Glossary of lichen terms#hapter

File:Thelomma santessonii - Flickr - pellaea.jpg is a {{gli|crustose}}, {{gli|areolate}} lichen.]]

{{Term|a- |content=a-}}

{{defn|Also an-. A prefix meaning "not having" or "without".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=1}} }}

{{Term|ab- |content=ab-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "positioned away from".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=1}} }}

{{Term|abortive |content=abortive {{anchor|abortive}} }}

{{defn|Referring to a developmental process in lichens where certain structures, such as spores or reproductive organs, fail to reach full development or maturity, often resulting in non-viable or malformed structures.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=3}} }}

{{Term|abraded |content=abraded {{anchor|abraded}} }}

{{defn|Having a worn or eroded {{gli|thallus}} surface.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=384}} }}

{{Term|accessory substance |content=accessory substance {{anchor|accessory substance}} }}

{{defn|A lichen product that is sometimes present, sometimes not present in a species. In literature, these are usually indicated with a ± symbol, e.g. ±usnic acid.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|page=6}} }}

{{Term|-aceae |content=-aceae}}

{{defn|A suffix used to indicate the taxonomic rank of family.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=4}} }}

{{Term|-aceous |content=-aceous}}

{{defn|A suffix used to indicate a relation or similarity to something.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=4}} }}

{{Term|acervulate |content=acervulate {{anchor|acervulate}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like a saucer.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=22}} }}

File:Bacidia schweinitzii-7.jpg]]

{{Term|acicular |content=acicular {{anchor|acicular|aciculiform}} }}

{{defn|Also aciculiform. Needle-shaped; long and slender with a taper at both ends. Typically used to describe spore shape.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=6}} }}

{{Term|acro- |content=acro-}}

{{defn|Also acr-. A prefix used to indicate that something is positioned on the end or the upper part.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=9}} }}

{{Term|acrogenous |content=acrogenous {{anchor|acrogenous}} }}

{{defn|Developing on the apex of a structure.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=7}} }}

{{Term|acroton |content=acroton {{anchor|acroton}} }}

{{defn|A needle-shaped structure with lateral branches.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=384}} }}

{{Term|actinolichen |content=actinolichen {{anchor|actinolichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen-like association between an actinobacterium (Streptomyces) and a green alga (Chlorella xantha).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=8}} }}

{{Term|acuminate |content=acuminate {{anchor|acuminate}} }}

{{defn|Gradually tapering to a point.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=9}} }}

{{Term|ad- |content=ad-}}

{{defn|A prefix used to indicate positioning at the end or on an extremity.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=7}} }}

{{Term|adglutinated |content=adglutinated {{anchor|adglutinate|adglutinated}} }}

{{defn|Stuck together.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=367}} }}

{{Term|adnate |content=adnate {{anchor|adnate}} }}

{{defn|Having a tight attachment to a surface.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=755}} }}

{{Term|adventive branching |content=adventive branching {{anchor|adventive branching}} }}

{{defn|Referring to {{gli|fruticose lichens}}, a branching pattern that is unusual or abnormal, like that which sometimes occurs after the original branches are damaged in Cladonia.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=384}} }}

{{Term|-al |content=-al}}

{{defn|A suffix used to indicate a relation to, or having the form and character of something.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=16}} }}

{{multiple image|total_width = 400

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| image1 = Alectoria sarmentosa - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

| image2 = Bryoria capillaris - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

| image3 = Sulcaria isidiifera - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg

| footer = Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryoria capillaris, and Sulcaria isidiifera are examples of {{gli|alectorioid}} lichens.

}}

{{Term|alectorioid lichen |content=alectorioid lichen {{anchor|alectorioid|alectorioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens that are {{gli|fruticose}}, typically with beard-like {{gli|thalli}} that are {{gli|pendant}} or clustered; this group of features is characteristic of lichens now classified in the genera Alectoria, Bryoria, Oropogon, Pseudephebe, and Sulcaria.{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|pages=645, 655}} }}

{{Term|algal layer |content=algal layer {{anchor|algal layer|photobiont layer}} }}

{{defn|Also photobiont layer.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=369}} The layer of tissue in a {{gli|heteromerous}} lichen {{gli|thallus}} that contains the {{gli|photobiont}}; it is typically located between the upper {{gli|cortex}} and the {{gli|medulla}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=385}} }}

{{Term|alcobiosis |content=alcobiosis {{anchor|alcobiosis|alcobioses}} }}

{{defn|Plural alcobioses. A form of symbiosis involving algae and corticioid fungi, primarily occurring on bark and wood surfaces. In this relationship, algae form a layer beneath the fungal basidiomata—structures akin to the {{gli|photobiont layer}} in lichens. This association, unlike in lichens, does not render the fungal partner nutritionally dependent on the algae, thus all involved fungal species are capable of surviving without the algal partner. Alcobiosis represents a diverse interaction, seen in various stages of coevolution, involving multiple species across the Agaricomycetes fungal group and three algal species from the class Trebouxiophyceae.{{sfn|Vondrák|Svoboda|Zíbarová|Štenclová|2023}} }}

{{Term|alveolate |content=alveolate {{anchor|alveolate}} }}

{{defn|Used to describe a surface that has a pattern similar to a honeycomb (i.e. with more or less 6-sided hollows), where the surface appears to be composed of small pits or cavities like alveoli.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=23}} Compare: {{gli|faveolate}}, {{gli|foveolate}}, {{gli|scrobiculate}}. }}

{{Term|amphi- |content=amphi-}}

{{defn|A prefix used to indicate on both sides, or on all sides.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=20}} }}

{{Term|amphithecium |content=amphithecium {{anchor|amphithecium|amphithecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural amphithecia. The {{gli|thalline margin}} of a {{gli|lecanorine}} {{gli|apothecium}};{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=26}} equivalent to the {{gli|thalline exciple}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Amphithecium page: Amphithecium]}} The amphithecium usually contains algal cells.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=369}} The term was coined by Wilhelm Körber in 1855, but languished in obscurity until 1898, when Otto Darbishire used it in a monograph of the genus Roccella.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|pages=14–15}} }}

{{Term|ampliotremoid |content=ampliotremoid {{anchor|ampliotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Ampliotremoid lichens have

prominent apothecia with wide pores, black walls (viewed in microscopic section), and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera Ampliotrema and Ocellularia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|ampulliform |content=ampulliform {{anchor|ampulliform}} }}

{{defn|Bottle-shaped, i.e., with a narrow neck and swollen base.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=21}} }}

{{Term|amyloid |content=amyloid {{anchor|amyloid}} }}

{{Main|Amyloid (mycology)}}

{{defn|Turn a purple or blue color upon reaction with Melzer's reagent.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=22}} }}

File:Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. 590040.jpg. The {{gli|exciple}} is pigmented dark brown, the {{gli|epihymenium}} is brown, and the algal cells are green; asci (containing ascospores) are visible in the {{gli|hyaline}} {{gli|hymenium}}.]]

{{Term|anisotomic |content=anisotomic {{anchor|anisotomic|anisotomous}} }}

{{defn|Also anisotomous.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=26}} Having branches of unequal length;{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Anisotomic page: Anisotomic] }} if the branching is anisotomic, one branch is typically stouter than the other, forming a main stem while the other appears like a lateral branch, as in the species Alectoria ochroleuca.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=26}} Contrast: {{gli|dichotomous}}. }}

{{Term|annulotremoid |content=annulotremoid {{anchor|annulotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Annulotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, pores with an inner ring, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera Myriotrema and Thelotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|anticlinal |content=anticlinal {{anchor|anticlinal}} }}

{{defn|Perpendicular to a surface;{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=40}} used to refer to {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} alignment.}}

{{Term|apical |content=apical {{anchor|apical}} }}

{{defn|Located at the highest point (the apex), the tip, or the end of something.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=30}} }}

{{Term|apiculate |content=apiculate {{anchor| apiculate}} }}

{{defn|Having a short projection (an apicule) at one end; typically used to describe spore morphology.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=42}} }}

{{Term|apothecium |content=apothecium {{anchor|apothecium|apothecia|apotheciate|apothecioid}} }}

{{defn|Plural apothecia. A type of ascocarp that is open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, and in which the {{gli|hymenium}} is exposed at maturity.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=44}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|appressed |content=appressed {{anchor|appressed}} }}

{{Defn|Lying flat; flattened down on a surface.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=45}} }}

{{Term|arachnoid |content=arachnoid {{anchor|arachnoid|arachnoidal|araneose|araneous}} }}

{{defn|Also arachnoidal, araneose, araneous.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=387}} Having a cobweb-like form, like that of the irregularly oriented and loosely interwoven {{gli|hyphae}} of the {{gli|medulla}}ry layer of some lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=36}} }}

{{Term|Arceutina-yellow |content=Arceutina-yellow {{anchor|Arceutina-yellow}} }}

{{defn|A pale yellow insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Bacidia arceutina.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|arcuate |content=arcuate {{anchor|arcuate}} }}

{{defn|A shape or structure that is curved or arched like a bow.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|ardella |content=ardella {{anchor|ardella|ardellae}} }}

{{defn|Plural ardelae. A type of {{gli|apothecium}}, typical of lichens in the family Arthoniaceae, which is small and round. Elongated ardellae are called {{gli|lirellae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=37}} The term was first used by William Allport Leighton in 1854, who described an ardella as resembling a "sprinkled spot".{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

File:Porpidia flavocaerulescens (Hornem.) Hertel & A.J. Schwab 259698.jpg]]

{{Term|areola |content=areole {{anchor|areola|areolae|areole|areoles}} }}

{{defn|Plural areoles. Also areola with plural areolae. A small area, typically rounded to polygonal or irregular in shape, and often with a distinct texture. In a lichen thallus, the areolae are often separated from the rest of the thallus by fissures or cracks.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=38}} }}

{{Term|areolate |content=areolate {{anchor|areolate|areolar}} }}

{{defn|Also areolar. The condition of being made of or covered with {{gli|areolae}}, such as the {{gli|areolate lichen}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=38}} }}

{{Term|Arnoldiana-brown |content=Arnoldiana-brown {{anchor|Arnoldiana-brown}} }}

{{defn|A reddish-brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Bacidina arnoldiana.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=578}} }}

{{Term|ascigerous |content=ascigerous {{anchor|ascigerous}} }}

{{defn|Having {{gli|asci}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|asco- |content=asco- }}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "{{gli|ascus}}".{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|ascocarp |content=ascocarp {{anchor|ascocarp|ascoma|ascomata}} }}

{{Main|Ascocarp}}

{{defn|Also ascoma, plural ascomata. The fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus, containing the {{gli|asci}} and {{gli|ascospores}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=41}} }}

{{Term|ascoconidium |content=ascoconidium {{anchor|ascoconidium|ascoconidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural ascoconidia. A {{gli|conidium}} that is formed directly from an {{gli|ascospore}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=54}} }}

{{Term|ascogenous |content=ascogenous {{anchor|ascogenous|ascogenic}} }}

{{defn|Also ascogenic. Producing or supporting the growth of an {{gli|ascus}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|ascogonium |content=ascogonium {{anchor|ascogonium|ascogonia}} }}

{{defn|Plural ascogonia. The cell or group of cells within an {{gli|ascocarp}} from which the {{gli|asci}} (spore-producing cells) ultimately develop.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=42}} }}

{{Term|ascolichen |content=ascolichen {{anchor|ascolichen|ascolichens}} }}

{{defn|A lichen in which the fungal partner (the {{gli|mycobiont}}) is a member of the Ascomycota. About 98% of lichens are ascolichens.{{sfn|Honegger|1991|page=555}} See related: {{gli|basidiolichen}}. }}

File:Opegrapha physciaria 730143.jpg; 1000x magnification]]

{{Term|ascospore |content=ascospore {{anchor|ascospore|ascospores}} }}

{{defn|A sexual, haploid spore produced in an {{gli|ascus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=42}} }}

{{Term|ascus |content=ascus {{anchor|ascus|asci}} }}

{{Main article|Ascus}}

{{defn|Plural asci. A sexual, fungal spore-bearing structure, typically sac-like.{{sfn|Silverstein|Silverstein|Silverstein|1996|p=32}} }}

{{Term|aseptate |content=aseptate {{anchor|aseptate}} }}

{{defn|Lacking {{gli|septa}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|aspicilioid |content=aspicilioid {{anchor|aspicilioid}} }}

{{defn|Referring to {{gli|lecanorine apothecia}} that are (at least initially) partially to completely immersed in the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=63}} }}

{{Term|astomate |content=astomate {{anchor|astomate|astomous}} }}

{{defn|Also astomous. Lacking an opening, or ostiole.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=388}} }}

{{Term|astrothelioid |content=astrothelioid {{anchor|astrothelioid}} }}

{{defn|Referring to a type of ascospore morphology prevalent in the genus Astrothelium; characterized by thick-walled {{gli|distosepta}} and diamond-shaped {{gli|lumina}}.{{sfn|Nelsen|Lücking|Aptroot|Andrew|2014|page=982}} }}

{{Term|-ate |content=-ate}}

{{defn|A suffix, added to nouns, used to indicate having the appearance or characteristics of that noun.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=48}} }}

{{Term|Atra-brown |content=Atra-brown {{anchor|Atra-brown}} }}

{{defn|A matt brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Opegrapha atra.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|Atra-red |content=Atra-red {{anchor|Atra-red}} }}

{{defn|A dark red insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Tephromela atra.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=581}} }}

{{Term|aulaxinoid |content=aulaxinoid {{anchor|aulaxinoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This term refers to a morphotype of lichen where the apothecia are partially embedded and partially protruding, having a dark, hardened {{gli|thalline margin}} that forms irregular cracks. This morphotype is uniquely seen in "Thelotrema" dislaceratum, a species with uncertain taxonomic placement.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=141}} }}

{{Glossary end}}

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{{multiple image

| align = right

| total_width =400

| image1 = Lichenomphalia umbellifera.jpg

| image2 = Cora glabrata (3143611489).jpg

| footer = Lichenomphalia umbellifera (left) and Cora glabrata (right) are examples of {{gli|basidiolichens}}.

}}

{{Term|bacillar |content=bacillar {{anchor|bacillar|bacilliform|baculate|baculiform}} }}

{{defn|Also bacilliform, baculate, baculiform. Shaped like a small rod, typically with a length:width ratio of about 3:1.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=54–55}} }}

{{Term|Bagliettoana-brown |content=Bagliettoana-brown {{anchor|Bagliettoana-brown}} }}

{{defn|A pale to brownish-green insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Bacidia bagliettoana.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|basidiolichen |content=basidiolichen {{anchor|basidiolichen|basidiolichens}} }}

{{Main|Basidiolichen}}

{{defn|A lichen in which the fungal partner (the {{gli|mycobiont}}) is a member of the Basidiomycota. About 0.4% of lichens are basidiolichens.{{sfn|Honegger|1991|page=555}} See related: {{gli|ascolichen}}. }}

{{Term|bi- |content=bi- }}

{{defn|A prefix meaning two or twice.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=60}} }}

{{Term|biatorine |content=biatorine {{anchor|biatorine}} }}

{{defn|A type of {{gli|lecideine}} {{gli|apothecium}} with a soft, light-colored (not {{gli|carbonized}}) margin, like those in genus Biatorella.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=60}} }}

{{Term|bifurcate |content=bifurcate {{anchor|bifurcate}} }}

{{defn|Divided into two parts or branches.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=390}} See related: {{gli|dichotomous}}. }}

{{Term|bifusiform |content=bifusiform {{anchor|bifusiform}} }}

{{defn|Referring to a shape or structure that is elongated and tapers at both ends, with a constriction or narrowing in the middle.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=367}} See related: {{gli|fusiform}}. }}

{{Term|biguttulate |content=biguttulate {{anchor|biguttulate}} }}

{{defn|Containing two oil droplets (guttules).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=61}} }}

{{Term|bilabiate |content=bilabiate {{anchor|bilabiate}} }}

{{defn|Referring to a type of {{gli|ascus}} in which the {{gli|ectotunica}} splits at the top and exposes the {{gli|endotunica}} by forming an opening with a lip on each side; bilabiate asci occur in the genus Pertusaria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=61}} }}

{{Term|bipartite lichen |content=bipartite lichen {{anchor|bipartite|bipartite lichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen with a two-partner symbiotic association of {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Nelsen|Lücking|Boyce|Lumbsch|2020|page=21496}} See related: {{gli|tripartite lichen}}. }}

{{Term|bipolar lichen |content=bipolar lichen {{anchor|bipolar lichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen that occurs in polar areas of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.{{sfn|Garrido-Benavent|Pérez-Ortega|2017}} }}

{{Term|biseriate |content=biseriate {{anchor|biseriate}} }}

{{defn|Lined up in two parallel rows.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Biseriate page: Biseriate]}} }}

{{Term|bitunicate |content=bitunicate {{anchor|bitunicate}} }}

{{defn|Also defined: endotunica, ectotunica. A type of {{gli|ascus}} that has two functional layers, the internal layer, the endotunica, and the external layer, the ectotunica. Bitunicate asci are characteristic of the historical class Loculoascomycetes.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=68}} }}

{{Term|blastidium |content=blastidium {{anchor|blastidium|blastidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural blastidia. A rounded {{gli|granule}}-like propagule containing {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|photobiont}}, produced from the {{gli|thallus}} margin by budding; subsequent blastidia are formed from the tips of the previous ones.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=22}}{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} The term was introduced by Josef Poelt in 1980.{{sfn|Poelt|1980}} }}

{{Term|borderline lichen |content=borderline lichen {{anchor|borderline lichen|borderline lichens}} }}

{{defn|A symbiotic interaction where either green algae or cyanobacteria are enveloped by fungal tissue, but without forming the discrete layers that occur in most lichens.{{sfn|Grube|Hawksworth|2007|page=1117}} }}

{{Term|botryose |content=botryose {{anchor|botryose}} }}

{{defn|Resembling rounded, bead-like structures or clusters resembling grapes.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

File:Usnea angulata (4502228362).jpg is a {{gli|fruticose}} lichen with ridged {{gli|branches}}.]]

{{Term|branch |content=branch {{anchor|branch|branches}} }}

{{defn|A lateral growth of the main stem of a thallus in {{gli|usneoid lichens}}; various features of a branch are diagnostically valuable in distinguishing species.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=421}} }}

{{Term|branchlet |content=branchlet {{anchor|branchlet|branchlets}} }}

{{defn|A small {{gli|branch}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Branchlet page: Branchlet] }} }}

{{Term|bryophilous lichen |content=bryophilous lichen {{anchor|bryophilous lichen|bryophilous|hepaticolous lichen|hepaticolous|muscicolous lichen|muscicolous}} }}

{{Main article|Bryophilous lichen}}

{{defn|Also defined: hepaticolous lichen; muscicolous lichen. A lichen that grows on a moss or liverwort – i.e. on a bryophyte.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} A hepaticolous lichen is found only on liverworts, while a muscicolous lichen is found only on mosses.{{sfn|Lendemer|Buck|Harris|2016|p=441}}{{sfn|Upreti|Rai|2013|p=2}} }}

{{Term|bullate |content=bullate {{anchor|bullate}} }}

{{defn|Having blister-like or bubble-like swellings on a surface.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=106}} }}

{{Term|byssoid| content=byssoid {{anchor|byssoid}} }}

{{defn|Having the texture of cotton; made of loosely intertwined {{gli|hyphae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=77}} See related: {{gli|arachnoid}}, {{gli|floccose}}. }}

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File:Cyanolichens (10.3897-mycokeys.6.3869) Figure 3C.jpg contain cyanobacteria.]]

{{Term|C test |content=C test {{anchor|C test|C|C–|C+}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|spot test}} that uses a solution of bleach (sodium hypochlorite) as a reagent to check for the presence of certain lichen products.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=635}} }}

{{Term|Caesiocinerea-brown |content=Caesiocinerea-brown {{anchor|Caesiocinerea-brown}} }}

{{defn|An insoluble lichen pigment, colored olive to sordid green to black, associated with the reference species Aspicilia caesiocinerea.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|caesious |content=caesious {{anchor|caesious}} }}

{{defn|A bluish-gray or bluish-green coloration.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|caespitose |content=caespitose {{anchor|caespitose|caespitous|cespitose}} }}

{{defn|Also caespitous, cespitose.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=81}} Growing in dense clusters or tufts, often used to describe fungi that arise from a common base or grow closely together without fusing.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=367}} }}

{{Term|calcicolous lichen |content=calcicolous lichen {{anchor|calcicole|calcicolous|calcicolous lichen|calcicolous lichens}} }}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on substrates rich in calcium carbonate, such as calcareous or gypseous rocks or soil.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=82}} }}

{{Term|calcifuge |content=calcifuge {{anchor|calcifuge|calcifugous}} }}

{{defn|A lichen that prefers acidic soils and tends to avoid, or is intolerant of, alkaline conditions often associated with high calcium carbonate content; opposite of {{gli|calcicole}}.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=368}} }}

{{Term|campylidium |content=campylidium {{anchor|campylidium|campylidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural campylidia. A helmet-shaped conidioma. They are found in several genera of tropical {{gli|foliicolous lichen}}s, such as Badimia, Loflammia, and Sporopodium.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=114}} The term was introduced by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1881.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

File:Badimiella pteridophila 12985637.jpg]]

{{Term|canaliculate |content=canaliculate {{anchor|canaliculate}} }}

{{defn|Having one or more longitudinal grooves or channels.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=84}} }}

{{Term|capitate |content=capitate {{anchor|capitate}} }}

{{defn|Having a well-formed head, usually spherical or hemispherical in shape.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} See related: {{gli|fuscocapitate}}. }}

{{Term|capitulum |content=capitulum {{anchor|capitulum|capitula|sphaeridium|sphaeridia}} }}

{{defn|Plural capitula; also sphaeridium/sphaeridia. A more-or-less spherical or cup-shaped {{gli|apothecium}} on the top of a stalk, found in the genera Calicium and Chaenotheca.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=89}}{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} See related: {{gli|mazaedium}}. }}

{{Term|carbonized |content=carbonized {{anchor|carbonized|carbonised|carbonaceous|carbonisation|carbonization}} }}

{{defn|Also carbonised, carbonaceous. Blackened and brittle tissue resulting from the accumulation of pigments.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=24}} }}

{{Term|cariose |content=cariose {{anchor|cariose}} }}

{{defn|A lichen thallus or structure that is cracked, split, spongy, or otherwise decayed or in a state of disintegration.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|cartilaginous |content=cartilaginous {{anchor|cartilaginous|cartilagineus}} }}

{{defn|Also (in taxonomic names) cartilagineus. A term used to describe the texture of certain parts of a lichen. Cartilaginous structures have a texture similar to animal cartilage – firm but somewhat pliable, not brittle or soft.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=92}} }}

{{Term|cataphysis|content=cataphysis}}

{{defn|See {{gli|pseudoparaphysis}}.}}

File:Catapyrenium boccanum 208899.jpg, seen here growing in a depression of a calcareous rock, is a {{gli|catapyrenioid}} lichen.]]

