Heilongjiang#History

The province takes its name from the Amur river, whose name in Mandarin is Heilongjiang ('black dragon river').

{{More citations needed|section|date=January 2022}}

File:Saint Sofia Church.jpg]]

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the Sushen, Buyeo, the Mohe, and the Khitan. Mongolic Donghu people lived in Inner Mongolia and the western part of Heilongjiang.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043037/http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang]}} Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.{{cite web |url=http://www.iqh.net.cn/lsdl_dmx_show.asp?column_id=2506&column_cat_id=469 |script-title=zh:浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点 |website=iqh.net.cn |language=zh-cn |access-date=16 January 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723122439/http://www.iqh.net.cn/lsdl_dmx_show.asp?column_id=2506&column_cat_id=469 |url-status=dead }} The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the Bohai Kingdom between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan Liao dynasty. The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Amur-2572.jpg

Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the Kangxi era of the Manchu Qing dynasty, from the northwestern part of the Jilin province.{{cite book|title=Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy|first=Richard Louis|last=Edmonds|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213|isbn=0-89065-118-3|year=1985|page=6}} This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; jiyanggiyūn is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word {{lang|zh-hant|將軍}} {{Transliteration|zh|jiāngjūn}}; "military leader, general" and is cognate with Japanese shōgun), whose power extended, according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, as far north as the Stanovoy Mountains. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the Sea of Japan. These areas deep in Manchuria were closed off to Han Chinese migration.

File:镇守黑龙江等处地方将军印，黑龙江将军府.jpg

The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as Aigun or Heihe, or, in Manchu, Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur river. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to Nenjiang (Mergen) on the Nen River, and, in 1699, further south to Qiqihar. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the Sungari River until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a portage over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt Mongols.Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) ({{lang-zh|乌鲁苏穆丹}} Wūlǔsūmùdān), near the Amur river's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the Qing government was forced to give up all land beyond the Amur and Ussuri rivers to the Russian Empire, cutting off the Qing Empire from the Sea of Japan and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, Manchuria was opened to Han Chinese migration by the Qing government. By the early twentieth century, due to the Chuang Guandong, the Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-4094-6389-4}}

In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were defeated by the Soviet Army. During the Chinese Civil War, Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and Harbin the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the province of Songjiang; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the Cultural Revolution, Heilongjiang was also expanded to include Hulunbuir League and some other areas previously in Inner Mongolia; this has since mostly been reversed.

File:Jixi Xingguo Middle Road.jpg]]

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the Greater Khingan Range and Lesser Khingan Range, Zhangguangcai Mountains, Laoye Mountains, and Wanda Mountains. The highest peak is Datudingzi Mountain at {{convert|1690|m}}, located on the border with Jilin province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the Muling River, the Naoli River, the Songhua River, the Nen River, and the Mudan River, all tributaries of the Amur, while the northern border forms part of the Amur valley. Xingkai Lake (or Khanka Lake) is found on the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai.

File:雾凇 QQ696847 - panoramio.jpg

A humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa or Dwb) predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are subarctic (Köppen Dwc).{{Citation |via=Wikimedia Commons |last1=Peel |first1=M. C. |last2=Finlayson |first2=B. L. |last3=McMahon |first3=T. A. |title=Climate map of Asia, excluding (South)west-Asia (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"). |date=2007-10-12 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_Koppen_Map.png |access-date=2022-03-12}} Winters are long and bitter, with an average of {{convert|−31|to|−15|°C|°F|0}} in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of {{convert|18|to|23|°C|°F|0}} in July. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|400|to|700|mm|in|0}}, concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the Songnen Plain and the Sanjiang Plain provide abundant sources of wind energy.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

The province's largest cities include Harbin, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jiamusi, Daqing, Jixi, Shuangyashan, Hegang, Qitaihe, Yichun, and Heihe.

Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has {{Cvt|165989|km}} of expressways,{{Cite web|url=http://jt.hlj.gov.cn/jg/jtgk/|title=黑龙江省交通运输厅|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124141212/http://jt.hlj.gov.cn/jg/jtgk/|url-status=dead}} highways and other roads. The Beijing - Harbin Expressway is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the Harbin Ring Expressway. The Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The Hegang - Dalian Expressway runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

There are 60 railway lines of around {{convert|5,300|km|mile|abbr=off}} including a section of the Eurasian Land Bridge. The Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to Dalian in Liaoning province via Changchun and Shenyang comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

Major airports include Harbin Taiping International Airport, Qiqihar Airport, Mudanjiang Airport, Jiamusi Airport and Heihe Airport. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

{{Main|Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge}}

The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich, the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia. The railway bridge over the Amur river will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye, a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385591.html Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade], China Daily, 19 June 2007.

