Exclusive economic zone#Rankings by area

File:Maritime Zones under International Law.png

Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than {{cvt|200|nmi|km|0}} out from its coastal baseline.{{cite news|last1=Urbina|first1=Ian|title=Palau v. The Poachers. |newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 February 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/magazine/palau-vs-the-poachers.html |accessdate=21 February 2016}} The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than {{cvt|400|nmi|km|0}} apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.William R. Slomanson, 2006. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 294. Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.

The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at {{cvt|12|nmi|km|0}} from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).{{cite web |title=Part II: Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part2.htm |work=1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea}} Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone.

States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the extended continental shelf up to {{cvt|350|nmi|km|0}} from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones.

The legal definition of the continental shelf does not correspond exactly to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.

The idea of allotting nations' EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended {{cvt|3|nmi|km|0}} (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore.{{fact|date=December 2023}} In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to {{cvt|12|nmi|km|0}} beyond the shore.{{fact|date=December 2023}} One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of 28 September 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf signed by Chilean President Gabriel Gonzalez Videla on 23 June 1947El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947 and by Peruvian President Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero through Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947El Peruano: Diario {{Not a typo|Oficial}}. Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947)[http://www.fao.org/docrep/s5280T/s5280t0p.htm The Exclusive Economic Zone: A Historical Perspective]. Fao.org. Retrieved 23 July 2013.

It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.

{{section update|date=June 2020}}

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.

• A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea, an area that reportedly contains substantial oil reserves, is disputed between Canada and the United States.

• Several countries, Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom have competing claims to the continental shelf near Rockall, an uninhabitable rock located in the EEZ of the United Kingdom. In addition, since Brexit the United Kingdom has claimed an {{convert|12|nmi|km}} exclusion zone around Rockall, which Ireland does not recognise.{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2023-12-14/2/#s6|publisher=Dáil Éireann Hansard|title=Priority Questions - Fishery Limits. (Dáil Éireann Debate – Thursday, 14 December 2023)|date=14 December 2023|access-date=8 April 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/brexit/2021/0105/1187865-rockall-fishing/|title=Donegal vessel blocked from fishing around Rockall by Scottish patrol boat|website=rte.ie|date=5 January 2021|access-date=8 April 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-48566832|title=Ireland 'unwise' to pick a fight over fishing in Scottish waters|website=bbc.com|date=8 June 2019|access-date=8 April 2025}}

• In 1996, the Dominican Republic and United Kingdom signed an agreement establishing a simplified equidistance boundary between the British Overseas Territory of Turks and Caicos and the Dominican Republic. Mouchoir Bank fell on the Turks and Caicos side of the boundary, and Silver and Navidad Banks on the Dominican Republic side. However, the agreement was not subsequently ratified by either party. Instead, the Dominican Republic declared itself an archipelagic state in 2007, claiming sovereignty over Mouchoir Bank and extending its EEZ beyond the boundary agreement with the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom does not accept the archipelagic status and maritime boundaries claimed by the Dominican Republic.{{Cite web |title=The Situation at Mouchoir Bank |url=https://sovereignlimits.com/blog/the-situation-at-mouchoir-bank |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=Sovereign Limits|date=28 February 2019 |last1=Danaher |first1=Kevin }}
• Since 2007, the Dominican Republic in Hispaniola considers itself an archipelagic state, encroaching the long-established median or equidistance line dividing the EEZ of the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, and claiming portion of the EEZ claimed by the United States in relation to the archipelago of Puerto Rico, itself an unincorporated U.S. territory.{{Cite web |title=Sea Around Us {{!}} Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/630?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=www.seaaroundus.org}}{{Cite web |title=Marine Regions |url=https://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?mrgid=33179&zone=eez_12nm |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.marineregions.org}} The United States does not accept the archipelagic status and maritime boundaries claimed by the Dominican Republic.{{cite web |title= Limits in the Seas No. 130 Dominican Republic: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/221366.pdf |access-date=14 January 2014 |work= United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs}} Victor Prescott, an authority in the field of maritime boundaries, argues that, as the coasts of both states are short coastlines with few offshore islands, an equidistance line is appropriate.{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/ricardo_paredes_legitimacy_and_legality_dominican_republics_archipelagic_state_unnippon_2018.pdf |title= ANALYSIS ON THE LEGITIMACY OF THE DECLARATION OF THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AS AN ARCHIPELAGIC STATE AND ITS LEGALITY UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS) AND THE INTERNATIONAL LAW |publisher= DIVISION FOR OCEAN AFFAIRS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA, OFFICE OF LEGAL AFFAIRS, THE UNITED NATIONS, NEW YORK, 2018 |date=15 December 2018 |access-date=11 July 2024}}

• Mauritius claims an EEZ for Tromelin Island from France and an EEZ in respect of the British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK. An Exclusive Economic Zone covering 2.3 million square kilometres is claimed by Mauritius.

• Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, and caused problems during the accession of Croatia to the European Union.
• Turkey claims a portion of Cyprus's claimed EEZ based on Turkey's definition that no islands, including Cyprus, can have a full EEZ{{cite web |url=https://www.keeptalkinggreece.com/2019/06/23/turkey-eu-cyprus-eez-greece/ |title=Turkey sends non-paper to EU, warning to stay away from Cyprus EEZ|publisher=KeepTalkingGreece |date=23 June 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019}}{{cite web |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2019/05/13/greeces-maritime-claims-maximalist-violate-international-boundaries-law-1557696630|title=Greece's maritime claims 'maximalist,' violate international boundaries law|work=Daily Sabah |date=13 June 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019}} and should only be entitled to 12 nautical miles. Furthermore, the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) also claims portions of Cyprus's claimed EEZ. Turkey also disputes Greece's EEZ for the same reason in regards to its islands in the Aegean Sea. Turkey is one of few countries to not have signed UNCLOS.
• Greece claims that the maritime deal between the internationally recognized GNA government of Libya and Turkey is illegal and it signed a counter agreement with Egypt.{{cite news |title=Turkey threatens Greece over disputed Mediterranean territorial claims |work=DW.com |url=https://www.dw.com/en/turkey-threatens-greece-over-disputed-mediterranean-territorial-claims/a-54828554 |date=5 September 2020}}
• Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ.

File:Spratly Is since NalGeoMaps.png in the South China Sea]]

• The South China Sea is the setting for several ongoing disputes between regional powers including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei.
• Japan claims an EEZ around Okinotorishima, but this is disputed by China, Taiwan, and South Korea, who claim it is an islet which is incapable of generating an EEZ.
• China and South Korea debates over the boundaries of EEZs in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea, including Socotra Rock, a source for territorial dispute.

Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.{{Cite web|url=http://www.alsa.asn.au/files/acj/1996/cripps.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060227142709/http://www.alsa.asn.au/files/acj/1996/cripps.html|url-status=dead|title=The Legal Status of Ice in the Antarctic Region|archive-date=27 February 2006}}

• The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.
• In 1992, the Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case, which centred on the EEZ around the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, was decided by an arbitral tribunal that concurred on the whole with the arguments put forth by Canada. France was awarded 18% of the area it had originally claimed.
• In 1999, following the Hanish Islands conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.{{cite web|title=AWARD OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS (MARITIME DELIMITATION)|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1160|publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration|access-date=12 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412132024/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1160|archive-date=12 April 2015}}{{cite journal|last1=Kwiatkowska|first1=Barbara|title=The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation|journal=Ocean Development and International Law|date=January 2001|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1080/00908320150502177|s2cid=154096546|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263716135}}
• In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island, the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.[http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/132/14987.pdf United Nations International Court of Justice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416202430/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/132/14987.pdf |date=16 April 2015 }} Decision year: 2009
• In 2010, a dispute between Norway and Russia about both territorial waters and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status was resolved. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently officially ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute.[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/europe/28norway.html Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea], The New York Times, 28 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010 The agreement was signed in Murmansk on 15 September 2010.[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/15/russia-norway-arctic-border-dispute Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute], The Guardian, 15 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010
• In 2014, the Netherlands and Germany resolved an old border dispute regarding the exact location of the border in the Dollart Bay.{{Cite web|author=Elizabeth Schumacher |date=2014-10-24 |title=Germany and the Netherlands end centuries-old border dispute |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-and-the-netherlands-end-centuries-old-border-dispute/a-18020219|website=DW.com}}{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |url-status=dead |url= https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=22677&rehref=/ibru/news/&resubj=Boundary+news+Headlines |title=Germany and the Netherlands end Ems River border dispute |work=Boundary News |publisher=Durham University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042527/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=22677&rehref=/ibru/news/&resubj=Boundary+news+Headlines |archive-date=2015-10-09}}

{{See also|Fish migration#Highly migratory species{{!}}Highly migratory species}}

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.FAO: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E07.htm Part3: highlights of Special studies] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229001725/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E07.htm |date=29 December 2010 }} Rome. {{ISBN|978-92-5-105568-7}}

Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.{{cite book |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unite Nations |year=2008 |title=Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries: Rome, 26-29 June 2007 |isbn=978-92-5-105994-4 |id=Fisheries Report No. 829 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jL7ZHq9GgsC |place=Rome}}

File:Map of the Territorial Waters in the Caribbean.png]]

File:Map of the Territorial Waters of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean.png and Indian Oceans]]

File:Map of the Territorial Waters of the Pacific Ocean.png]]

{{clear}}

Algeria on 17 April 2018 established an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off its coasts by Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to 20 March 2018.{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn135ef.pdf|title=Deposit by Algeria of a list of geographical coordinates of points, pursuant to article 75, paragraph 2, of the Convention}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DZA_2018_Decree_1896_fr.pdf|title=Presidential Decree No. 18-96 of 2 Rajab 1439 corresponding to March 20, 2018 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the Algerian coast.}} The permanent mission of Spain to the United Nations on 27 July 2018 declared its disagreement with the EEZ announced by Algeria and that the government of Spain indicated its willingness to enter into negotiations with the government of Algeria with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable agreement on the outer limits of their respective exclusive economic zones,{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DZA_2018_noteverbale_en.pdf|title=Letter from Spain to the Secretary-General of 27 July 2018}} The same was done by the Italian mission on 28 November 2018.{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/2018_NV_Italy.pdf|title=Letter from Italy to the Secretary-General of November 28, 2018}} The two countries indicated that the Algerian measure had been taken unilaterally and without consulting them.

On 25 November 2018, the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an oral note in response to the Spanish protest, explaining that the Algerian government does not recognize the largely exorbitant coordinates contained in Royal Decree 236/2013, which overlap with the coordinates of Presidential Decree n° 18–96 establishing an exclusive economic zone off the coast of Algeria. The Algerian government wished to emphasize that the unilateral delimitation carried out by Spain is not in conformity with the letter of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and has not taken into consideration the configuration, the specific characteristics, and the special circumstances of the Mediterranean Sea, in particular for the case of the two countries whose coasts are located face to face, as well as the objective rules and relevant principles of international law to govern the equitable delimitation of the maritime areas between Algeria and Spain, in accordance with article 74 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Algeria expressed its willingness to negotiate for a just solution.{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/DZA_2018_noteverbale_Fre.pdf|title=oral note of the Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs response to the Spanish protest}}

On 20 June 2019, a communication from Algeria was sent. It was addressed to the Italian embassy{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/AlgItaly.pdf|title=Communication from Algeria addressed to Italy dated 20 June 2019}} and the Spanish embassy in Algiers{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/AlgSpain.pdf|title=Communication from Algeria addressed to Spain dated 20 June 2019}} to show their eligibility in Algeria's exclusive economic zone.

File:Territorial waters - Argentina.svg's exclusive economic zones, including its territorial claims (the Falklands and South Georgia, etc. plus its Antarctic claim)]]

Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of Argentina reaches 3,849,756 km². The recognized Argentine EEZ area is 1,159,063 km².

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Australia}}

File:Territorial waters - Australia.svg

Australia's exclusive economic zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 to 200 nautical miles from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.{{Cite web |title=The Australian Fishing Zone |publisher=Department of Agriculture |url=http://www.agriculture.gov.au/fisheries/domestic/zone}}{{cite web |title=Maritime Boundary Definitions |website=Geoscience Australia |publisher=Australian Government |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/nmd/mapping/marbound/bndrs.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050405172325/http://www.ga.gov.au/nmd/mapping/marbound/bndrs.jsp |archive-date=5 April 2005}} To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with a total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.

The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[http://minister.ret.gov.au/TheHonMartinFergusonMP/Pages/UNCONFIRMSAUSTRALIA’SRIGHTSOVEREXTRA.aspx UN confirms Australia's rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025165652/http://minister.ret.gov.au/TheHonMartinFergusonMP/Pages/UNCONFIRMSAUSTRALIA%E2%80%99SRIGHTSOVEREXTRA.aspx |date=25 October 2009 }} Minister for Resources and Energy, The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP, Media Release, 21 April 2008.{{cite web |url=http://minister.ret.gov.au/TheHonMartinFergusonMP/Pages/UNCONFIRMSAUSTRALIA’SRIGHTSOVEREXTRA.aspx |title=Minister for Resources and Energy, Minister for Tourism |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827172656/http://minister.ret.gov.au/TheHonMartinFergusonMP/Pages/UNCONFIRMSAUSTRALIA%E2%80%99SRIGHTSOVEREXTRA.aspx |archive-date=27 August 2008 |url-status=dead}} Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory,Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, [https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_aus.htm Submission by Australia] but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Brazil}}

File:Territorial waters - Brazil.svg

Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, and the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Canada}}

File:Canada Exclusive Economic Zone.PNG

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering {{cvt|5,599,077|km2|mi2}}, is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.{{cite web |title=Canada's Marine Waters: Integrating the Boundaries of Politics and Nature |publisher=Wildlife Habitat Canada |url=http://www.whc.org/documents/MarineAreasMapText.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221184319/http://whc.org/documents/MarineAreasMapText.doc |archive-date=21 December 2005}} The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about {{cvt|300|nmi|km}} across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic Archipelago.

