Tablet computer

{{Main|History of tablet computers}}

File:Telautograph-1888 electronic writing device.png patent schema]]

File:2001interview.png (1968)]]

The tablet computer and its associated operating system began with the development of pen computing.{{YouTube|4xnqKdWMa_8|Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing}} Electrical devices with data input and output on a flat information display existed as early as 1888 with the telautograph,{{Citation |last=Gray |first=Elisha |title=Telautograph |publisher=United States Patent 386,815 (full image) |date=July 31, 1888 |url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/386815.pdf }} which used a sheet of paper as display and a pen attached to electromechanical actuators. Throughout the 20th century devices with these characteristics have been imagined and created whether as blueprints, prototypes, or commercial products. In addition to many academic and research systems, several companies released commercial products in the 1980s, with various input/output types tried out.

Tablet computers appeared in a number of works of science fiction in the second half of the 20th century; all helped to promote and disseminate the concept to a wider audience.{{YouTube|JQ8pQVDyaLo|NewsPad depiction – 2001 A Space Odyssey}} Examples include:

• Isaac Asimov described a Calculator Pad in his novel Foundation (1951)
• Stanisław Lem described the Opton in his novel Return from the Stars (1961)
• Numerous similar devices were depicted in Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek: The Original Series (1966)
• Dr Who: The Dominators Educator Balan holds a tablet which he hold and inputs data into using swipe gestures.(1967){{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p00v52jd/doctor-who-19631996-season-6-the-dominators-episode-2?seriesId=p00krpg4&page=174|title= BBC Dominators}}
• Arthur C. Clarke's newspad{{cite web|url=http://margaretpuls.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/worlds-first-ipad/|title=Did Arthur C Clarke invent the iPad?|work=Margaret Puls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807025129/http://margaretpuls.wordpress.com/2012/02/12/worlds-first-ipad/|archive-date=August 7, 2012|date=February 12, 2012}} was depicted in Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
• Douglas Adams described a tablet computer in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and the associated comedy of the same name (1978)
• The science fiction TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation featured tablet computers which were designated as PADDs, notable for (as with most computers in the show) using a touchscreen interface, both with and without a stylus (1987){{cite web |url=http://www.startrek.com/database_article/padd |title=Star Trek PADD |access-date=June 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009073446/http://www.startrek.com/database_article/padd |archive-date=October 9, 2014}}
• A device more powerful than today's tablets appeared briefly in The Mote in God's Eye (1974){{Cite web|last=Pournelle|first=Jerry|author-link=Jerry Pournelle|date=2011-07-08|title=Jerry Pournelle Is Back in the House|url=https://www.informationweek.com/mobile-devices/jerry-pournelle-is-back-in-the-house|access-date=2023-01-12|website=InformationWeek|language=en|quote=I keep wishing for a real tablet—one that would function as the pocket computer we described in The Mote in God's Eye.}}
• The Star Wars franchise features datapads, first described in print in the 1991 novel Heir to the Empire, and depicted on screen in the 1999 feature film, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace

Further, real-life projects either proposed or created tablet computers, such as:

• In 1968, computer scientist Alan Kay envisioned a KiddiComp;{{cite web |title=Why the iPhone makes 2008 seem like 1968 all over again |url=https://www.open.edu/openlearn/digital-computing/why-the-iphone-makes-2008-seem-1968-all-over-again |first=Mike |last=Richards |publisher=Open University |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=January 12, 2023}}{{cite web |url=http://openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2003/04/03/alan_kay.html |title=Daddy, Are We There Yet? A Discussion with Alan Kay |first=Daniel H. |last=Steinberg |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=April 3, 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309041633/http://www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2003/04/03/alan_kay.html |archive-date=March 9, 2013}} he developed and described the concept as a Dynabook in his proposal, A personal computer for children of all ages (1972),{{cite web|last=Kay|first=Alan|title=A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages|url=http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/kay72.html|year=1972|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315234559/http://mprove.de/diplom/gui/kay72.html|archive-date=March 15, 2013}} which outlines functionality similar to that supplied via a laptop computer, or (in some of its other incarnations) a tablet or slate computer, with the exception of near eternal battery life. The target audience was children.
• In 1979, the idea of a touchscreen tablet that could detect an external force applied to one point on the screen was patented in Japan by a team at Hitachi consisting of Masao Hotta, Yoshikazu Miyamoto, Norio Yokozawa and Yoshimitsu Oshima, who later received a US patent for their idea.{{Cite patent|number=US4389711A|title=Touch sensitive tablet using force detection|gdate=1983-06-21|invent1=Hotta|invent2=Miyamoto|invent3=Yokozawa|invent4=Oshima|inventor1-first=Masao|inventor2-first=Yoshikazu|inventor3-first=Norio|inventor4-first=Yoshimitsu|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4389711A/en}}
• In 1992, Atari showed developers the Stylus, later renamed ST-Pad. The ST-Pad was based on the TOS/GEM Atari ST platform and prototyped early handwriting recognition. Shiraz Shivji's company Momentus demonstrated in the same time a failed x86 MS-DOS based Pen Computer with its own graphical user interface (GUI).{{cite web |url=http://www.technologizer.com/2010/01/27/the-long-fail-a-brief-history-of-unsuccessful-tablet-computers/ |title=The Long Fail: A Brief History of Unsuccessful Tablet Computers |first=Harry |last=McCracken |date=January 27, 2010 |access-date=August 18, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090502/http://www.technologizer.com/2010/01/27/the-long-fail-a-brief-history-of-unsuccessful-tablet-computers/ |archive-date=August 19, 2014}}
• In 1994, the European Union initiated the NewsPad project, inspired by Clarke and Kubrick's fictional work.{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIwnzZvP2lEC&q=NewsPad&pg=PA559|title=Technologies for the Information Society|chapter=Visions and Realities in the NewsPad Constituency|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=9789051994506|author-last=Molina|author-first=Alfonso H.|editor-last1=Roger|editor-first1=James-Yves|editor-last2=Stanford-Smith|editor-first2=Brian|editor-last3=Kidd|editor-first3=Paul T.|year=1998}} Acorn Computers developed and delivered an ARM-based touch screen tablet computer for this program, branding it the "NewsPad"; the project ended in 1997.{{Cite news|title=The Story of NewsPAD|url=http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/big/27005/Risc-User-Volume-9-Issue-10-October-1996/ |access-date=February 20, 2013|work=Risc User|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221126/http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/big/27005/Risc-User-Volume-9-Issue-10-October-1996/|archive-date=July 14, 2014}}
• During the November 2000 COMDEX, Microsoft used the term Tablet PC to describe a prototype handheld device they were demonstrating.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2000/nov00/11-13comdex.asp |title=Bill Gates introduces Tablet PC |website=COMDEX |date=November 2000 |archive-date=December 6, 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001206171100/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/features/2000/nov00/11-13comdex.asp}}{{cite news|author=Page, M.|url=http://www.transmetazone.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=499|title=Microsoft Tablet PC Overview|work=TransmetaZone|date=December 21, 2000|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016125019/http://www.transmetazone.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=499|archive-date=October 16, 2014}}{{cite web |author=Kuhn, Bradley M. |url=http://www.fsf.org/working-together/next-steps/free-software-phones |title=Free software and cellphones |website=Free Software Foundation |date=2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916063446/http://www.fsf.org/working-together/next-steps/free-software-phones |archive-date=September 16, 2010}}
• In 2001, Ericsson Mobile Communications announced an experimental product named the DelphiPad, which was developed in cooperation with the Centre for Wireless Communications in Singapore, with a touch-sensitive screen, Netscape Navigator as a web browser, and Linux as its operating system.{{cite web |url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/ericsson-cwc-develop-linux-handheld-pc--256081 |title=Ericsson, CWC develop Linux handheld PC |date=January 12, 2001 |access-date=August 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071848/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/ericsson-cwc-develop-linux-handheld-pc--256081 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.esato.com/board/viewtopic.php?topic=48353&start=10260 |title=Ericsson Forum – Infos and support |date=March 21, 2012 |access-date=August 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201741/https://www.esato.com/board/viewtopic.php?topic=48353&start=10260 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 }}

