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Hill station#India .28by state.29

{{Short description|Town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

File:Shimla Southern Side of Ridge.JPG, a city founded as a hill station. The city's urban planning and architecture, as seen here on the south side of the Ridge, were designed to foster a European experience for homesick colonial officials and executives.]]

A hill station is a town located at a higher elevation than the nearby plain or valley. The English term was originally used mostly in colonial Asia, but also in Africa (albeit rarely), for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat and, as Dale Kennedy observes about the Indian context, "the hill station (...) was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider".Kennedy, Dane. The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1996 1996. | http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft396nb1sf/{{cite web|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/hill-stations-pinnacles-raj/|title = Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj|website=southasia.ucla.edu}} The term is still used in present day, particularly in India, which has the largest number of hill stations, most are situated at an altitude of approximately {{convert|1000|to|2,500|metres}}.

History

= In South Asia =

Nandi Hills is an 11th-century hill station that was developed by the Ganga dynasty in present-day Karnataka, India.{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71232/nandi-hills|title=Plans include beautification of the entire hill station to attract tourists|date=26 February 2021|publisher = Outlook India}}{{cite book|title=Āgama Aura Tripiṭaka, Eka Anuśilana: Language and Literature|page=500|author=Muni Nagraj}} Tipu Sultan (1751–1799) notably used it as a summer retreat.{{cite book | last=Myer | first=H. | title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia | publisher=South Asia Publications | issue=v. 1 | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-945921-42-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ | page=37}}

Hill stations in British India were established for a variety of reasons. One of the first reasons in the early 1800s, was for the place to act as a sanitorium for the ailing family members of British officials.{{cite book|author=Dane Keith Kennedy|title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the britishBritishRaj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UveLzKDlZBEC&pg=PR9|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20188-0|page=24}} After the rebellion of 1857, the British "sought further distance from what they saw as a disease-ridden land by [escaping] to the Himalayas in the north". Other factors included anxieties about the dangers of life in India, among them "fear of degeneration brought on by too long residence in a debilitating land". The hill stations were meant to reproduce the home country, illustrated in Lord Lytton's statement about Ootacamund in the 1870s as having "such beautiful English rain, such delicious English mud."{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |title=A Concise History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63974-3 |page=111 }} Shimla was officially made the "summer capital of India" in the 1860s and hill stations "served as vital centres of political and military power, especially after the 1857 revolt."{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dane |title=The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj |date=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |url=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft396nb1sf;brand=ucpress|access-date=19 August 2014}}{{cite book | author=Vipin Pubby | title=Shimla Then and Now | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZ-ibfhMyMC&pg=PA17 | access-date=16 August 2013 | year=1996 | publisher=Indus Publishing | isbn=978-81-7387-046-0 | pages=17–34}}

As noted by Indian historian Vinay Lal, hill stations in India also served "as spaces for the colonial structuring of a segregational and ontological divide between Indians and Europeans, and as institutional sites of imperial power."{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/08/india-britain-empire-railways-myths-gifts|title='But what about the railways ...?' The myth of Britain's gifts to India|date=8 March 2017|website=the Guardian}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-45506092|title = Racism and stereotypes in colonial India's 'Instagram'|work = BBC News|date = 30 September 2018}}{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271900472 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231163937/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271900472_Segregation_and_the_Social_Relations_of_Place_Bombay_1890-1910 |archive-date=2021-12-31 |title=Segregation and the Social Relations of Place, Bombay, 1890–1910}}{{cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?dscnt=1&elementId=0&recIdxs=0&frbrVersion=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&frbg=&tab=local&displayMode=full&dstmp=1613819543550&srt=rank&ct=display&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=1&recIds=IAMS040-000155711&renderMode=poppedOut&doc=IAMS040-000155711&vl(freeText0)=proceedings%20of%20the%20third%20meeting%20of%20the%20general%20malaria%20committee%20at%20madras&fn=search&vid=IAMS_VU2&tabs=detailsTab&fromLogin=true|title=Login|access-date=2021-02-20|archive-date=2021-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231163942/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?dscnt=1&elementId=0&recIdxs=0&frbrVersion=&scp.scps=scope:(BL)&frbg=&tab=local&displayMode=full&dstmp=1613819543550&srt=rank&ct=display&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=1&recIds=IAMS040-000155711&renderMode=poppedOut&doc=IAMS040-000155711&vl(freeText0)=proceedings%20of%20the%20third%20meeting%20of%20the%20general%20malaria%20committee%20at%20madras&fn=search&vid=IAMS_VU2&tabs=detailsTab&fromLogin=true|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/indias-initial-coronavirus-response-carried-echoes-of-the-colonial-era-135887|title=India's initial coronavirus response carried echoes of the colonial era|first=Shinjini|last=Das|website=The Conversation|date=29 April 2020 }}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/1/2091/240|title=The Prophylaxis of Malaria|first=British Medical Journal Publishing|last=Group|date=26 January 1901|journal=Br Med J|volume=1|issue=2091|pages=240–242|via=www.bmj.com|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2091.240|pmid=20759409|pmc=2400219}}{{cite web|url=https://southasia.ucla.edu/hill-stations-pinnacles-raj/|title = Hill Stations: Pinnacles of the Raj}}