{{Term|catapyrenioid lichen |content=catapyrenioid lichen {{anchor|catapyrenioid|catapyrenioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|A member of the Verrucariaceae that is {{gli|squamulose}}, has simple ascospores (without any {{gli|septa}}), and lacks algae in the {{gli|hymenium}}; historically classified in the genus Catapyrenium.{{sfn|Breuss|2010}} }}

{{Term|catenate |content=catenate {{anchor|catenate}} }}

{{defn|Arranged in chains or end-to-end; refers to spore arrangement.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=121}} }}

{{Term|caudate |content=caudate {{anchor|caudate}} }}

{{defn|Having a tail or tail-like appendage.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=122}} }}

{{Term|cavernula |content=cavernula {{anchor|cavernula|cavernulae}} }}

{{defn|Plural cavernulae. A small hollow or cavity; used to refer to the holes in the lower {{gli|cortex}} of the genus Cavernularia.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=392}} }}

{{Term|central axis |content=central axis {{anchor|central axis|chondroid axis}} }}

{{defn|Also chondroid axis. The cartilage-like central core in the branches of {{gli|usneoid lichens}}, made of longitudinally arranged {{gli|hyphae}}.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=421}} The term "chondroid axis" was first used by William Nylander in 1858.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|cephalodium |content=cephalodium {{anchor|cephalodium|cephalodia|cephalodiate}} }}

{{Main|Cephalodium}}

{{defn|Plural cephalodia. A small gall-like structure that contains cyanobacteria, found in some lichens. These structures can be located on the lichen's upper or lower surface, or within the thallus itself.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} These structures are found in most lichens that contain both algal and cyanobacterial {{gli|photobionts}}.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=49}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|cerebriform |content=cerebriform {{anchor|cerebriform}} }}

{{defn|Having a surface texture that is deeply wrinkled or convoluted in a manner resembling the structure of a brain. The term is used to characterize the appearance of certain lichens with a complex, highly folded {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=98}} }}

{{Term|cetrarioid lichen |content=cetrarioid lichen {{anchor|cetrarioid|cetrarioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens with erect, {{gli|foliose}} {{gli|thalli}}, and {{gli|apothecia}} and pycnidia on the margins of the lobes; characteristic of lichens previously classified in the genus Cetraria (in the broad sense).{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|page=645}} }}

{{Term|chalaroplectenchyma |content=chalaroplectenchyma {{anchor|chalaroplectenchyma |chalaroplectenchymata}} }}

{{defn|Plural chalaroplectenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} comprising loosely interwoven {{gli|hyphae}} with holes; found in the {{gli|medulla}} of some lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=98}} }}

{{Term|character |content=character {{anchor|character|characters}} }}

{{defn|A distinguishing feature that is characteristic for an organism; equivalent to phenotypic trait.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=98}} }}

{{Term|chasmoendolith |content=chasmoendolith {{anchor|chasmoendolith|chasmoendolithic}} }}

{{defn|Also chasmoendolithic. A type of organism, typically a lichen or fungus, that lives within cracks and fissures of rocks.{{sfn|Weber|Büdel|2011|page=348}} See related: {{gli|endolith}}.}}

{{Term|checklist |content=checklist {{anchor|checklist|checklists}} }}

{{defn|A list of all of the species (sometimes including subspecies, varieties and forms) that occur within a particular region.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Checklist page: Checklist]}} }}

{{Term|chemosyndrome |content=chemosyndrome {{anchor|chemosyndrome|chemosyndromes}} }}

{{defn|A set of lichen products produced by a species; this typically includes one or more major compounds and a set of biosynthetically related minor compounds.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=135}} }}

{{Term|chemotype |content=chemotype {{anchor|chemotype}} }}

{{Main|Chemotype}}

{{defn|Chemically differing types of a species with the same morphological characteristics, of no or unknown taxonomic significance.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|page=6}} }}

File:Chlorococcum infusionum.jpg, depicted in this 1843 illustration by Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini, is a typical {{gli|chlorococcoid}} green alga.]]

{{Term|chlorococcoid |content=chlorococcoid {{anchor|chlorococcoid}} }}

{{Defn|A term describing green algae with a {{gli|coccoid}} shape.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Chlorococcoid page: Chlorococcoid]}} }}

{{Term|chlorolichen |content=chlorolichen {{anchor|chlorolichen|chlorolichens}} }}

{{defn|A lichen containing green algae (Chlorophyta) as its primary {{gli|photobiont}}. The term serves as a counterpart to "{{gli|cyanolichen}}" (lichens with cyanobacterial photobionts) and is preferred over the historically ambiguous term "{{gli|phycolichen}}". It refers to the vast majority of eukaryotic lichen photobionts which belong to the division Chlorophyta.{{sfn|Lange|Wagenitz|2003}} }}

{{Term|chondroid axis |content=chondroid axis}}

{{defn|See {{gli|central axis}}. }}

{{Term|chroodiscoid |content=chroodiscoid {{anchor|chroodiscoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. Chroodiscoid lichens have open apothecia with recurved {{gli|lobules}} and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera Acanthotrema and Chapsa.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|cilium |content=cilium {{anchor|cilium|cilia}} }}

{{defn|Plural cilia. Fine, hair-like outgrowths of the {{gli|thallus}} or {{gli|apothecium}}, common in {{gli|foliose}} and {{gli|fruticose}} lichens.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=756}} }}

{{Term|ciliate |content=ciliate {{anchor|ciliate}} }}

{{defn|Having {{gli|cilia}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=143}} }}

{{Term|Cinereorufa-green |content=Cinereorufa-green {{anchor|Cinereorufa-green}} }}

{{defn|A green to turquoise insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Schaereria cinereorufa.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|pages=580–581}} }}

{{Term|citriform |content=citriform {{anchor|citriform}} }}

{{defn|A shape or form that resembles a lemon or citrus fruit. The term is used to describe structures, particularly {{gli|ascospores}} or other components of a lichen, that have an elongated, oval shape with tapered ends.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=106}} }}

{{Term|CK test |content=CK test {{anchor|CK test|CK|CK–|CK+}} }}

{{defn|A seldom-used {{gli|spot test}} performed with an application of {{gli|C}} followed immediately by {{gli|K}}.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=13}} }}

{{Term|cladoniiform lichen |content=cladoniiform lichen {{anchor|cladoniiform|cladoniiform lichen|dimmorphic|dimorphic lichen|primary thallus|primary thalli|secondary thallus|secondary thalli|cladoniform|cladoniform lichen}} }}

{{defn|Also cladoniform lichen, dimorphic lichen. Also defined: primary thallus and secondary thallus. A lichen with a two-fold growth form that includes both a {{gli|crustose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, or {{gli|foliose}} form and a {{gli|fruticose}} form; the {{gli|thallus}} differentiates into both horizontal (primary thallus) and vertical (secondary thallus, or {{gli|podetium}}) structures. Cladoniiform lichens occur in the families Cladoniaceae and Baeomycetaceae.{{sfn|Ahti|1982|page=105}} }}

{{term|clavate |content=clavate {{anchor|clavate|claviform}} }}

{{defn|Also claviform. A shape resembling a club, broader at one end and tapering towards the other; typically used to refer to {{gli|ascospores}} and {{gli|asci}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=107}} }}

{{Term|clypeate |content=clypeate}}

{{defn|See {{gli|peltate}}.}}

{{Term|coalescent |content=coalescent {{anchor|coalescent|coalesced}} }}

{{defn|Also coalesced. Growing together to form one mass.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=153}} }}

{{Term|coccoid |content=coccoid {{anchor|coccoid}} }}

{{defn|Spherical; resembling a coccus.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Coccoid page: Coccoid]

}} }}

{{Term|columella |content=columella {{anchor|columella|columellae}} }}

{{Main|Columella (botany)}}

{{defn|A sterile, central column of tissue that extends upward within some lichen fruiting bodies (such as {{gli|mazaedia}} or {{gli|perithecia}}), typically from the base toward or to the apex.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=116}} }}

{{Term|complanate |content=complanate {{anchor|complanate}} }}

{{defn|Flat and smooth.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=162}} }}

{{Term|concolorous |content=concolorous {{anchor|concolorous|concolourous}} }}

{{defn|Having the same color throughout.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=163}} }}

{{Term|confervoid |content=confervoid {{anchor|confervoid}} }}

{{defn|Appearing loosely filamentous or thread-like.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|confluent |content=confluent {{anchor|confluent}} }}

{{defn|Joining together, blending into one.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=163}} }}

File:Minutoexcipula 611980.jpg, a {{gli|lichenicolous}} fungus; the inset shows the fungus (visible as black spots) parasitizing its host, a {{gli|crustose lichen}} in genus Pertusaria.]]

{{Term|conidiophore |content=conidiophore {{anchor|conidiophore|conidiophores}} }}

{{defn|A specialized {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} structure that produces and bears {{gli|conidia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=122}} }}

{{Term|conidium |content=conidium {{anchor|conidium|conidia|conidiospore|conidiospores}} }}

{{Main|Conidium}}

{{defn|Plural conidia. Also conidiospore. A fungal asexual spore produced by mitosis in specialized structures such as pycnidia and campylidia.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=757}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=124}} }}

{{Term|conglutinate |content=conglutinate {{anchor|conglutinate|conglutinated}} }}

{{defn|Also conglutinated. Stuck or glued together; usually applied to {{gli|hyphae}} or {{gli|paraphyses}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=121}} }}

{{Term|consoredium |content=consoredium {{anchor|consoredium|consoredia}} }}

{{defn|An aggregation or cluster of incompletely separated {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=64}} The term was introduced by Tor Tønsberg in 1992.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=16}} }}

{{Term|coralloid |content=coralloid {{anchor|coralloid}} }}

{{defn|Highly branched, similar to a coral in form.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=170}} }}

{{Term|coriacellate |content=coriacellate {{anchor|coriacellate}} }}

{{defn|With a somewhat leathery ({{gli|coriaceous}}) texture.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=172}} }}

{{Term|coriaceous |content=coriaceous {{anchor|coriaceous}} }}

{{defn|With a leathery texture.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=172}} }}

{{Term|corrugate |content=corrugate {{anchor|corrugate}} }}

{{defn|Wrinkled; with alternate furrows and ridges.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=173}} }}

{{Term|cortex |content=cortex {{anchor|cortex}} }}

{{Main|Cortex (botany)}}

{{defn|The lichen's outer layer(s), made up of tightly woven fungal filaments.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=757}} }}

{{Term|corticate |content=corticate {{anchor|corticate|cortical}} }}

{{defn|Also cortical. Having a {{gli|cortex}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=173}} }}

{{Term|corticolous lichen |content=corticolous lichen {{anchor|corticolous|corticolous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Corticolous lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on bark.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|crateriform |content=crateriform {{anchor|crateriform}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like a bowl or a crater; hemispherical and concave.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=133}} }}

{{Term|crenate |content=crenate {{anchor|crenate}} }}

{{defn|Having a scalloped or round-toothed edge.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=176}} }}

{{Term|crenulate |content=crenulate {{anchor|crenulate}} }}

{{defn|Having a finely scalloped edge; similar to crenate but with smaller notches.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=134}} }}

{{Term|cruentodiscoid |content=cruentodiscoid {{anchor|cruentodiscoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Cruentodiscoid lichens have open apothecia with erect {{gli|lobules}} and a pigmented {{gli|disc}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus Chapsa.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|crustose |content=crustose {{anchor|crustose|crustose lichen}} }}

{{Main|Crustose lichen}}

{{defn|A form of growth where the lichen is pressed so tightly against the substrate upon which it grows that it is impossible to remove without destroying either it or part of the substrate. Crustose lichens have a {{gli|cortex}} only on their upper surface.{{sfn|North American Mycological Association|ref=NAMA}} }}

{{Term|cryptoendolith|content=cryptoendolith {{anchor|cryptoendolith|cryptoendolithic}} }}

{{defn|Also cryptoendolithic. A type of organism, particularly certain lichens and fungi, that live inside rocks or in the microscopic spaces within the mineral grains of rocks.{{sfn|Weber|Büdel|2011|page=348}} See related: {{gli|endolith}}.}}

{{Term|cryptolecanorine |content=cryptolecanorine {{anchor|cryptolecanorine}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|lecanorine}} apothecium that is mostly immersed in the {{gli|thallus}}, with an indistinct {{gli|thalline margin}}.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=371}} }}

{{Term|cryptothalline |content=cryptothalline {{anchor|cryptothalline}} }}

{{defn|Pertaining to a type of lichen {{gli|thallus}} that is largely hidden or immersed within the {{gli|substrate}}, making it barely visible or entirely concealed.{{sfn|Hertel|2009|page=185}} See related: {{gli|chasmoendolithic}}, {{gli|cryptoendolithic}}, {{gli|endolithic}}. Contrast: {{gli|euthalline}}. }}

{{Term|crystallocumuli |content=crystallocumuli {{anchor|crystallocumuli}} }}

{{defn|Punctiform or elongated agglomerations of oxalate crystals that are dispersed over the {{gli|thallus}}; associated with the family Porinaceae.{{sfn|Hafellner|Kalb|1995|pages=163–164}} See related: {{gli|crystallostratum}}.}}

{{Term|crystallostratum |content=crystallostratum {{anchor|crystallostratum}} }}

{{defn|A continuous layer of oxalate crystals embedded in the thallus, associated with the family Porinaceae. The term was introduced by Josef Hafellner and Klaus Kalb in 1995.{{sfn|Hafellner|Kalb|1995|page=163}} See related: {{gli|crystallocumuli}}. }}

{{Term|cuculate |content=cuculate {{anchor|cuculate}} }}

{{defn|Hood-shaped.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=1842}} }}

{{Term|cupulate |content=cupulate {{anchor|cupulate}} }}

{{defn|Cup-shaped.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=184}} }}

{{Term|cuneate |content=cuneate {{anchor|cuneate|cuneiform}} }}

{{defn|Also cuneiform. Wedge-shaped; with one end thinner than the other.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=183}} }}

{{Term|cyanolichen |content=cyanolichen {{anchor|cyanolichen}} }}

{{Main|Cyanolichen}}

{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|photobiont}} is a cyanobacteria.{{sfn|Rikkinen|2015|p=973}} }}

File:Sticta sp. 3 - Flickr - pellaea (5).jpg lichen showing its crater-like {{gli|cyphellae}}; scale bar = 1 mm]]

{{Term|cyphella |content=cyphella {{anchor|cyphella|cyphellae}} }}

{{defn|Plural cyphellae. A sharply defined, rounded, ovate, or shapeless pore in the lower {{gli|thallus}} surface (typically the lower {{gli|cortex}}), which is lined with a "pseudocortex" made of loosely connected, non-gelatinized {{gli|hyphae}} (often with globular cells, formed from the {{gli|medulla}}) and bounded by a pale ring; known to occur in the genera Sticta and Oropogon.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=187}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1799.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|dactyloid |content=dactyloid}}

{{defn|See {{gli|digitate}}.}}

{{Term|decorticate |content=decorticate {{anchor|decorticate}} }}

{{defn|Having had a {{gli|cortex}} that has been removed or disintegrated.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Decorticate page: Decorticate]}} See related: {{gli|ecorticate}}. }}

{{Term|decumbent |content=decumbent {{anchor|decumbent}} }}

{{defn|Lying flat on a {{gli|substrate}} with the edges curled up.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=196}} }}

{{Term|dendritic |content=dendritic {{anchor|dendritic}} }}

{{defn|Irregularly branched, like a tree.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=151}} }}

{{Term|dentate |content=dentate {{anchor|dentate}} }}

{{defn|Having a toothlike or serrated edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=152}} }}

{{Term|denticulate |content=denticulate {{anchor|denticulate}} }}

{{defn|Having small tooth-like projections or serrations along the edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=153}} }}

{{Term|dextrinoid |content=dextrinoid {{anchor|dextrinoid|hemiamyloid|pseudoamyloid}} }}

{{defn|A chemical property referring to a substance's ability to turn reddish-brown in the presence of Melzer's reagent or iodine due to the presence of dextrins. This color reaction is also called hemiamyloid or pseudoamyloid.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=156}} }}

{{Term|determinate |content=determinate {{anchor|determinate}} }}

{{defn|Having well-defined or clearly marked edges.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=201}} Contrast: {{gli|effuse}}. }}

{{Term|diagnosis |content=diagnosis {{anchor|diagnosis|diagnoses}} }}

{{defn|A brief account of a taxon describing the essential characteristics that distinguish it from its relatives.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=157}} }}

{{Term|diahypha |content=diahypha {{anchor|diahypha|diahyphae}} }}

{{defn|Plural diahyphae. A type of {{gli|conidium}} formed from {{gli|hyphae}} that split {{gli|apical|apically}} in several branches, with prominent constrictions at the {{gli|septa}}, resulting in the appearance of chain links; found in the family Gomphillaceae.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=372}}{{sfn|Ferraro|2004|page=154}} }}

{{Term|diaspore |content=diaspore {{anchor|diaspore|diaspores}} }}

{{Main|Diaspore (botany)}}

{{defn|A sexual or asexual propagule used for dispersal; in lichens, usually used to refer to {{gli|isidia}} and {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=157}} }}

{{Term|dichotomous |content=dichotomous {{anchor|dichotomous|dichotomously}} }}

{{defn|Branching into two equal parts.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=152}} See related: {{gli|bifurcate}}. Contrast: {{gli|anisotomic}}. }}

{{Term|diffuse |content=diffuse {{anchor|diffuse}} }}

{{defn|Spread out and scattered without any definite boundary or margin.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=162}} See related: {{gli|effuse}}. Contrast: {{gli|determinate}}. }}

File:Arctic Finger Lichen (3815998869).jpg) consists of mostly unbranched, {{gli|digitate}} stalks.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=293}}]]

{{Term|digitate |content=digitate {{anchor|digitate|digitiform|dactyloid|dactyliform}} }}

{{defn|Also dactyloid, dactyliform, digitiform. Having finger-like outgrowths.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=163}} }}

{{Term|dimidiate |content=dimidiate {{anchor|dimidiate}} }}

{{defn|A structure that is divided into two unequal halves, often appearing as half-circles; in lichenology the term is often applied to the {{gli|excipulum}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|dimorphic lichen |content=dimorphic lichen}}

{{defn|See {{gli|cladoniiform lichen}}. }}

{{Term|discoid |content=discoid {{anchor|discoid|disciform}} }}

{{defn|Also: disciform. A shape that is flat and circular, resembling a disk. In lichenology, this term often refers to the {{gli|apothecia}} of lichens that have a flat, disk-like shape.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=166}} }}

{{Term|discolichen |content=discolichen {{anchor|discolichen|discolichens}} }}

{{defn|A grouping of {{gli|ascolichen}}s that produce {{gli|disk}}-like {{gli|apothecia}}, somewhat analogous to the fungal Discomycetes; the term applies to the majority of lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=167}} }}

{{Term|discothecium |content=discothecium {{anchor|discothecium|discothecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural discothecia. The fruiting body of certain types of lichens, with cylindrical, {{gli|bitunicate asci}}. It is distinguished from a hysterothecium, which is another type of fruiting body, by not opening through a slit but by expanding the {{gli|asci}} to weather or push apart the typically thin upper stromatal layer.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=216}} The term was introduced by Richard P. Korf in 1962.{{sfn|Korf|1962|page=25}} }}

{{Term|disk |content=disk {{anchor|disk|disc|disks|discs}} }}

{{defn|Also: disc. The curved or flat upper surface of the {{gli|hymenium}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}, often pigmented and surrounded by a margin or rim.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=166}} }}

{{Term|distal |content=distal {{anchor|distal}} }}

{{Defn|Positioned away from a point of origin or from the center of a body.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=217}} }}

{{Term|distoseptum |content=distoseptum {{anchor|distosepta|distoseptum|distoseptate}} }}

{{defn|Plural distosepta. A type of {{gli|septum}} found in some {{gli|conidia}} and {{gli|ascospores}}, which is located within but distinct from the outer wall and surrounds the internal {{gli|lumina}}. Structures with distosepta are said to be distoseptate.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=399}} }}

{{Term|doliiform |content=doliiform {{anchor|doliform}} }}

{{defn|Barrel-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=170}} }}

{{Term|dome |content=dome {{anchor|dome}} }}

{{defn|See {{gli|tholus}}.}}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|e- |content=e-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "not having" or "without".{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=399}} }}

{{Term|eccentric |content=eccentric {{anchor|eccentric|excentric}} }}

{{defn|Also excentric. Displaced from the center.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=175}} }}

{{Term|echinate |content=echinate {{anchor|echinate}} }}

{{defn|Covered with spines or bristles.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=175}} }}

{{Term|echinulate |content=echinulate {{anchor|echinulate}} }}

{{defn|Covered with small spines or bristles.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=176}} }}

{{Term|ecorticate |content=ecorticate {{anchor|ecorticate}} }}

{{defn|Lacking bark, or a {{gli|cortex}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=177}} }}

{{Term|ectal excipulum |content=ectal excipulum}}

{{defn|See {{gli|proper exciple}}.}}

{{Term|ecto- |content=ecto-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "outside" or "outer".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=226}} }}

{{Term|ectotunica |content=ectotunica}}

{{defn|See {{gli|bitunicate}}.}}

File:Dimelaena sp. - Flickr - pellaea.jpg lichen has a {{gli|placodioid}} growth form and an {{gli|effigurate}} thallus outline.]]

{{Term|effigurate |content=effigurate {{anchor|effigurate}} }}

{{defn|Referring to {{gli|crustose}}, {{gli|areolate}} lichens with {{gli|marginal}} areoles that are extended and arranged radially;{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=42}} also defined more generally as "obscurely lobed".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=228}}{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=31}}}}

{{Term|effuse|content=effuse {{anchor|effuse}} }}

{{defn|Spread out and flat; used to describe the {{gli|thallus}} of some {{gli|crustose lichen}}s lacking a well-defined outline.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=182}} Contrast: {{gli|determinate}}. }}

{{Term|eguttulate |content=eguttulate {{anchor|eguttulate}} }}

{{defn|Lacking oil droplets (guttules).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=183}} }}

{{Term|Elachista-brown |content=Elachista-brown {{anchor|Elachista-brown}} }}

{{defn|A fuscous brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Micarea elachista.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|ellipsoid |content=ellipsoid {{anchor|ellipsoid|ellipsoidal}} }}

{{Main|ellipsoid}}

{{defn|An object appearing approximately elliptical in longitudinal section and circular in cross-section; often used to refer to spore shape.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=184}} }}

{{Term|emarginate |content=emarginate {{anchor|emarginate|immarginate}} }}

{{defn|Also immarginate.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} Lacking a well-defined border or edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=184}} When referring to {{gli|apothecia}}, it means lacking a {{gli|thalline exciple}}, or a raised {{gli|proper exciple}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=231}} See related: {{gli|effuse}}, {{gli|marginate}}. }}

{{Term|endo- |content=endo-}}

{{defn|Also end-, ecto-, ect-. A prefix meaning "inside" or "inner".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=232}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=185}} }}

{{Term|endocarpic |content=endocarpic {{anchor|endocarpic|endocarpinoid}} }}

{{defn|Also endocarpinoid. Referring to lichens with {{gli|perithecia}} that are sunk into the tissues of the {{gli|thallus}}, such as seen in the genera Endocarpon and Dermatocarpon.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=186}} }}

{{Term|endolichenic fungus |content=endolichenic fungus {{anchor|endolichenic|endolichenic fungus|endolichenic fungi}} }}

{{defn|A fungus that lives within the {{gli|thallus}} of a lichen without producing any visible symptoms of disease; these fungi are transmitted horizontally.{{sfn|Suryanarayanan|Thirunavukkarasu|2017|page=1}} }}

File:Endolithic Disk Lichen (2972621634).jpg is an {{gli|endolithic}} lichen; the thallus, hardly visible, grows under and around the rock crystals, while the {{gli|apothecia}} are visible on the surface.]]