File:Apple Newton-IMG 0454-cropped.jpg, Apple's first produced tablet, released in 1993]]

Following earlier tablet computer products such as the Pencept PenPad,{{Citation |title=Users Manual for Penpad 320 |publisher=Pencept, Inc. |date=June 15, 1984 |url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio85.html#Pencept84d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215212926/http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio85.html#Pencept84d |archive-date=December 15, 2013 }}{{Citation |title=Software Control at the Stroke of a Pen |publisher=Pencept, Inc. |year=1985 |url=http://www.open-video.org/details.php?videoid=8023&surrogate=storyboard |access-date=May 21, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607011443/http://open-video.org/details.php?videoid=8023&surrogate=storyboard |archive-date=June 7, 2007 }} the Linus Write-Top,{{cite book | last=Atkinson | first=Paul | date=2010 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5H_OsxEywwC | title=Computer | publisher=Reaktion Books | pages=115–116 | isbn=9781861897374 | via=Google Books}}{{cite book | last=Delbourg-Delphis | first=Marylène | date=2024 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2z8EAAAQBAJ | title=Beyond Eureka!: The Rocky Roads to Innovating | publisher=Georgetown University Press | page=168 | isbn=9781647124229 | via=Google Books}} and the CIC Handwriter,{{Citation |title=Handwriter (R) GrafText (TM) System Model GT-5000 |publisher=Communication Intelligence Corporation |date=January 15, 1985 |url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio85.html#CIC85 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215212926/http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio85.html#CIC85 |archive-date=December 15, 2013 }} in September 1989, Grid Systems released the first commercially successful tablet computer, the GridPad.{{Citation |title=The BYTE Awards: GRiD System's GRiDPad |publisher=BYTE Magazine, Vol 15. No 1 |page=285 |date=January 12, 1990 |url=http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio90.html#GridPad90a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215212928/http://ruetersward.com/pens/biblio90.html#GridPad90a |archive-date=December 15, 2013 }}{{cite web|title=Tablet history dates back two decades before iPad|url=http://www.newsday.com/business/technology/tablet-history-dates-back-two-decades-before-ipad-1.6332871|website=www.newsday.com|date=November 4, 2013|access-date=March 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306093653/http://www.newsday.com/business/technology/tablet-history-dates-back-two-decades-before-ipad-1.6332871|archive-date=March 6, 2016}} All four products were based on extended versions of the MS-DOS operating system. In 1992, IBM announced (in April) and shipped to developers (in October) the ThinkPad 700T (2521), which ran the GO Corporation's PenPoint OS. Also based on PenPoint was AT&T's EO Personal Communicator from 1993, which ran on AT&T's own hardware, including their own AT&T Hobbit CPU. Apple Computer launched the Apple Newton personal digital assistant in 1993. It used Apple's own new Newton OS, initially running on hardware manufactured by Motorola and incorporating an ARM CPU, that Apple had specifically co-developed with Acorn Computers. The operating system and platform design were later licensed to Sharp and Digital Ocean, who went on to manufacture their own variants.

Pen computing was highly hyped by the media during the early 1990s. Microsoft, the dominant PC software vendor, released Windows for Pen Computing in 1992 to compete against PenPoint OS. The company launched the WinPad project, working together with OEMs such as Compaq, to create a small device with a Windows-like operating system and handwriting recognition. However, the project was abandoned two years later; instead Windows CE was released in the form of "Handheld PCs" in 1996.{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/uncategorized/2006/06/7109-2/|title = Next version of Windows CE slips to H1 2007|date = June 22, 2006}} That year, Palm, Inc. released the first of the Palm OS based PalmPilot touch and stylus based PDA, the touch based devices initially incorporating a Motorola Dragonball (68000) CPU. Also in 1996 Fujitsu released the Stylistic 1000 tablet format PC, running Microsoft Windows 95, on a 100 MHz AMD486 DX4 CPU, with 8 MB RAM offering stylus input, with the option of connecting a conventional Keyboard and mouse. Intel announced a StrongARM{{cite web|title=Intel to use StrongARM in Web Tablet|url=http://news.cnet.com/Intel-to-use-StrongARM-in-Web-Tablet/2110-1040_3-253142.html|publisher=Cnet|access-date=May 29, 2013}} processor-based touchscreen tablet computer in 1999, under the name WebPAD. It was later re-branded as the "Intel Web Tablet".{{YouTube|ihUjWMUUWHM|Intel Web Tablet}} In 2000, Norwegian company Screen Media AS and the German company Dosch & Amand Gmbh released the "FreePad".{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/freepad-norways-alternative-to-swedens-screen-phone/|title=FreePad: Norway's alternative to Sweden's Screen Phone|first=Rick|last=Lehrbaum|website=ZDNet|date=August 29, 2000|access-date=November 18, 2019}} It was based on Linux and used the Opera browser. Internet access was provided by DECT DMAP, only available in Europe and provided up to 10 Mbit/s. The device had 16 MB storage, 32 MB of RAM and x86 compatible 166 MHz "Geode"-Microcontroller by National Semiconductor.{{cite web|url=http://www.dosch-amand.com/02_products/2_2_mobile_stations/freepad/en/index.htm |title=Freepad Information |access-date=March 28, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208134326/http://www.dosch-amand.com/02_products/2_2_mobile_stations/freepad/en/index.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2002 }} The screen was 10.4" or 12.1" and was touch sensitive. It had slots for SIM cards to enable support of television set-up box. FreePad were sold in Norway and the Middle East; but the company was dissolved in 2003. Sony released its Airboard tablet in Japan in late 2000 with full wireless Internet capabilities.{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/TECH/ptech/10/03/airboard.tablet.pc.idg/ |title = Sony previews new Airboard tablet PC |first = Martyn |last = Williams |website = CNN |date = October 3, 2001}}{{cite web |url=https://www.eetimes.com/failure-to-launch-why-sony-never-got-airboard-off-the-ground/ |url-status = live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026071025/https://www.eetimes.com/failure-to-launch-why-sony-never-got-airboard-off-the-ground/ |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |title=Failure to launch: Why Sony never got AirBoard off the ground |website = EE Times|date = May 24, 2012 }}

File:Fujitsu Siemens Lifebook T3010.jpg Lifebook tablet running Windows XP, released in 2003]]

