Login
Login

Commercial broadcasting

{{Short description|Practice of airing radio and television advertisements for profit}}

{{Redirect|Commercial radio|the radio broadcasting company in Hong Kong|Commercial Radio Hong Kong}}

{{Redirect|Commercial television|the defunct television station in Hong Kong|Commercial Television (Hong Kong TV station)}}

Commercial broadcasting (also called private broadcasting) is the broadcasting of television programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship, for example. It was the United States' first model of radio (and later television) during the 1920s, in contrast with the public television model during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, which prevailed worldwide, except in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, until the 1980s.

{{anchor|Some features of commercial broadcasting}}Features

= {{anchor|Massive practice of advertising}}Advertising =

Commercial broadcasting is primarily based on the practice of airing radio advertisements and television advertisements for profit. This is in contrast to public broadcasting, which receives government subsidies and usually does not have paid advertising interrupting the show. During pledge drives, some public broadcasters will interrupt shows to ask for donations.

In the United States, non-commercial educational (NCE) television and radio exist in the form of community radio; however, premium cable services such as HBO and Showtime generally operate solely on subscriber fees and do not sell advertising. This is also the case for the portions of the two major satellite radio systems that are produced in-house (mainly music programming).

Radio broadcasting originally began without paid commercials. As time went on, however, advertisements seemed less objectionable to both the public and government regulators and became more common. While commercial broadcasting was unexpected in radio, in television it was planned due to commercial radio's success. Television began with commercial sponsorship and later transformed to paid commercial time. When problems arose over patents and corporate marketing strategies, regulatory decisions were made by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to control commercial broadcasting.

= {{anchor|Paid-for services}}Paid programming =

Commercial broadcasting overlaps with paid services such as cable television, radio and satellite television. Such services are generally partially or wholly paid for by local subscribers and is known as leased access. Other programming (particularly on cable television) is produced by companies operating in much the same manner as advertising-funded commercial broadcasters, and they (and often the local cable provider) sell commercial time in a similar manner.

The FCC's interest in program control began with the chain-broadcasting investigation of the late 1930s, culminating in the "Blue Book" of 1946, Public Service Responsibility For Broadcast Licensees. The Blue Book differentiated between mass-appeal sponsored programs and unsponsored "sustaining" programs offered by the radio networks. This sustained programming, according to the Blue Book, had five features serving the public interest:

  • Sustaining programs balanced the broadcast schedule, supplementing the soap operas and popular-music programs receiving the highest ratings and most commercial sponsors
  • They allowed for the broadcast of programs which, by their controversial or sensitive nature, were unsuitable for sponsorship
  • They supplied cultural programming for smaller audiences
  • They provided limited broadcast access for non-profit and civic organizations
  • They made possible artistic and dramatic experimentation, shielded from the pressures of short-run rating and commercial considerations of a sponsor.Boddy, William. Fifties Television: the Industry and Its Critics. University of Illinois Press, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-252-06299-5}}

Commercial time has increased 31 seconds per hour for all prime time television shows. For example, ABC has increased from 9 minutes and 26 seconds to 11 minutes and 26 seconds.{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|225346067}} |last1=Fleming |first1=Heather |title=PSA slice shrinks as commercial pie grows |journal=Broadcasting & Cable |location=New York |volume=127 |issue=13 |date=31 March 1997 |pages=19–22 }}

= {{anchor|Sensationalism}}Ratings =

Programming on commercial stations is more ratings-driven— particularly during periods such as sweeps in the US and some Latin American countries.

{{anchor|Geographical aspects of commercial broadcasting}}Global commercial broadcasting

= Americas =

Commercial broadcasting is the dominant type of broadcasting in the United States and most of Latin America. "The US commercial system resulted from a carefully crafted cooperation endeavor by national corporations and federal regulators."{{Cite journal

| last = Hilmes

| first = Michele

| title = The Origins of the Commercial Broadcasting System of the United States

| journal = Jahrbuch Medien und Geschichte

| volume = 4

| issue =

| year = 2004

| pages = 73–81

| url =

}}

The best-known commercial broadcasters in the United States today are the ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC television networks, based in the United States. Major cable television in the United States operators include Comcast, Charter Communications and Cox Communications. Direct-broadcast satellite (DBS) services include DirecTV and Dish Network.