File:Territorial waters - Chile.svg

Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands.

In 2020 and 2022, Chile submitted its partial claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.

[[File:China Exclusive Economic Zones.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Exclusive economic zone claimed by the People's Republic of China:

{{legend|#dd12c2|China's undisputed EEZ –
960,556 km²{{cite web |url=https://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?mrgid=8486 |access-date=2023-10-12 |title=China · MRGID 8486 |website=Marineregions.org}}}}

{{legend|#f080e1|EEZ claimed by China, disputed by Taiwan – 1,148,485 km²[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/157?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Taiwan] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.}}

{{legend|#f2d1ee|EEZ claimed by China, disputed by other countries – 210,926 km²}}

Total: 2,236,430 km²[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/156?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of China] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.]]

{{clear}}

The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account adjacent powers' claims.{{clarify|date=August 2023}}

File:ZERP.jpg]]

Croatia proclaimed Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone in 2003, but it was not enforced toward other European Union states especially Italy and Slovenia. The zone was upgraded to EEZ in 2021 together with Italy and Slovenia.{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=Hrvatska proglasila svoj Isključivi gospodarski pojas u Jadranskom moru: Zastupnici jednoglasno podržali odluku |trans-title=Croatia declared its Exclusive Economic Zone in the Adriatic Sea: MPs unanimously supported the decision |website=Novi List |language=hr |url=https://www.novilist.hr/novosti/hrvatska/hrvatska-proglasila-svoj-iskljucivi-gospodarski-pojas-u-jadranskom-moru/?meta_refresh=true |access-date=8 January 2023}}{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Hrvatska i Italija potpisale Ugovor o razgraničenju isključivih gospodarskih pojaseva. U odnosu na ZERP donosi dva nova prava. |trans-title=Croatia and Italy signed the Agreement on Demarcation of Exclusive Economic Zones. In relation to ZERP, it brings two new rights. |website=tportal.hr |language=hr |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/hrvatska-i-italija-potpisale-ugovor-o-razgranicenju-iskljucivih-gospodarskih-pojaseva-u-odnosu-na-zerp-donosi-dva-nova-prava-evo-koja-20220524 |access-date=8 January 2023}} Territorial waters has 18,981 km², while internal waters located within the baseline cover an additional 12,498 km², and EEZ covers 24,482 km² for a total of 55,961 km².

Cyprus EEZ covers 98,707 square km (38,100 square miles). Cyprus' EEZ borders those of Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt.

File:Territorial waters - Denmark.svg]]

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.

File:Maritime Claims of Ecuador.svg

Area: 1,077,231 km²

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of France}}

File:Territorial waters - France.svg

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering {{cvt|11,691,000|km2|mi2}}.{{cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=Espaces maritimes français {{!}} Limites maritimes |url=https://limitesmaritimes.gouv.fr/thematiques/espaces-maritimes-francais |website=limitesmaritimes.gouv.fr}} The EEZ of France covers approximately 7% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of Earth.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Germany}}

Germany declared the establishment of its exclusive economic zone in the North and Baltic Seas on 1 January 1995.{{cite web | url=https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?startbk=Bundesanzeiger_BGBl&jumpTo=bgbl294s3769b.pdf#page=2 | title=Bundesgesetzblatt BGBL. Online-Archiv 1949 - 2022 | Bundesanzeiger Verlag }} The relevant German legal provisions that are applicable within the EEZ include the Maritime Task Act (Seeaufgabengesetz) from 1965, the Maritime Facilities Act (Seeanlagengesetz) from 2017, and prior to that the Sea Facilities Ordinance (Seeanlagenverordnung) from 1997, the Federal Mining Act (Bundesberggesetz) and the Regional Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz).

