Costa del Sol

Image:Costadelsolmap.jpg

{{Main|Towns of the Costa del Sol}}

The Costa del Sol includes the city of Málaga and also the towns of Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Mijas, Marbella, San Pedro de Alcántara, Estepona, Manilva, Casares, Rincón de la Victoria, Vélez-Málaga, Nerja, Frigiliana and Torrox.File:Sierra Bermeja vista.jpg

This shoreline region extends from the cliffs at Maro in the East to Punta Chullera in the west. It occupies a narrow coastal strip delimited by some ranges of the Penibaetic System, including the Sierra de Mijas, Sierra Alpujata, Sierra Blanca, {{ill|Sierra Bermeja (Spain)|es|Sierra Bermeja|fr|Sierra Bermeja|de|Sierra Bermeja|lt=Sierra Bermeja}}, {{ill|Sierra Crestellina|es}} and Montes de Málaga to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The coast shows a diversity of landscapes: beaches, cliffs, estuaries, bays and dunes. The rivers are short and seasonal, while the agriculture is hampered by the lee effect caused by the Baetic System.

File:Puerto Banús Marbella.jpg

The settlement history of this coast spans about 2,800 years. The first inhabitants to settle here may have been the Bastuli, an ancient Celtiberian tribe. The Phoenicians founded their colony of Malaka here about 770 BC, and from the 6th century BC it was under the hegemony of ancient Carthage in north Africa. From 218 BC the region was ruled by the Roman Republic and then at the end of the 1st century it was federated with the Roman Empire.{{cite web|series=Brill's New Pauly|title=Lex Malacitana|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/lex-malacitana-e703230|work=Reference. Antiquity volumes|publisher=Brill Online|access-date=11 June 2012|first=Hartmut |last=Galsterer |first2=Hubert |last2=Cancik |first3=Helmuth|last3=Schneider}}File:Hotel Puente Romano.jpg in the background]]Under the rule of the Roman Republic, the Municipium Malacitanum became a transit point on the Via Herculea, which revitalised the city both economically and culturally by connecting it with other developed enclaves in the interior of Hispania and with other ports of the Mediterranean Sea.

The decline of the Roman imperial power in the 5th century led to invasions of Hispania Baetica by Germanic peoples and by the Byzantine Empire. The southern Mediterranean coast was part of Visigothic Spain from the fifth century until the Muslim Arab conquest of Hispania (711–718) The city, then known as Mālaqa (مالقة), was encircled by defensive walls and became part of the Muslim Empire. In 1026 it became the capital of the Taifa of Málaga, an independent Muslim kingdom ruled by the Hammudid dynasty{{cite book |author=Jerrilynn Denise Dodds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLAryx8bC8UC&pg=PA52 |title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain |date=January 1992 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-636-8 |page=52 |access-date=13 August 2013}} in the Caliphate of Córdoba, which was conquered by the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.

The siege of Mālaqa by the Catholic Monarchs in 1487{{cite book|first1=Jonathan M.|last1=Bloom|first2=Sheila|last2=Blair|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA436|access-date=13 August 2013|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=436}} was one of the longest of the Reconquista. In the 16th century, the area entered a period of slow decline, exacerbated by epidemics of disease, several successive poor food crops, floods, and earthquakes.

Trade, dominated by foreign merchants,{{cite book|first=Alisa M.|last=Ginio|title=Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World After 1492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14T9IpStzscC&pg=PA68|access-date=13 August 2013|year=1992|publisher=Cass|isbn=978-0-7146-8050-7|page=68}} was the main source of wealth in Málaga province of the 18th century, with wine and raisins as the principal commodity exports.{{cite book|first=David R.|last=Ringrose|title=Spain, Europe, and the 'Spanish Miracle', 1700–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZUGYOoIiscC&pg=PA198|access-date=13 August 2013|date=26 November 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64630-7|page=198}} Public works done on the Málaga city port as well as those on the Antequera and Velez roadways{{cite book|title=Jábega: Revista de la Diputación Provincial de Málaga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf8WAQAAMAAJ|access-date=13 August 2013|year=1985|publisher=La Diputación|page=70}} provided the necessary infrastructure for distribution of the renowned Málaga wines.