In an hour of broadcast time on a commercial broadcasting station, 10 to 20 minutes are typically devoted to advertising. Advertisers pay a certain amount of money to air their commercials, usually based upon program ratings or the audience measurement of a station or network. This makes commercial broadcasters more accountable to advertisers than public broadcasting, a disadvantage of commercial radio and television.

= Europe =

In Europe, commercial broadcasting coexists with public broadcasting (where programming is largely funded by broadcast receiver licenses, public donations or government grants).

In the UK, Sky UK is available and WorldSpace Satellite Radio was available.

= Asia =

The best and most known commercial broadcasters in Asia are the South Korean radio and television networks SBS, Hong Kong television networks TVB, Taiwanese television networks FTV and Philippine radio and television networks GMA Network.

List of major commercial broadcasters

Contemporary hit radio in bold.

=Africa=

{{Div col}}

==Angola==

  • AXN Dublado
  • Dreamia
  • {{ill|Canal Blast|pt|Blast}}
  • Palanca TV
  • SuperSport
  • SuperSport Blitz
  • SuperSport Grandstand
  • SuperSport Football Plus
  • SuperSport Premier League
  • SuperSport La Liga
  • SuperSport Football
  • SuperSport Action
  • SuperSport Africa
  • SuperSport Africa 2
  • SuperSport WWE (channel WWE)
  • SuperSport Variety 1
  • SuperSport Rugby
  • SuperSport Cricket
  • SuperSport Golf
  • SuperSport Tennis
  • SuperSport Motorsport
  • SuperSport Màximo 1
  • SuperSport Màximo 2
  • SuperSport Màximo 3
  • SuperSport Màximo 360
  • TV Zimbo
  • TVCine
  • TVCine Power
  • ZAP
  • Zap Filmes HD
  • Zap Filmes Top
  • Zap Filmes Extra
  • Zap Filmes Kids
  • Zap Music
  • Zap Rock
  • Zap Blues
  • Zap Jazz
  • Zap Dance
  • Zap Easy Listening
  • Zap Hip Hop
  • Zap Trance
  • Zap Reggae
  • Zap The Chill Lounge
  • Zap 80's
  • Zap 90's
  • Zap Pop
  • Zap Greatest Hits
  • Zap Classic Music
  • Zap Afro Beat
  • Z Sports
  • Z Sports 1
  • Z Sports 2
  • Z Sports LaLiga
  • Zap Viva
  • Zap Novelas

==Ivory Coast==

==Nigeria==

  • 1 Music
  • ACBN
  • ACBN International
  • ACNN TV
  • Aforevo TV
  • Aforevo Music TV
  • Aforevo Francais
  • Africa Health TV
  • African Broadcasting Network
  • Afro Hits TV
  • Africa Magic
  • AKBC
  • Al-Ansar Radio and TV
  • Arewa 24
  • Arise News
  • Akwa TV
  • AIT (Africa Independent Television)
  • AIT International
  • AIT Lagos
  • AIT Parliamentary
  • Al-Afrikiy Islamic Television
  • AMC TV (Startimes Channel 117)
  • Arewa24 TV
  • Artmosfair
  • Artmosfair +
  • ARTV Kano
  • AWA TV
  • BCS StarCross TV
  • Be. Television

& Borno Radio Television (BRTV)