{{Term|endolith |content=endolith {{anchor|endolith|endolithic}} }}

{{defn|Also endolithic. A crustose lichen that grows in the interior of rocks (under and around the rock crystals), typically with little or no visible {{gli|thallus}} on the outer rock surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=188}} Contrast: {{gli|epilithic}}. See related: {{gli|chasmoendolith}}, {{gli|cryptoendolith}}, {{gli|euendolith}}. }}

{{Term|endophloeodal |content=endophloeodal {{anchor|endophloeodic|endophloeodal|endophloeic|endophloic}} }}

{{defn|Also endophloeodic, endophloeic, endophloic. Refers to {{gli|crustose lichen}}s whose {{gli|thalli}} are more or less immersed in tree bark.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=190}} Contrast: {{gli|epiphloedal}}. }}

{{Term|endotunica |content=endotunica}}

{{defn|See {{gli|bitunicate}}.}}

{{Term|entire |content=entire {{anchor|entire}} }}

{{defn|Refers to margins or edges of lichen structures (such as {{gli|apothecia}}, {{gli|lobes}}, or {{gli|thalli}}) that are smooth and unbroken, without any notches, teeth, or irregularities.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=237}} }}

{{Term|epi- |content=epi-}}

{{defn|Also ep-. A prefix meaning "upon" or "above".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=240}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=197}} }}

{{Term|epibryophyllous |content=epibryophyllous {{anchor|epibryophyllous|epibryophytic}} }}

{{defn|Also epibryophytic. Referring to organisms, particularly lichens or fungi, that grow on the surface of mosses (bryophytes).{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=240}} }}

{{Term|epicortex |content=epicortex {{anchor|epicortex}} }}

{{defn|A thin layer of polysaccharides that is present on the surface of the {{gli|cortex}} in some {{gli|parmelioid}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=197}} }}

{{Term|epihymenium |content=epihymenium {{anchor|epihymenium}} }}

{{defn|A thin tissue layer of interwoven {{gli|hyphae}} situated directly above the {{gli|hymenium}}, which can contain pigments and sometimes plays a role in the coloration of the lichen.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=241}} Compare: {{gli| epithecium}}. }}

{{Term|epilithic |content=epilithic {{anchor|epilith|epilithic|petricolous|rupicolous}} }}

{{defn|Also petricolous, rupicolous, {{gli|saxicolous}}. A crustose lichen that grows on the surface of rocks.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=188}} Contrast: {{gli|endolithic}}. }}

{{Term|epinecral layer |content=epinecral layer {{anchor|epinecral|epinecral layer}} }}

{{defn|A layer of dead {{gli|hyphae}} with indistinct {{gli|lumina}} found near the {{gli|cortex}} and above the algal layer.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=461}} See related: {{gli|hyponecral layer}}. }}

{{Term|epiphloedal |content=epiphloedal {{anchor|epiphloedal|epiphloeodal|epiphloeodic|epiphloic}} }}

{{defn|Also epiphloeodal, epiphloeodic, epiphloic.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=199}}{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Epiphloedal page: Epiphloedal]}} Growing on the surface of bark.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=241}} Contrast: {{gli|endophloeodal}}.}}

{{Term|epipsamma |content=epipsamma {{anchor|epipsamma}} }}

{{defn|A region of {{gli|granule}}-like, often pigmented material, that permeates the upper parts of {{gli|hymenium}} but is distinct from the {{gli|epithecium}}; associated with the genus Rhizocarpon.{{sfn|Galloway|2022}} The term was coined by Josef Poelt in 1969.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|epithecium |content=epithecium {{anchor|epithecium|epithecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural epithecia. Tissue on the top of an {{gli|apothecium}} (above the {{gli|hymenium}}) formed from the coalesced tips of projecting {{gli|paraphyses}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=200}} The term was first used by Julius von Flotow in 1851.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|epruinose |content=epruinose {{anchor|epruinose}} }}

{{defn|Lacking {{gli|pruina}}.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=369}} }}

{{Term|erumpent|content=erumpent {{anchor|erumpent|perrumpent}} }}

{{defn|Also perrumpent. Breaking through a surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=203}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 1/2 to 3/4 above the level of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|esorediate |content=esorediate {{anchor|esorediate|esorediose}} }}

{{defn|Also esorediose. Lacking {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=246}} }}

{{Term|eucortex |content=eucortex {{anchor|eucortex|eucortices|eucortexes}} }}

{{defn|Plural eucortices or eucortexes. A {{gli|cortex}} made of well-differentiated tissue.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=401}} Another sense of the term, used by Josef Poelt, refers to cortical tissue made entirely of fungal cells originating from a cambium-like tissue layer in or above the {{gli|algal layer}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Eucortex page: Eucortex]}} The term eucortex was first used by Gunnar Degelius in 1954.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|euendolith |content=euendolith {{anchor|euendolith|euendolithic}} }}

{{defn|Also euendolithic. A type of organism, often a lichen or microbe, that actively bores into and resides within the mineral matrix of rocks or other hard substrates.{{sfn|Weber|Büdel|2011|page=348}} See related: {{gli|endolithic}}.}}

{{Term|euthalline |content=euthalline {{anchor|euthalline}} }}

{{defn|Describing a type of lichen {{gli|thallus}} that is clearly visible and well-developed on the surface of the {{gli|substrate}}.{{sfn|Hertel|2009|page=185}} See related: {{gli|epilithic}}. Contrast: {{gli|cryptothalline}}. }}

{{Term|evanescent |content=evanescent {{anchor|evanescent}} }}

{{defn|Lasting a short time.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=31}} }}

{{Term|excipulum thallinum |content=excipulum thallinum}}

{{defn|See {{gli|thalline margin}}. }}

File:Lichenes Helvetici VII VIII 1849 018.jpg's {{gli|exsiccata}} series Lichenes Helvetici (Swiss lichens), published in 26 fascicles from 1823 to 1852.]]

{{Term|exsiccatum|content=exsiccatum {{anchor|exsiccatum|exsiccata|exsiccatae|exsiccati}} }}

{{Main|exsiccata}}

{{defn|Plurals: exsiccata (from exsiccatum), exsiccatae (from exsiccata when used as singular for a collection), exsiccati (from exsiccatus). A dried and labeled herbarium specimen, often part of a numbered set.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=211}} }}

{{Term|excipulum|content=excipulum {{anchor|excipulum|excipula|exciple}} }}

{{defn|Plural excipula. Also exciple (plural exciples). The cup-shaped or ring-shaped layer of tissue supporting the {{gli|hymenium}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}; this tissue sometimes develops into a distinct margin, as in the {{gli|lecanorine}} apothecia.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=207–208}} See related: {{gli|proper margin}}, {{gli|thallin margin}}. }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|fabiform |content=fabiform {{anchor|fabiform}} }}

{{defn|Bean-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=216}} }}

{{Term|facultatively lichenicolous |content=facultatively lichenicolous {{anchor|facultatively lichenicolous}} }}

{{defn|A fungus species that is commonly collected from lichens (i.e., it is {{gli|lichenicolous}}) but is also capable of living on non-lichen {{gli|substrate}}s.{{sfn|Diederich|Lawrey|Ertz|2018|page=342}} }}

{{Term|falcate |content=falcate {{anchor|falcate|falciform|lunate}} }}

{{defn|Also falciform, lunate. Thin and curved with pointed ends, like a scythe or sickle.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=216–217}} }}

{{Term|farinaceous |content=farinaceous {{anchor|farinaceous|farinose}} }}

{{defn|Also farinose. Covered with a mealy powder; the {{gli|podetia}} of Cladonia deformis are covered with farinose {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=758}} }}

File:Ramalina farinacea 103553484.jpg has a {{gli|thallus}} made of {{gli|fasciate}} branches.]]

{{Term|fasciate |content=fasciate {{anchor|fasciate|fasciated}} }}

{{defn|Also fasciated. Having a ribbon-like or band-like structure, such as the {{gli|thallus}} of some {{gli|fruticose}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=218}} }}

{{Term|fascicle |content=fascicle {{anchor|fascicle}} }}

{{defn|A bundle or cluster; can be used to refer to {{gli|asci}}, {{gli|conidiophores}}, {{gli|hyphae}}, etc.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=218}} }}

{{Term|fasciculate |content=fasciculate {{anchor|fasciculate}} }}

{{defn|Arranged in bundles or clusters.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=219}} }}

File:Pulchrocladia retipora 98007710.jpg has {{gli|fenestrate}} lobes.]]

{{Term|fastigiate cortex |content=fastigiate cortex {{anchor|fastigate cortex}} }}

{{defn|A region of the {{gli|cortex}} where the {{gli|hyphae}} are aligned perpendicularly to the main axis of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=219}} The term was first used by Auguste-Marie Hue in 1906.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} See related: {{gli|palisade cell}}. }}

{{Term|faveolate |content=faveolate {{anchor|faveolate}} }}

{{defn|Pitted with large, deep depressions that are narrowly separated by sharp ridges.{{sfn|Moncada|Lücking|Betancourt-Macuase|2013|page=2015}} Compare: {{gli|alveolate}}, {{gli|foveolate}}, {{gli|scrobiculate}}. }}

{{Term|fenestrate |content=fenestrate {{anchor|fenestrate}} }}

{{defn|Having perforations or gaps arranged in a regular pattern.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=220}} }}

{{Term|-fer |content=-fer}}

{{defn|Also -ferous. A suffix meaning to carry or produce.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=221}} }}

{{Term|fibercle |content=fibercle {{anchor|fibercle}} }}

{{defn|A scar on lichen thalli resulting from the breaking of attached fibrils; associated with the genus Usnea.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=221}} }}

{{Term|fibril |content=fibril {{anchor|fibril|fibrils}} }}

{{defn|A tiny fibre; when referring to the genus Usnea, it means short branches that are perpendicular to the main branches.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=256}} }}

{{Term|fibrillose |content=fibrillose {{anchor|fibrillose}} }}

{{defn|Covered with silky fibres.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=402}} }}

{{Term|filiform |content=filiform {{anchor|filiform}} }}

{{defn|Thread-like; fine and slender.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=222}} }}

{{Term|fimbriate |content=fimbriate {{anchor|fimbriate}} }}

{{defn|Having hairs or fibres on the margin.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=224}} See related: {{gli|arachnoid}}, {{gli|fimbrillate}}. }}

{{Term|fimbrillate |content=fimbrillate {{anchor|fimbrillate}} }}

{{defn|Delicately {{gli|fimbriate}}; bordered with minute fringe.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=224}} }}

{{Term|fissitunicate |content=fissitunicate {{anchor|fissitunicate}} }}

{{defn|A form of {{gli|bitunicate|bitunicate ascus}} in which the flexible layers of the inner wall (the {{gli|endotunica}}) and the more rigid layers of the outer wall (the {{gli|ectotunica}}) are physically separated; as a consequence, the inner walls extend past the outer walls before the spores are released.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=225}} }}

{{Term|fissurine |content=fissurine {{anchor|fissurine|fissurate}} }}

{{defn|Also fissurate. A term used characterize a structure or surface displaying a pattern of narrow, elongated cracks or fissures.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fissurine page: Fissurine]}} }}

{{Term|fissurinoid |content=fissurinoid {{anchor|fissurinoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype is somewhat similar to the {{gli|chroodiscoid}}, but it differentiates by the way the apothecia open through irregular thallus cracks, finally resembling chroodiscoid apothecia. It often has a unique elongated form at maturity and can be seen in species such as Acanthotrema brasilianum and various Chapsa species.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=141–142}} }}

{{Term|fistular |content=fistular {{anchor|fistular|fistulose}} }}

{{defn|Also fistulose. Tubular and hollow.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=412}} }}

{{Term|flabellate |content=flabellate {{anchor|flabellate|flabelliform}} }}

{{Defn|Also flabelliform. Fan-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} }}

{{Term|flexuous |content=flexuous {{anchor|flexuous|flexuose}} }}

{{defn|Also flexuose. Bending or curving in alternate directions, like a zigzag.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} }}

{{Term|floccose |content=floccose {{anchor|floccose}} }}

{{Defn|Having the texture of loose cotton or wool.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=227}} }}

File:Foliicolous lichens on palmetto leaf - Flickr - pellaea.jpg

{{Term|foliicolous lichen |content=foliicolous lichen {{anchor|foliicolous|foliicolous lichen|epiphyllous|epiphyllous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Foliicolous lichen}}

{{defn|Also epiphyllous lichen. A lichen that grows on a plant leaf.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|foliole |content=foliole {{anchor|foliole|folioles}} }}

{{defn|A small leaf-like outgrowth from the {{gli|thallus}} of a {{gli|foliose lichen}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=229}} }}

{{Term|foliose |content=foliose {{anchor|foliose|foliose lichen|foliose lichens}} }}

{{Main|Foliose lichen}}

{{defn|Leaf-like; a type of lichen {{gli|thallus}} comprising numerous small leafy {{gli|lobes}}, often extending in a roughly circular pattern from a center of growth, on a lower {{gli|cortex}} that is attached to the {{gli|substrate}} by {{gli|rhizines}} or at a base.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=229–230}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=260}} }}

{{Term|forage lichen |content=forage lichen {{anchor|forage lichen|forage lichens}} }}

{{defn|Lichens that serve as important food sources for fauna. For example, species from the genera Alectoria, Bryoria, and Cladonia are winter forage lichens for caribou in northern North America.{{sfn|Rapai|McMullin|Newmaster|2012}}{{sfn|Fraser|Pouliot|van der Sluijs|2021}} }}

{{Term|foveate |content=foveate {{anchor|foveate}} }}

{{defn|Having pits or perforations.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=231}} }}

{{Term|foveolate |content=foveolate {{anchor|foveolate}} }}

{{defn|Pitted with small, deep depressions that are widely separated by a more or less even {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Moncada|Lücking|Betancourt-Macuase|2013|page=205}} Compare: {{gli|faveolate}}, {{gli|scrobiculate}}. }}

{{Term|friable |content=friable {{anchor|friable|friability}} }}

{{Main|Friability}}

{{defn| Readily crumbled or pulverized.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=263}} }}

{{Term|fruit wart |content=fruit wart {{anchor|fruit wart|fruit warts}} }}

{{defn|An informal term for a type of {{gli|apothecium}} that has {{gli|perithecioid}} ({{gli|pertusariate}} or {{gli|thelotremoid}}) characteristics.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fruit wart page: Fruit wart]}} }}

{{Term|fruticose |content=fruticose {{anchor|fruticose|fruticose lichen|fruticose lichens}} }}

{{Main|Fruticose lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen with a shrub-like or hairy {{gli|thallus}} attached to the {{gli|substrate}} at a single point.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} }}

{{Term|fruticulose |content=fruticulose {{anchor|fruticulose|fruticulous}} }}

{{defn|Also fruticulous . A smaller version of a {{gli|fruticose lichen}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=226}} See related: {{gli|microlichen}}. }}

{{Term|fulvous |content=fulvous {{anchor|fulvous}} }}

{{defn|A yellow-brown or tawny color.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|funiculus |content=funiculus}}

{{Defn|See {{gli|umbilicate lichen}}. }}

{{Term|funoid |content=funoid {{anchor|funoid}} }}

{{defn|Made of fibers or rope-like strands.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|furcate |content=furcate {{anchor|furcate}} }}

{{Defn|Forked.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}} }}

{{Term|furfuraceous |content=furfuraceous {{anchor|furfuraceous}} }}

{{Defn|Covered with small flakes.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}} }}

{{Term|fuscocapitate |content=fuscocapitate {{anchor|fuscocapitate}} }}

{{defn|A term used to describe structures, such as hairs or other appendages, that have a dark or dusky-colored rounded tip or head.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fuscocapitate page: Fuscocapitate] }} }}

{{Term|fuscous |content=fuscous {{anchor|fuscous}} }}

{{defn|A dark, grayish-brown or grayish-black color.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=270}} }}

{{Term|fusiform |content=fusiform {{anchor|fusiform}} }}

{{Main|Fusiform}}

{{Defn|Tapered at both ends, like a spindle.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=239}} }}

{{Term|fuzzy coat |content=fuzzy coat {{anchor|fuzzy coat|fuzzy coats}} }}

{{Defn|The outer gelatinous layer, also known as the g-layer, found on the exterior of an {{gli|ascus}}, often exhibiting a gelatinous consistency and staining blue in iodine. Typically present in all asci, the fuzzy coat usually forms a thin layer along the ascus sides but may also appear as an apically thickened cap.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Fuzzy_coat page: Fuzzy coat]}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=271}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

File:Collema subflaccidum 59989135.jpg is a {{gli|gelatinous lichen}} with a {{gli| homoiomerous}} internal structure.]]

{{Term|gelatinous lichen |content=gelatinous lichen {{anchor|gelatinous lichen|gelatinous lichens}} }}

{{defn|A rubbery or jelly-like lichen with a cyanobacterial {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=41}} See related: {{gli|homoiomerous}}.}}

{{Term|geniculate |content=geniculate {{anchor|geniculate}} }}

{{defn|Having a knee-like bend; applied to parts of {{gli|hyphae}} and {{gli|conidiophores}} where a bend forms due to directional changes during growth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=247}} }}

{{Term|glabrescent |content=glabrescent {{anchor|glabrescent}} }}

{{defn|Becoming {{gli|glabrous}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=252}} }}

{{Term|glabrous |content=glabrous {{anchor|glabrous}} }}

{{defn|Lacking hair or bristles; smooth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=252}} }}

{{Term|glaucescentoid |content=glaucescentoid {{anchor|glaucescentoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Glaucescentoid lichens have open apothecia with erect lobules, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the species Leucodecton glaucescens.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|glaucophaenoid |content=glaucophaenoid {{anchor|glaucophaenoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Glaucophaenoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores, pale walls (viewed in microscopic section), and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus Myriotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|gleolichen |content=gleolichen {{anchor|gleolichen|gloeolichen}} }}

{{defn|Also gloeolichen. A {{gli|homoiomerous}} lichen with cyanobacterial cells belonging to the genera Chroococcus, Gloeocapsa, or other Chroococcales; these algae have a mucilaginous capsule.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=255}} }}

{{Term|globose |content=globose {{anchor|globose|globoid|globular}} }}

{{defn|Also globoid, globular. Approximately spherical.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=256}} }}

{{Term|glomerule |content=glomerule {{anchor|glomerule|glomeruli}} }}

{{defn|Plural glomerules. Also Latin glomerulus with plural glomeruli. A dense clump or aggregate of cells or spores.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=256}} }}

File:Glypholecia scabra - Flickr - pellaea.jpg has {{gli|glypholecideous}} {{gli|lirellae}}]]

{{Term|glypholecideous |content=glypholecideous {{anchor|glypholecideous|glypholecine}} }}

{{defn|Also glypholecine.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=288}} Having especially labyrinth-like {{gli|lirella}}, as in the genus Glypholecia.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=257}} }}

{{Term|gonidial layer |content=gonidial layer {{anchor|gonidial layer}} }}

{{defn|A now-obsolete, historical term for the algal layer in a lichen.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=290}} }}

{{Term|gonidium |content=gonidium {{anchor|gonidium|gonidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural gonidia. A now-obsolete, historical term for a lichen {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=290}} The term was first used by Friedrich Wallroth in 1825, and supplanted in the 1960s.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|gonimium |content=gonimium {{anchor|gonimium|gonimia}} }}

{{defn|Plural gonimia. A now-obsolete, historical term for a lichen {{gli|cyanobiont}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=290}} }}

File:Arctomia borbonic 2F.jpg formed at the {{gli|lobe}} margins; scale bar = 20 μm ]]

{{Term|goniocyst |content=goniocyst {{anchor|goniocyst|goniocysts}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|vegetative}} propagule found in some tropical {{gli|foliicolous}} lichens that consists of {{gli|photobiont}} cells wrapped in {{gli|mycobiont}} {{gli|hyphae}}; it is similar in form to {{gli|soredia}}, but it is made in a special organ called a {{gli|goniocystangium}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=257}} The term goniocyst was introduced by Johannes M. Norman in 1872.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|goniocystangium |content=goniocystangium {{anchor|goniocystangium|goniocystangia}} }}

{{defn|Plural goniocystangia. A special organ, found in some tropical {{gli|foliicolous}} lichens, that produces {{gli|goniocyst}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=257}} }}

{{Term|granular |content=granular {{anchor|granular|granulate|granulose}} }}

{{defn|Also granulate, granulose. Made of small particles (granules).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=260}} }}

{{Term|granule |content=granule {{anchor|granule|granules}} }}

{{defn|An irregularly rounded grain-like particle.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=758}} }}

{{Term|graphid |content=graphid {{anchor|graphid}} }}

{{defn|A lichen with {{gli|apothecia}} in the form of {{gli|lirellae}}, as in the genus Graphis.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=758}} }}

{{Term|growth form}}

{{Main|Lichen growth forms}}

{{Defn|A term for the general appearance (the habit) of a lichen.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=294}} }}

{{Term|grumose |content=grumose {{anchor|grumose}} }}

{{defn|Having a {{gli|granular}} or crumbly texture or appearance.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=85}} }}

{{Term|guttulate |content=guttulate {{anchor|guttulate|guttule}} }}

{{defn|Referring to structures containing small oil droplets (guttules); often used to describe spores. More precisely, spores can be described as {{gli|uniguttulate|uni-}}, {{gli|biguttulate|bi-}}, {{gli|triguttulate|tri-}}, or {{gli|multiguttulate}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=262}} }}

File:Umbilicaria cyclindrica TSB012139.jpg

{{Term|gyrodisc |content=gyrodisc {{anchor|gyrodisc|gyrodiscs}} }}

{{defn|An {{gli|apothecium}} with concentric circles on the upper surface, as seen in the species Umbilicaria cylindrica.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=263}} The term was first used by George Llano in 1950.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|gyrose |content=gyrose {{anchor|gyrose|gyrate}} }}

{{defn|Also gyrate. Curved backward and forward; with folds and undulations.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=264}} }}

{{Term|gyrotremoid |content=gyrotremoid {{anchor|gyrotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Gyrotremoid lichens have open apothecia with recurved {{gli|lobules}}, a {{gli|disc}} that is pigmented with concentric rings, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus Gyrotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|hafter |content=hafter {{anchor|hafter|hafers}} }}

{{defn|A flattened attachment point formed through direct contact of a lichen {{gli|thallus}} to its {{gli|substrate}}; associated with {{gli|foliose}} and {{gli|fruticose}} lichens that lack other attachment organs, such as Hypogymnia.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Hafter page: Hafter] }} }}

{{Term|halonate |content=halonate {{anchor|halonate|halo}} }}

{{defn|Also defined: halo. Referring to a spore that is surrounded by a transparent outer layer or a gelatinous, translucent sheath. This sheath is readily observed when the spore is stained with India ink, as the ink does not penetrate the mucilage of the sheath, creating a light-transparent halo that is visible against a blackened background.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Halo page: Halo] }}{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Halonate page: Halonate] }} }}

{{Term|hamathecium |content=hamathecium {{anchor|hamathecium|interascal tissue}} }}

{{defn|Also interascal tissue. A term describing the {{gli|hyphae}} and tissues that exist between the {{gli|asci}}; examples include paraphyses, {{gli|paraphysoids}}, {{gli|pseudoparaphyses}}, {{gli|periphysoids}}, and {{gli|periphyses}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=268}} }}

{{Term|hapteron |content=hapteron {{anchor|hapteron|hapterons|hapter|haptera}} }}

{{defn|Also hapter, plural haptera. An aerial attachment organ, made of highly adhesive {{gli|hyphae}}, that helps secure a {{gli|thallus}} to its substrate in some {{gli|fruticose lichens}}, such as Cladonia, Ramalina, and Usnea.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=268}} }}

{{Term|hemiamyloid |content=hemiamyloid {{anchor|hemiamyloid|hemiamyloidity}} }}

{{defn|See {{gli|dextrinoid}}.}}

{{Term|hepaticolous lichen }}

{{defn|See {{gli|bryophilous lichen}}.}}

{{Term|Hertelii-green |content=Hertelii-green {{anchor|Hertelii-green}} }}

{{defn|A green to turquoise insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Biatora hertelii.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=581}} }}

{{Term|hetero- |content=hetero- }}

{{defn|Also heter-. A prefix meaning "other" or "different".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=273}} }}

{{Term|heterocyst |content=heterocyst {{anchor|heterocyst|heterocysts}} }}

{{defn|A specialized type of cell found in some cyanobacteria; heterocysts are thought to be involved in the fixation of nitrogen by the lichen thallus, as well as in the multiplication of cyanobacteria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=274}} }}

{{Term|heteromerous |content=heteromerous {{anchor|heteromerous}} }}

{{defn|A lichen {{gli|thallus}} that is organized into discrete layers or strata; the term applies to the majority of {{gli|foliose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, and {{gli|crustose}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=275}} }}

File:Phaeophyscia hirsuta 111420157.jpg is named for its {{gli|hirsute}} {{gli|lobe}} margins.]]