Málaga, as headquarters of the Capitanía General de Granada (Captaincy General of the Kingdom of Granada) on the coast, played an essential role in the foreign policy of the Bourbon kings of Spain. The regional military and the defence of the Mediterranean were administered in the city. The loss of Gibraltar to the British in the Battle of Málaga of 1704 made the city the key to military defence of the Strait.

During the second half of the 18th century Málaga solved its chronic water supply problems with the completion of one of the largest infrastructure projects carried out in Spain at the time: the building of the Aqueduct of San Telmo.{{cite book|first1=Christopher|last1=Wawn|first2=David|last2=Wood|title=In search of Andalucia: a historical geographical observation of the Málaga sea board|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hJpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=13 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=Pentland|isbn=978-1-85821-690-4|page=58}} The peasantry and the working classes still made up the vast majority of the population, but the emergence of a business-oriented middle-class lay the foundations for the 19th-century economic boom.

Having been a relatively prosperous commercial and industrial centre for most of the 19th century, Málaga province experienced a severe economic contraction in the 1880s and 1890s. It led to the end of the iron industry in 1893,{{cite web|title=Comportamiento demográfico ante la inversión minera foránea. La población de Marbella en los inicios de la Marbella Iron Ore Company and Limited (1866–1874) |url=http://www.ugr.es/~adeh/comunicaciones/Bernal_Gutierrez_J.pdf |publisher=Universidad de Granada |access-date=12 April 2013 |author=José Bernal Gutierrez |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519033044/http://www.ugr.es/~adeh/comunicaciones/Bernal_Gutierrez_J.pdf |page=16 |archive-date=19 May 2005 |language=es |quote=Footnote 94: "En la última década del siglo, la crisis industrial viene acompañada de los primeros síntomas del declive minero: en 1893 se suspendió la explotación por la gran acumulación de existencias, y se va haciendo reconocible, al mismo tiempo, la poca disposición que la sociedad propietaria de las minas de l término, la ‘Marbella Iron Ore C&L’, demostró para renovar los sistemas tradicionales de extracción, y que a la postre redundaría en el paulatino agotamiento de las vetas" ( Vid LÓPEZ SERRANO, F. A. (2000): "Miseria, guerra y corrupción. Una aproximación a la Marbella de 1898", Cilniana , 13, pp. 4–17) |url-status=unfit }} and weakened the trade and textile industry. The agricultural sector suffered a deep depression that affected the raising of livestock and all the major crops, especially cultivation of Vitis vinifera, a grape used for the wine industry, which was devastated by a Phylloxera epidemic.

The social disruption caused by the crisis and its aftermath of job loss, business collapse and general decline in economic activity, led many residents to consider other means of livelihood. Even at this early date some of them envisaged tourism as an alternative source of income, but years passed before initiatives were put forward to develop Málaga as a tourist resort. The Sociedad Propagandística del Clima y Embellecimiento de Málaga (Propagation Society for the Climate and Beautification of Málaga) was founded in 1897 by a pioneering group of influential Málaga businessmen who saw the potential of tourism as a generator of wealth, and tried to organise a rational planned development of this sector of the economy.{{cite journal|last=Pellejero Martínez|first=Carmelo|title=Turismo y Economía en la Málaga del siglo XX|journal=Revista de Historia Industrial|year=2005|volume=XIV|series=3|issue=29|page=3|url=http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/educacion/vscripts/wbi/w/rec/4612.pdf|access-date=13 August 2013|trans-title=Tourism and the Economy in Málaga of the 20th Century|publisher=Universidad de Málaga}} Their promotional campaigns extolled the mild climate of Málaga, attracting enough tourists and winter visitors to help relieve the economic slump somewhat.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Baños del Carmen beach was developed and opened in the east of Málaga. The Torremolinos golf course followed in 1928. According to local historian Fernando Alcala, on 15 October 1933, the "Hotel Miramar" was inaugurated in Marbella. The owners, Jose Laguno Canas and Maria Zuzuarregui (daughter of Agustina Zuzuarregui y Sutton Clonard) promoted this hotel and the city of Marbella in English and in French, using the expressions "Sunny Coast" and "Côte du Soleil "in all its stationery and lampoons. According to Estefania Rodriguez Camacho, quoting Fernando Alcala's book, ["Marbella. Years of Tourism. Volume I. The beginning of a long march."] these are the real inventors of the expression "Costa del Sol".

However, development of the tourist sector was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War and World War II.