In the late 1990s, Microsoft launched the Handheld PC platform using their Windows CE operating system; while most devices were not tablets, a few touch enabled tablets were released on the platform such as the Fujitsu PenCentra 130 or Siemens's SIMpad.{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/companies-try-to-revive-wince-5000103293/|title = Companies try to revive WinCE|website = ZDNet}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.fujitsu.com/hk/about/resources/news/press-releases/2001/pencentra-200.html|title = Fujitsu Introduces One of the First Pen Tablets with Windows CE H/PC 2000 -based PenCentra 200 - Fujitsu Hong Kong}} Microsoft took a more significant approach to tablets in 2002 as it attempted to define the Microsoft Tablet PC{{cite news|last=Markoff|first=John|date=August 30, 1999|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/30/business/microsoft-brings-in-top-talent-to-pursue-old-goal-the-tablet.html|title= Microsoft brings in top talent to pursue old goal: the tablet|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011235207/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/30/business/microsoft-brings-in-top-talent-to-pursue-old-goal-the-tablet.html|archive-date=October 11, 2016|url-status=live}} as a mobile computer for field work in business,{{cite web |url=http://www.datamation.com/netsys/article.php/1495701/Tablet-PC-Coming-to-an-Office-Near-You.htm |title=Tablet PC: Coming to an Office Near You? |date=November 6, 2002 |publisher=datamation.com |access-date=September 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722100527/http://www.datamation.com/netsys/article.php/1495701/Tablet-PC-Coming-to-an-Office-Near-You.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2012 }} though their devices failed, mainly due to pricing and usability decisions that limited them to their original purpose – such as the existing devices being too heavy to be held with one hand for extended periods, and having legacy applications created for desktop interfaces and not well adapted to the slate format.{{cite web|last=Bright|first=Peter|url=https://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2010/07/ballmer-and-microsoft-still-doesnt-get-the-ipad.ars|title=Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad|website=Ars Technica|date=July 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508215131/http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2010/07/ballmer-and-microsoft-still-doesnt-get-the-ipad.ars|archive-date=May 8, 2012|url-status=live}}

File:N800 frontside2.jpg, the second tablet manufactured by Nokia ]]

Nokia had plans for an Internet tablet since before 2000. An early model was test manufactured in 2001, the Nokia M510, which was running on EPOC and featuring an Opera browser, speakers and a 10-inch 800×600 screen, but it was not released because of fears that the market was not ready for it.{{cite web|url=http://www.digitoday.fi/vimpaimet/2014/04/15/nokialla-oli-valmis-tabletti-13-vuotta-sitten--talta-se-naytti/20145333/66|title=Nokialla oli valmis tabletti 13 vuotta sitten tältä se näytti|work=digitoday.fi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416142618/http://www.digitoday.fi/vimpaimet/2014/04/15/nokialla-oli-valmis-tabletti-13-vuotta-sitten--talta-se-naytti/20145333/66|archive-date=April 16, 2014|date=April 15, 2014}} Nokia entered the tablet space in May 2005 with the Nokia 770 running Maemo, a Debian-based Linux distribution custom-made for their Internet tablet line. The user interface and application framework layer, named Hildon, was an early instance of a software platform for generic computing in a tablet device intended for internet consumption.{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/21/nokia_hildon_the_great_lost_platform/|title=Nokia's Great Lost Platform|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski|publisher=The Register|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171701/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/21/nokia_hildon_the_great_lost_platform/|archive-date=August 10, 2017}} But Nokia did not commit to it as their only platform for their future mobile devices and the project competed against other in-house platforms and later replaced it with the Series 60.{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/21/nokia_hildon_the_great_lost_platform/page4.html|title=Nokia's Great Lost Platform – Page 4|website=The Register|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028192907/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/11/21/nokia_hildon_the_great_lost_platform/page4.html|archive-date=October 28, 2012}} Nokia used the term internet tablet to refer to a portable information appliance that focused on Internet use and media consumption, in the range between a personal digital assistant (PDA) and an Ultra-Mobile PC (UMPC). They made two mobile phones, the N900 that runs Maemo, and N9 that run Meego.{{cite web|url=http://www.maemo.org|title=maemo.org – maemo.org: Home of the Maemo community|work=maemo.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517191111/http://maemo.org/|archive-date=May 17, 2014}}

Before the release of iPad, Axiotron introduced{{cite web|url=http://www.tabletpcreview.com/default.asp?newsID=695|title=Axiotron and OWC Unveil the ModBook|author=Tiffany Boggs|work=TabletPCReview.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104121807/http://www.tabletpcreview.com/default.asp?newsID=695|archive-date=January 4, 2012}} an aftermarket, heavily modified Apple MacBook called Modbook, a Mac OS X-based tablet computer. The Modbook uses Apple's Inkwell for handwriting and gesture recognition, and uses digitization hardware from Wacom. To get Mac OS X to talk to the digitizer on the integrated tablet, the Modbook was supplied with a third-party driver.{{cite web|title=TableMagic|url=http://www.thinkyhead.com/tabletmagic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129085921/http://www.thinkyhead.com/tabletmagic|archive-date=November 29, 2014|date=February 3, 2013}}

Following the launch of the Ultra-mobile PC, Intel began the Mobile Internet Device initiative, which took the same hardware and combined it with a tabletized Linux configuration. Intel codeveloped the lightweight Moblin (mobile Linux) operating system following the successful launch of the Atom CPU series on netbooks. In 2010, Nokia and Intel combined the Maemo and Moblin projects to form MeeGo, a Linux-based operating system supports netbooks and tablets. The first tablet using MeeGo was the Neofonie WeTab launched September 2010 in Germany. The WeTab used an extended version of the MeeGo operating system called WeTab OS. WeTab OS adds runtimes for Android and Adobe AIR and provides a proprietary user interface optimized for the WeTab device. On September 27, 2011, the Linux Foundation announced that MeeGo would be replaced in 2012 by Tizen.{{cite web|last=Sousou|first=Imad|title=What's Next for MeeGo|url=https://meego.com/community/blogs/imad/2011/whats-next-meego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006173715/https://meego.com/community/blogs/imad/2011/whats-next-meego|archive-date=October 6, 2011|publisher=meego.com|access-date=September 28, 2011|url-status=dead}}

File:Steve Jobs with the Apple iPad no logo.jpg introducing the iPad in San Francisco on January 27, 2010]]

Android was the first of the 2000s-era dominating platforms for tablet computers to reach the market. In 2008, the first plans for Android-based tablets appeared. The first products were released in 2009. Among them was the Archos 5, a pocket-sized model with a 5-inch touchscreen, that was first released with a proprietary operating system and later (in 2009) released with Android 1.4. The Camangi WebStation was released in Q2 2009. The first LTE Android tablet appeared late 2009 and was made by ICD for Verizon. This unit was called the Ultra, but a version called Vega was released around the same time. Ultra had a 7-inch display while Vega's was 15 inches. Many more products followed in 2010. Several manufacturers waited for Android Honeycomb, specifically adapted for use with tablets, which debuted in February 2011.