  • Brekete Family TV
  • Bride TV
  • Capital TV
  • Champions TV
  • Channels TV
  • Channels 24
  • Chosen TV
  • CMTV
  • Cool TV
  • Core TV News
  • CRBC
  • DBN (Degue Broadcasting Network)
  • DASAMAL TV NETWORK
  • Degue Broadcasting Network (DBN TV)
  • Deeper Christian Life Ministry Channel
  • Digha TV
  • DITV
  • DNI
  • Dog Racing
  • Dove Television
  • Dream God TV
  • Dunamis TV
  • EBS
  • E-Stars TV
  • Ebony Life
  • Edo Broadcasting Service
  • Elijah's Voice
  • Emerald TV
  • Emmanuel TV
  • Evangel TV
  • EWTN Africa
  • Family Network Africa
  • FAPM TV
  • Farin Wata TV
  • Favour TV
  • Fortis TV
  • Free Indeed, TV
  • Fresh Oil TV
  • FS Devotion Channel
  • FS Football
  • FS Junior
  • FS Movies
  • FS Sports
  • G-Rhythm
  • Ga Naku TV
  • Galaxy TV
  • GNN TV
  • GWB Health TV
  • Haba TV
  • Harvest TV
  • Heritage Global Academy TV
  • Hola TV
  • Hosanna Broadcast Network
  • ITV Benin
  • ibakatv
  • Idan TV
  • Irawo TV
  • iROKO Play
  • Isi Mbido
  • IT
  • ITV
  • ITVS
  • KAFTAN TV
  • Kedu TV
  • Kennis Music Channel
  • Kingdom Africa TV (DSTV channel 345)
  • Kingdom Life Network TV
  • Kuungana Africa TV
  • Koga TV
  • LTV (Lagos Weekend Television)
  • Liberation TV
  • Liberty TV
  • Livestyle Afrika
  • Lighthouse TV
  • LCN (LoveWorld Christian Network)
  • Loveworld Plus
  • Lucky Balls TV
  • Lumen Christi TV Network
  • Manara TV
  • Manifestation TV
  • Mantle TV
  • MCN Africa
  • MCN Entertainment
  • Mercy TV
  • Messianic World Plus
  • MFM TV
  • Mitv
  • Moneymart TV
  • Montage Sports News
  • More Grace TV
  • Mount Zion TV
  • Mitv (Murhi International Television)
  • Minaj Systems Tv Obosi
  • Minaj Broadcast Network Obosi
  • Murhi International Television (MITV)
  • MBI (Minaj Broadcast International)
  • MY TV Africa
  • MY TV Hausa
  • MY TV More
  • MY TV Series
  • MY TV Toonz
  • MY TV Yoruba
  • News Central TV
  • Nigezie
  • NN24
  • Noma TV
  • Odenigbo TV
  • Odenigbo FM Obosi Anambra state
  • Ogun State Television
  • Ondo State Radiovision Corporation
  • Orient TV
  • OnMax TV
  • OnTV
  • Orisun TV
  • Osasogie Gospel TV
  • OSBC
  • Osun State Broadcasting Corporation
  • Oyo State Broadcasting Corporation
  • People's TV
  • Power Broadcasting Network
  • Plus TV Africa
  • Quest TV
  • R2 TV
  • Rave TV
  • Rahma TV
  • Rivers State Television
  • Rayuwa TV
  • Restoration TV
  • Rhema TV
  • Rivers Stage TV
  • ROK TV
  • Royal TV
  • Salvation TV
  • School On Air
  • SilverBird Television
  • Smash TV
  • Soundcity TV
  • Spice TV
  • StarTimes
  • Startimes Adepa
  • Startimes Afrik
  • Startimes Am'mobi
  • Startimes Swahili
  • Startimes Swahili Plus
  • Startimes Bongo
  • Startimes Chinese Homeland
  • Startimes Dahin Kowa
  • Startimes Ganza
  • Startimes Kung-Fu
  • Startimes Katong
  • Startimes Kids
  • Startimes Kids Plus
  • Startimes Toons
  • Startimes Makula
  • Startimes Movies
  • Startimes Movies Plus
  • Startimes Nollywood
  • Startimes Nollywood Plus
  • Startimes Nollywood F
  • Startimes Naija
  • Startimes Novela E
  • Startimes Novela E W
  • Startimes Novela Plus E
  • Startimes Novela F
  • Startimes Novela Plus F
  • Startimes Rembo
  • Startimes Rembo Plus
  • Startimes RnB
  • Startimes Sino Drama
  • Startimes Sports Arena
  • Startimes Sports Beta Sports
  • Startimes Sports Focus
  • Startimes Sports Life
  • Startimes Sports Premium HD
  • Startimes World Football
  • Startimes Yoruba
  • Startimes Zone
  • TVC Entertainment
  • TVC News
  • Trust TV
  • WAP TV
  • Wazobia TV