{{Term|hirsute|content=hirsute {{anchor|hirsute|hispid|strigose}} }}

{{defn|Also hispid, strigose. Covered with hairs.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=278}} }}

{{Term|holdfast |content=holdfast {{anchor|holdfast|holdfasts}} }}

{{Main|Holdfast (biology)}}

{{defn|A part of the {{gli|thallus}}, usually near the base, that is adapted for attachment to the growing surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=280}} }}

{{Term|homo- |content=homo- }}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "analogous", "similar", or "same".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=282}} }}

{{Term|homoiomerous |content=homoiomerous {{anchor|homoiomerous}} }}

{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|cyanobiont}} partner (typically from genus Nostoc) is evenly distributed throughout the {{gli|thallus}}; characteristic of {{gli|gelatinous lichen}}s such as Collema and Leptogium.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=283}} The term was first used by Friedrich Wallroth in 1825.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|hormocyst |content=hormocyst {{anchor|hormocyst|hormocysts|hormocyte|hormocytes|hormocystangium|hormocystangia}} }}

{{defn|Also hormocyte. Also defined: hormocystangium, plural hormocystangia. An asexual propagule, produced in a cup-shaped structure called the {{gli|hormocystangium}}, comprising heavy, gelatinous fungal {{gli|hyphae}} enclosing a few {{gli|cyanobiont}} cells; these structures occur in some {{gli|gelatinous lichen}}s in the family Collemataceae.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=284}} Both terms, hormocyst and hormocystangium, were introduced by Gunnar Degelius in 1945.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} According to one source, hormocyte and hormocytangium (spelled without the "s") are more accurate terms, because the cells (indicated by the ending -cyte) are not sexual propagules (which is implied by the ending -cyst).{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Hormocyte page: Hormocyte]}} }}

{{Term|hyaline |content=hyaline {{anchor|hyaline}} }}

{{Main|Hyaline}}

{{defn|Transparent and colorless.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=285}} }}

{{Term|hymenium |content=hymenium {{anchor|hymenium}} }}

{{Main|Hymenium}}

{{defn|The fertile tissue of the fruit body where spores are produced.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=288}} }}

{{Term|hypha |content=hypha {{anchor|hypha|hyphae}} }}

{{Main|Hypha}}

{{defn|Plural hyphae. A microscopic fungus filament comprising one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=328}} }}

File:Tricharia_santessonii_596742.jpg]]

{{Term|hyphophore |content=hyphophore {{anchor|hyphophore|hyphophores}} }}

{{defn|An erect, stalked, {{gli|peltate}}, asexual spore-producing organ (sporophore) associated with tropical {{gli|foliicolous lichens}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=294}} }}

{{Term|Hypnorum-blue |content=Hypnorum-blue {{anchor|Hypnorum-blue}} }}

{{defn|A dark blue to black insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Lecidea hypnorum.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=578}} }}

{{Term|hypo- |content=hypo-}}

{{defn|Also hyp-. A prefix meaning "beneath" or "under".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=295}} }}

{{Term|hypogymnioid lichen |content=hypogymnioid lichen {{anchor|hypogymnioid |hypogymnioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category used for {{gli|foliose}} lichens with {{gli|lobes}} that are swollen, inflated, and lacking {{gli|rhizines}}, combined with the presence of the substances atranorin in the upper {{gli|cortex}} and physodic acid in the {{gli|medulla}}. These features are characteristic of lichens in the genera Hypogymnia and Menegazzia.{{sfn|Goward|1986|page=219}} }}

{{Term|hyponecral layer |content=hyponecral layer {{anchor|hyponecral|hyponecral layer}} }}

{{defn|A layer of dead {{gli|hyphae}} with indistinct {{gli|lumina}} found near the {{gli|cortex}} and below the algal layer.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=461}} See related: {{gli|epinecral layer}}. }}

{{Term|hypophloeodic |content=hypophloeodic {{anchor|hypophloeodic|hypophloeodal}} }}

{{defn|Also hypophloeodal. Refers to {{gli|crustose}} lichens whose {{gli|thalli}} are almost immersed in tree bark; characteristic of several species in the Thelenellaceae.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=296}} The term was first used by Friedrich Wallroth in 1825.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} See related: {{gli|endophloeodic}}. }}

{{Term|hypothallus |content=hypothallus {{anchor|hypothallus}} }}

{{defn|The first {{gli|hyphae}} to grow in a {{gli|crustose lichen}};{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=335}} often blackish in color, it is where {{gli|rhizines}} originate.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=296}} The term was first used by Elias Fries in 1831.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|hypothecium |content=hypothecium {{anchor|hypothecium|hypothecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural hypothecia. A layer of tissue under the {{gli|subhymenium}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}; also used to refer more generally to all tissues under the {{gli|hymenium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=335}} The term was first used by Carl von Martius in 1828.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|hysterothecia }}

{{defn|See {{gli|lirella}}.}}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|I |content=I {{anchor|I}} }}

{{defn|An abbreviation for a solution of iodine crystals dissolved in aqueous potassium iodide and diluted to a light brown color.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|imbricate |content=imbricate {{anchor|imbricate|imbricated}} }}

{{defn|Also imbricated. Overlapping partially, like roof tiles; used to refer to lichen structures like {{gli|scales}}, {{gli|squamules}}, {{gli|lobules}}, and {{gli|lobes}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=301}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} }}

{{Term|immaculate|content=immaculate {{anchor|immaculate}} }}

{{defn|Without spots.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=301}} }}

{{Term|immarginate |content=immarginate}}

{{defn|See {{gli|emarginate}}.}}

{{Term|immersed |content=immersed {{anchor|immersed}} }}

{{defn|Embedded or sunken into the surface; in lichens, often used to describe {{gli|perithecia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=301}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 3/4 beneath the level of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|incertae sedis}}

{{Main|Incertae sedis}}

{{Defn|A term used for a taxon of uncertain, doubtful, or unknown classification.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=303}} }}

{{Term|incised |content=incised {{anchor|incised}} }}

{{defn|Having deep, sharp notches or cuts along the edges, often describing the margins of a lichen's {{gli|thallus}} or {{gli|apothecia}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} }}

{{Term|imperforate |content=imperforate {{anchor|imperforate}} }}

{{defn|Lacking an opening.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=338}} }}

{{Term|inflated |content=inflated {{anchor|inflated}} }}

{{defn|Swollen or blown up, and hollow, like the {{gli|lobes}} of genus Hypogymnia.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=759}} }}

{{Term|inspersed |context=inspersed {{anchor|inspersed|inspers|interspersed|inspersion}} }}

{{defn|Also defined: inspersion. Also inspers, interspersed. Terms used to describe the presence of minute, scattered {{gli|guttule|oil droplets}} or {{gli|granules}} within a tissue, typically observed in section with a compound microscope.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Inspers page: Inspers] }} An inspersion refers to the degree of obstruction caused by the sprinkling of small particles within different sections of a given structure.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Inspersion page: Inspersion] }} }}

{{Term|involute |context=involute {{anchor|involute}} }}

{{defn|Turned inward.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=311}} }}

{{Term|Intrusa-yellow |content=Intrusa-yellow {{anchor|Intrusa-yellow}} }}

{{defn|A yellow insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Carbonea intrusa.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|involucrellum |content=involucrellum {{anchor|involucrellum|involucrellae}} }}

{{defn|Plural involucrella. The tissue of the outer part of a {{gli|perithecium}}, often pigmented, surrounding the {{gli|exciple}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=310}} }}

File:Flavoparmelia baltimorensis - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg; scale bar = 1 mm]]

{{Term|isidiate |content=isidiate {{anchor|isidiate}} }}

{{defn|Having {{gli|isidia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=313}} }}

{{Term|isidiomorph |content=isidiomorph {{anchor|isidiomorph|isidiomorphs}} }}

{{defn|A structure that resembles an {{gli|isidium}}, but is formed as an outgrowth of the {{gli|medulla}} rather than the {{gli|cortex}}; associated with {{gli|soralia}} of species in the genus Usnea.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=422}} }}

{{Term|isidiotremoid|content=isidiotremoid {{anchor|isidiotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Isidiotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have {{gli|isidia}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera Myriotrema and Ocellularia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|isidium |content=isidium {{anchor|isidium|isidia}} }}

{{Main|Isidium}}

{{defn|Plural isidia. A propagule that is an outgrowth of the {{gli|thallus}}; it has a {{gli|cortex}} and contains {{gli|photobiont}} cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=313}} The term was first used in the sense it is used now by Georg Meyer in 1825, and adopted by Elias Fries in 1831.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|isodiametric |content=isodiametric {{anchor|isodiametric}} }}

{{defn|Having roughly equal dimensions in all directions, resulting in a roughly spherical or cube-like shape; often used to describe cells that are not elongated or flattened but maintain a uniform size across their width, height, and depth.{{sfn|Thüs|Schultz|2009|page=17}} }}

{{Term|isotomic |content=isotomic {{anchor|isotomic}} }}

{{defn|Having branches of equal length.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Isotomic page: Isotomic] }} }}

{{Term|isthmus |content=isthmus {{anchor|isthmus|isthmuses|isthmi}} }}

{{defn|Plural isthmuses or isthmi. The narrow middle portion between the two {{gli|locules}} of a {{gli|polarilocular}} spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=315}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|juga |content=juga {{anchor|juga|jugae}} }}

{{defn|Plural jugae. A tiny {{gli|carbonized}} structure made of {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} tissue, visible as a black dot, line, or ridge, on or in a {{gli|thallus}}; associated with the genus Verrucaria.{{sfn|Brodo|2016|page=374}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|K test |content=K test {{anchor|K test|K|K–|K+}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|spot test}} that uses a 10–25% solution of potassium hydroxide as a reagent to check for the presence of certain lichen products.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=636}} }}

{{Term|KC test |content=KC test {{anchor|KC test|KC|KC–|KC+}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|spot test}} performed with an application of {{gli|K}} followed immediately by {{gli|C}}.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=637}} }}

{{Term|labriform |content=labriform {{anchor|labriform}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like or resembling a lip.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|lacinia |content=lacinia {{anchor|lacinia|laciniae}} }}

{{defn|Plural laciniae. A narrow {{gli|lobe}} of a {{gli|foliose}} lichen {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=358}} }}

{{Term|laciniate |content=laciniate {{anchor|laciniate|laciniated}} }}

{{defn|Also laciniated. Referring to an edge divided into delicate bands or narrow lobes.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=358}} }}

{{Term|Lactophenol cotton blue |content=lactophenol cotton blue {{anchor|lactophenol cotton blue|LCB}} }}

{{Main|Lactophenol cotton blue}}

{{defn|Also LCB. A histological stain commonly used to prepare semi-permanent slides. With this reagent, fungal {{gli|hyphae}} stain blue, and algal cells stain deep blue to blue-green.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=13}} }}

{{Term|lacunose |content=lacunose {{anchor|lacunose|lacunar|lacunous}} }}

{{defn|Also lacunar, lacunous. A texture that appears pitted or containing gaps or holes, giving it a somewhat rough or uneven appearance.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=328}} }}

{{Term|lageniform |content=lageniform {{anchor|lageniform}} }}

{{defn|Flask-shaped; with a swollen base tapering to a narrow top.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=359}} }}

{{Term|lamella |content=lamella {{anchor|lamella|lamellae}} }}

{{defn|Plural lamellae. In the genus Umbilicaria, lamellae are flattened plate- or strap-like structures that project downward from the {{gli|thallus}} undersurface.{{sfn|Krzewicka|2004|page=7}} }}

{{Term|lamelloid |content=lamelloid {{anchor|lamelloid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. In this, apothecia are noticeably protruding and organized into several distinct, concentric rows of {{gli|lobulate}} {{gli|excipula}}. This morphotype is seen in species like Chapsa lamellifera.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=143–144}} }}

{{Term|laminal |content=laminal {{anchor|laminal}} }}

{{defn|All over the thallus surface, rather than in the center or on the margins.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=759}} Contrast: {{gli|marginal}}. }}

{{multiple image

| total_width = 400

| image2 = Lecanora allophana 101717259.jpg

| image1 = Lecidea fuscoatra (L.) Ach 271638.jpg

| footer = Comparison of the lecideine apothecia of Lecidea fuscoatra (left) and the lecanorine {{gli|apothecia}} of Lecanora allophana (right)

}}

File:Lecideine-lecanorine apothecia.png

{{Term|Laurocerasi-brown |content=Laurocerasi-brown {{anchor|Laurocerasi-brown}} }}

{{defn|A reddish- or purplish-brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Bacidia laurocerasi.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|lax |content=lax {{anchor|lax}} }}

{{defn|Loose, loosely woven, not compact; like the {{gli|hyphae}} in the {{gli|medulla}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Lax page: Lax] }} }}

{{Term|lecanorine |content=lecanorine {{anchor|lecanorine|lecanoroid}} }}

{{defn|Also lecanoroid. An {{gli|apothecium}} in which the {{gli|disk}} is surrounded by a pale thalline margin, which has both algal and fungal cells, as in the genus Lecanora. The term is also used more generally to refer to {{gli|crustose lichen}}s of the order Lecanorales that have rounded apothecia with thick, protruding margins.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=336}} }}

{{Term|lecideine |content=lecideine {{anchor|lecideine |lecideoid}} }}

{{defn|Also lecideoid. An {{gli|apothecium}} in which the {{gli|disk}} lacks a thalline margin, as in the genus Lecidea. The term is also used more generally to refer to apothecia with a blackened (carbonaeous) ring and a blackish {{gli|disk}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=337}} }}

{{Term|leiodisk |content=leiodisk {{anchor|leiodisc|leiodisk}} }}

{{defn|Also leiodisc. A {{gli|disk}} of an {{gli|apothecium}} that is smooth and without folds or protrusions.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=367}} The term was introduced by George Llano in 1950.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|lepadinoid |content=lepadinoid {{anchor|lepadinoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype describes lichens where apothecia are semi-embedded to prominently protruding and have a free {{gli|excipulum}} and a distinctive double margin. The {{gli|thalline margin}} bulges and remains whole, while the excipulum is prominent and wavy-lobed. Fibrillithecis halei, Leucodecton occultum, Myriotrema costaricense, and Thelotrema are examples of this morphotype.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=145–146}} }}

{{Term|leprocarpoid |content=leprocarpoid {{anchor|leprocarpoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Leprocarpoid lichens have open apothecia with erect lobules and a mealy and more or less {{gli|matte}} thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus Chapsa.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

File:Lepraria harrisiana - Flickr - pellaea (2).jpg, seen here as greenish powder on the tree trunk, is an example of a {{gli|leprose lichen}} with an {{gli|effuse}} and {{gli|emarginate}} thallus.]]

{{Term|leprose lichen|content=leprose lichen {{anchor|leprose|leprose lichen}} }}

{{Main|leprose lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen made entirely of {{gli|granular}} {{gli|soredia}}, lacking a {{gli|cortex}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=339}} }}

{{Term|Leptocline-brown |content=Leptocline-brown {{anchor|Leptocline-brown}} }}

{{defn|A dark red-brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Buellia leptocline.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|Leptoclinoides-brown |content=Leptoclinoides-brown {{anchor|Leptoclinoides-brown}} }}

{{defn|A brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Hafellia leptoclinoides.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|leptotremoid |content=leptotremoid {{anchor|leptotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Leptotremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus Leptotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|leucodectonoid |content=leucodectonoid {{anchor|leucodectonoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Leucodectonoid lichens have closed apothecia with tiny pores, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus Leucodecton.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|lichen desert |content=lichen desert {{anchor|lichen desert|lichen deserts}} }}

{{defn|A zone around a city or air pollution source that is devoid of {{gli|foliose}} and {{gli|fruticose}} lichens.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=376}} }}

{{Term|Lichenes |content=Lichenes {{anchor|Lichenes}} }}

{{defn|The name of a historical class that contained all of the lichen-forming fungi. This name was used when it was still erroneously believed that these fungi were quite separate from the non lichen-forming fungi; now obsolete.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=376}} }}

{{Term|lichenicolous lichen |content=lichenicolous lichen {{anchor|lichenicolous|lichenicolous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Lichenicolous lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on another lichen.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|lichenin |content=lichenin {{anchor|lichenin|lichenan}} }}

{{Main|lichenin}}

{{defn|Also lichenan. A polymer of glucose that occurs in the cell walls of the {{gli|hyphae}} of many species of lichen-forming fungi. It forms a red color when stained with iodine.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=341}} }}

{{Term|lichenometry |content=lichenometry {{anchor|lichinometry}} }}

{{Main|lichenometry}}

{{defn|A dating technique that measures crustose lichen growth to estimate the amount of time a rock surface has been exposed.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=341}} }}

{{Term|lignicolous lichen |content=lignicolous lichen {{anchor|lignicolous|lignicolous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Lignicolous lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on stripped wood (lignin) – that is, on bare wood rather than bark.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|ligulate |content=ligulate {{anchor|ligulate|liguliform|lingulate|lorate}} }}

{{defn|Also liguliform, lingulate, lorate. Narrow and flat, with the form of a strap.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=382}} }}

File:Graphis desquamescens - Flickr - pellaea.jpg; scale bar = 0.5 mm]]

{{Term|lirella |content=lirella {{anchor|lirella|lirellae|hysterothecia|lirelline|lirelline apothecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural lirellae. Also hysterothecia, lirelline apothecia. A linear {{gli|ascocarp}}, which may be straight, curved, branched, or {{gli|flexuous}}, with a longitudinal slit; characteristic of lichens in the genus Graphis.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=346}} The term was first proposed by Michel Adanson in 1794.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|lirellate |content=lirellate {{anchor|lirellate|lirelliform}} }}

{{defn|Also lirelliform. Having the form of {{gli|lirellae}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Lirellate page: Lirellate]}} }}

{{Term|litho- |content=litho- }}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "stone" or "rock".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=389}} }}

{{Term|lithocortex |content=lithocortex {{anchor|lithocortex}} }}

{{defn|{{gli|Cortex}} tissue made of closely compacted, agglutinated {{gli|hyphae}} that forms a dense tissue layer.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=41}} }}

{{Term|lobarioid lichen |content=lobarioid lichen {{anchor|lobarioid|lobarioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens previously separated in the family Lobariaceae and now classified as subfamily Lobarioideae within the Peltigeraceae.{{sfn|Moncada|Rincón-Murillo|Lücking|2023|page=620}} }}

{{Term|lobate |content=lobate {{anchor|lobate}} }}

{{defn|Divided into {{gli|lobes}}, such as the {{gli|thallus}} of Lobaria scrobiculata.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=347}} }}

{{Term|lobe|content=lobe {{anchor|lobe|lobes}} }}

{{defn|A rounded or elongated projection of a {{gli|thallus}} edge; in technical descriptions, it is measured from its widest point.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=759}} }}

{{Term|lobule|content=lobule {{anchor|lobule|lobules}} }}

{{defn|A small lobe originating from the edge or surface of a {{gli|foliose}} lichen, typically the same color and character as the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|pp=759–760}} }}

{{Term|lobulate |content=lobulate {{anchor|lobulate}} }}

{{defn|Having small {{gli|lobes}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=391}} }}

{{Term|locule |content=locule {{anchor|locule|locules|loculus}} }}

{{defn|Also loculus. A cavity or space.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=391}} }}

{{Term|lorate |content=lorate}}

{{defn|See {{gli|ligulate}}.}}

{{Term|lumen |content=lumen {{anchor|lumen|lumina|lumens}} }}

{{defn|Plural lumina or lumens. An internal space or cavity in a structure, such as a cell, {{gli|hypha}}, or {{gli|septate}} spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=352}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|macrolichen |content=macrolichen {{anchor|macrolichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen with a {{gli|thallus}} large enough that its main characteristics can be identified without the use of viewing magnification; generally refers to {{gli|foliose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, and {{gli|fruticose}} species.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=357}} }}

{{Term|maculate |content=maculate {{anchor|maculate|macula|maculae}} }}

{{defn|Covered with spots (maculae).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=358}} }}

{{Term|maniciform |content=maniciform {{anchor|maniciform}} }}

{{defn|Cuff-shaped; the term is used to describe {{gli|soralia}} that break open to form a central perforation revealing a duct to the {{gli|medullary|medullary}} cavity. Maniciform soralia occur in the genera Hypogymnia and Menegazzia.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=46}} }}

{{Term|marginal |content=marginal {{anchor|marginal}} }}

{{defn|On the {{gli|thallus}} margins.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=760}} Contrast: {{gli|laminal}}. }}

File:Shrub Stubble Lichen (2298099580).jpg) rest atop short stalks.]]