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.{{cite news|author1=Andrew Higgins | title=An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/asia/unfinished-bridge-russia-china-amur-river.html | work=The New York Times | date=16 July 2016 | access-date=17 July 2016}} In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.{{citation| url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/21/russia-completes-construction-on-first-ever-rail-bridge-to-china-a64900 |title = Russia Completes Construction of First-Ever Rail Bridge to China | date = March 21, 2019| newspaper =The Moscow Times|access-date=November 16, 2020}}{{citation| url = https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5c9321df9a79475e283c5f69 | title=Россия и Китай соединили железнодорожный мост через Амур | trans-title=Russia and China connected a railway bridge across the Amur| language=ru| date = March 21, 2019 | publisher=RBK Group|access-date=November 16, 2020}} Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/economy/1099607|title=Railway bridge over Amur river to China will be built by end of 2020, envoy says|website=TASS|access-date=November 16, 2020}} and then 3rd quarter of 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvnovosti.ru/eao/2020/02/17/110702/|title=Новости Хабаровска|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204141819/https://www.dvnovosti.ru/eao/2020/02/17/110702/|url-status=dead}}

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(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at Greater Khingan.)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 county-level divisions (65 districts, 20 county-level cities, 42 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 township-level divisions (473 towns, 400 townships, 58 ethnic townships, and 353 subdistricts).

{{notelist}}

{{Largest cities

|largest = Most populous

|country = Heilongjiang

|kind = cities

|stat_ref = Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population{{cite book |author=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211023/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |url-status=dead }}

|list_by_pop =

|city_1 = Harbin

|pop_1 = 4,860,000

|img_1 = Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China - panoramio (3).jpg

|city_2 = Daqing

|pop_2 = 1,425,000

|img_2 = 三永湖灯塔2017夏.jpg

|city_3 = Qiqihar

|pop_3 = 1,094,000

|img_3 = 国脉大厦28层俯瞰一马路 QQ696847 - panoramio.jpg

|city_4 = Yichun, Heilongjiang{{!}}Yichun

|pop_4 = 765,200

|img_4 = Sight of the city from the top of Xing'an Tower, Yichun, Heilongjiang, China.jpg

|city_5 = Jixi

|pop_5 = 674,500

|city_6 = Mudanjiang

|pop_6 = 672,000

|city_7 = Jiamusi

|pop_7 = 590,000

|city_8 = Hegang

|pop_8 = 526,000

|city_9 = Shuangyashan

|pop_9 = 457,000

|city_10 = Qitaihe

|pop_10 = 418,700

|city_11 = Suihua

|pop_11 = 375,100

|city_12 = Zhaodong

|pop_12 = 243,000

|city_13 = Anda, Heilongjiang{{!}}Anda

|pop_13 = 232,900

|city_14 = Wuchang, Heilongjiang{{!}}Wuchang

|pop_14 = 190,300

|city_15 = Shangzhi

|pop_15 = 156,600

|city_16 = Heihe

|pop_16 = 148,000

|city_17 = Hailun

|pop_17 = 138,000

|city_18 = Bei'an

|pop_18 = 130,700

|city_19 = Fujin City{{!}}Fujin

|pop_19 = 125,500

|city_20 = Tieli

|pop_20 = 116,300

}}

{{further|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China}}Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Heilongjiang has a parallel party-government system,{{cite web |last1=Lawrence |first1=Susan |last2=Martin |first2=Michael |date=20 March 2013 |title=Understanding China's Political System |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108131300/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41007.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2012 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Federation of American Scientists |publisher=Congressional Research Service}} in which the CCP Heilongjiang Provincial Committee Secretary outranks the Governor.{{cite news |date=23 January 2007 |script-title=zh:党委书记权力究竟有多大？ |trans-title=How much power does a Party Secretary really have? |url=http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702211524/http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/30178/5316277.html |archive-date=2 July 2018 |access-date=29 April 2018 |publisher=People's Daily Press |language=zh-cn |script-work=zh:人民论坛}} The CCP Heilongjiang Provincial Committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and has control over the Heilongjiang Provincial People's Government.File:黑龙江省人民政府大楼2017夏.jpg

{{More citations needed section|date=December 2008}}

In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion RMB ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of {{CNY|51,906}} ({{US$|7,717}} in nominal). Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.

Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge.

Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of rice, corn and soybeans, with a total of {{convert|14.37|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of grain plantation area, including {{convert|4|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of rice plantation and {{convert|5.5|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of corn.{{cite news |title=China Focus: "Grain barn" promotes new rice varieties for better yields |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/28/c_139472808.htm |access-date=31 August 2021 |agency=Xinhua |date=28 October 2020}}{{cite news |title=Xinhua Headlines: China embraces bumper harvest with macro-adjusting in "grain barn" |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138474111.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015164602/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138474111.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 August 2021 |agency=Xinhua |date=15 October 2019}} Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil (chernozem), one of the most fertile soil types.{{cite news |last1=Zuo |first1=Mandy |title=Illegal trade in rich black soil from Heilongjiang is robbing farmers in China's cereal food bowl of a future |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/environment/article/3131643/illegal-trade-rich-black-soil-heilongjiang-robbing |access-date=31 August 2021 |publisher=South China Morning Post |date=21 April 2021}} Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.{{cite journal |last1=Wen |first1=Dazhong |last2=Liang |first2=Wenju |title=Soil Fertility Quality and Agricultural Sustainable Development in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |date=2001 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=41–43 |doi=10.1023/A:1011480228613 |bibcode=2001EDSus...3...31W |s2cid=153085940 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011480228613|url-access=subscription }} Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for japonica rice, known for high quality brand rice varieties.{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Hong |title=The formation of high-class brand rice production area and functions of farmers' cooperatives in north east China: Case study of Wuchang City, Heilongjiang Province |journal=Review of Agricultural Economics of Hokkaido University |date=2010 |issue=65 |pages=101–115 |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do;?recordID=JP2010004344 |access-date=31 August 2021}} The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yanan |title=Rice production and climate change in Northeast China: evidence of adaptation through land use shifts |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=024014 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aafa55 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4014H |doi-access=free }} Commercial crops grown include beets, flax, sunflowers.{{cite web

|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/Harbinrice.html

|title=Harbin — the capital city of China's high-quality rice

|date=2017-10-17

|publisher=China Daily

|access-date=2019-10-20}}

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the Korean pine and larch are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Forests are mostly found in the Greater Khingan Mountains and Lesser Khingan Mountains, which are also home to protected animal species such as the Siberian tiger, the red-crowned crane, and the lynx.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Heilongjiang is part of northeast China, the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with Russia. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} As a result, the government has started the Revitalize Northeast China campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of economic reform.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Petroleum is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the Daqing oilfields are an important source of petroleum for China.{{Cite book |last=Zhan |first=Jing Vivian |title=China's Contained Resource Curse: How Minerals Shape State-Capital-Labor Relations |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-04898-9 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=39}} Coal, gold, and graphite are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for wind power, with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production.{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yuning|last2=Tang|first2=Ningning|last3=Niu|first3=Yuguang|last4=Du|first4=Xiaoze|date=2016-12-01|title=Wind energy rejection in China: Current status, reasons and perspectives|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=66|pages=322–344|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.008|issn=1364-0321|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016RSERv..66..322Z }}

• Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

:Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is {{cvt|208.54|km2}}, and it recently expanded the area by {{cvt|32.45|km2}}.[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/daqing-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone]

• Heihe Border Economic Cooperation Area
• Harbin Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone

:Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of {{cvt|34|km2}} in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects and high-tech industrial development.[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone]

• Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone

:Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/sino-russia-dongning-piurtaphca-trade-zone/ RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone]

• Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation Area

:Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is {{convert|548|km|abbr=on}}. Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is {{convert|21|km|abbr=on}} away.[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/suifenhe-border-economy-cooperation-district/ RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District]

File:China_Heilongjiang_pop_SbA5y_pyramid2019.png in 2019]]

{{Historical populations

|title = Historical population

|footnote = Established in 1923; dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Harbin part of Heilongjiang Province until 1947–1949 and 1953–1954.
Dongsheng SAR dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Songjiang Province dissolved in 1955 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.
Hejiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Songjiang Province / Heilongjiang Province (present).
Nenjiang Province dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.

|1912{{cite web |script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|access-date=6 March 2014}} |2,029,000

|1928{{cite web |script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}} |3,725,000

|1936–37{{cite web |script-title=ja:1936-37年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}} |3,751,000

|1947{{cite web |script-title=ja:1947年全国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}} |2,844,000

|1954{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=2009-08-05 }} |11,897,309

|1964{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 }} |20,118,271

|1982{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=2012-05-10 }} |32,665,546

|1990{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=2012-06-19 }} |35,214,873

|2000{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=2012-08-29 }} |36,237,576

|2010{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of China |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=2013-07-27 }} |38,312,224

|2020 |31,850,088

}}

Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010. {{As of|2021}}, the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is Han Chinese, while ethnic minorities include the Manchus, Koreans, Mongols, Hui, Xibe, and Hezhen.