{{div col end}}

==South Africa==

==Tanzania==

  • Azam TV
  • Azam One
  • Azam Two
  • Azam TV Sports (Tanzania)
  • Azam Tv Sports 1
  • Azam TV Sports 2
  • Azam TV Sports 3
  • Azam TV Sports 4
  • Al Itrah Broadcasting Network Television (IBNTV)
  • Barmedas TV
  • Clouds TV
  • Clouds FM
  • Coastal Television Network
  • East African Television (EATV)
  • Ebenezer TV
  • ITV (Independent Television)(Tanzania)
  • Kwanza TV
  • Mambo Tv Swahili
  • Mahaasin TV
  • Dar es Salaam Television
  • Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam
  • Star TV (Tanzania)
  • Sinema Zetu
  • TV E (Tanzania)
  • UTV
  • Wasafi TV (WCB)

=Americas=

{{Div col}}

==Argentina==

==Bolivia==

==Brazil==

==Canada==

===English language===

===French language===

==Chile==

==Colombia==

==Costa Rica==

==Ecuador==

==El Salvador==

==Guatemala==

==Honduras==

==Mexico==

==Panama==

==Paraguay==

==Peru==

==United States==

===English language===

===Spanish language===

==Uruguay==

==Venezuela==

{{Div col end}}

=Asia=

{{Div col}}

==Hong Kong==

==India==

==Indonesia==

  • PT Global Mediacom Tbk (MNC Media & Entertainment)
  • PT Media Nusantara Citra Tbk (MNC Media)
  • PT Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia (RCTI)
  • PT MNC Televisi Indonesia (MNCTV)
  • PT Global Informasi Bermutu (GTV)
  • PT Media Nusantara Informasi (iNews Media Group)
  • PT MNC Televisi Networks (iNews)
  • PT MNC Networks (MNC Radio Networks)
  • PT Radio Trijaya Shakti (MNC Trijaya FM)
  • PT Radio Arief Rahman Hakim (Global Radio)
  • PT Radio Suara Monalisa (RDI)
  • PT Radio Sabda Sosok Sohor (V Radio)
  • PT MNC Digital Indonesia (RCTI+)
  • PT Suara Digital Nusantara (ROOV)
  • PT MNC Portal Indonesia (MNC Portal)
  • PT MNC Okezone Network (Okezone)
  • PT iNews Digital Indonesia (iNews.id)
  • PT Sindonews Portal Indonesia (Sindonews)
  • PT Media Nusantara Dinamis (IDXChannel.com)
  • MNCTrijaya.com
  • PT MNC Vision Networks Tbk
  • PT MNC Sky Vision Tbk (MNC Vision)
  • PT MNC OTT Network (Vision+)
  • PT Elang Mahkota Teknologi Tbk (Emtek)
  • PT Omni Intivision (Moji)
  • PT Surya Citra Media Tbk (SCM)
  • PT Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV)
  • PT Indosiar Visual Mandiri (Indosiar)
  • PT Mediatama Televisi (Nex Parabola)
  • PT Indonesia Entertainment Grup (IEG)
  • PT Surya Media Citaprima (Mentari TV)
  • PT Vidio Dot Com (Vidio)
  • PT KapanLagi Dot Com Networks (KapanLagi Youniverse)
  • KapanLagi.com
  • PT Liputan Enam Dot Com (Liputan6.com)
  • Merdeka.com
  • Otosia.com
  • PT Brilio Ventura Indonesia (Brilio.net)
  • Fimela.com
  • PT Bintang Dot Com (Bintang.com)
  • PT Bola Dot Com (Bola.com)
  • Bola.net
  • PT Dream Bahagia Indonesia (Dream.co.id)
  • PT Kreator Kreatif Indonesia (Famous.id)
  • ManisdanSedap.com
  • Sooperboy.com
  • Socia.id
  • PT Visi Media Asia Tbk (VIVA)
  • PT Intermedia Capital Tbk (IMDA)
  • PT Cakrawala Andalas Televisi (ANTV)
  • PT Viva Televisi Olahraga Indonesia (VTV)
  • PT Lativi Media Karya (tvOne)
  • PT Viva Media Baru (VDVC)
  • VIVA.co.id
  • IntipSeleb.com
  • tvOnenews.com
  • JagoDangdut