Following the uprising of Francoist forces in July 1936, control of Andalusia was divided between the Republican forces and the Nationalists, with the Costa del Sol remaining in the Republican zone and Málaga serving as a naval base for the Spanish Republican Navy. The Battle of Málaga was the culmination of an offensive in February 1937 by the combined Nationalist and Italian forces under the command of General Queipo de Llano{{cite book|first=George R.|last=Esenwein|title=The Spanish Civil War: A Modern Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ifTEhLqQ30YC&pg=PA143|access-date=13 August 2013|date=14 September 2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-08785-5|page=143}} to eliminate Republican control of the province of Málaga. The participation of Moroccan regulars and Italian tanks from the recently arrived Corpo Truppe Volontarie resulted in a complete rout of the Spanish Republican Army and the capitulation of Málaga in less than a week on 8 February.{{cite book|first=James W.|last=Cortada|title=Modern Warfare in Spain: American Military Observations on the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxVUH_1pUZkC&pg=PR9|access-date=13 August 2013|date=30 November 2011|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59797-556-8|page=92}}

The occupation of Málaga led to an exodus of civilians and soldiers on the road to Almería, who were bombarded by Franco's air force, navy cruisers,{{cite book|first=Antony|last=Beevor|title=The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto|url-access=registration|access-date=13 August 2013|year=2006|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303765-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp00anto/page/201 201]}} tanks and artillery on 8 February, causing hundreds of deaths. This episode is known as the "Málaga-Almería road massacre". A local historian recounted that nationalist reprisals after the province was captured resulted in total deaths of over 7,000 people.Beevor 2006, p. 93

Until after World War II, Marbella was a small jasmine-lined village with only 900 inhabitants. Ricardo Soriano, Marquis of Ivanrey, moved to Marbella and popularised it among his rich and famous friends.{{cite web|title=Localizacion de Marbella Informacion sobre Marbella que pertenece a la provincia de Málaga|url=http://www.webdelayuntamiento.com/informacion-de-marbella-4853.html|publisher=La web del ayuntamiento|access-date=14 April 2013|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111022/http://www.webdelayuntamiento.com/informacion-de-marbella-4853.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}} In 1943 he had acquired a country estate located between Marbella and San Pedro called El Rodeo, and later built a resort there called Venta y Albergues El Rodeo, beginning the development of tourism in Marbella.{{cite book|first=Ángel A.|last=Jordán|title=Marbella Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi0MAAAAIAAJ|access-date=14 April 2013|date=1 April 1989|publisher=GeoPlaneta, Editorial, S. A.|isbn=978-84-320-4707-7|page=73}}

Soriano's nephew, Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, acquired another estate, Finca Santa Margarita, which in 1954 would become the Marbella Club, an international resort of movie stars, business executives and the nobility. Both these resorts would be frequented by members of European aristocratic families, transforming Marbella into a destination for the international jet set.

In the 1950s Torremolinos began to become a popular holiday destination and was visited by international celebrities such as Grace Kelly, Ava Gardner, Marlon Brando, Orson Welles, Brigitte Bardot and Frank Sinatra.{{cite book|first1=Mikael|last1=Hård|first2=Thomas J.|last2=Misa|title=Urban Machinery: Inside Modern European Cities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_40CUm6gLMC&pg=PA116|access-date=14 August 2013|date=1 January 2008|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-08369-0|page=116}} The Hotel la Roca had opened in 1942, with the Hotel Pez Espada opening in 1959.{{cite book|first=Med|last=Playa|title=El Hotel Pez Espada y su contribución al desarrollo turístico de la Costa del Sol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBAgpuQUkPQC&pg=PA123|access-date=14 August 2013|publisher=Publicaciones Técnicas|page=123|id=GGKEY:XYZEDFKQNPE}}

File:Brigitte Bardot.jpg enjoying the nightlife in 1958{{cite web|title=La Bardot en Torremolinos|url=http://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2010/01/16/bardot-torremolinos/315111.html|work=La Opinión de Málaga|access-date=15 May 2010}}]]

The Costa del Sol experienced an explosive demographic and economic expansion with the boom in tourism between 1959 and 1974. The name "Costa del Sol" was a brand created specifically to market the Mediterranean coastline of Málaga province to foreign vacationers.{{cite book|author=Antonio Migu Nogues-Pedregal|title=Culture and Society in Tourism Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2O-vf47jvYC&pg=PA72|access-date=14 August 2013|year=2012|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=978-0-85724-684-4|page=72}} Historically the provincial population had lived in the fishing villages, and in the "white" villages (pueblos blancos) a short distance inland in the mountains running down to the coast. The area was developed to meet the demands of international tourism in the 1950s and has since been a popular destination for foreign tourists not only for its beaches but also for its local culture.