Apple is often credited for defining a new class of consumer device with the iPad,{{cite web|url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobile-technology/the-ipads-victory-in-defining-the-tablet-what-it-means-431|title=The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means|publisher=InfoWorld|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118082258/http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobile-technology/the-ipads-victory-in-defining-the-tablet-what-it-means-431|archive-date=January 18, 2012|date=July 5, 2011}} which shaped the commercial market for tablets in the following years,{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/19/hp-touchpad-ipad-tablet_n_931593.html |work=Huffington Post |first=Jason |last=Gilbert |title=HP TouchPad Bites The Dust: Can Any Tablet Dethrone The IPad? |date=August 19, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206215154/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/19/hp-touchpad-ipad-tablet_n_931593.html |archive-date=December 6, 2011 }} and was the most successful tablet at the time of its release. iPads and competing devices were tested by the U.S. military in 2011{{cite news|title=Taking iPads into battle|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2011-sep-25-la-fi-isoldiers-20110926-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 27, 2021}} and cleared for secure use in 2013.{{cite web|title=iPhones, iPads cleared for U.S. military use; DOD fortifies cloud|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/iphones-ipads-cleared-for-u-s-military-use-dod-fortifies-cloud/|first=Zack|last=Whittaker|date=May 17, 2013|publisher=ZDNet|access-date=December 30, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171555/http://www.zdnet.com/article/iphones-ipads-cleared-for-u-s-military-use-dod-fortifies-cloud/|archive-date=December 8, 2015}} Its debut in 2010 pushed tablets into the mainstream.Roger Kay on Intel and Microsoft: "Clearly, each one is looking at a post-PC world..." {{Cite web|last=Pimentel|first=Benjamin|title=Microsoft offers more muted view of PCs|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/microsoft-offers-more-muted-view-of-pcs-2011-04-29|access-date=2023-01-12|website=MarketWatch|language=EN-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502024418/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/microsoft-offers-more-muted-view-of-pcs-2011-04-29 |archive-date=May 2, 2011 |url-status=live |date=April 29, 2011}}{{cite web|first=Kevin|last=Parrish|date=October 28, 2010|title=Microsoft's Ray Ozzie sees Post-PC world|url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/Ray-Ozzie-Cloud-Computing-post-PC-chief-technical-officer-connected-devices,11532.html|website=Tom's Hardware US|quote=It's important that all of us ... form a realistic picture of what a post-PC world would actually look like ... Those who can envision a plausible future that's brighter than today will earn the opportunity to lead [in the market].}} Samsung's Galaxy Tab and others followed, continuing the trends towards the features listed above. In March 2012, PC Magazine reported that 31% of U.S. Internet users owned a tablet, used mainly for viewing published content such as video and news.{{cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405972,00.asp|title=Survey: 31 Percent of U.S. Internet Users Own Tablets|first=Angela|last=Moscaritolo|work=PC Magazine|date=June 18, 2012|access-date=October 20, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014171620/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2405972%2C00.asp|archive-date=October 14, 2012}} The top-selling line of devices was Apple's iPad with 100 million sold between its release in April 2010 and mid-October 2012,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/technology/apple-facing-competition-introduces-a-smaller-ipad.html?ref=technology&_r=0|title=Apple, Facing Competition, Introduces a Smaller iPad of no significant change|first=Brian X.|last=Chen|work=The New York Times|date=October 23, 2012|access-date=October 24, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216003800/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/24/technology/apple-facing-competition-introduces-a-smaller-ipad.html?ref=technology&_r=0|archive-date=February 16, 2013}} but iPad market share (number of units) dropped to 36% in 2013 with Android tablets climbing to 62%. Android tablet sales volume was 121 million devices, plus 52 million, between 2012 and 2013 respectively.{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/android-races-past-ios-to-tablet-number-one-but-theres-no-budging-apple-from-the-top-slot/ |title=Android races past iOS to tablet number one, but there's no budging Apple from the top slot |quote=Android is dominating tablet sales but Apple is still the biggest brand |access-date=November 21, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106205700/http://www.zdnet.com/android-races-past-ios-to-tablet-number-one-but-theres-no-budging-apple-from-the-top-slot-7000026927/ |archive-date=November 6, 2014}} Individual brands of Android operating system devices or compatibles follow iPad with Amazon's Kindle Fire with 7 million, and Barnes & Noble's Nook with 5 million.{{cite news|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/7-inch-tablets/|title=How Are 7-Inch Tablets Doing?|first=Brian X.|last=Chen|work=The New York Times|date=October 19, 2012|access-date=October 20, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003458/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/19/7-inch-tablets/|archive-date=October 22, 2012}}{{cite web |last=Poeter |first=Damon |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2413605,00.asp |title=Non-Apple Tablets Making Small Gains on iPad | News & Opinion |publisher=PCMag.com |date=December 27, 2012 |access-date=July 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605213319/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2413605%2C00.asp |archive-date=June 5, 2013 }}{{cite news |url=http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/24/massacre-of-the-tablets/ |title=Massacre of the tablets | FP Tech Desk | Financial Post |newspaper=Financial Post |publisher=Business.financialpost.com |date=December 24, 2011 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619060321/http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/24/massacre-of-the-tablets/ |archive-date=June 19, 2013|last1=Hartley |first1=Matt }}

The BlackBerry PlayBook was announced in September 2010 that ran the BlackBerry Tablet OS.{{YouTube|eAaez_4m9mQ|BlackBerry PlayBook preview}} {{YouTube|eAaez_4m9mQ|BlackBerry PlayBook announcement September 27, 2010}} The BlackBerry PlayBook was officially released to US and Canadian consumers on April 19, 2011. Hewlett-Packard announced that the TouchPad, running WebOS 3.0 on a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon CPU, would be released in June 2011. On August 18, 2011, HP announced the discontinuation of the TouchPad, due to sluggish sales.{{cite press release |url=http://www.hp.com/investor/2011q3webcast |title=HP Webcast announcing the end of Touchpad, webOS devices |access-date=August 18, 2011}} In 2013, the Mozilla Foundation announced a prototype tablet model with Foxconn which ran on Firefox OS.{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/17/5320078/mozilla-first-firefox-os-tablet |title=Mozilla is testing the first Firefox OS tablet prototype |first=Valentina |last=Palladino |publisher=The Verge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201105652/http://www.theverge.com/2014/1/17/5320078/mozilla-first-firefox-os-tablet |archive-date=February 1, 2014|date=January 17, 2014 }} Firefox OS was discontinued in 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/3124563/open-source-tools/mozilla-is-stopping-all-commercial-development-on-firefox-os.html|title=Mozilla is stopping all commercial development on Firefox OS|first=Chris|last=Hoffman|date=September 28, 2016|website=PC World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116165653/http://www.pcworld.com/article/3124563/open-source-tools/mozilla-is-stopping-all-commercial-development-on-firefox-os.html|archive-date=January 16, 2017|url-status=live}} The Canonical hinted that Ubuntu would be available on tablets by 2014.{{cite web|title=Ubuntu coming to tablets, phones and smart TVs by 2014|date=October 31, 2011 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2011/10/31/ubuntu-coming-to-tablets-phones-cars-and-smart-tvs-by-2014/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207121435/http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/31/ubuntu-coming-to-tablets-phones-cars-and-smart-tvs-by-2014|archive-date=December 7, 2011}} In February 2016, there was a commercial release of the BQ Aquaris Ubuntu tablet using the Ubuntu Touch operating system.{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.tv/in/news/first-ubuntu-tablet-here-meet-aquaris-m10|title=The first Ubuntu tablet is here: meet the Aquaris M10|date=February 5, 2016|website=Stuff}} Canonical terminated support for the project due to lack of market interest on April 5, 2017{{cite web|url=http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2017/04/ubuntu-18-04-ship-gnome-desktop-not-unity|title=Ubuntu 18.04 To Ship with GNOME Desktop, Not Unity|date=April 5, 2017|first=Joey|last=Sneddon|work=OMG Ubuntu|access-date=April 5, 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://canonical.com/blog/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence|title=Growing Ubuntu for Cloud and IoT, rather than Phone and convergence|first=Mark|last=Shuttleworth|date=April 5, 2017|website=Canonical|access-date=January 12, 2023}} and it was then adopted by the UBports as a community project.{{cite web|url=https://fossbytes.com/unity-8-ubuntu-touch-ubports/|title=Unity 8 And Ubuntu Touch Aren't Going Away Completely, UBports Team Will Keep Them Alive|date=April 6, 2017|first=Aditya|last=Tiwari|work=Fossbytes |access-date=April 7, 2017}}