{{Term|marginate |content=marginate {{anchor|marginate}} }}

{{defn|Having a well-defined border or edge.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=402}} Contrast: {{gli|emarginate}}. }}

{{Term|matte |content=matte {{anchor|matte|matt}} }}

{{defn|Also: matt. A flat or non-reflective surface texture, lacking gloss or shine; contrast {{gli|nitid}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|mazaedium |content=mazaedium {{anchor|mazaedium|mazaedia}} }}

{{defn|Plural mazaedia. A powdery mass of {{gli|ascospores}} and {{gli|paraphyses}} formed by the disintegration of the {{gli|asci}} in the {{gli|ascomata}} of some lichens; associated with the order Caliciales.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=760}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1817.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|medulla |content=medulla {{anchor|medulla}} }}

{{Main|Medulla (lichenology)}}

{{defn|The internal tissue of a lichen {{gli|thallus}}, located beneath the {{gli|cortex}} and the {{gli|photobiont}} layer, and usually made of loosely compacted {{gli|hyphae}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=412}} }}

{{Term|medullary excipulum |content=medullary excipulum}}

{{defn|See {{gli|proper exciple}}.}}

{{Term|Melaena-red |content=Melaena-red {{anchor|Melaena-red}} }}

{{defn|A purple insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Micarea melaena.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|pages=581–582}} }}

{{Term|Melaenida-red |content=Melaenida-red {{anchor|Melaenida-red}} }}

{{defn|A purple insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Micarea melaenida.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|melanotopelioid |content=melanotopelioid {{anchor|melanotopelioid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens describing a type of apothecium structure resembling {{gli|topeliopsidoid}} apothecia but characterized by a minimized {{gli|thallus margin}}. The distinctive feature of melanotopelioid apothecia is the presence of "teeth" that are black and {{gli|carbonized}}, at least on the external surface.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=582}} }}

{{Term|melanotremoid |content=melanotremoid {{anchor|melanotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Melanotremoid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores and a black margin; pore filled with broad "stump" ({{gli|columella}}); black walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genera Melanotrema, Ocellularia, Clandestinotrema, and Trinathotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|micareiod |content=micareiod {{anchor|micareiod}} }}

{{defn|Referring to small {{gli|chlorococcoid}} green algal {{gli|photobionts}} that often occur in pairs, as in the genus Micarea.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Micareoid page: Micareoid]

}} }}

{{Term|microcrystallization |content=microcrystallization {{anchor|microcrystallization|microcrystallisation|microcrystal test}} }}

{{Main|Microcrystallization}}

{{defn|Also microcrystal test. A method used to identify some lichen products that involves re-crystallization on a microscope slide from a range of solvents and the formation of crystals with characteristic shapes; the crystals are examined microscopically for identification. Although this technique has largely been supplanted by the more reliable and sensitive technique of thin-layer chromatography, there are certain situations where it is still useful.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|page=40}} }}

{{Term|microlichen |content=microlichen {{anchor|microlichen|microlichens|microfruticose|microfoliose}} }}

{{defn|A small lichen whose physical features cannot be distinguished without the aid of a 10X or greater viewing magnification;{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=414}} it generally refers to {{gli|crustose}} and {{gli|foliicolous}} species.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=374}} The prefix "micro-" is also used to indicate small versions of particular growth forms, e.g. microfruticose or microfoliose.}}

{{Term|microphylline |content=microphylline {{anchor|microphylline}} }}

{{defn|Having minute {{gli|lobules}}.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|moniliform |content=moniliform {{anchor|moniliform|monilioid}} }}

{{defn|Also monilioid. Having a form resembling a string of beads.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=435}} }}

{{Term|monophyllous |content=monophyllous {{anchor|monophyllous}} }}

{{defn|Referring to the {{gli|thallus}} of a {{gli|foliose lichen}} that has only a single lobe.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=437}} }}

{{Term|multi- |content=multi-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "more than one" or "many".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=389}} }}

{{Term|multiguttulate |content=multiguttulate {{anchor|multiguttulate}} }}

{{defn|Containing many oil droplets (guttules).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=390}} }}

{{Term|multilocular |content=multilocular}}

{{defn|See {{gli|plurilocular}}. }}

File:Arthothelium spectabile-4.jpg containing eight {{gli|hyaline}}, {{gli|muriform}} {{gli|ascospores}}.]]

{{Term|muriform |content=muriform {{anchor|muriform}} }}

{{Defn|Divided into compartments or {{gli|locules}} by intersecting longitudinal and transverse {{gli|septa}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=392}} The term was first used by Wilhelm Körber in 1855.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|muscicolous lichen }}

{{defn|See {{gli|bryophilous lichen}}.}}

{{Term|-mycetes |content=-mycetes}}

{{defn|A suffix indicating the taxonomic rank of a fungal class.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=415}} }}

{{Term|mycobiont|content=mycobiont {{anchor|mycobiont|mycobionts}} }}

{{defn|The fungal part of a lichen,{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary|2022a|ref=CED mycobiont}} which combines with one or more {{gli|phycobiont}}s.{{sfn|Nash|2008|p=1}} The term was proposed by George Scott in 1957.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|mycophycobiosis |content=mycophycobiosis {{anchor|mycophycobiosis|mycophycobiont}} }}

{{Main|Mycophycobiosis}}

{{defn|Also defined: mycophycobiont. A symbiosis where an ascomycete fungus is housed inside multicellular algae; the algae and fungus involved in this association are called mycophycobionts.{{sfn|Hawksworth|1988|pages=4–5}} Contrary to a lichen symbiosis, the fungal partner is the inhabitant, and the algal partner dominates.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=451}} }}

{{Term|myriotremoid |content=myriotremoid {{anchor|myriotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Myriotremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores, and a smooth and more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the glaucopallens group of genus Myriotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|necral layer |content=necral layer {{anchor|necral|necral layer}} }}

{{defn|A layer of dead {{gli|hyphae}} with indistinct {{gli|lumina}} found near or in the {{gli|cortex}} of a {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=461}} The term was first used by Alexander Elenkin in 1902.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} See related: {{gli|epinecral layer}}, {{gli|hyponecral layer}}. }}

{{Term|nitid |content=nitid {{anchor|nitid}} }}

{{defn|Shiny, glossy, or polished in appearance; contrast with {{gli|matte}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|nodulose |content=nodulose {{anchor|nodulose}} }}

{{defn|Having small, rounded elevations or nodules.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|nubilated |content=nubilated {{anchor|nubilated}} }}

{{defn|Cloudy or obscured, often used to describe the appearance of lichen {{gli|apothecia}} that are partially covered.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|ob- |content=ob-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "inversely" or "oppositely".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=477}} }}

{{Term|obclavate |content=obclavate {{anchor|obclavate}} }}

{{defn|Inversely {{gli|clavate}}, widest at the base.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=477}} }}

{{Term|obovate |content=obovate {{anchor|obovate|obovoid}} }}

{{defn|Also obovoid. Egg-shaped, with the narrower end at the base.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=477}} }}

{{Term|obpyriform |content=obpyriform {{anchor|obpyriform}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like an inverted pear.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=428}} See related: {{gli|pyriform}}. }}

{{Term|ocellularioid |content=ocellularioid {{anchor|ocellularioid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Ocellularioid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pores with a "finger" ({{gli|columella}}); black walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus Ocellularia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|-oid |content=-oid}}

{{defn|A suffix meaning "like" or "having the form of".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=479}} }}

File:Umbilicaria phaea apothecia - Flickr - pellaea.jpg]]

{{Term|omphalodisc |content=omphalodisc {{anchor|omphalodisc|omphalodiscs}} }}

{{defn|An {{gli|apothecium|apothecial}} {{gli|disk}} with a bump in the center that gives it the appearance of a navel; found in the genus Umbilicaria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=432}} The term was introduced by George Llano in 1950.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|orcularioid |content=orcularioid {{anchor|orcularioid}} }}

{{defn|A brown, {{gli|polarilocular}} spore, characteristic of Rinodina section Orcularia.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|ornithocoprophilic |content=ornithocoprophilic {{anchor|ornithocoprophilic|ornithocoprophile}} }}

{{defn|Used to describe lichens that grow or proliferate in environments rich in bird excrement.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|ostiole |content=ostiole {{anchor|ostiole}} }}

{{Main|Ostiole}}

{{defn|A small pore or opening; in lichens, it is used to refer to the {{gli|paraphysis}}-lined cavity in a {{gli|parathecium}} that ends in a pore, or more generally to any pore from which spores are released from an {{gli|ascus}}-bearing fruit body.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=488}} }}

{{Term|ostropalean |content=ostropalean {{anchor|ostropalean}} }}

{{defn|Referring to asci that are {{gli|unitunicate}} with a thickened apex and a narrow canal ending in a pore; associated with species in the order Ostropales.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=439}} }}

{{Term|ovate |content=ovate {{anchor|ovate}} }}

{{defn|Egg-shaped, with the wider end at the base.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=489}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|pachydermatous|content=pachydermatous {{anchor|pachydermatous|pachyderm|pachydermate|pachydermous}} }}

{{defn|Also pachyderm, pachydermate, pachydermous. Referring to {{gli|hyphae}} that have an outer wall that is thicker than the internal cavity.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=442}} }}

{{Term|palisade cell |content=palisade cell {{anchor|palisade cell|palisade cells}} }}

{{defn|A terminal cell of a {{gli|hypha}} in a {{gli|fastigiate cortex}}, aligned perpendicularly to the plane of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=442}} }}

{{Term|palisade plectenchyma |content=palisade plectenchyma {{anchor|palisade plectenchyma|palisade plectenchymata|palisadoplectenchyma|palisadoplectenchymata|palisade plectenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|Plural palisade plectenchymata. Also palisadoplectenchyma, plural palisadoplectenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} in a {{gli|cortex}} where the {{gli|hyphae}} are arranged perpendicularly to the plane of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=442–443}} }}

{{Term|pallidostegoboloid |content=pallidostegoboloid {{anchor|pallidostegoboloid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Pallidostegoboloid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pore filled with irregular structures; pale walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in wrightii group of the genus Stegobolus.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

File:Pycnothelia papillaria 971808.jpg is covered with {{gli|papillae}}.]]

{{Term|papilla |content=papilla {{anchor|papilla|papillae}} }}

{{defn|Plural papillae. A small, conically rounded growth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=444}} }}

{{Term|papillate |content=papillate {{anchor|papillate|papillose}} }}

{{defn|Also papillose. Covered with {{gli|papillae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=444}} }}

{{Term|papilliform |content=papilliform {{anchor|papilliform}} }}

{{defn|Having the shape of a {{gli|papilla}} or nipple.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=445}} }}

{{Term|para- |content=para-}}

{{defn|Also par-. A prefix with several meanings, including "above", "beyond", "at the side", "against", "toward", and "almost".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=446}} }}

{{Term|paracephalodium |content=paracephalodium {{anchor|paracephalodium|paracephalodia}} }}

{{defn|Plural paracephalodia. A mat of {{gli|hyphae}} covering cyanobacteria, originating from a {{gli|squamulose lichen}} with a green algal {{gli|photobiont}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=419}} The term was introduced by Josef Poelt and Helmut Mayrhofer in 1988.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=16}} }}

{{Term|paraphysis |content=paraphysis {{anchor|paraphysis|paraphyses}} }}

{{Main|Paraphysis}}

{{defn|A sterile, thread-like filament that that is attached at its base and grows vertically among the {{gli|asci}} within a lichen's fruiting body (ascomata). These structures typically have slightly swollen tips and may be branched or unbranched, often containing pigments that contribute to the color of the fruiting body's {{gli|disk}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=4487}} }}

{{Term|paraphysoid |content=paraphysoid {{anchor|paraphysoid|paraphysoids}} }}

{{defn|A threadlike, sterile, {{gli|hypha}}l structure similar to a paraphysis, but typically branched and often forming a network.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=448}} }}

{{Term|paraplectenchyma |content=paraplectenchyma {{anchor|paraplectenchyma |paraplectenchymata|paraplectenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|Plural paraplectenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} comprising {{gli|hyphae}} that are oriented in all directions; found in the {{gli|cortex}} of many lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=448–449}} }}

{{Term|parasoredium |content=parasoredium {{anchor|parasoredium|parasoredia}} }}

{{defn|A propagule, similar to a {{gli|soredium}}, that starts as a budlike structure with {{gli|hyphae}} on an upper side and algae on a lower side, then develops into {{gli|blastidia}}. Originally used to describe a structure found on the upper {{gli|thallus}} of Umbilicaria hirsuta.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=449}} }}

{{Term|parasymbiont |content=parasymbiont {{anchor|parasymbiont|parasymbiotic|parasymbiosis}} }}

{{defn|An organism that lives in close association with a host species, deriving benefits at the host's expense but not causing immediate harm; an intermediate state between symbiosis and parasitism.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=371}} }}

{{Term|parathecium |content=parathecium {{anchor|parathecium|parathecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural parathecia. The outside layer of {{gli|hyphae}} in an {{gli|apothecium}}, curved upward along the margin of the {{gli|hymenium}};{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=449}} the term is now obsolete, and equivalent to {{gli|ectal excipulum}} or {{gli|proper exciple}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=497}} Otto Darbishire coined the term parathecium in an 1898 monograph on the genus Roccella.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|parmelioid lichen |content=parmelioid lichen {{anchor|parmelioid|parmelioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category used for lichens that are mostly {{gli|foliose}}, often closely attached to the substrate, and have {{gli|laminal}} {{gli|apothecia}} and pycnidia; this group of features is characteristic of lichens previously classified in the genus Parmelia (in the broad sense).{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|page=645}} }}

{{Term|PD test |content=PD test {{anchor|P test|PD test|PD |PD–|PD+}} }}

{{defn|Also P test. A {{gli|spot test}} that uses a 1–5% ethanolic solution of p-phenylenediamine as a reagent to check for the presence of certain lichen products.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|page=637}} }}

{{Term|pedicel |content=pedicel {{anchor|pedicel|pedicle|stalk}} }}

{{defn|A small stalk used to support other structures, such as spores, {{gli|asci}}, etc.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=452}} }}

{{Term|pedicellate |content=pedicellate {{anchor|pedicellate}} }}

{{defn|Having a {{gli|pedicel}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=503}} }}

{{Term|peltate |content=peltate {{anchor|peltate|clypeate|scutiform}} }}

{{defn|Also clypeate, scutiform. Referring to a rounded structure attached on the lower side at a single central point (often on a short stalk), with free edges.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=455}} }}

{{Term|peltidiangium |content=peltidiangium {{anchor|peltidiangium|peltidiangia}} }}

{{defn|A basket-like structure in which {{gli|peltidia}} are produced.{{sfn|Sérusiaux|Lücking|2007|page=}} }}

{{Term|peltidium |content=peltidium {{anchor|peltidium|peltidia}} }}

{{defn|A reproductive propagule found in the {{gli|foliicolous}} lichen genus Gallaicolichen that is similar in form to a {{gli|goniocystangium}}, but is unique in that the {{gli|photobiont}} partner organizes the propagule and envelops (or nearly so) its {{gli|mycobiont partner}}. The term is derived from the name of the involved green algal genus, Phycopeltis.{{sfn|Sérusiaux|Lücking|2007|page=}} }}

{{Term|pendant|content=pendant {{anchor|pendant|pendent|pendulous}} }}

{{defn|Also pendent, pendulous. Hanging down, as in the {{gli|fruticose}} {{gli|thalli}} of genus Usnea, the beard lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=454}} }}

File:Menegazzia pertransita - 2008 - BC Myles.jpg (M. pertransita shown)]]

{{Term|perforate|content=perforate {{anchor|perforate}} }}

{{defn|With splits or holes in the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=457}} }}

{{Term|periclinal |content=periclinal {{anchor|periclinal}} }}

{{defn|Parallel to a surface;{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=508}} used to refer to hyphal alignment.}}

{{Term|perifulcrum |content=perifulcrum {{anchor|perifulcrum}} }}

{{defn|The protective wall surrounding a {{gli|pycnidium}}.{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} }}

{{Term|periphysis |content=periphysis {{anchor|periphysis|periphyses}} }}

{{defn|Plural periphyses. A short, sterile {{gli|hypha}} that develops from above the ascus and grows down a short distance, typically lining the internal walls of the ostiole in a {{gli|perithecium}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=459}} }}

{{Term|periphysoid|content=periphysoid {{anchor|periphysoid|periphysoids}} }}

{{defn|{{gli|Periphysis}}-like structures that grow laterally; found in some crustose {{gli|pyrenolichen}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=459}} }}

{{Term|perispore |content=perispore {{anchor|perispore|exospore|epispore|mesospore|endospore}} }}

{{defn|Also defined: exospore, epispore, mesospore, endospore. The colorless and usually gelatinous outermost layer of a spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=460}} This transparent layer determines the spore's shape.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|p=30}} The other four layers of a spore, going inward, are the exospore, epispore, mesospore, and endospore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=460}} }}

File:Perithecium no text.PNG]]

{{Term|perithecium |content=perithecium {{anchor|perithecium|perithecia|perithecioid|perithecial}} }}

{{defn|Plural perithecia. A spherical or flask-shaped {{gli|ascocarp}} that is sessile or partly immersed in the {{gli|thallus}}, with a single opening (ostiole) and enclosed by a distinct wall; a characteristic of {{gli|pyrenolichens}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=463}} Although it was in 1831 that Elias Fries first applied the term perithecium to lichen fruit bodies, the word was originally coined by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1794.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=17}} }}

{{Term|petricolous|content=petricolous}}

{{defn|See {{gli|epilithic}}.}}

{{Term|phaeolichen |content=phaeolichen {{anchor|phaeolichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|photobiont}} partner is brown algae (class Phaeophyceae); an example is lichen formed by the fungus Wahlenbergiella tavaresiae and the brown alga Petroderma maculiforme.{{sfn|Sanders|2004|page=269}} }}

{{Term|phenocortex |content=phenocortex {{anchor|phenocortex|phenocortices|phenocortexes}} }}

{{defn|Plural phenocortices, phenocortexes. A structure, similar to a {{gli|cortex}}, containing {{gli|hypha|hyphal}} fragments and dead, collapsed algal cells sloughed off from the {{gli|algal layer}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Phenocortex page: Phenocortex] }} }}

{{Term|photobiont|content=photobiont {{anchor|photobiont|photobionts|phycobiont|phycobionts|cyanobiont|cyanobionts}} }}

{{defn|Also defined: phycobiont, cyanobiont. The photosynthetic component of a lichen. This can be either a green alga (known as a phycobiont) or a cyanobacteria (known as a cyanobiont).{{sfn|Collins English Dictionary|2022b|ref=CED phycobiont}} The term "phycobiont" was proposed by George Scott in 1957.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|photobiont layer |content=photobiont layer}}

{{defn|See {{gli|algal layer}}. }}

{{Term|photomorph |content=photomorph {{anchor|photomorph|photomorphs}} }}

{{defn|An organism whose morphology is determined by the nature of its photosynthesis; applied to lichen-forming fungi whose {{gli|thalli}} have different forms with green algal versus cyanobacterial {{gli|photobionts}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=471}} The term was introduced by Jack Laundon in 1995 to address what he believed were deficiencies in related terms such as morph, morphotype, and {{gli|photosymbiodeme}}.{{sfn|Laundon|1995}} }}

{{Term|photosymbiodeme |content=photosymbiodeme {{anchor|photosymbiodeme}} }}

{{defn|Morphologically different structures formed by the interaction of a single {{gli|mycobiont}} with two different {{gli|photobionts}}. Examples occur in the genera Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=470}} }}

{{Term|phycobiont |content=phycobiont}}

{{defn|See: {{gli|photobiont}}}}

{{Term|phycolichen |content=phycolichen {{anchor|phycolichen|phycolichens}} }}

{{defn|A historical lichenological term with multiple meanings. Originally introduced by Fries (1831) as "Phyco-Lichenes" for lichens morphologically resembling seaweeds. Later redefined by Massalongo (1855) for {{gli|homoiomerous}} cyanobacterial lichens, then by Diels (1936) for lichens with Phycomycetes as their fungal partner. More recently proposed but discouraged as a term for green algal lichens, with "{{gli|chlorolichen}}" recommended instead as a counterpart to "{{gli|cyanolichen}}". Generally considered obsolete in modern lichenology due to its ambiguous history.{{sfn|Lange|Wagenitz|2003}} }}

{{Term|phyllidium |content=phyllidium {{anchor|phyllidium|phyllidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural phyllidia. A small leaf-like or scale-like propagule that is {{gli|corticate}} and has distinct upper and lower sides (i.e., it is dorsiventral); it originates from the margins or on the upper surface of {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=527}} Phyllidia occur in some species of the Lecanorales and the Peltigerales.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=475}} }}

File:Stereocaulon paschale 177713.jpg shows that its {{gli|phyllocladia}} have a {{gli|granular}} or {{gli|dactyliform}} shape, and are gathered in clusters along {{gli|branches}} of the {{gli|pseudopodetia}}.]]