! Nationality !! Population !! Percentage

| Han Chinese

| Manchus

| Koreans

| Mongols

| Hui

| Xibe

| Hezhe

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.

Source:{{cite book |author=National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司}}) |author2=Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家民族事务委员会经济发展司}}) |script-title=zh:《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 |location=Beijing |publisher=Publishing House of Minority Nationalities |year=2003 |isbn=978-7105054251 |language=zh-cn}}, 2 volumes

{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}{{Further|Religion in Northeast China}}

File:ハルビン極楽寺玄関.jpg (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in Harbin]]

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk religions, including Taoism. Manchu shamanism is practiced by many Manchu people. Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism have an important presence in the province.

Heilongjiang's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

File:黑龙江日报报业集团2017.jpg

Heilongjiang Television and Harbin Economy Radio serve as broadcasters.

File:Harbin Siberian Tiger Park 2.JPG at Harbin Siberian Tiger Park]]

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, Russian, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. Bukui Mosque, a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.{{Cite web |title=Bukui Mosque - the Largest Glazed-Tile Building in Heilongjiang Province |url=http://www.foreignercn.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8110:bukui-mosque-the-largest-glazed-tile-building-in-heilongjiang-province&catid=106:travel-in-heilongjiang&Itemid=243 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.foreignercn.com}} Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant churches as well as synagogues dot the city.{{cite web |title=China Expat city Guide |url=http://www.chinaexpat.com/list/28 |publisher=China Expat |year=2008 |access-date=2009-02-08}}

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed ice sculpture exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 ice sculptures were on display at the annual event.{{Cite web |title=Ice and Snow Festival in Harbin -- china.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/198585.htm |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.china.org.cn}}

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the Amur into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. Lake Jingbo, in Ning'an County, is a section of the Mudan River that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the Diaoshuilou Falls.

The province has a zoological park called "Harbin Siberian Tiger Park".{{cite book |author=DK |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China |publisher=Penguin Books |page=457 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7mQAwAAQBAJ |date=2014-06-02 |isbn=978-1465430939}}

{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang}}

Partial list of universities:

• Daqing Staff and Workers University
• Harbin Institute of Technology
• Harbin Engineering University
• Harbin Medical University
• Harbin Normal University
• Harbin University of Science and Technology
• Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University
• Heilongjiang Commercial University
• Heilongjiang University
• Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
• Heilongjiang International University
• Heilongjiang Institute of Technology
• Northeast Agricultural University
• Northeast Forestry University
• Northeast Petroleum University
• Qiqihar University

Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.{{Cite web |url=http://men.chinabandy.com/en/a/xinwen/2018/0115/126.html |title=2018 World Bandy Championship Men's Group B will be held in Harbin on 27th |access-date=2018-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010912/http://men.chinabandy.com/en/a/xinwen/2018/0115/126.html |archive-date=2018-01-18 |url-status=dead }} For example, it is promoting bandy as an Olympic sport.[https://web.archive.org/web/20161012045229/http://www.worldbandy.com/olympic.html Heilongjiang Province Promotes Bandy as Olympic Sport!]

• 2009 Winter Universiade
• 2018 Bandy World Championship, Division B
• Asia League Ice Hockey

• Mao Buyi, singer-songwriter
• Meng Nan, singer-songwriter
• Ningning, singer from the K-pop girl group Aespa
• Song Yadong, UFC Fighter
• Wang Manyu, Chinese table tennis player
• Zhang Shan Qi, racing driver

{{Portal|China|Geography}}

• Major national historical and cultural sites in Heilongjiang

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{commons}}

• [http://www.hlj.gov.cn/ Heilongjiang Government website]
• {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Geographic location

|Centre = Heilongjiang

|North = {{flag|Amur Oblast}}, {{flag|Russia}}

|Northeast = {{flag|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} and {{flag|Khabarovsk Krai}}, {{flag|Russia}}

|East =

|Southeast = {{flag|Primorsky Krai}}, {{flag|Russia}}

|South = Jilin

|Southwest =

|West = Inner Mongolia

|Northwest = {{flag|Zabaykalsky Krai}}, {{flag|Russia}}

}}

{{Heilongjiang topics}}

{{Heilongjiang}}

{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China

Category:States and territories established in 1954

Category:1954 establishments in China

Category:Manchuria