As of February 2014, 83% of mobile app developers were targeting tablets,{{Cite web|title=W3C Interview: Vision Mobile on the App Developer Economy with Matos Kapetanakis and Dimitris Michalakos | W3C Blog|url=https://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=2023-01-12|language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629101713/http://www.w3.org/blog/2014/02/w3c-interview-vision-mobile-on-the-app-developer-economy-with-matos-kapetanakis-and-dimitris-michalakos/ |archive-date=June 29, 2016 |url-status=live}} but 93% of developers were targeting smartphones. By 2014, around 23% of B2B companies were said to have deployed tablets for sales-related activities, according to a survey report by Corporate Visions.{{cite web|url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/1-in-4-b2b-companies-report-using-tablets-to-aid-sales-related-activities-39911/|title=1 in 4 B2B Companies Report Use of Tablets to Aid Sales-Related Activities|date=February 19, 2014|website=MarketingCharts|access-date=August 20, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816111246/http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/1-in-4-b2b-companies-report-using-tablets-to-aid-sales-related-activities-39911/|archive-date=August 16, 2014}} The iPad held majority use in North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia, and most of the Americas. Android tablets were more popular in most of Asia (China and Russia an exception), Africa and Eastern Europe. In 2015 tablet sales did not increase. Apple remained the largest seller but its market share declined below 25%.{{cite web|title=iPad loses marketshare as tablet market shrinks|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/941720/ipad-loses-marketshare-as-tablet-market-shrinks.html|website=Network World|access-date=January 3, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426184435/https://www.networkworld.com/article/941720/ipad-loses-marketshare-as-tablet-market-shrinks.html|archive-date=April 26, 2024|date=July 30, 2015}} Samsung vice president Gary Riding said early in 2016 that tablets were only doing well among those using them for work. Newer models were more expensive and designed for a keyboard and stylus, which reflected the changing uses.{{Cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/the-consumer-tablet-is-dying-long-live-the-business-tablet-1.2829557|title=The consumer tablet is dying; long live the business tablet|date=April 19, 2017|work=CTV News|access-date=April 19, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045732/http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/the-consumer-tablet-is-dying-long-live-the-business-tablet-1.2829557|archive-date=April 20, 2017}} As of early 2016, Android reigned over the market with 65%. Apple took the number 2 spot with 26%, and Windows took a distant third with the remaining 9%.{{cite web|url=https://mspoweruser.com/idc-releases-q2-tablet-pc-marketshare-windows-still-trails-ios-android/|title=IDC releases Q2 tablet PC marketshare, Windows still trails iOS and Android|first=Greg|last=Jordan|date=August 2, 2016|website=MSPoweruser|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022946/https://mspoweruser.com/idc-releases-q2-tablet-pc-marketshare-windows-still-trails-ios-android/|archive-date=January 9, 2017|url-status=live}} In 2018, out of 4.4 billion computing devices Android accounted for 2 billion, iOS for 1 billion, and the remainder were PCs, in various forms (desktop, notebook, or tablet), running various operating systems (Windows, macOS, ChromeOS, Linux, etc.).{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-most-popular-pc-is-in-your-pocket/|first=Robin|last=Harris|date=November 28, 2018|title=The most popular PC is in your pocket|website=ZDNet}}

Since the early 2020s, various companies such as Samsung are beginning to introduce foldable technology into their tablets.{{cite web|url=https://www.androidcentral.com/tablets/samsung-rumored-foldable-tablet-in-development|title=Samsung could launch a foldable Android tablet along with the Galaxy Tab S9|website= Android Central|date=9 August 2022}}

File:Laplet, Phablet and Cricket.jpg laplet and Sony Xperia Z Ultra phablet, next to a generic blue lighter for size comparison]]

Tablets can be loosely grouped into several categories by physical size, kind of operating system installed, input and output technology, and uses.{{cite web|title=Various Types of Tablets|url=http://www.pinig.com/|website=Pinig|access-date=September 11, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003231411/http://www.pinig.com/|archive-date=October 3, 2016}}

File:IPad mini Air Pro.jpeg, iPad Air, iPad Pro]]

The size of a slate varies, but slates begin at 6 inches (approximately 15 cm).{{cite web |last=Franklin |first=Eric |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/tablet-buying-guide/ |title=Tablets buying guide | Tablets – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=October 30, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923181058/http://reviews.cnet.com/tablet-buying-guide/ |archive-date=September 23, 2011}} Some models in the larger than 10-inch (25 cm) category include the Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2 at 12.2 inches (31 cm), the Toshiba Excite at 13.3 inches (33 cm){{cite web |last=Franklin |first=Eric |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-57411547-251/the-toshiba-excite-13-sports-the-largest-tablet-screen-yet/ |title=The Toshiba Excite 13 sports the largest tablet screen yet | Android Atlas – CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=April 10, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711135643/http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-57411547-251/the-toshiba-excite-13-sports-the-largest-tablet-screen-yet/ |archive-date=July 11, 2013}} and the Dell XPS 18 at 18.4 inches (47 cm).{{cite web|last=King|first=Charles|title=Dell's XPS 18 is the latest 'big tablet' innovation|url=http://tabtimes.com/analysis/ittech-tablets/2013/03/14/dell-xps-18-latest-big-tablet-innovation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317002150/http://tabtimes.com/analysis/ittech-tablets/2013/03/14/dell-xps-18-latest-big-tablet-innovation|archive-date=March 17, 2013|publisher=TabTimes|access-date=June 30, 2013}} As of March 2013, the thinnest tablet on the market was the Sony Xperia Tablet Z at only 0.27 inches (6.9 mm) thick.{{cite web|url=http://www.sonymobile.com/products/tablets/xperia-tablet-z/features/#design |title=Xperia™ Tablet Z | Waterproof and dustproof tablet |publisher=Sony |date=March 26, 2013 |access-date=December 15, 2014}} On September 9, 2015, Apple released the iPad Pro with a {{convert|12.9|in|cm}} screen size, larger than the regular iPad.{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/ipad-pro/specs/ |title=iPad Pro |publisher=Apple |access-date=September 9, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911210554/http://www.apple.com/ipad-pro/specs/ |archive-date=September 11, 2015}}

File:1st gen Comparison iPad Mini & Google Nexus 7 & Kindle Fire Wikipedia screen 03 2013 6262.jpg (left), iPad Mini (center), and Google Nexus 7 (right)]]

Mini tablets are smaller and weigh less than slates, with typical screen sizes between {{convert|7-8|in|cm}}. The first commercially successful mini tablets were introduced by Amazon.com (Kindle Fire), Barnes & Noble (Nook Tablet), and Samsung (Galaxy Tab) in 2011; and by Google (Nexus 7) in 2012. They operate identically to ordinary tablets but have lower specifications compared to them.