  • Sahijab
  • 100KPJ.com
  • VLIX
  • OnePride.net
  • Oneprix.id
  • PT Media Group
  • PT Media Televisi Indonesia (MetroTV)
  • PT Mitra Media Digital (Magna Channel)
  • PT Mitra Siaran Digital (BN Channel)
  • PT Radio Agustina Junior (MG Radio Network)
  • PT Radio Suara Alam Indah (SAI Radio)
  • PT Citra Media Nusa Purnama (Media Indonesia)
  • PT Masa Kini Mandiri (Lampung Post)
  • PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia (Medcom)
  • Dadali.id
  • Clicks.id
  • Suma.id
  • Apakareba.id
  • RuangJurnalistik.id
  • Gaya.id
  • Oase.id
  • Autogear.id
  • PT Inibaru Media (Inibaru.id)
  • PT Citra Multimedia Indonesia Lampung (Lampung Post)
  • MetroXtend
  • Podme.id
  • Mego.id
  • PT Trans Media Corpora (Trans Media)
  • PT Televisi Transformasi Indonesia (Trans TV)
  • PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh (Trans7)
  • PT Trans News Corpora (CNN Indonesia) (license from Warner Bros. Discovery)
  • PT Trans Berita Bisnis (CNBC Indonesia) (license from NBCUniversal)
  • PT Trans Digital Media (detik Network)
  • Detik
  • CNN Indonesia (lisensi nama dari Warner Bros. Discovery)
  • CNBC Indonesia (lisensi nama dari NBCUniversal)
  • HaiBunda
  • InsertLive
  • Beautynesia
  • Female Daily
  • Mommies Daily
  • Girls Beyond
  • CXO Media
  • Trans Media Sosial
  • PT Indonusa Telemedia (Transvision)
  • CubMu
  • PT Radio Transuara Indonesia (Vision Radio1)
  • PT KG Media
  • PT Cipta Megaswara Televisi (Kompas TV)
  • PT Kompas Media Nusantara (Harian Kompas)
  • PT Kompas Cyber Media (Kompas.com)
  • PT Grahanusa Mediatama (Kontan)
  • Tribun Network
  • Grid Network
  • Otomotif
  • Intisari
  • National Geographic Indonesia
  • Bobo
  • m&c!
  • Elex Media Komputindo
  • Gramedia Pustaka Utama
  • Grid.id
  • BeautyDate
  • Bobo.id
  • CewekBanget.id
  • Nextren
  • SajianSedap
  • GridKids
  • Hai-Online
  • GridPop.id
  • GridGames.id
  • GridHot.id
  • GridHype.id
  • GridVideo
  • XY-Kids! Online
  • GridKids.id
  • GridStar
  • Parapuan.id
  • Foto Kita
  • GridHealth.id
  • GridGames.id
  • OtoSeken.id
  • OtoFemale.id
  • Suar.id
  • Nakita.id
  • Idea
  • Sosok.id
  • Stylo.id
  • Wiken.id
  • Kitchenesia
  • BolaSport.com
  • Bolanas.com
  • BolaStylo.com
  • Juara.net
  • SuperBall.id
  • GridOto.com
  • Otomotifnet.com
  • Otomania.com
  • Otobursa.com
  • Otomania.com
  • Otomontir
  • OtoRace.id
  • Motor Plus
  • Gridmotor.id
  • Grid Story Factory
  • PT Magentic Network Indonesia (KG Radio Network)
  • PT Radio Sonora (Sonora FM)
  • PT Radio Safari Bina Budaya (Motion Radio)
  • PT Radio Smart Media Utama (Smart FM)
  • PT MD Entertainment Tbk
  • PT MDTV Media Technologies Tbk
  • PT MDTV Media Televisi (MDTV)
  • PT Rajawali Corpora
  • PT Metropolitan Televisindo (RTV)
  • PT Jawa Pos Group
  • PT Jawa Pos Multimedia (JPM)
  • PT Surabaya Media Televisi (Jawa Pos TV)
  • PT Jawa Pos Koran (Jawa Pos)
  • JawaPos.com
  • Prokal.co
  • Hargo.co.id
  • AntarKeMana.com
  • Komputek
  • Nyata
  • Posmo
  • Cantiq
  • Bunda
  • Koki
  • Tunas
  • Modis
  • Hikmah
  • Ototrend
  • Nurani
  • Suksesi
  • Dhara Pos
  • PT NT Corp