The German EEZ has an area of 32,982 km². About 70% of the EEZ covers Germany's entire North Sea area, while some 29% encompasses the Baltic Sea area.{{cite web | url=https://www.bfn.de/themen/meeresnaturschutz/nationale-meeresschutzgebiete/uebersicht-kurzfakten.html | title=Nationale Meeresschutzgebiete | BFN }}

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Greece}}

file:Greek Exclusive Economic Zone.jpg

Greece forms the southernmost part of the Balkan peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. It includes many small islands which vary between 1,200 and 6,000 in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea.{{cite book|last1=Marker|first1=Sherry|last2=Kerasiotis|first2=Peter|chapter=Greece in depth|page=[https://archive.org/details/frommersgreekisl00mark_674/page/n21 12]|title=Frommer's Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/frommersgreekisl00mark_674|url-access=limited|location=Hoboken|publisher=Wiley|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Nadeau|year=2010}} The largest islands are Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios.

Greece's EEZ is bordered to the west by Albania and Italy, to the south by Libya and Egypt, and to the east by Cyprus and Turkey.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of India}}

File:Territorial waters - India.svg's exclusive economic zones]]

India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-hopes-to-double-its-eez/article2096905.ece |title=India hopes to double its EEZ |first=P. |last=Sunderarajan |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 April 2017|date=12 June 2011 }}

File:Indonesia-Exclusive-Economic-Zone.png's exclusive economic zone]]

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Indonesia}}

Indonesia has the 6th largest exclusive economic zone in the world. The total size is {{cvt|6159032|km2|mi2}}. It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores. This is due to the 13,466 islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.{{cite news| title=Hanya ada 13.466 Pulau di Indonesia| date=8 February 2012 |work=National Geographic Indonesia |url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13281675/hanya-ada-13466-pulau-di-indonesia |language=id}} It has the 2nd largest coastline of 54,720 km (34,000 mi). The five main islands are: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, and Western New Guinea. There are two major island groups (Nusa Tenggara and the Maluku Islands) and sixty smaller island groups.

Since independence, Ireland's territorial waters were limited to {{convert|3|nmi|km}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1959/act/22/section/3/enacted/en/html#sec3|title=Maritime Jurisdiction Act, 1959, Section 3|access-date=5 March 2025|publisher=Attorney General of Ireland}}

In 1964, her territorial waters were extended to {{convert|12|nmi|km}} from the baseline covering an area of {{cvt|41000|km2|mi2}},{{cite web|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1964/act/32/section/2/enacted/en/html|title=Maritime Jurisdiction (Amendment) Act, 1964, Section 2|access-date=5 March 2025|publisher=Attorney General of Ireland}} although several European countries retained fishing rights between {{convert|6|-|12|nmi|km}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1971-11-16/22/|publisher=Dáil Éireann Hansard|title=Questions. Oral Answers. - Fishery Zones. (Dáil Éireann Debate – Tuesday, 16 November 1971)|date=16 November 1971|access-date=5 March 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://oar.marine.ie/bitstream/handle/10793/30/Atlas%20of%20the%20Commercial%20Fisheries%20Around%20Ireland%2009.pdf;sequence=1|title=Atlas of the Commercial Fisheries Around Ireland|website=marine.ie|access-date=11 March 2025}}

In 1976, Ireland's exclusive economic zone was extended out to {{convert|200|nmi|km}}, increasing her maritime area to {{cvt|450000|km2|mi2}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1976/si/320/made/en/print|title=S.I. No. 320/1976 - Maritime Jurisdiction (Exclusive Fishery Limits) Order, 1976.|access-date=5 March 2025|publisher=Attorney General of Ireland}}{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1976-12-01/26/|publisher=Dáil Éireann Hansard|title=Questions. Oral Answers. - Fishery Limits. (Dáil Éireann Debate – Tuesday, 1 December 1976)|date=1 December 1976|access-date=5 March 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://marine-ireland.ie/strengths/marine|website=marine-ireland.ie|title=Marine Strengths|access-date=5 March 2025}}

In 1996, Ireland ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which allows her to claim the continental shelf out to {{convert|350|nmi|km}} from the baseline.{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1996-09-25/50/|publisher=Dáil Éireann Hansard|title=Written Answers. - UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. (Dáil Éireann Debate – Wednesday, 25 September 1996)|date=25 September 1996|access-date=7 April 2025}} Ireland has made claims under UNCLOS for the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in 2005, the seabed of the Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay in 2006, and also the Hatton Rockall area in 2009.{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.ie/en/policy-information/fe2d2-law-of-the-sea/|title=Law of the Sea|website=gov.ie|date=18 November 2024|access-date=5 March 2025}} She was awarded the Porcupine Abyssal claim in 2007 adding {{cvt|39000|km2|mi2}} of seabed to the State's continental shelf.{{cite web|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2009/si/163/made/en/print|title=S.I. No. 163/2009 - Continental Shelf (Designated Areas) Order 2009|access-date=7 April 2025|publisher=Attorney General of Ireland}} The other two claims are still under discussion with neighbouring states; the Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay with France, Spain and the United Kingdom; and the Hatton Rockall area with Denmark, Iceland and the United Kingdom.