On September 14, 2012, Amazon, Inc. released an upgraded version of the Kindle Fire, the Kindle Fire HD, with higher screen resolution and more features compared to its predecessor, yet remaining only 7 inches.{{cite news |author1=Kelly, Heather |author2=Gross, Doug |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/06/tech/mobile/amazon-kindle-event/index.html |title=Amazon announces new wave of Kindles |work=CNN Tech |date=September 6, 2012 |access-date=December 2, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201234333/http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/06/tech/mobile/amazon-kindle-event/index.html |archive-date=December 1, 2012}} In October 2012, Apple released the iPad Mini with a 7.9-inch screen size, about 2 inches smaller than the regular iPad, but less powerful than the then current iPad 3.{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/apple-events/ |title=Events |publisher=Apple |access-date=June 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614024935/http://www.apple.com/apple-events/ |archive-date=June 14, 2013}} On July 24, 2013, Google released an upgraded version of the Nexus 7, with FHD display, dual cameras, stereo speakers, more color accuracy, performance improvement, built-in wireless charging, and a variant with 4G LTE support for AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon. In September 2013, Amazon further updated the Fire tablet with the Kindle Fire HDX. In November 2013, Apple released the iPad Mini 2, which remained at 7.9 inches and nearly matched the hardware of the iPad Air.

{{Main|Phablet}}

Smartphones and tablets are similar devices, differentiated by the former typically having smaller screens and most tablets lacking cellular network capability. Since 2010, crossover touchscreen smartphones with screens larger than 5 inches have been released. That size is generally considered larger than a traditional smartphone, creating the hybrid category of the phablet by Forbes{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerkay/2012/02/07/is-the-market-ready-for-a-phablet/ |title=5" Is the market ready for a 'phablet'? |work=Forbes |first=Roger |last=Kay |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729211214/https://www.forbes.com/sites/rogerkay/2012/02/07/is-the-market-ready-for-a-phablet/ |archive-date=July 29, 2017}} and other publications. "Phablet" is a portmanteau of "phone" and "tablet".

At the time of the introduction of the first phablets, they had screens of 5.3 to 5.5 inches, but as of 2017 screen sizes up to 5.5 inches are considered typical. Examples of phablets from 2017 and onward are the Samsung Galaxy Note series (newer models of 5.7 inches), the LG V10/V20 (5.7 inches), the Sony Xperia XA Ultra (6 inches), the Huawei Mate 9 (5.9 inches), and the Huawei Honor (MediaPad) X2 (7 inches).

{{anchor|Convertible}}

{{anchor|Hybrid}}

{{Main|2-in-1 PC}}

File:Surface pro.jpeg, a prominent 2-in-1 detachable tablet]]

A 2-in-1 PC is a hybrid or combination of a tablet and laptop computer that has features of both. Distinct from tablets, 2-in-1 PCs all have physical keyboards, but they are either concealable by folding them back and under the touchscreen ("2-in-1 convertible") or detachable ("2-in-1 detachable"). 2-in-1s typically also can display a virtual keyboard on their touchscreens when their physical keyboards are concealed or detached. Some 2-in-1s have processors and operating systems like those of laptops, such as Windows 10, while having the flexibility of operation as a tablet. Further, 2-in-1s may have typical laptop I/O ports, such as USB 3 and DisplayPort, and may connect to traditional PC peripheral devices and external displays. Simple tablets are mainly used as media consumption devices, while 2-in-1s have capacity for both media consumption and content creation, and thus 2-in-1s are often called laptop or desktop replacement computers.{{cite magazine|title=Here Come the Hybrid 'Laplets.' Should You Care?|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/10/windows8-laplet-hybrid/|magazine=Wired|access-date=August 13, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813232312/http://www.wired.com/2012/10/windows8-laplet-hybrid/|archive-date=August 13, 2014|date=October 17, 2012|last1=Chang|first1=Alexandra}}

There are two species of 2-in-1s:

File:Asus Transformer Pad TF701T Tablet and Keyboard Dock.png, a 2-in-1 detachable tablet, powered by the Android operating system ]]

• Convertibles have a chassis design by which their physical keyboard may be concealed by flipping/folding the keyboard behind the chassis. Examples include 2-in-1 PCs of the Lenovo Yoga series.
• Detachables or Hybrids have physical keyboards that may be detached from their chassis, even while the 2-in-1 is operating. Examples include 2-in-1 PCs of the Asus Transformer Pad and Book series, the iPad Pro, and the Microsoft Surface Book and Surface Pro.

{{anchor|Gaming}}

File:Nvidia Shield Tablet.jpg

Some tablets are modified by adding physical gamepad buttons such as D-pad and thumb sticks for better gaming experience combined with the touchscreen and all other features of a typical tablet computer. Most of these tablets are targeted to run native OS games and emulator games. Nvidia's Shield Tablet, with an {{convert|8|in|mm|adj=on}} display, and running Android, is an example. It runs Android games purchased from Google Play store. PC games can also be streamed to the tablet from computers with some higher end models of Nvidia-powered video cards. The Nintendo Switch hybrid console is also a gaming tablet that runs on its own system software, features detachable Joy-Con controllers with motion controls and three gaming modes: table-top mode using its kickstand, traditional docked/TV mode and handheld mode. While not entirely an actual tablet form factor due to their sizes, some other handheld console including the smaller version of Nintendo Switch, the Nintendo Switch Lite, and PlayStation Vita are treated as an gaming tablet or tablet replacement by community and reviewer/publisher due to their capabilities on browsing the internet and multimedia capabilities.{{cite web |url=https://www.highgroundgaming.com/best-gaming-tablets/ |first=Benjamin |last= Barr |title=The 10 Best Gaming Tablets |publisher=High Ground Gaming |date=February 7, 2022}}

Booklets are dual-touchscreen tablet computers with a clamshell design that can fold like a laptop. Examples include the Microsoft Courier, which was discontinued in 2010,{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2208325/smb/microsoft-kills-courier-tablet-project.html |first=Denise |last=Dubie |title=Microsoft kills courier tablet project: Apple's iPad influence likely crushes Microsoft tablet |publisher=NetworkWorld |date=April 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009095257/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2208325/smb/microsoft-kills-courier-tablet-project.html |archive-date=October 9, 2014}}{{cite news |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2208330/computers/microsoft-courier-tablet-canceled-.html |first=Mike |last=Keller |title=Microsoft Courier Tablet Canceled!: Gizmodo reports today that Microsoft's much-hyped Courier tablet has been canceled. |publisher=PC World |date=April 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105743/http://www.networkworld.com/article/2208330/computers/microsoft-courier-tablet-canceled-.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014}} the Sony Tablet P (considered a flop),{{cite web|title=The 8 biggest product flops of 2012 (#4)|date=December 28, 2012 |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-8-biggest-product-flops-of-the-year-2012-12-28|publisher=Marketwatch|access-date=June 30, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730072420/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/the-8-biggest-product-flops-of-the-year-2012-12-28|archive-date=July 30, 2013}} and the Toshiba Libretto W100.