The "Spanish miracle" fed itself on the rural exodus which created a new class of industrial workers.{{cite book|author=José María Magone|title=Iberian Trade Unionism: Democratization Under the Impact of the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjMiu_p55IIC&pg=PA187|access-date=14 August 2013|year=2001|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-2576-4|pages=187–}} The economic boom led to an increase in rapid, largely unplanned building on the periphery of the cities of the Costa del Sol to accommodate the new workers arriving from the countryside. Some cities preserved their historic centres, but most were altered by often haphazard commercial and residential developments. The same fate befell long stretches of scenic coastline as mass tourism exploded.{{cite book|author1=McDowell, A|author2=Carter, R|author3=Pollard, J|editor=P. P. Wong|title=Tourism Vs. Environment: The Case for Coastal Areas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21ikixG655wC&pg=PA189|access-date=14 August 2013|year=1993|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-7923-2404-1|page=189|chapter=The Impact of Man on the Shoreline Environment of the Costa del Sol, Southern Spain}}

Torremolinos' popularity as a tourist destination had a domino effect, and in the late 1960s and early 1970s, nearby municipalities such as Benalmadena, Fuengirola and Mijas, also saw a growth in the number of tourists. The 1960s brought a radical change in the appearance of the small fishing villages. Hotels were opened in Nerja and Málaga and promoted by Ricardo Soriano and his nephew Alfonso of Hohenlohe. Marbella became a fashionable destination for aristocrats and the rich.{{cite book|title=Reencontrar la Costa del Sol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJQ_QwAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2013|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Lunwerg Editores|isbn=978-84-9785-401-6}} The author Juan Bonilla portrayed the swinging Sixties scene on the Costa del Sol{{cite book|first=John|last=Gill|title=Andalucia: A Cultural History (Landscapes of the Imagination)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGY2fSXko5kC&pg=PA211|access-date=13 August 2013|date=5 November 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970451-4|pages=211–}} in his non-fiction work of caustic cultural criticism, La Costa del Sol en la hora pop (2007),{{cite book|first=Juan|last=Bonilla|title=Las Costa del Sol en la hora pop|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbOyKwAACAAJ|access-date=13 August 2013|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Fundación José Manuel Lara|isbn=978-84-96824-10-2}} depicting real-life characters from elderly expatriate Nazis and jailbird criminal politicians to titled aristocratic playboys like Soriano and Hohenlohe.

The rebuilding of the Málaga Airport was the decisive improvement to infrastructure that facilitated mass tourism on the coast. Low cost charter flights and holiday packages made it a player on the international market. By the 1970s trips to Spain were the predominant business of the European tour operators, and the Costa del Sol continued to increase in popularity through the decade. This trend coincided with rapid industrial growth in Málaga and the decline of dependence on the agricultural sector,{{cite book|first1=Trudy|last1=Ring|first2=Robert M.|last2=Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA410|access-date=14 August 2013|year=1995|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|isbn=978-1-884964-02-2|pages=410–}} although growth in the general economy of Spain slowed almost to a standstill after 1973.{{cite book|first=Adrian|last=Shubert|title=A Social History of Modern Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7DaseuBh8oC&pg=PA210|access-date=14 August 2013|date=3 October 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-42121-5|page=210}}