In 2006, Ireland claimed her contiguous zone out to {{convert|24|nmi|km}} from the baseline.{{cite web|url=https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2006/act/8/section/84/enacted/en/html|title=Sea-Fisheries and Maritime Jurisdiction Act 2006, Section 84|access-date=7 April 2025|publisher=Attorney General of Ireland}}

In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross-border resources discovered and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.

{{main|Exclusive economic zone of Italy}}

File:Italy-Exclusive-Economic-Zone-Map (cropped).png]]

Italy has an EEZ of {{cvt|541915|km2|mi2}}. The country claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores, and its three coastlines are the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Italy's EEZ is limited by maritime boundaries with neighboring countries to the northwest, east and southeast.

Italy's western sea territory stretches from the west coast of Italy on the Tyrrhenian Sea, including the island of Sardinia. The island of Sicily is in the southernmost area. Lampedusa, a tiny island in the Mediterranean Sea, is the country's southernmost point. Italy shares treaty-defined maritime boundaries with France, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Malta, Greece, Albania, Montenegro, Croatia and Slovenia.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Japan}}

File:Japan Exclusive Economic Zones.png

Japan has the world's eighth-largest exclusive economic zone, covering {{cvt|4,479,674|km2|mi2}}.{{cite web| url=http://nippon.zaidan.info/seikabutsu/2003/00163/contents/0006.htm|title=海洋白書 2004| publisher=Nippon Foundation| access-date=11 February 2008}} It claims an EEZ of 200 nautical miles from its shores.

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (China, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/390?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Japan (main islands)] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/393?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Japan (Daitō Islands)] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/971?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Japan (Ogasawara Islands)] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization. both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account the claims of adjacent jurisdictions.

Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia}}

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Mexico}}

File:Mexico EEZ.png

Mexico's exclusive economic zones cover a total surface area of 3,269,386 km², and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.

File:Territorial waters - New Zealand.svg, including the Ross Dependency (shaded)]]

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand}}

New Zealand's EEZ covers {{cvt|4,083,744|km2|mi2}},[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/554?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of New Zealand (mainland)] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/555?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of New Zealand (Kermadec Islands)] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization. which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km².{{cite book|author=New Zealand Ministry for the Environment |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url= http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/nz-exclusive-economic-zone-discussion-paper-aug07/html/page4.html |title=Improving Regulation of Environmental Effects in New Zealand's Exclusive Economic Zone: Discussion Paper |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207174012/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/oceans/nz-exclusive-economic-zone-discussion-paper-aug07/html/page4.html |archive-date=7 February 2012 |date=August 2007 |id=ME824 |isbn=978-0-478-30160-1 |access-date=2006-01-07}} These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency).

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of North Korea}}

File:Exclusive economic zone of North Korea.png]]

The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan.{{sfn|Prescott|Schofield|2001|p=25}} The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders.{{sfn|Kim|2017|p=20}} The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.{{sfn|Kim|2017|pp=20, 71–72}}

In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korea Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area.{{sfn|Kim|2017|p=77}} The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.{{sfn|Kotch|Abbey|2003|p=179}}

In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped.{{sfn|Van Dyke|2009|p=42}} The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia.{{sfn|Kim|2017|p=51}} Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.{{sfn|Van Dyke|2009|p=42}}

File:Territorial waters - Norway.svg's exclusive economic zones, including the dependency of Bouvet Island]]

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819,620 km² around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km², including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.[http://www.ssb.no/aarbok/kart/i.html Statistisk årbok 2007] Accessed January 2008

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of the shelf in the Barents Sea.[http://www2.canada.com/technology/environment/backs+norway+claim+arctic+seabed+extension/1499675/story.html?id=1499675 UN backs Norway claim to Arctic seabed extension] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211143937/http://www.canada.com/technology/environment/backs+Norway+claim+Arctic+seabed+extension/1499675/story.html?id=1499675 |date=11 December 2009 }}, Canwest News Service, 15 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.

Area: {{convert|290000|sqkm}}

The coast of Pakistan is {{convert|1046|km}} long, extending from Sir Creek in the east to Gwatar Bay in the west and the EEZ extends up to {{convert|290000|sqkm}} which is equivalent to more than 30% of its land area and ranks sixty-sixth in the world by area.