Customized business tablets are built specifically for a business customer's particular needs from a hardware and software perspective, and delivered in a business-to-business transaction. For example, in hardware, a transportation company may find that the consumer-grade GPS module in an off-the-shelf tablet provides insufficient accuracy, so a tablet can be customized and embedded with a professional-grade antenna to provide a better GPS signal. Such tablets may also be ruggedized for field use. For a software example, the same transportation company might remove certain software functions in the Android system, such as the web browser, to reduce costs from needless cellular network data consumption of an employee, and add custom package management software. Other applications may call for a resistive touchscreen and other special hardware and software.

File:Ziosk games.jpg

A table ordering tablet is a touchscreen tablet computer designed for use in casual restaurants.{{cite web|title=Tabletop tablets speed up restaurant service|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tabletop-tablets-speed-up-restaurant-service/|publisher=CBS News|access-date=December 16, 2016|date=September 22, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510204310/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/tabletop-tablets-speed-up-restaurant-service/|archive-date=May 10, 2016}} Such devices allow users to order food and drinks, play games and pay their bill. Since 2013, restaurant chains including Chili's,{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2013/09/17/chilis-to-install-tablets-at-every-table/#693a4ef55aaa|title=Chili's To Install Tablets At Every Table: More Tips But A Cloudier Future For Servers|date=September 17, 2013|last=Konrad|first=Alex|work=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706042239/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2013/09/17/chilis-to-install-tablets-at-every-table/#693a4ef55aaa|archive-date=July 6, 2017}} Olive Garden{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-olive-garden-tablets-20150414-story.html|title=Olive Garden rolls out tabletop tablets for ordering and payment|date=April 14, 2015|last=Lien|first=Tracey|work=Los Angeles Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817070302/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-olive-garden-tablets-20150414-story.html|archive-date=August 17, 2016}} and Red Robin{{Cite news|url=http://nrn.com/technology/red-robin-roll-out-tabletop-tablets-systemwide|title=Red Robin to roll out tabletop tablets systemwide|date=February 13, 2015|last=Jennings|first=Lisa|publisher=Nation's Restaurant News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716072412/http://nrn.com/technology/red-robin-roll-out-tabletop-tablets-systemwide|archive-date=July 16, 2016}} have adopted them. As of 2014, the two most popular brands were Ziosk and Presto.{{cite news|last1=Huet|first1=Ellen|title=Ordering a meal and more on tabletop tablets|url=http://www.sfgate.com/technology/article/Ordering-a-meal-and-more-on-tabletop-tablets-5396547.php|access-date=April 30, 2017|work=SFGate|date=April 14, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614185459/http://www.sfgate.com/technology/article/Ordering-a-meal-and-more-on-tabletop-tablets-5396547.php|archive-date=June 14, 2014}} The devices have been criticized by servers who claim that some restaurants determine their hours based on customer feedback in areas unrelated to service.{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/carolineodonovan/ziosk-presto-tabletop-tablet-restaurant-rating-servers?bftwnews#.we1dKRML5|title=Here's How That Tablet On The Table At Your Favorite Restaurant Is Hurting Your Waiter|last=O'Donovan|first=Caroline|date=June 21, 2018|work=BuzzFeed News|access-date=June 23, 2018}}

Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an E-reader. While traditionally E-readers are designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals, modern E-readers that use a mobile operating system such as Android have incorporated modern functionally including internet browsing and multimedia capabilities; for example Huawei MatePad Paper is a tablet that uses e-ink instead of typical LCD or LED panel, hence focusing on the reading digital content while maintaining the internet and multimedia capabilities. Some E-reader such as PocketBook InkPad Color and ONYX BOOX NOVA 3 Color even came with colored e-ink panel and speaker which allowed for higher degree of multimedia consumption and video playback.

The Kindle line from Amazon was originally limited to E-reading capabilities; however, an update to their Kindle firmware added the ability to browse the Internet and play audio, allowing Kindles to be alternatives to a traditional tablet, in some cases, with a more readable e-ink panel and greater battery life, and providing the user with access to wider multimedia capabilities compared to the older model.

{{See also|Comparison of tablet computers}}

Two major architectures dominate the tablet market,{{cite web|url=https://news.cnet.com/Intel-has-ARM-in-its-crosshairs---page-2/2100-1006_3-6210033-2.html?tag=mncol|title=Intel has ARM in its crosshairs|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=CNET}} ARM Ltd.'s ARM architecture and Intel's and AMD's x86. Intel's x86, including x86-64 has powered the "IBM compatible" PC since 1981 and Apple's Macintosh computers since 2006. The CPUs have been incorporated into tablet PCs over the years and generally offer greater performance along with the ability to run full versions of Microsoft Windows, along with Windows desktop and enterprise applications. Non-Windows based x86 tablets include the JooJoo. Intel announced plans to enter the tablet market with its Atom in 2010.{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/17/intel_tablets/ |title=Intel shows pricing pressures for Atom due to competition from ARM |access-date=October 17, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019030853/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/10/17/intel_tablets/ |archive-date=October 19, 2010}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thinq.co.uk/2010/11/22/intel-launches-fpga-equipped-atom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127201023/https://www.thinq.co.uk/2010/11/22/intel-launches-fpga-equipped-atom/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |title=Intel launches FPGA-equipped Atom |author=Gareth Halfacree |date=November 22, 2010|access-date=November 23, 2010 }} In October 2013, Intel's foundry operation announced plans to build FPGA-based quad cores for ARM and x86 processors.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/intel-on-track-to-build-two-chips-with-arm-inside/|title=Intel on track to build two chips with ARM inside|author=Brooke Crothers|date=November 3, 2013}}

ARM has been the CPU architecture of choice for manufacturers of smartphones (95% ARM), PDAs, digital cameras (80% ARM), set-top boxes, DSL routers, smart televisions (70% ARM), storage devices and tablet computers (95% ARM).{{cite web|author=Jeff Chu|date=December 18, 2012|url=https://blogs.arm.com/smart-connected-devices/870-ever-wonder-where%e2%80%99s-arm-at-ces/|title=Where's ARM at CES?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307152217/https://blogs.arm.com/smart-connected-devices/870-ever-wonder-where%E2%80%99s-arm-at-ces/|archive-date=March 7, 2013|url-status=dead}}{{third-party-inline|date=May 2013}} This dominance began with the release of the mobile-focused and comparatively power-efficient 32-bit ARM610 processor originally designed for the Apple Newton in 1993 and ARM3-using Acorn A4 laptop in 1992. The chip was adopted by Psion, Palm and Nokia for PDAs and later smartphones, camera phones, cameras, etc. ARM's licensing model supported this success by allowing device manufacturers to license, alter and fabricate custom SoC derivatives tailored to their own products. This has helped manufacturers extend battery life and shrink component count along with the size of devices.