As rapid development proceeded on the Costa del Sol, and the influx of expatriate retirees from northern European countries,{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14616680010008702|title=Tourism as a recruiting post for retirement migration|year=2001|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Vicente|journal=Tourism Geographies|volume=3|pages=52–63|s2cid=153786945}}{{cite book|first1=Russell|last1=King|author2=Paolo de Mas|author3=J. Mansvelt-Beck|title=Geography, Environment and Development in the Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J749Us2CoQAC&pg=PA187|access-date=14 August 2013|year=2001|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-90-5|page=187}} notably Great Britain, increased during the late 1970s and 1980s.{{cite book|first=Karen|last=O'Reilly|editor=Russell King, Nancy Wood|title=Media and Migration: Constructions of Mobility and Difference|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGFneM4f0nsC&pg=PA177|access-date=14 August 2013|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-58405-5|pages=177–179|chapter=The British on the Costa del Sol}} It has since then sometimes been referred to in the press of the United Kingdom as the "Costa del Crime",{{cite book|first=Karen|last=O'Reilly|title=The British on The Costa Del Sol|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXxRltHc9eEC|access-date=13 August 2013|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-49540-7|page=69}} because British criminals would escape justice at home by moving there to live their lives in luxury. The presence of the Italian Camorra in the Costa del Sol is also so strong that Camorra bosses refer to it as Costa Nostra ("Our Coast"), according to Italian journalist Roberto Saviano, a specialist on the Naples criminal underworld.{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20190205/spanish-police-strike-blow-to-camorra-crime-network|title=Spanish police strike blow to Camorra mafia crime network|work=The Local|agency=AFP|date=5 February 2019|access-date=24 June 2019}} With tense relations between the UK and Spain over Gibraltar, extradition arrangements were not at that time agreed.

• {{cite news|title=As police arrest British fugitives in Spain, are the days of the Costa del Crime numbered?|first=Duncan|last=Campbell|publisher=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/jul/14/mark-lilley-costa-del-crime | date=14 July 2013}}
• {{cite book|first=Adrian|last=Room|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA424|access-date=13 August 2013|date=1 January 2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-1814-5|page=424}}
• {{cite book|author=R. T. Naylor|title=Patriots and Profiteers: Economic Warfare, Embargo Busting, and State-Sponsored Crime|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fgqCMUvDkEC&pg=PA208|access-date=13 August 2013|date=1 January 2008|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7489-2|page=208}} This phenomenon has been alluded to in films and television shows such as Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, Bad Girls, The Cook Report, and The Olsen Gang on the Track, as well as in the more recent films Sexy Beast and The Business.{{cite news|title=Life on the 'Costa del Crime'|first=Chris|last=Summers|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2121868.stm|access-date=2008-05-18 | date=11 July 2002}}{{cite news|title=Hotline puts squeeze on 'Costa del Crime'|first=Judy|last=Hobson|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6203673.stm|access-date=2008-05-18 | date=23 December 2006}} Some of the more famous British criminals known to have fled to the Costa del Sol in the past were Charlie Wilson, Ronnie Knight, Freddie Foreman, Anthony Fraser (grandson of Mad Frankie Fraser), and more recently Andrew Moran. John Disley, nicknamed the "King of Marbella",{{citation needed|reason=WP:DAILYMAIL|date=June 2019}} (not to be confused with the international criminal Monzer al-Kassar whose nickname is the "Prince of Marbella"), masterminded a £700,000 bank fraud.{{cite news|title=End of an era for the Costa del Crime|first=IAN|last=MacKINNON|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/end-of-an-era-for-the-costa-del-crime-1566612.html|access-date=2013-08-09|location=London|date=5 January 1995}} Other European criminal entrepreneurs, many of Russian and Dutch origin, have also settled on this coast for the climate and functional advantages for their enterprises, as well as being active investors in the property sector.{{cite book|first1=Georgios|last1=Antonopoulos|first2=Marc|last2=Groenhuijsen|first3=Jackie |last3=Harvey |first4=Tijs |last4=Kooijmans |first5=Almir |last5=Maljevic |author6=Klaus Von Lampe|title=Usual and Unusual Organising Criminals in Europe and Beyond: Profitable Crimes, from Underworld to Upper World: Liber Amicorum Petrus Van Duyne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7oV39ilah0C&pg=PA240|access-date=14 August 2013|year=2011|publisher=Maklu|isbn=978-90-466-0429-8|page=240}}

The Costa del Sol welcomes millions of tourists annually. Visitors arriving by air can land at either Málaga Airport, Granada Airport or Gibraltar International Airport.{{cite news

|title=The Costa del Sol's Quiet Side

|first=Reynolds

|last=Dodson

|newspaper=The New York Times

|date=14 February 1993

}}{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2019|reason=This 25-year-old source is not reliable in support of a factual, quantitative statement about the present (2019)}} and head to one of the many resorts located along this stretch of coastline from Manilva in the west to Nerja in the east.[http://www.visitcostadelsol.com/ Visit Costa del Sol][http://www.spain.info/en/resultadosBusqueda/resultadosBusqueda.html?l=en&q=Costa+del+Sol&buscar=Search&s=relevance Spain-Costa del Sol][http://www.andalucia.org/en/sun-and-beaches/costa-del-sol/?set_language=en Costa del Sol-Malaga-Andalusia]{{third-party inline|reason=These three refs are all tourism marketing sites|date=June 2019}}