Pakistan had an EEZ of {{convert|240000|sqkm}} before their case was accepted by UNCLCS. Pakistan Navy with the help of the National Oceanographic Organization (NIO) initiated the continental shelf case at ministerial level in 1995.

On 26 Aug 2013, a seven-member sub-commission with members from Japan, China, Mozambique, Kenya, Denmark, Georgia and Argentina was formulated at UNCLCS to evaluate the technical details of Pakistan's case and after a year accepted Pakistan's claim.

On 13 March 2015, UN Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (UNCLCS) accepted recommendations for extension of the outer limits of the continental shelf on Pakistan's case so far 80 countries had submitted claims to UNCLCS out of which recommendations of 22 countries including Pakistan had been finalised.

It was a historic event in the country's history when Pakistan became the first country in the region to have its continental shelf extended to 350 nm.

Some of the claimed territories overlapped the Omani claim. It is believed that the verdict in favour of Pakistan was announced after successful negotiation with Oman.

File:Maritime Claims of Peru.svg

Area: 857,000 km²{{Cite journal |last1=Brittany |first1=Derrick |last2=Khalfallah |first2=Myriam |last3=Relano |first3=Veronica |last4=Zeller |first4=Dirk |last5=Pauly |first5=Daniel |date=2021-03-31 |title=Updating to 2018 the 1950- 2010 marine catch reconstructions of the Sea Around Us. Part II: The Americas and Asia-Pacific |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/facultyresearchandpublications/52383/items/1.0396430 |journal=Fisheries Centre Research Reports |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=270 |issn=1198-6727 |access-date=2023-12-27 |via=The University of British Columbia}}

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines}}

File:Ph EEZ Map.png shown in red lines, and treaty line of the Treaty of Paris (1898) shown in green line]]

The Philippines' EEZ covers {{cvt|2,263,816|km2|mi2}}.[http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/summaryInfo.aspx?eez=608# EEZ and shelf areas of the Philippines] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Poland}}

The Polish EEZ covers the area of {{cvt|30533|km2|mi2}} within the Baltic Sea.{{cite web |url=http://www.ciria.org.uk/emsagg/pdf/suscinowicz_polish_sand_gravel.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323200612/http://www.ciria.org.uk/emsagg/pdf/suscinowicz_polish_sand_gravel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2004 |title=Exploration and Extraction of Sand and Gravel Resources in the Polish Exclusive Economical Zone of the Baltic Sea |publisher=Advanced Solutions International Inc. |access-date=1 April 2017 }}

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Portugal}}

File:Portugal EEZ.PNG's Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN{{Cite web|url=http://www.emepc.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=12&lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218060843/http://www.emepc.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=12&lang=en|url-status=dead|title=Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf|archive-date=18 December 2009}}]]

Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:

• Continental Portugal 327,667 km²
• Azores 953,633 km²
• Madeira 446,108 km²
• Total : 1,727,408 km²

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over an additional 2.15 million square kilometres of the adjacent continental shelf in May 2009,[https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/prt44_09/prt2009executivesummary.pdf Portugal applies to UN to Extend Its Continental Shelf Zone]. Retrieved 3 July 2011 resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km². The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.

Spain previously objected to the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain has no longer disputed the Portuguese claim since 2015.{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_prt_44_2009.htm|title=Continental Shelf - submission to the Commission by Portugal|website=www.un.org}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/esp77_14/prt_re_esp77_en.pdf|title=Communications received with regard to the submission made by Portugal to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf}}

Area: 23,627 km²

File:Territorial waters - Russia.svg

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Russia}}

Russia's exclusive economic zone, the world's fourth largest, is composed of:

• Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km²
• Saint Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km²
• Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km²
• Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km²
• Pacific – 3,419,202 km²
• Siberia – 3,277,292 km²
• Total – 8,095,881 km²{{cite web |url=http://saup.fisheries.ubc.ca/eez/eez.aspx# |title=Sea Around Us Project – Data and Visualization |access-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427022538/http://saup.fisheries.ubc.ca/eez/eez.aspx |archive-date=27 April 2006 }}

File:ZEE Sénégal (zone économique exclusive).jpg's exclusive economic zone]]

Area: 158,861 km²

{{main|Exclusive economic zone of Somalia}}

File:Territorial Waters of Somalia.svg's exclusive economic zone]]

Area: 825,052 km²

File:Maritime zones of South Africa.svg

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km².