{{Term|phyllocladium |content=phyllocladium {{anchor|phyllocladium|phyllocladia}} }}

{{defn|Plural phyllocladia. A {{gli|photobiont}}-containing, {{gli|corticate}} outgrowth of {{gli|pseudopodetia}}; common in the genus Stereocaulon. Their morphology can be characterised with various descriptors: {{gli|coralloid}}, {{gli|digitate}}, {{gli|granular}}, {{gli|peltate}}, {{gli|foliose}}, {{gli|squamulose}}, and {{gli|verrucose}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=475}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=528}} The term was introduced by Theodor Fries in 1858.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|phyllopsoroid |content=phyllopsoroid {{anchor|phyllopsoroid}} }}

{{defn|A lichen growth form characterized by mostly {{gli|squamulose}} thalli with {{gli|areoles}} or {{gli|squamules}} often overgrowing a thick {{gli|prothallus}}; this morphology occurs in the largely tropical genera Bacidiopsora, Eschatogonia, Phyllopsora, and Physcidia.{{sfn|Kistenich|Timdal|Bendiksby|Ekman|2018|page=872}} }}

{{Term|piriform |content=piriform}}

{{defn|See {{gli|pyriform}}.}}

{{Term|placodioid lichen |content=placodioid lichen {{anchor|placodioid|placoid|placoid lichen|placodiomorph|placodioid lichen}} }}

{{defn|Also placoid, placodiomorph. A {{gli|crustose lichen}} with an {{gli|areolate}} center and radiating {{gli|lobes}} on the circumference.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=482}} }}

{{Term|plasticolous lichen |content=plasticolous lichen {{anchor|plasticolous|plasticolous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Plasticolous lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on plastic.{{sfn|Jagtap|Tripathi|Joshi|2013|p=342}} }}

{{Term|platycarpoid |content=platycarpoid {{anchor|platycarpoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. Similar to {{gli|chroodiscoid}} or {{gli|leprocarpoid}}, but the difference lies in the presence of a free {{gli|excipulum}} that forms a distinct double margin. It is exemplified in species such as Chapsa platycarpa and C. neei.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=143}} }}

{{Term|platygonidium |content=platygonidium {{anchor|platygonidium|platygonidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural platygonidia. {{gli|Photobionts}} that occur in star-shaped or circular colonies; now obsolete.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=544}}}}

{{Term|plectenchyma |content=plectenchyma {{anchor|plectenchyma|plectenchymata|plectenchymatous}} }}

{{Main|Plectenchyma}}

{{defn|Plural plectenchymata. Fungal tissue made of twisted, intertwined {{gli|hyphae}}; used as a general term to refer to all types of fungal tissue.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=487}} The term (and the use of the prefixes "para-" and "proso-" to modify it) was proposed by Gustav Lindau in 1899.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} See related: {{gli|paraplectenchyma}}, {{gli|prosenchyma}}, {{gli|prosoplectenchyma}}, {{gli|pseudoparenchyma}}. }}

{{Term|plicate |content=plicate {{anchor|plicate}} }}

{{defn|Characterised by longitudinal folds forming pleats, often used to describe closely adjacent, markedly convex thallus {{gli|lobes}} or elongated {{gli|areoles}} that display a "folded" appearance.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Plicate page: Plicate] }} }}

{{Term|plurilocular |content=plurilocular {{anchor|plurilocular|multilocular}} }}

{{defn|Also multilocular. Having many cavities or {{gli|locules}}; used to describe spore structure.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=490}} }}

{{Term|podetium |content=podetium {{anchor|podetium|podetia}} }}

{{Main|Podetium}}

{{defn|Plural podetia. An upright, hollow, stem-like structure bearing {{gli|apothecia}} and sometime conidiomata; typically associated with the Cladoniaceae, particularly the genus Cladonia.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=490}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|POL test |content=POL test {{anchor|POL|POL test|POL+|POL−}} }}

{{defn|A lichen test performed by shining a polarized light at a lichen structure in microscopic view; in the genus Hypogymnia, the presence (POL+) or absence (POL−) of POL-sensitive crystals in the {{gli|hypothecium}} is a useful {{gli|character}} to help distinguish species.{{sfn|McCune|Wang|2014|page=28}} }}

{{Term|polarilocular |content=polarilocular {{anchor|placodiomorphic|polarilocular|polar-diblastic|polaridiblastic|polaribilocular|polocellate}} }}

{{defn|Also placodiomorphic,{{sfn|MacKenzie Lamb|1968|page=86}} polar-diblastic, polaridiblastic, polaribilocular, polocellate. A spore divided into two components (locules) separated by a central septum with a perforation or {{gli|isthmus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=492}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=553}} The term was first used by Wilhelm Körber in 1855 (as "polari-dyblastae") to describe the spores of Rhizocarpon and Umbilicaria. It was anglicized to "polari-bilocular" by William Mudd in 1861, and finally shortened to polarilocular by the Henri Olivier in 1882.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|Polychroa-brown |content=Polychroa-brown {{anchor|Polychroa-brown}} }}

{{defn|An orange-brown to ochre insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Bacidia polychroa.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=579}} }}

{{Term|poriform |content=poriform {{anchor|poriform}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like or resembling a pore.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=372}} }}

{{Term|porinoid |content=porinoid {{anchor|porinoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype is similar to {{gli|ocellularioid}}, but with a very narrow pore that resembles the opening of a true {{gli|perithecium}}. Despite this, the hymenium remains organized in a distinct, compact layer with {{gli|paraphyses}} and {{gli|asci}} of similar height. Examples include Leucodecton bisporum, L. compunctellum, and T. patwardhanii.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=148–149}} }}

{{Term|praestantoid |content=praestantoid {{anchor|praestantoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Praestantoid lichens have large and prominent apothecia with small pores; pores with "finger" ({{gli|columella}}); black walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the praestans group of the genus Ocellularia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|primary species |content=primary species {{anchor|primary species}} }}

{{defn|The sexually fertile member of a {{gli|species pair}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=646}} }}

{{Term|primary thallus |content=primary thallus}}

{{defn|See {{gli|cladoniiform lichen}}.}}

{{Term|prominent |content=prominent {{anchor|prominent}} }}

{{defn|Sticking out from the surface of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Prominent page: Prominent]}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 1/2 above the level of the {{gli|thallus}}, and have a base that is expanded outwards.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|proper margin |content=proper margin {{anchor|proper margin|proper exciple|true exciple|ectal excipulum|medullary excipulum|proprium}} }}

{{defn|Also proper exciple, true exciple, ectal excipulum, medullary excipulum, proprium. A ring of tissue around the {{gli|disk}} of a {{gli|lecanorine}} {{gli|apothecium}}; this tissue, which originates from the {{gli|medulla}}, is not lichenized, and is internal to the {{gli|thalline margin}} (if present).{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|pages=250, 562}} The term "proper margin" was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803; in 1825 Elias Fries changed the noun and called it "proper exciple".{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|proprium |content=proprium}}

{{defn|See {{gli|proper exciple}}.}}

{{Term|prosenchyma |content=prosenchyma {{anchor|prosenchyma|prosenchymata|prosenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|Plural prosenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} in which the constituent fungal {{gli|hyphae}} are arranged parallel to each other, such that individual hyphae can be clearly distinguished using microscopy.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=506}} }}

{{Term|prosoplectenchyma |content=prosoplectenchyma {{anchor|prosoplectenchyma|prosoplectenchymata|prosoplectenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|Plural prosoplectenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}}, common in the {{gli|thallus}} {{gli|cortex}} of lichens, in which the constituent fungal {{gli|hyphae}} are aligned in a particular direction.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=506}} }}

File:Coenogonium sp. - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg.]]

{{Term|prothallus |content=prothallus {{anchor|prothallus|prothalli}} }}

{{Main|Prothallus#In lichens}}

{{defn|A fungal layer upon which an algae-containing {{gli|thallus}} may develop, lacking {{gli|photobiont}}; usually white, brown, or black, and found between the {{gli|areole}}s and at the growing margins of {{gli|crustose lichen}}s.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=507}} The term was first used by Georg Meyer in 1825.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|prototunicate |content=prototunicate {{anchor|prototunicate}} }}

{{defn|A form of {{gli|unitunicate}} {{gli|ascus}} in which the wall breaks down before maturity (thus releasing its {{gli|ascospores}}), and which lacks differentiated apical structures.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=510}} }}

{{Term|proximal |content=proximal {{anchor|proximal}} }}

{{Defn|Positioned close to a point of origin or near the center of a body.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=511}} }}

{{Term|pruina |content=pruina {{anchor|pruina}} }}

{{defn|A powdery, frost-like or flour-like deposit on a surface. In lichens, pruina is often the result of the accumulation of crystalline hydrates of calcium oxalate, of lichen products, or sometimes of the dead or dying cells of the {{gli|epinecral layer}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Pruina page: Pruina]

}} }}

{{Term|pruinose |content=pruinose {{anchor|pruinose|pruinate}} }}

{{Defn|Also pruinate. Covered with {{gli|pruina}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=511}} }}

{{Term|pseudo- |content=pseudo- }}

{{defn|Also pseud-. A prefix meaning "false";{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=566}} used in terminology to denote something is false, or that one structure resembles something else, such as the {{gli|pseudocyphella}} resembling the {{gli|cyphella}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=511}} }}

{{Term|pseudoamyloid |content=pseudoamyloid {{anchor|pseudoamyloid|pseudoamyloidity}} }}

{{defn|See {{gli|dextrinoid}}.}}

{{Term|pseudocortex |content=pseudocortex {{anchor|pseudocortex|pseudocortices|pseudocortexes}} }}

{{defn|Plural pseudocortices, pseudocortexes. A boundary layer of the {{gli|thallus}} containing distinct {{gli|hyphae}} that are not organized into a regular tissue structure;{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Pseudocortex page: Pseudocortex]}} sometimes used to refer to the false {{gli|cortex}} present on the outer layer of {{gli|pseudopodetia}}, such as those found in the lichen Pycnothelia papillaria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=513}} }}

File:Punctelia caseana - Flickr - pellaea.jpg.]]

{{Term|pseudocyphella |content=pseudocyphella {{anchor|pseudocyphella|pseudocyphellae}} }}

{{Main|Pseudocyphella}}

{{defn|Plural pseudocyphellae. Small openings in the {{gli|cortex}} of a lichen, where the {{gli|medulla}} is exposed to air, and there are no specialized cells surrounding the cavity.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=568}} The term was first used by William Nylander in 1858.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|pseudoisidium |content=pseudoisidium {{anchor|pseudoisidium|pseudoisidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural pseudoisidia. An outgrowth on the surface of a lichen {{gli|thallus}} that somewhat resembles an {{gli|isidium}}, but lacks photosynthetic cells; pseudoisidia are common in the genus Pseudocyphellaria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=514}} }}

{{Term|pseudoparaphysis |content=pseudoparaphysis {{anchor|pseudoparaphysis|pseudoparaphyses|cataphysis| cataphyses}} }}

{{defn|Also cataphysis. A {{gli|paraphysis}}-like {{gli|hypha}} that forms in the locule or perithecial cavity before the formation of the ascus; it grows downward from the top of the cavity to the base of the ascomata.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=515}} }}

{{Term|pseudoparenchyma |content=pseudoparenchyma {{anchor|pseudoparenchyma|pseudoparenchymata|pseudoparenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|Plural pseudoparenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} made of tightly packed, angular or polyhedral cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=515}} }}

File:Pilophorus acicularis (4495554457).jpg features rounded black {{gli|apothecia}} at the end of {{gli|pseudopodetia}}.]]

{{Term|pseudopodetium |content=pseudopodetium {{anchor|pseudopodetium|pseudopodetia}} }}

{{defn|Plural pseudopodetia. Solid, upright stalks originating from the {{gli|thallus}}. They are similar to {{gli|podetia}}, but are made of {{gli|vegetative}} (rather than generative) tissue.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=517}} They are associated with the genera Baeomyces, Dibaeis, Leprocaulon, Pilophorus, and Stereocaulon.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=36}} The term was introduced by Gustav Krabbe in 1882.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|pseudostroma |content=pseudostroma {{anchor|pseudostroma|pseudostromata}} }}

{{defn|Plural pseudostromata. A {{gli|stroma}} made of both {{gli|thallus}} tissue and bits of host tissue.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=573}} The term was used first for lichenized fungi Edvard August Vainio in 1890.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|pubescent |content=pubescent {{anchor|pubescent|pubescence}} }}

{{defn|Covered with short, soft, fine hairs or down.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=372}} }}

{{Term|pulverulent |content=pulverulent {{anchor|pulverulent}} }}

{{defn|Characterised by a fine, powdery surface or consistency; resembling or appearing as dust or powder.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=581}} }}

{{Term|pulvinate |content=pulvinate {{anchor|pulvinate}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like a small cushion.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=522}} }}

{{Term|punctate |content=punctate {{anchor|punctate|puncta|punctae}} }}

{{defn|Having a pattern of minute spots or tiny holes (also known as puncta; plural punctae).{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=582}} }}

{{Term|punctiform |content=punctiform {{anchor|punctiform}} }}

{{defn|Very small or tiny, appearing as a point or dot.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=522}} }}

{{Term|pustulate |content=pustulate {{anchor|pustulate|pustolose}} }}

{{defn|Also pustulose. Covered with {{gli|pustules}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=523}} }}

{{Term|pustule |content=pustule {{anchor|pustule|pustules}} }}

{{defn|A blister- or wart-like structure, usually hollow.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=762}} }}

{{Term|pycnidium |content=pycnidium {{anchor|pycnidium|pycnidia|pycnidial}} }}

{{defn|Plural pycnidia. An asexual fruiting body, or {{gli|conidium}}, that is typically round, {{gli|obpyriform}}, or {{gli|lageniform}}. It has a circular or elongated {{gli|ostiole}} that has an inner surface lined with {{gli|conidiophores}}. Pycnidia are common in anamorphic fungi, including many lichenicolous species.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=525}} {{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=582}} }}

{{Term|pycnoascocarp |content=pycnoascocarp {{anchor|pycnoascocarp|pycnoascocarps}} }}

{{defn|A type of {{gli|apothecium}} that originates from a {{gli|pycnidium}}; characteristic of the family Lichinaceae.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=525}} The term was first used by Aino Henssen in 1963.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|pyrenocarpous lichen |content=pyrenocarpous lichen {{anchor|pyrenocarpous lichen|pyrenocarpous lichens|pyrenocarpous|pyrenocarp|pyrenocarps}} }}

{{defn|A lichen with flask-shaped fruiting bodies ({{gli|perithecia}}) that develop from the fungal partner. Originally thought to form a natural group, molecular studies have shown pyrenocarpous lichens to be highly polyphyletic, evolving independently in multiple fungal lineages. Most belong to Chaetothyriomycetidae (e.g., Verrucariales, Pyrenulales), with some in Dothideomycetes (e.g., Arthopyreniaceae, Trypetheliaceae) and others unusually placed in Lecanoromycetes (e.g., Porinaceae, Protothelenellaceae, Thelenellaceae). Pyrenocarpous lichens are notably absent from the classical pyrenomycete class Sordariomycetes. This diverse group demonstrates that ascoma morphology alone is insufficient for determining evolutionary relationships, with convergent evolution of perithecial fruiting bodies occurring multiple times across fungal lineages.{{sfn|Lumbsch|Huhndorf|2007}} }}

{{Term|pyrenolichen |content=pyrenolichen {{anchor|pyrenolichen|Pyrenolichens}} }}

{{defn|A lichen that produces {{gli|perithecia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=526}} }}

{{Term|pyriform |content=pyriform {{anchor|pyriform|pririform}} }}

{{defn|Also piriform. Shaped like a pear.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=527}} See related: {{gli|obpyriform}}. }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|radial |content=radial {{anchor|radial|radiate}} }}

{{defn|Also radiate.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=533}} Referring to lichen {{gli|thalli}}, symmetrical around a central axis in transverse section, such as in the genera Alectoria, Bryoria, and Usnea.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=588}} }}

{{Term|radiate |content=radiate {{anchor|radiate}} }}

{{defn|Spreading from a central point.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=588}} }}

{{Term|recurved |content=recurved {{anchor|recurved|recurvate|reflexed}} }}

{{defn|Also recurvate, reflexed.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=541}} Curved or bent back; in lichens, these terms are used to describe the tips of {{gli|branches}} or {{gli|lobes}} that are curved up or down, or back onto themselves.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Recurved page: Recurved]}} }}

{{Term|redingerioid |content=redingerioid {{anchor|redingerioid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Redingerioid lichens have immersed apothecia with linear slit; slit filled with irregular structures; black walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genera Redingeria and Stegobolus.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|reimnitzioid |content=reimnitzioid {{anchor|reimnitzioid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Reimnitzioid lichens have open apothecia with erect {{gli|lobules}}, and a rough thallus containing crystals; this morphotype occurs in the genus Reimnitzia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|reniform |content=reniform {{anchor|reniform}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like a kidney.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=372}} }}

{{Term|reticulate |content=reticulate {{anchor|reticulate}} }}

{{defn|Marked like a net or network.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=595}} }}

File:Peltigera neopolydactyla (4504606324).jpg.]]

{{Term|rhizine |content=rhizine {{anchor|rhizine|rhizines|rhizina|rhizinae}} }}

{{Main|Rhizine}}

{{defn|Also rhizina, plural rhizinae. A root-like structure that serves as an attachment structure in many foliose lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=548}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=597}} }}

{{Term|rhizinomorph |content=rhizinomorph {{anchor|rhizinomorph|rhizinomorphs}} }}

{{defn|A root-like structure similar to a {{gli|rhizine}} that is not involved as an attachment organ; associated with {{gli|umbilicate lichens}}.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=38}} }}

{{Term|Rhizinose strand |content=rhizinose strand {{anchor|rhizinose strand}} }}

{{defn|An attachment organ, similar to a {{gli|rhizine}}, comprising tough and irregularly branched {{gli|hyphae}}; found in some {{gli|squamulose lichens}}, such as in the genera Catolechia and Toninia.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=549}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=597}} }}

{{Term|Rhizohypha |content=rhizohypha {{anchor|rhizohypha|rhizohyphae}} }}

{{defn|A single {{gli|hyphal}} strand on the {{gli|thallus}} underside that serves as an attachment organ.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=38}} }}

{{Term|rhodostromoid |content=rhodostromoid {{anchor|rhodostromoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Rhodostromoid lichens have large and prominent apothecia with small pores; pore with "finger" ({{gli|columella}}); black walls and pigment (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the rhodostroma group of the genus Ocellularia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|Rimose |content=rimose {{anchor|rimose|rimous}} }}

{{defn|Also rimous. Having cracks or splits.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=552}} }}

{{Term|Rimula |content=rimula {{anchor|rimulae|rimulae}} }}

{{defn|Plural rimulae. Small fissures or cracks.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=553}} }}

{{Term|Rimulose |content=rimulose {{anchor|rimulose|rimulous}} }}

{{defn|Also rimulous. Having minute cracks or splits.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=553}} }}

{{Term|Rivose |content=rivose {{anchor|rivose}} }}

{{defn|Marked with curvy and irregular furrows, like the {{gli|thallus}} of some {{gli|crustose lichen}}s.}}

{{Term|Rivulose |content=rivulose {{anchor|rivulose}} }}

{{defn|Marked with thin, winding or crooked lines.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|pages=553–554}} }}

{{Term|Rostrate |content=rostrate {{anchor|rostrate}} }}

{{defn|Having a {{gli|rostrum}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=555}} }}

{{Term|Rostrum |content=rostrum {{anchor|rostrum|rostra}} }}

{{defn|Plural rostra. A beak-like projection.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=607}} }}

{{Term|Ruginosa-brown |content=Ruginosa-brown {{anchor|Ruginosa-brown}} }}

{{defn|A dark red to almost black insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Toninia ruginosa.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|pages=579–580}} }}

{{Term|Rugose |content=rugose {{anchor|rugose|rugous}} }}

{{defn|Also rugous. Having a rough texture; wrinkled and creased.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=558}} }}

{{Term|Rugulose |content=rugulose {{anchor|rugulose|rugulate}} }}

{{defn|Also rugulate. Having a slightly rough texture; with slight wrinkles and creases.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=558}} }}

{{Term|Rupicolous |content=rupicolous}}

{{defn|See {{gli|saxicolous}}.}}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|saccate |content=saccate {{anchor|saccate}} }}

{{defn|Sac- or bag-like in form.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=610}} }}

{{Term|saxicolous lichen |content=saxicolous lichen {{anchor|saxicolous|saxicolous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Saxicolous lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on stone.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

{{Term|scabioid |content=scabioid {{anchor|scabioid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. This morphotype resembles the {{gli|leprocarpoid}} but features recurring hymenia that produce layered {{gli|excipula}}, which eventually cover the {{gli|disk}}; examples include Chapsa aggregata and C. albomaculata.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=144}} }}

{{Term|scabrous |content=scabrous {{anchor|scabrous|scabrose|scabrid|scabridous}} }}

{{defn|Also scabrose, scabrid, scabridous. With a crusty, rough surface often resulting from the accumulation of dead cortical material.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=565}}{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=762}} }}

{{Term|schizidium |content=schizidium {{anchor|schizidium|schizidia}} }}

{{defn|Plural schizidia. A scale-like propagule originating from the upper layers of a lichen {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=567}} The term was proposed by Josef Poelt in 1965.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|schizobiont |content=schizobiont {{anchor|schizobiont}} }}

{{defn|A bacterium that lives in or is associated with a lichen {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Scott|1957|page=487}} }}

{{Term|schizotremoid |content=schizotremoid {{anchor|schizotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Schizotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have {{gli|schizidia}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genus Stegobolus.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|Schweinitzii-red |content=Schweinitzii-red {{anchor|Schweinitzii-red}} }}

{{defn|A dark red insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Bacidia schweinitzii.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=582}} }}

{{Term|scleroplectenchyma |content=scleroplectenchyma {{anchor|scleroplectenchyma|scleroplectenchymata|scleroplectenchymatous}} }}

{{defn|Plural scleroplectenchymata. A type of {{gli|plectenchyma}} comprising thick-walled {{gli|hyphae}} that are stuck closely together; present as a component of the {{gli|stereoma}} tissue supporting the {{gli|thallus}} in the genera Cladonia and Alectoria.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=567}} }}

{{Term|scrobiculate |content=scrobiculate {{anchor|scrobiculate}} }}

{{defn|Having large, shallow depressions that are narrowly separated by rounded ridges.{{sfn|Moncada|Lücking|Betancourt-Macuase|2013|page=2015}} Compare: {{gli|faveolate}}, {{gli|foveolate}}. }}

File:Cladonia fimbriata 1.jpg]]

{{Term|scyphus |content=scyphus {{anchor|scyphus|scyphi|scyphose}} }}

{{defn|Plural scyphi. The cup-shaped part at the tip of a lichenized {{gli|podetium}}, common in the genus Cladonia.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=627}} The term was first used by Johann Dillenius in 1742, and later adopted by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} }}

{{Term|scutiform |content=scutiform}}

{{defn|See {{gli|peltate}}.}}

{{Term|secondary species |content=secondary species {{anchor|secondary species}} }}

{{defn|The sexually infertile member of a {{gli|species pair}} that only reproduces {{gli|vegetative reproduction|vegetatively}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=646}} }}

{{Term|secondary thallus |content=secondary thallus}}

{{defn|See {{gli|cladoniiform lichen}}.}}

{{Term|Sedifolia-gray |content=Sedifolia-gray {{anchor|Sedifolia-gray|Sedifolia-grey}} }}

{{defn|A blackish-gray to gray-green insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Toninia sedifolia.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=581}} }}

{{Term|segment |content=segment {{anchor|segment|segments}} }}

{{defn|A section of a {{gli|branch}} that is demarcated by an annular (ring-like) crack.{{sfn|Randlane|Tõrra|Saag|Saag|2009|page=423}} }}

{{Term|septum |content=septum {{anchor|septum|septa}} }}

{{Main|Septum}}

{{defn|A wall or partition in a {{gli|hypha}}, cell, or spore.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=574}} }}

{{Term|seriate |content=seriate {{anchor|seriate}} }}

{{defn|Arranged in rows.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Seriate page: Seriate]}} }}

{{Term|sessile |content=sessile {{anchor|sessile|sessility}} }}

{{Main|Sessility (botany)}}

{{defn|Lacking a stem.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=632}} A more precise definition has been suggested by Aptroot and Lücking, who propose that the term applies to {{gli|ascomata}} and {{gli|pseudostromata}} that are more than 3/4 above the level of the {{gli|thallus}}, with a constricted base.{{sfn|Aptroot|Lücking|2016|page=774}} }}

{{Term|seta |content=seta {{anchor|seta|setae}} }}

{{Main|Seta}}

{{defn|A stiff hair or bristle-like structure, typically thick-walled and sharp-pointed, found on some lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=576}} }}

{{Term|sibling species |content=sibling species {{anchor|sibling species}} }}

{{defn|Closely related species that are morphologically indistinguishable but can be distinguished by non-morphological traits, such as chemistry or genetic differences. Initially defined as species recognized mainly through cryptic or non-morphological discontinuities, the concept has evolved to specifically refer to cryptic species that form a monophyletic group, meaning they share a common ancestor not shared with any other species. This concept is a subset of the broader terms {{gli|species pair}} and "cryptic species".{{sfn|Fjelde|Timdal|Haugan|Bendiksby |2024|p=107944}} }}

{{Term|sigmoid |content=sigmoid {{anchor|sigmoid}} }}

{{defn|Curved upon itself twice, like the letter "S".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=580}} }}

{{Term|simple |content=simple {{anchor|simple}} }}

{{defn|Lacking branches or divisions; in lichenology, it is used to describe structures such as {{gli|thalli}} or {{gli|rhizines}}, or {{gli|spores}} without {{gli|septa}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=581}} }}

{{Term|sinuose |content=sinuose {{anchor|sinuose|sinuous}} }}

{{defn|Also sinuous. Wavy, winding, or having a serpentine form, with alternating curves and indentations along the margin or edge.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=582}} }}

{{Term|siphuloid |content=siphuloid {{anchor|siphuloid}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category applied to lichen genera with a superficially similar {{gli|foliose}} to {{gli|fruticose}} morphology, notably Siphula, Siphulella, Siphulopsis, Parasiphula, and Knightiellastrum.{{sfn|Kantvilas|2023|page=}} }}

{{Term|soleiform |content=soleiform {{anchor|soleiform}} }}

{{defn|Shaped like the sole of a shoe, with a flat, elongated, and slightly curved appearance.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=373}} }}

File:Flavoparmelia caperata (40545603852).jpg.]]