{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyVuAAAAMAAJ|isbn = 978-0-19-564657-3|title = Climates & Constitutions: Health, Race, Environment and British Imperialism in India, 1600-1850|year = 1999|publisher = Oxford University Press}}{{cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?dscnt=1&elementId=4&recIdxs=4&frbrVersion=&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&displayMode=full&tab=local&dstmp=1588006706183&srt=rank&ct=display&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=5&recIds=IAMS041-003421110&fromLogin=true&renderMode=poppedOut&doc=IAMS041-003421110&vl(freeText0)=L%2FE%2F7%2F866%20&vid=IAMS_VU2&fn=search&tabs=detailsTab&fromLogin=true|title=Login|access-date=2021-02-20|archive-date=2021-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231163940/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?dscnt=1&elementId=4&recIdxs=4&frbrVersion=&frbg=&scp.scps=scope:(BL)&displayMode=full&tab=local&dstmp=1588006706183&srt=rank&ct=display&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=5&recIds=IAMS041-003421110&fromLogin=true&renderMode=poppedOut&doc=IAMS041-003421110&vl(freeText0)=L/E/7/866%20&vid=IAMS_VU2&fn=search&tabs=detailsTab&fromLogin=true|url-status=dead}}{{excessive citations inline|reason=see WP:CITEOVERKILL; also a quote needs not more than two citations|date=February 2024}} William Dalrymple wrote that "The viceroy was the spider at the heart of Simla's web: From his chambers in Viceregal Lodge, he pulled the strings of an empire that stretched from Rangoon in the east to Aden in the west."{{cite news|last=Dalrymple |first=William |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1999/09/26/indias-green-and-pleasant-land/5f15d3b6-b6b3-4c24-83e6-56956313d87e/ |title=India's Green and Pleasant Land |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=26 September 1999 |accessdate=2022-06-11}} Meanwhile Judith T Kenny observed that "the hill station as a landscape type tied to nineteenth-century discourses of imperialism and climate. Both discourses serve as evidence of a belief in racial difference and, thereby, the imperial hill station reflected and reinforced a framework of meaning that influenced European views of the non-western world in general."Climate, Race, and Imperial Authority: The Symbolic Landscape of the British Hill Station in India | Judith T. Kenny | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01821.x The historian of Himalayan cultures Shekhar Pathak speaking about the development of Hill Stations like Mussoorie noted that "the needs of this (European) elite created colonies in Dehradun of Indians to cater to them."{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/1012794/|title = How not to develop a hill station| date=15 December 2021 }} This "exclusive, clean, and secure social space – known as an enclave – for white Europeans ... evolved to become the seats of government and foci of elite social activity", and created racial distinctions which perpetuated British colonial power and oppression as Nandini Bhattacharya notes.Contagion and Enclaves: Tropical Medicine in Colonial India | Nandini Bhattacharya | https://liverpool.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5949/UPO9781846317835/upso-9781846318290-chapter-2Bhattacharya N. (2013). Leisure, economy and colonial urbanism: Darjeeling, 1835–1930. Urban history, 40(3), 442–461. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000394 Dale Kennedy observed that "the hill station, then, was seen as an exclusive British preserve: here it was possible to render the Indian into an outsider".

Kennedy, following Monika Bührlein, identifies three stages in the evolution of hill stations in India: high refuge, high refuge to hill station, and hill station to town. The first settlements started in the 1820s, primarily as sanitoria. In the 1840s and 1850s, there was a wave of new hill stations, with the main impetus being "places to rest and recuperate from the arduous life on the plains". In the second half of the 19th century, there was a period of consolidation with few new hill stations. In the final phase, "hill stations reached their zenith in the late nineteenth century. The political importance of the official stations was underscored by the inauguration of large and costly public-building projects."{{rp|14}}

The concept of Hill Station has been used loosely in India (and more broadly South Asia) since the mid-20th century to qualify any town or settlement in mountainous areas, which attempt to expand its local economy toward tourism, or have been invested by recent mass tourism practices. Kullu and Manali in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, are two example of that misuse of Hill Station or more accurately deviation of its meaning. These two historical settlements existed prior to the British, and haven't been specially frequented by them or even extensively modified or shaped by them. However, the rise of internal domestic tourism in India from the eighties and the subsequent reproduction of Hill Station practice by urban middle-class Indians contributed to the labelling of these two localities as Hill Stations. Munnar, a settlement in the state of Kerala whose economy is primarily based on tea cultivation and processing, as well as plantation agriculture, is another example of a hill town transformed by contemporaneous tourism practices as a hill station.