Since 1998 the Port of Málaga has been undergoing renovation and expansion as part of the project called the Plan Especial del Puerto de Málaga.{{cite news|title=Las actuaciones previstas en el Plan del Puerto siguen sumando retraso|url=http://www.malagahoy.es/article/malaga/329303/las/actuaciones/previstas/plan/puerto/siguen/sumando/retraso.html|access-date=12 June 2012|newspaper=Málaga Hoy|date=20 January 2009}} There are major projects underway or planned which will radically change the image of the port and surrounding areas. The traffic of goods rose from 2,261,828 metric tonnes in 2010 and more than doubled to 5,448,260 tonnes in 2011.{{cite web|last=Autoridad Portuaria de Málaga|first=Puerto de Málaga|title=Maritime Traffic|url=http://www.puertomalaga.com/web/guest/trafico-maritimo|publisher=Autoridad Portuaria de Málaga|access-date=14 June 2012}}

Cruise shipping has become an essential industry at the port and a major driver of investment in Málaga. In 2012 there were 651,517 passengers visiting the city on board cruise ships calling at the port, including those who started or ended their cruise in Málaga. The development of the cruise industry is proceeding with a new passenger terminal, port museum, and environmental education centre planned for inclusion in the cruise ship facilities at Quay 2. A commercial marina will also operate from Quay 1, catering to 24 super-yachts of up to 30 metres, and the Eastern Quay passenger terminal will be remodeled to improve pedestrian access and double existing capacity to 560,000 passengers a year.

The four ports of Marbella are primarily recreational; although both Puerto Banús and the Puerto de la Bajadilla are permitted to dock cruise ships, neither operates regular service to other ports. The port of Bajadilla is also home to the fishermen's guild of Marbella and is used for the transport of goods.

AVE (Alta Velocidad Española, AVE), a high-speed rail service operated by Renfe, the Spanish national railway company, inaugurated the Córdoba-Málaga high-speed rail line, a standard gauge railway line {{convert|155|km}} in length, on 24 December 2007. Designed for speeds of {{convert|300|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}} and compatibility with neighbouring countries' rail systems, it connects Málaga and Córdoba.{{cite web|last=Administrador de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias|first=Adif|title=High Speed Reaches the Costa del Sol Cordoba-Malaga line|url=http://www.adif.es/en_US/infraestructuras/lineas_de_alta_velocidad/cordoba-malaga/cordoba-malaga.shtml|access-date=14 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621053537/http://www.adif.es/en_US/infraestructuras/lineas_de_alta_velocidad/cordoba-malaga/cordoba-malaga.shtml|archive-date=21 June 2012}} The proposed Costa del Sol railway would link Málaga with Marbella and Estepona.

Native cuisine on the Costa del Sol, as in the rest of Andalusia, has been influenced historically by Spanish, Jewish and Arabic traditions, and emphasises seafood. Pescaíto frito, small fish breaded without egg and fried in olive oil, then served with fresh lemon, is a universally popular dish. Gazpacho is a famous refreshing cold soup made of raw tomatoes, cucumber, onions, green peppers, garlic, bread, oil and vinegar. Tortillas, Spanish omelettes made with potatoes and served cold, are typical, and a plate of thin-sliced jamón serrano, or dry-cured ham, with a glass of sherry or Málaga wine is a traditional combination. The Ir de Tapas (Tapas tour) is a popular activity where one visits various bars and restaurants to eat Tapas. Some bars will serve a tapa for free when one orders a drink. Churros, fried-dough pastries served hot and dipped in café con leche or hot chocolate are a typical breakfast food.

Chiringuitos, small, open-air beachside restaurants, offer respite from the summer heat of the cities in the high holiday season.

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• [http://www.visitcostadelsol.com/ Website of the Costa del Sol and Málaga tourism board]

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Sol

Category:Geography of the Province of Málaga

Category:Tourism in Spain