erthal |date=September 2016 |title=Rising Powers and International Security: the BRICS and the Syrian Conflict |url=https://rpquarterly.kureselcalismalar.com/quarterly/rising-powers-and-international-security-the-brics-and-the-syrian-conflict/ |journal=Rising Powers Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=109–133}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Mihika |last2=and Naka |first2=Ikuno |date=2022-01-02 |title=Twenty years of BRICS: political and economic transformations through the lens of land |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |journal=Oxford Development Studies |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1080/13600818.2022.2033191 |issn=1360-0818|url-access=subscription }}
• {{Cite web |last1=Patrick |first1=Stewart |last2=Hogan |first2=Erica |last3=Stuenkel |first3=Oliver |last4=Gabuev |first4=Alexander |last5=Tellis |first5=Ashley J. |last6=Zhao |first6=Tong |last7=Carvalho |first7=Gustavo de |last8=Gruzd |first8=Steven |last9=Hamzawy |first9=Amr |last10=Kebret |first10=Etsehiwot |last11=Noor |first11=Elina |last12=Sadjadpour |first12=Karim |last13=Al-Ketbi |first13=Ebtesam |last14=Mijares |first14=Victor |last15=Eguegu |first15=Ovigwe |date=31 March 2025 |title=BRICS Expansion and the Future of World Order: Perspectives from Member States, Partners, and Aspirants |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/03/brics-expansion-and-the-future-of-world-order-perspectives-from-member-states-partners-and-aspirants?lang=en |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}
• {{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Stuti |date=22 August 2017 |title=BRICS Summits and Outlook on Terrorism |url=https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=1743&lid=1501 |website=Indian Council of World Affairs}}

Primary sources

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• [https://portalantigo.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livros/151104_brics_long_term_strategy.pdf Towards a long-term strategy for BRICS. A proposal by the BRICS Think Tanks Council]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241126170353/https://portalantigo.ipea.gov.br/agencia/images/stories/PDFs/livros/livros/151104_brics_long_term_strategy.pdf Archive]
• [http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/BRICS-Membership-expansion-guiding-principles-criteria-and-standards-2023.pdf BRICS Membership Expansion Guiding Principles, Standards, Criteria and Procedures]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240129035407/http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/BRICS-Membership-expansion-guiding-principles-criteria-and-standards-2023.pdf Archive]
• [https://www.cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/54865/BRICS_Bulletin_2024.pdf BRICS Economic Bulletin 2024]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250117041313/https://www.cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/54865/BRICS_Bulletin_2024.pdf Archive]
• [https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/publications/media-releases/2023/brics-int-relations/BRICS%20bulletin.pdf BRICS Economic Bulletin 2023]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240806110126/https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/publications/media-releases/2023/brics-int-relations/BRICS%20bulletin.pdf Archive]
• [https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-72.pdf BRICS Economic Bulletin 2021]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211231235432/https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-72.pdf Archive]
• [https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/french/anx1_new.pdf BRICS Cooperation Outcomes] [https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/french/anx1_new.pdf 2021]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210909175005/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/french/anx1_new.pdf Archive]
• [https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-52.pdf BRICS Counter Terrorism Action Plan 2021]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211205104650/https://brics2021.gov.in/brics/public/uploads/docpdf/getdocu-52.pdf Archive]

• {{Cite web |date=23 October 2024 |title=Kazan Declaration : Strengthening Multilateralism For Just Global Development And Security |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/38450/Kazan_Declaration__Strengthening_Multilateralism_For_Just_Global__Development_And_Security |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207044850/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/38450/Kazan_Declaration__Strengthening_Multilateralism_For_Just_Global__Development_And_Security |archive-date=7 December 2024}}
• {{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=15th BRICS Summit: Johannesburg II Declaration |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/Declaration_2408.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829042258/https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/Declaration_2408.pdf |archive-date=29 August 2023 |via=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}
• {{Cite web |date=23 June 2022 |title=XIV BRICS Summit Beijing Declaration |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/35435/XIV+BRICS+Summit+Beijing+Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623180746/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/35435/XIV+BRICS+Summit+Beijing+Declaration |archive-date=23 June 2022}}
• {{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=XIII BRICS Summit- New Delhi Declaration |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/34236/XIII_BRICS_Summit_New_Delhi_Declaration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909174738/https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/34236/XIII_BRICS_Summit_New_Delhi_Declaration |archive-date=9 September 2021}}
• {{Cite web |date=17 November 2020 |title=XII BRICS Summit Moscow Declaration |url=http://brics2022.mfa.gov.cn/eng/hywj/ODS/202203/t20220308_10649500.html#:~:text=We%20reaffirm%20the%20principles%20of,against%20the%20territorial%20integrity%20or |via=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China}}

• {{Cite journal |year=2018 |title=BRICS 2018. Tapping into Africa's Beating Drum |url=https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BRICS_Academic_Review.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031065821/https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/BRICS/BRICS_Academic_Review.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2024}}
• {{Cite journal |year=2022 |title=BRICS: Economic Recovery, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Multilateralism |url=https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/BAR6_Combined-6.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126121639/https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/BAR6_Combined-6.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2025}}
• {{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=BRICS & Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated Growth, Sustainable Development, and Inclusive Multilateralism |url=https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BAR%20Issue%208.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626001334/https://sabtt.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/BAR%20Issue%208.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2024}}
• {{Cite journal |year=2024 |title=BRICS & Russia: Strengthening Multilateralism for Just Global Development and Security. |url=https://bricsthinktankscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BAR-Issue-9.pdf |url-status=live |journal=BRICS Academic Review |issue=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126122916/https://bricsthinktankscouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/BAR-Issue-9.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2025}}

• {{Commons category-inline}}
• {{Wikiquote-inline}}
• [http://infobrics.org/ BRICS information portal] a Joint website of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of the BRICS member States
• [https://brics.ibge.gov.br/publicacao.html BRICS Joint Statistical Publication]
• [http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ BRICS Information Centre. University of Toronto]

• [https://www.bricslawjournal.com/jour BRICS Law Journal]
• [https://journals.uj.ac.za/index.php/jbs Journal of BRICS Studies]
• [https://brics-econ.arphahub.com/ BRICS Journal of Economics]

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