List of hill stations

{{Expand list|date=February 2011}}

Most hill stations, listed by region:

= Africa =

== Madagascar ==

File:Antsirabe - rue principale02.JPG, Madagascar]]

== Morocco ==

File:Ifrane.jpg, Morocco.]]

== Nigeria ==

== Uganda ==

= Americas =

{{clarify|reason=Based on the lead ("the term was used mostly in colonial Asia ..., but also in Africa ..., for towns founded by European colonialists as refuges from the summer heat"), it's doubtful the locations in the Americas can be listed as hill stations, unless WP:OR is involved.|date=August 2022}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Brazil ==

== Costa Rica ==

== United States ==

= Asia =

== Bangladesh ==

File:SajekSight 08.jpg, Rangamati Hill District, Bangladesh, the most popular hill station and summer destination in Bangladesh.]]

== Cambodia ==

File:Mairie du Bokor.jpg at Phnom Bokor]]

== China ==

== Cyprus ==

File:Platres.jpg, Cyprus]]

== Hong Kong ==

== India ==

{{For|a complete list|List of Indian hill stations|Category:Hill stations in India}}

Hundreds of hill stations are located in India. The most popular hill stations in India include:

File:Nainital on a warm summer evening.jpg and town, in the state of Uttarakhand, India. Hill stations are often created or shaped according to European aesthetics. Here, the natural lakes of the Kumaon hills echo the lakes of the Swiss Alps, celebrated at the same time in Western Europe. In Ooty and Kodaikanal, the lack of water bodies has been compensated by the creation of artificial lakes.]]

File:Teagardensvalley.jpg, West Bengal, India]]

File:Stone House , Government Museum, Ooty Tamil Nadu India.jpg, the first colonial mansion built in the Nilgiris.]]

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== Indonesia ==

File:Puncak West Java.jpg, West Java, Indonesia]]

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== Iraq ==

File:Amedy.jpg in northern Iraq.]]

== Israel ==

== Japan ==

File:Street in Karuizawa.jpg in Nagano, Japan]]

|last1=Walters

|first1=Trudie

|last2=Duncan

|first2=Tara

|date=2 October 2017

|title=Second Homes and Leisure: New perspectives on a forgotten relationship

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3RA4DwAAQBAJ&q=hill+stations+in+japan&pg=PT74

|location=Abingdon-on-Thames

|publisher=Routledge

|page=

|isbn=9781317400264

}}

== Jordan ==

File:Ashrafiya shopfronts.jpg in Amman, Jordan]]

== Malaysia ==

{{Main|List of hill stations in Malaysia}}

File:Tea plantations 3, Pahang, Malaysia.jpg, Malaysia.]]

== Myanmar ==

{{See also|Category:Hill stations in Myanmar}}

== Nepal ==

File:Namche Bazaar from above, Nepal.jpg in Nepal]]

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== Pakistan ==

File:Sunset in hills - Holy Trinity Church, Murree.jpg, a popular hill station in Pakistan]]

{{Main|List of hill stations in Pakistan}}

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Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 

Punjab

{{col-float-break}}

Sindh

Balochistan

Gilgit Baltistan

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== Philippines ==

File:Baguio panorama.jpg, Philippines]]

== Sri Lanka ==

{{See also|Category:Hill stations in Sri Lanka}}

File:Sri Lanka Teeplantage.jpg, Sri Lanka]]

== Syria ==

File:Bloudan_Jerjanieh.jpg, Syria]]

== Uzbekistan ==

  • Chimgan{{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Frederick Marshman |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2856/page/180/mode/2up |title=Mission to Tashkent |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=1946 |location=London |pages=181 |language=en}}

== Vietnam ==

File:Xuan Huong Lake 11.jpg, Vietnam]]

= Oceania =

== Australia ==

File:Mount_Macedon.jpg, Victoria]]

File:Bardon_sunrise.jpg ]]

===Victoria===

===South Australia===

===Queensland===

===Western Australia===

===New South Wales===

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

{{External media | width = 210px | float = right | headerimage= | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?109118-1/great-hill-stations-asia Booknotes interview with Barbara Crossette on The Great Hill Stations of Asia, August 23, 1998], C-SPAN}}

  • Crossette, Barbara. The Great Hill Stations of Asia. {{ISBN|0-465-01488-7}}.
  • Kennedy, Dane. [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft396nb1sf/ The Magic Mountains: Hill Stations and the British Raj (Full text, searchable)]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-520-20188-4}}, {{ISBN|978-0520201880}}.

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline |Hill stations}}
  • {{Wiktionary-inline}}
  • [https://www.stunningnepal.com/top-10-popular-hill-stations-in-nepal/ Hill Stations in Nepal]

{{List of hill stations|state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:Hill and mountain resorts

Category:Types of towns

Category:History of European colonialism