  • PT Nusantara Media Mandiri (Nusantara TV)
  • PT Harum Terang Sehati (Harum TV)
  • PT Gold Media Mandiri (Gold TV)
  • PT Reeuters Mandiri Global (Reeuters TV)
  • PT Bhinneka Berjuang Sejahtera (Bhineka TV)
  • PT Nusantara Digital Mandiri (Sahabat.com)
  • NusantaraTV.com
  • NTVNews.id
  • Celebtale
  • Healthpedia
  • Virtupop
  • Kamutau
  • Okedeh
  • NNIN
  • Arah
  • Fesionista
  • Teknospace
  • Jurnalmu
  • Otomu
  • Neonews
  • PT Digdaya Media Nusantara (Garuda TV)
  • PT Bersatu Universe Digital Indonesia (B Universe)
  • PT First Media News (BTV)
  • PT Jakarta Marcapedia Media (BeritaSatu)
  • PT Koran Media Investor Indonesia (Investor Daily)
  • PT Media Investor Indonesia (Investor)
  • PT Beritasatu Media (BeritaSatu.com)
  • PT Jakarta Globe Media (JakartaGlobe.id)
  • PT Digital Media Investor Indonesia (Investor.id)
  • PT Tempo Inti Media Tbk
  • Tempo.co
  • Cantika
  • GoOto
  • Foodizz
  • Teras.id
  • Suaraindo.id
  • Indonesiana
  • Rombak Media
  • Ziliun
  • Kok Bisa?
  • TelusuRI
  • Koran Tempo
  • Tempo
  • Tempo English
  • PT MRA Media
  • PT Media Network Wahana (MNI)
  • PT Radio Antarnusa Djaja (The Rockin Life)
  • PT Radio Mustika Abadi (I-Swara)
  • PT Mahaka Media (MahakaX)
  • Mahaka Radio Integra
  • PT Radio Attahiriyah (Gen FM)
  • PT Radio Suara Irama Indah (Jak FM)
  • PT Radio Merpati Darmawangsa (Hot FM)
  • PT Radio Ramako Jaya Raya (Most FM)
  • PT Radio Mustang Utama (Mustang FM)
  • PT Radio Kirana Insan Suara (Kis FM)
  • Noice
  • Rayya Channel
  • PT Masima Radio Network
  • PT Radio Prambors (Prambors FM)
  • PT Radio Kayu Manis (FeMale Radio)
  • PT Radio Delta Insani (Delta FM)
  • PT Radio Terik Matahari Bahana Pembangunan (Bahana FM)
  • PT Elshinta Media Group
  • PT Radio Elshinta (Elshinta Radio Network)
  • Fit Radio
  • PT Tiga Visi Media (MPG Media)
  • PT Radio Muara Abdinusa (90.4 FM)
  • PT Radio Bahana Sanada Dunia (Smooth Radio)
  • PT Radio Dengan Anda Bahagia (Z 99.9 FM)
  • Kiss Network
  • PT Radio Kidung Indah Selaras Suara (Kiss FM Medan)

==Japan ([[Flagship (broadcasting)|key stations]])==

==Malaysia==

==Philippines==

==[[ABS-CBN Corporation]]==

==[[GMA Network Inc.]]==

====TV5 Network, Inc.====

==Minor Broadcast Networks==

==International==

==Singapore==

==South Korea==

==Taiwan==

==Thailand==

{{Div col end}}

=Europe=

{{Div col}}

==Norway==

==Denmark==

==Sweden==

==Finland==

==Republic of Ireland==

==United Kingdom==

==France==

==Italy==

==Germany==

==Luxembourg==

==Netherlands==

==Spain==

==Portugal==

==Poland==

{{Div col end}}

=Oceania=

==Australia==

==New Zealand==

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.photography-insider.com/watch/4857217/Ray-Fitzwalter-the-rise-and-fall-of-ITV Video]{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124436/http://www.spokenword.org/program/990359 audio]}}) interview with Ray Fitzwalter on commercial TV in Britain, The rise and fall of ITV, Frontline Club, London, May 2008.

{{Broadcasting}}

{{Audio broadcasting}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Commercial Broadcasting}}

Category:Broadcasting