{{Term|soralium |content=soralium {{anchor|soralium|soralia}} }}

{{defn|Plural soralia. A part of the {{gli|thallus}} where the {{gli|cortex}} has cracked or broken down and {{gli|soredia}} are produced. Soralia can be further characterized as diffuse if they are spread out on the upper thallus surface as a continuous layer, or delimited if they are confined to a more restricted area. If soralia originate in tubercules they are tuberculate, while they are fissural if they are created in fissures.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=586}} The term was proposed by Johannes Reinke in 1895.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}} }}

{{Term|sorediate |content=sorediate {{anchor|sorediate}} }}

{{defn|Having {{gli|soredia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=586}} }}

{{Term|sorediotremoid |content=sorediotremoid {{anchor|sorediotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Sorediotremoid lichens lack apothecia and have {{gli|soralia}}, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera Myriotrema and Ocellularia.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|soredium |content=soredium {{anchor|soredium|soredia}} }}

{{defn|Plural soredia. A powdery to granular reproductive propagule that is not covered with a well-defined {{gli|cortex}} (in contrast to {{gli|isidia}}, and contains both algal ({{gli|photobiont}}) and fungal ({{gli|mycobiont}}) components.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=586}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|spathulate |content=spathulate {{anchor|spathulate}} }}

{{defn|Spoon-shaped.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=645}} }}

{{Term|species pair |content=species pair {{anchor|species pair|species pairs}} }}

{{defn|Two lichen species that are identical morphologically, anatomically, and chemically, but can be distinguished by their sexual versus asexual reproductive strategies; the fertile taxon is known as the primary species, while the {{gli|vegetative reproduction|vegetatively reproducing}} taxon is known as the secondary species.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=646}} The use of molecular methods to analyze putative species pairs has shown that the underlying phylogenetic situation is more complex than had been assumed, and not necessarily correlated with reproductive strategy.{{sfn|Lücking|Leavitt|Hawksworth|2021}} See related: {{gli|sibling species}}. }}

{{Term|spermogonium |content=spermogonium {{anchor|spermagone|spermagonium|spermogonium}} }}

{{defn|Also spermagone, spermagonium. In lichenology, an obsolete term for {{gli|pycnidium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=647}} }}

{{Term|sphaeridium |content=sphaeridium}}

{{defn|Plural sphaeridia; see {{gli|capitulum}}.}}

{{Term|spinule |content=spinule {{anchor|spinule|spinules}} }}

{{defn|A small spine; in some {{gli|fruticose}} lichens of the Lecanoromycetes, it refers to a small cylindrical outgrowth, with a narrow base, in which the {{gli|central axis}} is not connected with the {{gli|central axis}} of the main branch.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=596}} }}

{{Term|spinulose |content=spinulose {{anchor|spinulose|spinulous}} }}

{{defn|Also spinulous. Covered with or having small spines ({{gli|spinules}}) or spiny projections.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=596}} }}

File:Anzia colpodes - Flickr - pellaea (6).jpg]]

{{Term|spongiostratum |content=spongiostratum {{anchor|spongiostratum}} }}

{{defn|Plural spongiostrata. A spongy {{gli|hypothallus}} found on the lower {{gli|thallus}} surface of the genera Anzia and Pannoparmelia.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=598}}{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Spongiostratum page: Spongiostratum]}} }}

{{Term|sporodochium |content=sporodochium {{anchor|sporodochium|sporodochia}} }}

{{defn|Plural sporodochia. A cushion-shaped {{gli|stroma}} consisting of short {{gli|conidiophores}} and {{gli|pseudoparenchyma}} that supports a spore mass.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=657}} }}

{{Term|sporomorph |content=sporomorph {{anchor|sporomorph|sporomorphs}} }}

{{defn|A lichen species that is extremely similar (or identical) in external morphology, anatomy, chemistry, and spore size to another, but that is placed in a different genus solely based on differences in spore septation and/or spore colour. The term was introduced by Michael Wirth and Mason Hale in their 1978 monograph about the Graphidaceae, a family in which sporomorphs are common.{{sfn|Wirth|Hale Jr.|1978|page=2|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53552188]}} }}

File:Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata (Müll. Arg.) Taylor 455890.jpg f. sorediata indicates the presence of erythrin.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|pages=383–384}}]]

{{Term|spot test |content=spot test {{anchor|spot test}} }}

{{Main|Spot test (lichen)}}

{{defn|A spot analysis used to help identify lichens; it is performed by placing a drop of a reagent on different parts of the lichen and noting any color change associated with application of the reagent. The four most common tests are {{gli|C}}, {{gli|K}}, {{gli|KC}}, and {{gli|PD}}.{{sfn|Ahmadjian|Hale|1973|pages=633–634}} }}

{{Term|squamule |content=squamule {{anchor|squamule|squamules}} }}

{{defn|A small, flattened, scale-like structure that forms part of the {{gli|thallus}} of certain lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=610}} }}

{{Term|squamulose lichen |content=squamulose lichen {{anchor|squamulose|squamulose lichen}} }}

{{Main|Squamulose lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen with a {{gli|thallus}} made of numerous small scales or {{gli|lobes}}; intermediate in form between {{gli|crustose}} and {{gli|foliose}} lichens.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=610}} }}

{{Term|squarrose |content=squarrose {{anchor|squarrose}} }}

{{defn|Brush-like, with many short, more or less perpendicular lateral branches. In lichenology, used to refer to {{gli|rhizine}} structure.{{sfn|Brodo|Sharnoff|Sharnoff|2001|p=763}} }}

{{Term|stegoboloid |content=stegoboloid {{anchor|stegoboloid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Stegoboloid lichens have prominent apothecia with wide pores; pore filled with irregular structures; black walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus Stegobolus.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|stellate |content=stellate {{anchor|stellate|stelliform}} }}

{{defn|Also stelliform. Star-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=610}} }}

{{Term|stereoma |content=stereoma {{anchor|stereoma|stereomata}} }}

{{defn|Plural stereomata. Tissue that provides support for the {{gli|thallus}} in some species of Lecanorales.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=610}} See related: {{gli|scleroplectenchyma}}. }}

{{Term|stratified thallus |content=stratified thallus {{anchor|stratified|stratified thallus}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|thallus}} that is divided into distinct layers (strata).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=621}} See related: {{gli|heteromerous}}. }}

{{Term|stroma |content=stroma {{anchor|stroma|stromata}} }}

{{Main|Stroma (tissue)}}

{{defn|Plural stromata. A dense mass of {{gli|vegetative}} {{gli|hyphae}} that supports spore-bearing structures.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=670}} In lichens, the stroma is often hard and carbonaceous.{{sfn|Smith|Aptroot|Coppins|Fletcher|2009|page=38}} }}

{{Term|sub- |content=sub-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "below", "under", "somewhat, or "almost".{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=671}} Also used in front of names of taxonomic ranks to indicate intermediate categories, e.g. subspecies or subgenus.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=625}} }}

{{Term|subhymenium |content=subhymenium {{anchor|subhymenium|subhymenial}} }}

{{defn|The tissue immediately below the {{gli|hymenium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=671}} The term was first used by Gustaf Einar Du Rietz in 1945.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=15}}}}

{{Term|subiculum |content=subiculum {{anchor|subiculum|subicule|subicula}} }}

{{defn|Also subicule. Plural subicula. A layer of loosely-compacted mycelia that covers the {{gli|substrate}} and cushions fruiting bodies such as {{gli|apothecia}} and {{gli|perithecia}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=627}} The texture of the subiculum can be described as net-like, wool-like, or crust-like.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=671}} }}

{{Term|substrate |content=substrate {{anchor|substrate|substrates|substratum|substrata}} }}

{{Main|Substrate (biology)}}

{{Defn|Also substratum; plural substrata. The surface or base upon which a lichen grows or is attached. Although the terms substratum and substrate are often used equivalently in lichenology, the latter term has different meanings in microbiology and in enzymology.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=672}} }}

{{Term|subulate |content=subulate {{anchor|subulate}} }}

{{defn|Slender and narrowing to a fine point; awl-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=629}} }}

{{Term|sulcate |content=sulcate {{anchor|sulcate}} }}

{{defn|With grooves or furrows.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=629}} }}

{{Term|Superba-brown |content=Superba-brown {{anchor|Superba-brown}} }}

{{defn|An orange-brown to ochre insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Porpidia superba.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|superficial |content=superficial {{anchor|superficial}} }}

{{defn|On the surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=629}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

File:Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) A. Massal 409112.jpg of Ochrolechia tartarea refers to its coarse and fragmented surface.]]

{{Term|tartareous |content=tartareous {{anchor|tartareous|tartarean}} }}

{{Defn|Also tartarean. Having a thick, rough, and crumbly surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=639}} }}

{{Term|taxon |content=taxon {{anchor|taxon|taxa}} }}

{{Main|Taxon}}

{{Defn|Plural taxa. A taxonomic group of any rank; this includes species, genera, families, etc., up to kingdom and even higher.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=639}} }}

{{Term|tenuitremoid |content=tenuitremoid {{anchor|tenuitremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} morphology. Tenuitremoid lichens have immersed apothecia with small pores and a black margin; pore with "finger" ({{gli|columella}}); black walls (viewed in microscopic section); and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus. This morphotype occurs in the genus Clandestinotrema.{{sfn|Mercado-Díaz|Gould|González|Lücking|2015|page=16}} }}

{{Term|tegulicolous lichen |content=tegulicolous lichen {{anchor|tegulicolous lichen}} }}

{{Defn|A lichen that lives on tiles.{{sfn|Smith|1921|page=xxii}} In general, these are {{gli|calcicolous lichens}} or lichens that are indifferent as to their substrate.{{sfn|Smith|1921|page=24}} }}

{{Term|terebrate |content=terebrate {{anchor|terebrate}} }}

{{defn|A {{gli|thallus}} with widely spaced perforations.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=642}} }}

{{Term|terete |content=terete {{anchor|terete}} }}

{{defn|Describing a cylindrical or rod-like structure that is round in cross-section.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=373}} }}

{{Term|teretiform |content=teretiform {{anchor|teretiform}} }}

{{defn|Describing a shape that is nearly cylindrical or rod-like, similar to but not exactly {{gli|terete}}; circular in cross-section, gradually tapering towards one end.{{sfn|Thüs|Schultz|2009|page=21}} }}

{{Term|terricolous lichen |content=terricolous lichen {{anchor|terricolous|terricolous lichen}} }}

{{Main|Terricolous lichen}}

{{Defn|A lichen that grows on soil.{{sfn|British Lichen Society|ref=BLS-terms}} }}

File:Map Lichen - Rhizocarpon geographicum (22412165189).jpg

{{Term|tessellate |content=tessellate {{anchor|tessellate|tessellated}} }}

{{Main|Tessellation}}

{{Defn|As if formed of small squares or mosaics, like the {{gli|thallus}} of Rhizocarpon geographicum.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=644}} }}

{{Term|thalline margin |content=thalline margin {{anchor|thalline margin|thalline margins|thalline exciple|thalline rim|excipulum thallinum}} }}

{{defn|Also thalline exciple, excipulum thallinum. A rim of tissue around the {{gli|disk}} of a {{gli|lecanorine}} {{gli|apothecium}}; this tissue, external to the inner {{gli|proper margin}}, is made of tissue with a structure similar to that of the {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|pages=250, 684}} The term "thalline margin" was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803; in 1825 Elias Fries changed the noun and called it "thalline exciple".{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|thallinocarp |content=thallinocarp {{anchor|thallinocarp}} }}

{{Defn|A type of {{gli|ascocarp}} characteristic of the genus Lichinella (family Lichinaceae); they form from indistinct swellings of the {{gli|thallus}}, with a hymenium covered by groups of algal cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=646}} }}

{{Term|thalloconidium |content=thalloconidium {{anchor|thalloconidium|thalloconidia}} }}

{{Defn|Plural thalloconidia. A dark brown, smooth to wrinkled propagule arising directly from a {{gli|thallus}}, particularly the lower {{gli|cortex}} and/or the {{gli|rhizines}}. They are found in some species of Umbilicaria, and similar structures arise from the {{gli|prothallus}} of some species in the genera Protoparmelia, Rhizoplaca, and Sporastatia. Thalloconidia have distinct cell layers in their walls, and comprise between 1 and about 2500 cells.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}}{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=684}} }}

{{Term|thalloid |content=thalloid {{anchor|thalloid}} }}

{{Defn|Similar to a {{gli|thallus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}} }}

{{Term|thallospore |content=thallospore {{anchor|thallospore}} }}

{{Defn|An asexual spore produced directly in the {{gli|thallus}} or in mycelium.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}} In lichens, they are primarily associated with the genus Umbilicaria, although they also occur in some {{gli|crustose lichens}}.{{sfn|Poelt|Obermayer|1990}} }}

{{Term|thallus |content=thallus {{anchor|thallus|thalli}} }}

{{Main|Thallus}}

{{Defn|Plural thalli. The body of a lichen,{{sfn|Kantvilas|Jarman|1999|p=206}} made up of both fungal and algal or cyanobacterial cells.{{sfn|Dobson|2011|p=482}} The term was first used by Erik Acharius in 1803.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=13}} }}

{{Term|thallyle |content=thallyle {{anchor|thallyle}} }}

{{defn|A small thallus that originates from {{gli|rhizomorphs}}; typically associated with the genus Umbilicaria.{{sfn|Øvstedal|Lewis Smith|2001|page=373}} }}

{{Term|thecium |content=thecium {{anchor|thecium|thecia}} }}

{{defn|Plural thecia. The part of an {{gli|apothecium}} that contains the {{gli|asci}} and is situated between the {{gli|epithecium}} and the {{gli|hypothecium}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=685}} The term is alternatively used more generally to refer to any fruit body that is delimited by a proper wall (i.e., containing only fungal cells), or, as equivalent to {{gli|hymenium}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=647}} This last usage was first employed by William Nylander in 1853.{{sfn|Mitchell|2014|page=14}} See related: {{gli|apothecium}}, {{gli|amphithecium}}, {{gli|hamathecium}}, {{gli|parathecium}}, {{gli|perithecium}}. }}

File:Thelotrema lepadinum 127609729.jpg is a {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichen.]]

{{Term|thelotremoid |content=thelotremoid {{anchor|thelotremoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphological group of lichens within the Graphidaceae, the largest family of {{gli|crustose lichens}}.{{sfn|Papong|Boonpragob|Mangold|Divakar|2010|page=131}} Thelotremoid lichens are characterized by immersed-{{gli|erumpent}}, rounded {{gli|ascomata}}, non-branched to slightly branched {{gli|paraphyses}}, mostly {{gli|distoseptate}} ascospores, and mostly a {{gli|prosoplectenchymatous}} {{gli|excipulum}}. Thelotremataceae, a traditional family of lichens, has been included in Graphidaceae, and its species are now informally accepted as thelotremoid lichens.{{sfn|Papong|Boonpragob|Mangold|Divakar|2010|page=131}} }}

{{Term|tholus |content=tholus {{anchor|tholus|tholi|dome|domes}} }}

{{Defn|Plural tholi. Also dome. The apical, often thickened part of the inner wall in a {{gli|bitunicate|bitunicate ascus}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=171}} }}

{{Term|tomentum |tomentum {{anchor|tomentum|tomenta|tomentose}} }}

{{defn|Plural tomenta. Also defined: tomentose. A layer of short interwoven or coiled fungal {{gli|hyphae}} with a texture similar to velvet. In lichens, the tomentum projects from the lower {{gli|cortex}} and serves to help it attach to its {{gli|substrate}}. Structures with this type of hyphae are called tomentose.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=653}} Tomentose surfaces are found in {{gli|foliose}} genera such as Lobaria, Pseudocyphellaria, and Sticta.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=54}} }}

{{Term|topeliopsidoid |content=topeliopsidoid {{anchor|topeliopsidoid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. It pertains to lichens where the apothecia are either prominent or {{gli|sessile}}, often hidden between the {{gli|substratum}}, and they open with multiple, typically regular "teeth" that stay relatively curved over the hardly visible {{gli|disk}}. The margins tend to peel off, meaning the overlaying thallus cortex separates from the underlying marginal thallus tissue, but no distinct, clean split between thallus margin and {{gli|excipulum}} is formed. This morphotype is seen in species like Chapsa meridensis and Topeliopsis.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|pages=146–147}} }}

{{Term|trabecula |content=trabecula {{anchor|teabecula|trabeculae}} }}

{{defn|Plural trabeculae. In the genus Umbilicaria, they are rib- or strap-shaped structures radiating outward from the {{gli|umbilicus}} that merge towards the mid-zone of the {{gli|thallus}} undersurface.{{sfn|Krzewicka|2004|page=7}} }}

{{Term|trentepohlioid |content=trentepohlioid {{anchor|trentepohlioid|trentepohlialean}} }}

{{Defn|Also trentepohlialean.{{sfn|Nelsen|Plata|Andrew|Lücking|2011}} Resembling or belonging to the green algal genus Trentepohlia; trentepohlioid cells are filamentous (elongated and cylindrical), multicellular, and have a yellow to orange colour.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Trentepohlioid page: Trentepohlioid]}} }}

{{Term|trebouxioid |content=trebouxioid {{anchor|trebouxioid}} }}

{{Defn|Resembling or belonging to the green algal genus Trebouxia; trebouxioid cells are {{gli|globose}} with a single central chloroplast.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[https://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Trebouxioid page: Trebouxioid]}} }}

{{Term|triguttulate |content=triguttulate {{anchor|biguttulate}} }}

{{Defn|Containing three oil droplets (guttules).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=262}} }}

{{Term|tripartite lichen |content=tripartite lichen {{anchor|tripartite|tripartite lichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen with a three-partner symbiotic association of {{gli|mycobiont}}, {{gli|photobiont}}, and {{gli|cyanobiont}}.{{sfn|Nelsen|Lücking|Boyce|Lumbsch|2020|page=21496}} See related: {{gli|bipartite lichen}}. }}

{{Term|tuberculate |content=tuberculate {{anchor|tuberculate|tubercular}} }}

{{Defn|Also tubercular. Covered with {{gli|tubercules}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=663}} }}

{{Term|tubercule |content=tubercule {{anchor|tubercule|tubercle|tubercules|tubercles}} }}

{{defn|Also tubercle. A small rounded wart-like projection on a surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=663}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

File:Umbilicaria phaea - Flickr - pellaea (1).jpg is a {{gli|saxicolous}}, {{gli|umbilicate}} lichen.]]