• Mainland – 1,068,659 km²
• Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km²

{{See also|Syngman Rhee Line}}

File:Koreez.PNG

Area: 300,851 (225,214) km²

{{Clear left}}

{{main|Exclusive economic zone of Spain}}

File:Zee spain.png

Area: 1,039,233 km²

{{main|Exclusive economic zone of Sri Lanka}}

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Thailand}}

File:Thailand-Exclusive-Economic-Zone.png

Area: 299,397 km²

Turkey's EEZ is bordered by Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria in the Black Sea to the north, Greece in the Aegean Sea to the west, and Cyprus and Syria in the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey is one of the few countries to not have signed UNCLOS and disputes Greece's and Cyprus' EEZ.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of the United Kingdom}}

File:Territorial waters - United Kingdom.svg and the Crown Dependencies. The British claim in Antarctica is shown in shaded blue.{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |title=Countries within a country |work=10 Downing Street |access-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416083521/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=16 April 2010 }}]]

File:Rockall_EEZ_topographic_map-en.svg

The United Kingdom has the world's fifth-largest exclusive economic zone of {{cvt|6805586|km2|mi2}} square km. It comprises the EEZs surrounding the United Kingdom,[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2013/3161/contents/made "The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013"] at Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2014. the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory.

The EEZ associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago, also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory, is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the archipelago as a part of its territory.

^† A part of the overseas territory of {{Flag|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of the United States}}

File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second-largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km². Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans as well as the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. Only France, with its widespread administrative departments and overseas territories in the North Atlantic, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and in extensive island chains of the Pacific, has a larger EEZ than the United States.

Note, the totals in the table actually add up to 12,234,403 square km and 4,723,705 square miles.

{{Main|Exclusive economic zone of Vietnam}}

{{Main|Territorial disputes in the South China Sea}}

Vietnam claims an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of {{cvt|1,395,096|km²|mi2}} with 200 nautical miles from its shores.[http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/704?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 EEZ and shelf areas of Vietnam] – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.{{Cite web |url=https://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?mrgid=8484 |title=Vietnam · MRGID 8484 |website=Marineregions.org}} These figures do not include the claimed EEZ areas of the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands. Vietnam has disputes mainly with the People's Republic of China due to the nine-dash line.

File:WorldEEZ.png

{{anchor|Rankings by area}}

{{sticky header}}

{{Portal|Business and economics}}

• Air defense identification zone
• Baseline
• Continental shelf
• International waters
• R v Marshall
• Special economic zone
• Territorial waters
• Open Balkan
• Craiovia Group
• CEFTA

{{NoteFoot}}

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{reflist|2}}

Works cited:

• {{cite book|author=Suk Kyoon Kim|title=Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia: Regional Challenges and Cooperation |year=2017 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-34422-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLm8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |ref={{SfnRef|Kim|2017}}}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kotch |first1=John Barry |last2=Abbey |first2=Michael |year=2003 |title=Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=175–204 |url=http://www.asianperspective.org/articles/v27n2-f.pdf |doi=10.1353/apr.2003.0024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020759/http://www.asianperspective.org/articles/v27n2-f.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Prescott |first1=John Robert Victor |last2=Schofield |first2=Clive H. |editor-last=Furness |editor-first=Shelagh |journal=Maritime Briefing |title=Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean |volume=3 |number=1 |year=2001 |publisher=International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham |location=Durham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RT2lGdMZucC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-1-897643-43-3}}
• {{cite book |editor1=Seoung Yong Hong |editor-last2=Van Dyke |editor-first1=Jon M. |last=Van Dyke |first=Jon M. |title=Maritime Boundary Disputes, Settlement Processes, and the Law of the Sea |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mebBeRGmPAYC&pg=PA42 |year=2009 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-17343-9 |pages=39–76 |chapter=Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia}}

{{Commons category|Exclusive economic zones}}

• [http://www.marineregions.org/eezmapper.php Interactive map at MarineRegions.org], showing boundaries and disputes
• [https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – Part V]
• [http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez Sea Around Us Project – View the EEZ of all countries] (note that this website does not distinguish between the territorial seas and the EEZs, therefore it tends to overstate the EEZ areas. See: [http://www.seaaroundus.org/sea-around-us-area-parameters-and-definitions/#_Toc421807903 EEZ AREA MEASURE])
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040808210345/http://chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov/csdl/eez.htm The USA zone since 1977]
• GIS data: [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound/ VLIZ.be]
• [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=496 Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs: Conflict Ahead?] by Mark J. Valencia (May 2011)

{{Fishery science topics}}

{{World topic|title=Exclusive economic zones|Exclusive economic zone of|noredlinks=yes}}

{{Geography country lists}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Law of the sea

Category:Hydrography

Category:Fishing industry

Category:Fisheries law