{{Term|umbilicate lichen |content=umbilicate lichen {{anchor|umbilicate|umbilicate lichen|umbilicus}} }}

{{defn|Also defined: funiculus, umbilicus, umbilical cord. A lichen with a concave, circular, leafy {{gli|thallus}} that is joined to its {{gli|substrate}} only by its central part, called an umbilicus, umbilical cord or funiculus.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=43}}{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=669}} }}

{{Term|unciform |content=unciform {{anchor|unciform}} }}

{{defn|Hook-shaped.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=670}} }}

{{Term|undulate |content=undulate {{anchor|undulate}} }}

{{defn|Having a wavy form, margin, or surface.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=671}} }}

{{Term|uni- |content=uni-}}

{{defn|A prefix meaning "one"; equivalent to the prefix "mono-".{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=673}} }}

{{Term|uniguttulate |content=uniguttulate {{anchor|uniguttulate}} }}

{{defn|Containing a single oil droplet (guttule).{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=673}} }}

{{Term|unilocular |content=unilocular}}

{{defn|Containing a single cavity or {{gli|locule}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=673}} }}

{{Term|uniseriate |content=uniseriate {{anchor|uniseriate}} }}

{{defn|Lined up in a single row.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=674}} }}

{{Term|unitunicate |content=unitunicate {{anchor|unitunicate}} }}

{{defn|A type of {{gli|ascus}} with a single functional layer; the rigid internal and external wall layers do not separate during release of the {{gli|ascospores}}. Most ascomycetes have unitunicate asci.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=674}} }}

{{Term|urceolarioid |content=urceolarioid {{anchor|urceolarioid}} }}

{{defn|A morphotype of {{gli|corticolous}} {{gli|thelotremoid}} lichens used to describe characteristics of {{gli|apothecia|apothecial}} and {{gli|thallus}} structure. In this, the fruiting bodies are noticeable to {{gli|sessile}} and have a narrow pore with a smooth margin, through which the {{gli|disk}} and {{gli|excipulum}} are not visible. This morphotype can be observed in Thelotrema isidiophorum, T. subweberi, and T. weberi.{{sfn|Rivas Plata|Lücking|Sipman|Mangold|2010|page=147}} }}

File:Conotrema urceolatum-2.jpg]]

{{Term|urceolate |content=urceolate {{anchor|urceolate}} }}

{{defn|Deeply cup-shaped or urn-shaped; in lichens, the term is used to describe some {{gli|apothecia}} with a sunken {{gli|hymenium}} and elevated {{gli|parathecium}} that forms a narrow mouth.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=675}} }}

{{Term|usneoid lichen |content=usneoid lichen {{anchor|usneoid|usneoid lichen|usneoid lichens}} }}

{{defn|An informal growth form category used for {{gli|fruticose}} lichens with an elastic {{gli|central axis}} in the {{gli|medulla}}; these features are characteristic of lichens in the genera Dolichousnea and Usnea.{{sfn|Thell|Crespo|Divakar|Kärnefelt|2012|page=655}} }}

{{Term|UV test |convent=UV test {{anchor|UV test|UV|UV+|UV−}} }}

{{defn|A lichen test performed by shining a long-wavelength ultraviolet light (350 nm) at a lichen structure to check if it fluoresces; a positive test (abbreviated as UV+) indicates the presence of certain lichen products. Xanthone compounds in the {{gli|cortex}} tend to fluoresce yellow, orange, or red, while depsides and depsidones in the {{gli|medulla}} fluoresce blue to white.{{sfn|Orange|James|White|2001|pages=10, 47}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

File:Peltigera membranacea 834191.jpg]]

{{Term|vagrant |content=vagrant {{anchor|vagrant|vagrant lichen}} }}

{{Main|Vagrant lichen}}

{{defn|A lichen not attached to a {{gli|substrate}}, typically able to be blown around by wind.{{sfn|Büdel|Scheidegger|2008|page=46}} }}

{{Term|vegetative |content=vegetative {{anchor|vegetative|assimilative}} }}

{{defn|Also assimilative. Having to do with the growth phase of an organism before reproduction, including spore germination, growth, development and asexual multiplication.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=682}} }}

{{Term|vegetative reproduction |content=vegetative reproduction {{anchor|vegetative reproduction|vegetative multiplication}} }}

{{Main|Vegetative reproduction}}

{{defn|Also vegetative multiplication. Any form of asexual reproduction;{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=682}} in lichens, this can involve just the {{gli|mycobiont}} (as with {{gli|thalloconidia}}), or both the {{gli|mycobiont}} and {{gli|photobiont}}, as with {{gli|blastidia}}, {{gli|isidia}}, and {{gli|soredia}}. }}

{{Term|vein |content=vein {{anchor|vein|veins}} }}

{{defn|A cord of tissue on the underside of a {{gli|foliose}} {{gli|thallus}}, common in the genus Peltigera.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=683}} }}

{{Term|vermiform |content=vermiform {{anchor|vermiform}} }}

{{defn|Worm-like in shape or form, typically describing elongated structures that are curved or sinuous in appearance.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=684}} }}

{{Term|verruca |content=verruca {{anchor|verruca|verrucae}} }}

{{defn|Plural verrucae. A small, cone-shaped protuberance, like a small wart.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=687}} }}

{{Term|Verrucarioides-brown |content=Verrucarioides-brown {{anchor|Verrucarioides-brown}} }}

{{defn|A dull brown insoluble lichen pigment, associated with the reference species Toninia verrucarioides.{{sfn|Meyer|Printzen|2000|page=580}} }}

{{Term|verruciform |content=verruciform {{anchor|verruciform}} }}

{{defn|Having a wart-like shape.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Verruciform page: Verruciform]}} }}

{{Term|verrucose |content=verrucose {{anchor|verrucose}} }}

{{defn|A rough surface covered with {{gli|verrucae}}.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=687}} }}

{{Term|verruculose |content=verruculose {{anchor|verruculose}} }}

{{defn|A surface covered with tiny {{gli|verrucae}}; delicately {{gli|verrucose}}.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=724}} }}

{{Term|vesicle |content=vesicle {{anchor|vesicle|vesicles}} }}

{{defn|A small, bubble-like structure or swelling, often formed as a result of trapped air or liquid.{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=724}} }}

{{Term|vesiculose |content=vesiculose {{anchor|vesiculose}} }}

{{Defn|A surface that is blistered or covered with small, bubble-like swellings ({{gli|vesicles}}).{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=724}} }}

{{Term|vitricolous lichen|content=vitricolous lichen {{anchor|vitricolous|vitricolous lichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen that grows on glass.{{sfn|Australian National Herbarium|ref=Vitricolous}} }}

{{Term|voucher |content=voucher {{anchor|voucher}} }}

{{defn|A museum specimen that corresponds to a field collection.{{sfn|Tripp|2017|page=152}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|xantho- |content=xantho-}}

{{defn|Also xanth-. A prefix used to indicate the color yellow.{{sfn|Ulloa|Hanlin|2012|page=700}} }}

File:Verrucaria funckii 603249.jpg is a {{gli|xantholichen}}.]]

{{Term|xantholichen |content=xantholichen {{anchor|xantholichen}} }}

{{defn|A lichen in which the {{gli|photobiont}} partner is yellow-green algae (class Xanthophyceae); an example is the lichen formed by the fungus Verrucaria funckii and the yellow-green alga Heterococcus caespitosus.{{sfn|Sanders|2004|page=269}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Term|zeorine |content=zeorine {{anchor|zeorine}} }}

{{defn|An {{gli|apothecium}} with both a {{gli|thalline exciple}} and a {{gli|proper exciple}}. The term refers to apothecia characteristic of Zeora,{{sfn|Kirk|Cannon|Minter|Stalpers|2008|page=742}} a defunct genus that is now synonymous with Lecanora;{{cite web |title=Record Details: Zeora Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 244 (1825) |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=5865 |publisher=Index Fungorum |access-date=4 December 2022}} consequently, the term is more or less obsolete and is equivalent to {{gli|lecanorine}}.{{sfn|Ryan|Bungartz|Hagedorn|Rambold|2022|loc=[http://glossary.lias.net/wiki/Zeorine page: Zeorine]

}} }}

{{Term|zonate |content=zonate {{anchor|zonate}} }}

{{defn|Having concentric lines that form alternating light and dark zones near the {{gli|thallus}} margin of a {{gli|crustose lichen}}.{{sfn|Cannon|Kirk|2007|page=437}} }}

{{Compact ToC|side=yes|center=yes|top=yes|nobreak=yes|x=|custom1=See also|custom2=Citations|custom3=Sources}}

{{Main|Outline of lichens}}

• Glossary of biology
• Glossary of mycology
• Glossary of scientific naming
• List of common names of lichen genera
• List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite web |title=Vitricolous lichens – Lichen website |website=Australian National Botanic Gardens - Botanical Web Portal |date=20 October 2009 |publisher=Australian National Herbarium |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/ecology-vitricolous.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |ref=Vitricolous}}
• {{cite web |title=Definition of mycobiont |year=2022a |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/mycobiont |publisher=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=23 July 2022 |ref=CED mycobiont}}
• {{cite web |title=Definition of phycobiont |year=2022b |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/phycobiont |publisher=Collins English Dictionary |access-date=23 July 2022 |ref=CED phycobiont}}
• {{cite book |authorlink1=Vernon Ahmadjian |last1=Ahmadjian |first1=Vernon |authorlink2=Mason Hale |last2=Hale |first2=Mason E. |year=1973 |title=The Lichens |publisher=Academic Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-12-044950-7}}
• {{cite journal |authorlink=Teuvo Ahti |last=Ahti |first=T. |title=The morphological interpretation of cladoniiform thalli in lichens |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=14 |issue=2 |year=1982 |doi=10.1017/s0024282982000255 |pages=105–113|bibcode=1982ThLic..14..105A }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=André |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |title=A revisionary synopsis of the Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Trypetheliales) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2016 |doi=10.1017/s0024282916000487 |pages=763–982 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ThLic..48..763A }}
• {{cite journal |last=Breuss |first=Othmar |title=An updated world-wide key to the catapyrenioid lichens (Verrucariaceae) |journal=Herzogia |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=2010 |doi=10.13158/heia.23.2.2010.205 |pages=205–216}}
• {{cite book |authorlink1=Irwin M. Brodo |last1=Brodo |first1=Irwin M. |last2=Sharnoff |first2=Sylvia Duran |authorlink3=Stephen Sharnoff |last3=Sharnoff |first3=Stephen |year=2001 |title=Lichens of North America |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-08249-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/lichensofnortham0000brod/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
• {{cite book |last=Brodo |first=Irwin |year=2016 |title=Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |chapter=Glossary |pages=369–382 |isbn=978-0-300-19573-6}}
• {{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=Paul F. |last2=Kirk |first2=Paul M. |title=Fungal Families of the World |publisher=CABI |publication-place=Wallingford |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-85199-827-5 |oclc=60741230}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Diederich |first1=Paul |last2=Lawrey |first2=James D. |last3=Ertz |first3=Damien |title=The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa |journal=The Bryologist |volume=121 |issue=3 |year=2018 |pages=340–425 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328374342}}
• {{cite book |first=Frank S. |last=Dobson |title=Lichens: An Illustrated Guide to the British and Irish Species |year=2011 |publisher=Richmond Publishing |location=Slough, UK |isbn=978-0-85546-315-1}}
• {{cite journal |last=Ferraro |first=Lidia Itatí |year=2004 |title=Morphological diversity in the hyphopores of Gomphillaceae (Ostropales, lichenized Ascomycetes) |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=15 |pages=153–169 |url=https://fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/15-7.pdf}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Fjelde |first1=Markus Osaland |last2=Timdal |first2=Einar |last3=Haugan |first3=Reidar |last4=Bendiksby |first4=Mika |title=Paraphyly and cryptic diversity unveils unexpected challenges in the "naked lichens" (Calvitimela, Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=190 |year=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107944 |page=e107944|bibcode=2024MolPE.19007944F |hdl=10852/106762 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Fraser |first1=Robert H. |last2=Pouliot |first2=Darren |last3=van der Sluijs |first3=Jurjen |title=UAV and high resolution satellite mapping of forage lichen (Cladonia spp.) in a rocky Canadian Shield landscape |journal=Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing |volume=48 |issue=1 |year= 2021 |doi=10.1080/07038992.2021.1908118 |pages=5–18}}
• {{cite web |authorlink=David Galloway (botanist) |last=Galloway |first=D.J. |title=Flora of Australia Glossary — Lichens |url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/science-research/abrs/online-resources/glossaries/lichen |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=5 December 2022}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Garrido-Benavent |first1=Isaac |last2=Pérez-Ortega |first2=Sergio |title=Past, present, and future research in bipolar lichen-forming fungi and their photobionts |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=104 |issue=11 |year=2017 | doi=10.3732/ajb.1700182 |pages=1660–1674|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite web |title=Glossary of Terms |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/learning/glossary-terms |year=2022 |publisher=British Lichen Society |access-date=23 July 2022 |ref=BLS-terms}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Goward |first1=Trevor |year=1986 |title=Brodoa, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae |journal=The Bryologist |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=219–223 |jstor=3243288 |doi=10.2307/3243288}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Grube |first1=Martin |authorlink2=David Leslie Hawksworth |last2=Hawksworth |first2=David L. |title=Trouble with lichen: the re-evaluation and re-interpretation of thallus form and fruit body types in the molecular era |journal=Mycological Research |volume=111 |issue=9 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.04.008 |pages=1116–1132 |pmid=17698333}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hafellner |first1=Josef |last2=Kalb |first2=Klaus |year=1995 |chapter=Studies in Trichotheliales ordo novus |title=Studies in Lichenology with Emphasis on Chemotaxonomy, Geography and Phytochemistry. Festschrift Ch. Leuckert |series=Bibliothecia Lichenologica |publisher=J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung |location=Berlin-Stuttgart |volume=57 |pages=161–186 |isbn=978-3-44-358036-0}}
• {{cite journal |last=Hawksworth |first=D. L. |title=The variety of fungal-algal symbioses, their evolutionary significance, and the nature of lichens |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=96 |issue=1 |year=1988 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1988.tb00623.x |pages=3–20}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hertel |first1=Hannes |chapter=A new key to cryptothalline species of the genus Lecidea (Lecanorales) |title=Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens – Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman |editor-last1=Aptroot |editor-first1=A. |editor-last2=Seaward |editor-first2=M.R.D. |editor-last3=Sparrius |editor-first3=L.B. |year=2009 |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=99 |pages=185–204 |publisher=J.Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung |location=Berlin/Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-443-58078-0}}
• {{cite journal |authorlink=Rosmarie Honegger |last=Honegger |first=Rosmarie |title=Functional aspects of the lichen symbiosis |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology |volume=42 |issue=1 |year=1991 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pp.42.060191.003005 |pages=553–578}}
• {{cite journal |first1=Vineeta |last1=Jagtap |first2=Manish |last2=Tripathi |first3=Yogesh |last3=Joshi |title=First report on the occurrence of plasticolous lichens from Uttarakhand, India |journal=Journal of Applied and Natural Science |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=342–344 |year=2013 |doi=10.31018/jans.v5i2.329 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/158352584.pdf}}
• {{cite book |authorlink1=Gintaras Kantvilas |first1=G. |last1=Kantvilas |name-list-style=amp |first2=S.J. |last2=Jarman |title=Lichens of rainforest in Tasmania |location=Canberra, ACT, Australia |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |year=1999 |isbn=0-642-56802-2}}
• {{cite journal |last=Kantvilas |first=Gintaras |title=Three new species of siphuloid lichens, with a first key to the genus Parasiphula |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=55 |issue=1 |year=2023 |doi=10.1017/s0024282922000421 |pages=17–25|bibcode=2023ThLic..55...17K }}
• {{cite dictionary |editor-last1=Kirk |editor-first1=Paul M. |editor-last2=Cannon |editor-first2=Paul F. |editor-last3=Minter |editor-first3=David W. |editor-last4=Stalpers |editor-first4=Joost A. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |volume=10 |year=2008 |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-1-84593-933-5}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kistenich |first1=Sonja |last2=Timdal |first2=Einar |last3=Bendiksby |first3=Mika |last4=Ekman |first4=Stefan |title=Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales) |journal=Taxon |volume=67 |issue=5 |year=2018 |pages=871–904 |doi=10.12705/675.1|hdl=10852/67955 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Korf |first1=Richard P. |year=1962 |title=A synopsis of the Hemiphacidiaceae, a family of the Helotiales (Discomycetes) causing needle-blights of conifers |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=12–33 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0054/001/0012.htm}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Krzewicka |first1=Beata |year=2004 |title=The lichen genera Lasallia and Umbilicaria in the Polish Tatra mts |journal=Polish Botanical Studies |volume=17 |pages=1–88 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287554113}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Otto L. |last2=Wagenitz |first2=Gerhard |title=What is a 'phycolichen'? Differences and changes in the meaning of an old lichenological term |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2003 |doi=10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00038-0 |pages=341–345|bibcode=2003ThLic..35..341L }}
• {{cite journal |authorlink=Jack Laundon |last=Laundon |first=Jack R. |title=On the classification of lichen photomorphs |journal=Taxon |volume=44 |issue=3 |year=1995 |doi=10.2307/1223409 |pages=387–389 |jstor=1223409}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lendemer |first1=James C. |last2=Buck |first2=William R. |last3=Harris |first3=Richard C. |title=Two new host-specific hepaticolous species of Catinaria (Ramalinaceae) |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=48 |issue=5 |date=September 2016 |pages=441–449 |doi=10.1017/S0024282916000438|bibcode=2016ThLic..48..441L }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Leavitt |first2=Steven D. |last3=Hawksworth |first3=David L. |title=Species in lichen-forming fungi: balancing between conceptual and practical considerations, and between phenotype and phylogenomics |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=109 |issue=1 |year=2021 |doi=10.1007/s13225-021-00477-7 |pages=99–154 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite web |title=Lichen Basics |publisher=North American Mycological Association |access-date=15 October 2022 |url=https://namyco.org/lichen_basics.php |ref=NAMA}}
• {{cite journal |authorlink=Helge Thorsten Lumbsch |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |last2=Huhndorf |first2=Sabine M. |title=Whatever happened to the pyrenomycetes and loculoascomycetes? |journal=Mycological Research |volume=111 |issue=9 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2007.04.004 |pages=1064–1074|pmid=18029164 }}
• {{cite report |authorlink=Elke Mackenzie |last1=MacKenzie Lamb |first1=I. |year=1968 |title=Antarctic Lichens. II. The Genera Buellia and Rinodina |chapter=Appendix II. Glossary of Technical Terms |series=British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports |issue=61 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}
• {{cite journal |authorlink=Bruce McCune |last1=McCune |first1=B. |last2=Wang |first2=L.S. |title=The lichen genus Hypogymnia in southwest China |journal=Mycosphere |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=2014 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/5/1/2 |pages=27–76 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite report |last1=Mercado-Díaz |first1=Joel A. |last2=Gould |first2=William A. |last3=González |first3=Grizelle |last4=Lücking |first4=Robert |year=2015 |title=Lichens in Puerto Rico: an ecosystem approach. Gen. Tech. Rep. IITF-GTR-46 |location=San Juan, Puerto Rico |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275963099}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Barbara |last2=Printzen |first2=Christian |title=Proposal for a standardized nomenclature and characterization of insoluble lichen pigments |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=32 |issue=6 |year=2000 |doi=10.1006/lich.2000.0294 |pages=571–583|bibcode=2000ThLic..32..571M }}
• {{cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=M.E. |year=2014 |title=De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis |journal=Huntia |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5–22 |url=https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/02hibd-huntia-15-1-pp05-22.pdf}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |last3=Betancourt-Macuase |first3=Luisa |title=Phylogeny of the Lobariaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigerales), with a reappraisal of the genus Lobariella |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=45 |issue=2 |year=2013 |doi=10.1017/s0024282912000825 |pages=203–263 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ThLic..45..203M }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Moncada |first1=Bibiana |last2=Rincón-Murillo |first2=Diego |last3=Lücking |first3=Robert |title=Three new lobarioid lichens (lichenized Ascomycota: Peltigeraceae) from Colombia, honoring Enrique Forero |journal=Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales | volume=47 |issue=184 |year=2023 |doi=10.18257/raccefyn.1978 |doi-access=free |pages=619–640}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Nelsen |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Plata |first2=Eimy Rivas |last3=Andrew |first3=Carrie J. |last4=Lücking |first4=Robert |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Phylogenetic diversity of trentepohlialean algae associated with lichen-forming fungi |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=47 |issue=2 |year=2011 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00962.x |pages=282–290 |pmid=27021860 |bibcode=2011JPcgy..47..282N |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230242525}}
• {{cite book |last1=Orange |first1=A. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |last3=White |first3=F.J. |year=2001 |title=Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens |publisher=British Lichen Society |isbn=978-0-9540418-0-9}}
• {{cite book |last1=Øvstedal |first1=D.O. |last2=Lewis Smith |first2=R.I. |year=2001 |chapter=Glossary |title=Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia. A Guide to Their Identification and Ecology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |pages=367–374 |isbn=978-0-521-66241-3}}
• {{cite journal |author-link=Josef Poelt |last=Poelt |first=J. |title=Physcia opuntiella spec. nov. und die Lebeusform der Sprosseuden Flechten |trans-title=Physcia opuntiella spec. nov. and the life form of the branching lichens |journal=Flora |volume=169 |issue=1 |year=1980 |doi=10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31162-3 |pages=23–31|bibcode=1980FMDFE.169...23P }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Poelt |first1=J. |last2=Obermayer |first2=W. |year=1990 |title=Über Thallosporen bei einigen Krustenflechten |trans-title=On thallospores in some crustose lichens |journal=Herzogia |volume=8 |pages=273–288 |doi=10.1127/herzogia/8/1990/273 |language=de |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361361730}}
• {{cite journal |last=Rikkinen |first=Jouko |date=April 2015 |title=Cyanolichens |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=973–993 |doi=10.1007/s10531-015-0906-8|bibcode=2015BiCon..24..973R }}
• {{cite book |editor-first=Thomas H. |editor-last=Nash III |title=Lichen Biology |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9y60ac0wbMC&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-0-521-69216-8}}

::{{cite book |editor-first=Thomas H. |editor-last=Nash III |last1=Nash |first1=T.H. III |authorlink=Thomas Hawkes Nash III |chapter=1. Introduction |title=Lichen Biology |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69216-8 |pages=1–8}}

::{{cite book |editor-first=Thomas H. |editor-last=Nash III |last1=Honegger |first1=R. |authorlink=Rosmarie Honegger |chapter=3.Mycobionts |title=Lichen Biology |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69216-8 |pages=27–39}}

::{{cite book |editor-first=Thomas H. |editor-last=Nash III |last1=Büdel |first1=B. |last2=Scheidegger |first2=C. |chapter=4.Thallus morphology and anatomy |title=Lichen Biology |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-521-69216-8 |pages=40–68}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Nelsen |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |authorlink3=André Aptroot |last3=Aptroot |first3=André |last4=Andrew |first4=Carrie J. |last5=Cáceres |first5=Marcela |last6=Plata |first6=Eimy Rivas |last7=Gueidan |first7=Cécile |last8=da Silva Canêz |first8=Luciana |last9=Knight |first9=Allison |last10=Ludwig |first10=Lars R. |last11=Mercado-Díaz |first11=Joel A. |last12=Parnmen |first12=Sittiporn |last13=Lumbsch |first13=H. Thorsten |title=Elucidating phylogenetic relationships and genus-level classification within the fungal family Trypetheliaceae (Ascomycota: Dothideomycetes) |journal=Taxon |volume=63 |issue=5 |year=2014 |doi=10.12705/635.9 |pages=974–992}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Nelsen |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Lücking |first2=Robert |last3=Boyce |first3=C. Kevin |authorlink4=Helge Thorsten Lumbsch |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |last5=Ree |first5=Richard H. |title=The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=117 |issue=35 |year=2020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2001913117 |pages=21495–21503|pmid=32796103 |pmc=7474681 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721495N |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Papong |first1=Khwanruan |last2=Boonpragob |first2=Kansri |last3=Mangold |first3=Armin | last4=Divakar |first4=Pradeep K. |last5=Lumbsch |first5=H. Thorsten |title=Thelotremoid lichen species recently described from Thailand: a re-evaluation |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=42 |issue=2 |year=2010 |doi=10.1017/s0024282909990405 |pages=131–137|bibcode=2010ThLic..42..131P }}
• {{cite book |last1=Randlane |first1=Tiina |last2=Tõrra |first2=Tiiu |last3=Saag |first3=Andres |last4=Saag |first4=Lauri |editor-last1=Thell |editor-first1=Arne |editor-last2=Seaward |editor-first2=Mark R. D. |editor-last3=Feuerer |editor-first3=Tassilo |year=2009 |chapter=Key to European Usnea species |title=Diversity of Lichenology – Anniversary Volume |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |publisher=J. Kramer |volume=100 |pages=419–462 |location=Stuttgart |isbn=978-3-443-58079-7}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Rapai |first1=Sean B. |last2=McMullin |first2=Richard Troy |last3=Newmaster |first3=Steven G. |title=The importance of macrolichen traits and phylogeny in forest community assemblage along a high elevation gradient in southwestern British Columbia |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=274 |year=2012 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2012.02.018 |pages=231–240|bibcode=2012ForEM.274..231R }}
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{{refend}}

Category:Lichens

Category:Glossaries of biology

Category:Wikipedia glossaries using description lists