The multiple licensees ensured that multiple fabricators could supply near-identical products, while encouraging price competition. This forced unit prices down to a fraction of their x86 equivalents. The architecture has historically had limited support from Microsoft, with only Windows CE available, but with the 2012 release of Windows 8, Microsoft announced added support for the architecture, shipping their own ARM-based tablet computer, branded the Microsoft Surface, as well as an x86-64 Intel Core i5 variant branded as Microsoft Surface Pro.{{cite web |title=Apple iPad Price, Features Say "ARM" All Over |first=Chris |last=Dannen |date=January 27, 2010 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/apple-ipad-price-features-say-arm-all-over/ |website=CBS News}}{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21542402 |title=ARM vs. Intel: How the Processor Wars Will Benefit Consumers |author=Tim Barjarin |date=July 16, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912022324/https://www.economist.com/node/21542402 |archive-date=September 12, 2012}}{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21542402 |title=The Economist – Space invaders, America's Intel and Britain's ARM have long dominated different bits of the global chip market. Now each is attacking the other's stronghold |date=January 7, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912022324/https://www.economist.com/node/21542402 |archive-date=September 12, 2012}}{{cite web|url=https://www.arm.com/products/processors/index.php|title=Processors|work=arm.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824160802/https://www.arm.com/products/processors/index.php|archive-date=August 24, 2012}} Intel tablet chip sales were 1 million units in 2012, and 12 million units in 2013.{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-we-learned-about-intel-this-week/|author=John Morris|title=What we learned about Intel this week|website=ZDNet|date=November 22, 2014|access-date=November 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124185103/https://www.zdnet.com/what-we-learned-about-intel-this-week-7000036068/|archive-date=November 24, 2014|url-status=live}} Intel chairman Andy Bryant has stated that its 2014 goal is to quadruple its tablet chip sales to 40 million units by the end of that year,{{cite web |url=https://allthingsd.com/20131121/intel-chairman-we-seemed-to-have-lost-our-way/ |title=Intel Chairman: "We Seemed to Have Lost Our Way" |date=November 21, 2013 |access-date=November 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121205419/https://allthingsd.com/20131121/intel-chairman-we-seemed-to-have-lost-our-way/ |archive-date=November 21, 2013}} as an investment for 2015.{{cite web |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/12/21/intels-40-million-tablet-campaign-seems-negative-f.aspx |first=Ashraf |last=Eassa |title=Intel's 40 Million Tablet Campaign Seems Negative for ARM |access-date=December 23, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222210254/https://www.fool.com/investing/general/2013/12/21/intels-40-million-tablet-campaign-seems-negative-f.aspx |archive-date=December 22, 2013|date=December 21, 2013 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/behind-in-tablets-intel-pays-firms-to-use-its-chips/ |title=Behind in tablets, Intel pays firms to use its chips: Why is Intel confident that 40 million tablets will ship in 2014 with its Bay Trail processors? Here's one good reason. |first=Brooke |last=Crothers |quote=Intel is sacrificing 1.5% in fiscal year 2014 profit to increase its market share in tablet computers |date=January 18, 2014 |access-date=April 17, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025520/https://www.cnet.com/news/behind-in-tablets-intel-pays-firms-to-use-its-chips/ |archive-date=April 19, 2014}}{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-intel-krzanich-idUSKBN0H41RW20140909 |title=Intel's CEO says its costly tablet chip strategy has paid off |first=Noel |last=Randewich |date=September 9, 2014 |quote=In the second quarter, Intel's mobile and communications unit revenue fell to 51 million dollars, and lost 1.12 billion dollars in the quarter |access-date=September 9, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909181204/https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/09/us-intel-krzanich-idUSKBN0H41RW20140909 |archive-date=September 9, 2014}}{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/11/20/11633114/intel-ceo-says-intel-probably-wont-reach-70-million-tablet-chips-next |title=Intel Probably Won't Reach 70 Million Tablet Chips Next Year, CEO Says |last=Fried |first=Ina |website=Vox |date=November 20, 2014 |access-date=January 12, 2023}}: Mobile operating losses will be approximately $4 billion, and $3.2 billion in 2014, and 2015, respectively.

{{See also|Mobile Internet Device#Intel MID Platforms}}

[[Samsung Galaxy Tab demonstrating multi-touch|thumb]]

A key component among tablet computers is touch input on a touchscreen display. This allows the user to navigate easily and type with a virtual keyboard on the screen or press other icons on the screen to open apps or files. The first tablet to do this was the Linus Write-Top by Linus Technologies; the tablet featured both a stylus, a pen-like tool to aid with precision in a touchscreen device, as well as handwriting recognition.{{cite book | last=Atkinson | first=Paul | date=2010 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5H_OsxEywwC | title=Computer | publisher=Reaktion Books | pages=115–116 | isbn=9781861897374 | via=Google Books}}{{cite book | last=Delbourg-Delphis | first=Marylène | date=2024 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2z8EAAAQBAJ | title=Beyond Eureka!: The Rocky Roads to Innovating | publisher=Georgetown University Press | page=168 | isbn=9781647124229 | via=Google Books}} The system must respond to on-screen touches rather than clicks of a keyboard or mouse. This operation makes precise use of our eye–hand coordination.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/best-buy-ipad-cutting-into-laptop-sales/|title=Best Buy: iPad cutting into laptop sales|first=Lance|last=Whitney|date=September 17, 2010|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=CNET}}{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2010/09/17/notebook-sales-growth-goes-negative-can-we-blame-the-ipad-yet/|title=Notebook sales growth goes negative. Can we blame the iPad yet?|first=Philip|last=Elmer-DeWitt|date=September 17, 2010|website=Fortune}}{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/tablets-hurt-pc-sales-but-not-apples-mac-2010-10-13|title=Apple's Mac sales not slowed by iPad|author=Benjamin Pimentel|work=MarketWatch|date=October 13, 2010 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015024402/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/tablets-hurt-pc-sales-but-not-apples-mac-2010-10-13|archive-date=October 15, 2010}}

Touchscreens usually come in one of two forms:

• Resistive touchscreens are passive and respond to pressure on the screen. They allow a high level of precision, useful in emulating a pointer (as is common in tablet computers) but may require calibration. Because of the high resolution, a stylus or fingernail is often used. Stylus-oriented systems are less suited to multi-touch.
• Capacitive touchscreens tend to be less accurate, but more responsive than resistive devices. Because they require a conductive material, such as a fingertip, for input, they are not common among stylus-oriented devices but are prominent on consumer devices. Most finger-driven capacitive screens do not currently support pressure input (except for the iPhone 6S and later models), but some tablets use a pressure-sensitive stylus or active pen.{{cite web|title=Pro Pen for Surface Pro and Surface Pro 2 {{!}} Handwriting on Surface Pro and Surface Pro 2|url=https://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/support/touch-mouse-and-search/pro-pen?os=windows-10|website=www.microsoft.com|access-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228212851/http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/support/touch-mouse-and-search/pro-pen?os=windows-10|archive-date=December 28, 2015}}
• Some tablets can recognize individual palms, while some professional-grade tablets use pressure-sensitive films, such as those on graphics tablets. Some capacitive touch-screens can detect the size of the touched area and the pressure used.{{Cite web|last=Buxton|first=Bill|url=http://www.billbuxton.com/multitouchOverview.html|title=Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved|access-date=2023-01-12|website=www.billbuxton.com}}

Since mid-2010s, most tablets use capacitive touchscreens with multi-touch, unlike earlier resistive touchscreen devices which users needed styluses to perform inputs.

There are also electronic paper tablets such as Sony Digital Paper DPTS1 and reMarkable that use E ink for its display technology.

File:人-red.png, Mandarin: rén, Korean: in, Japanese: jin, nin; hito, Cantonese: jan4). The character has two strokes, the first shown here in brown, and the second in red. The black area represents the starting position of the writing instrument.]]

Many tablets support a stylus and support handwriting recognition. Wacom and N-trig digital pens provide approximately 2500 DPI resolution for handwriting, exceeding the resolution of capacitive touch screens by more than a factor of 10. These pens also support pressure sensitivity, allowing for "variable-width stroke-based" characters, such as Chinese/Japanese/Korean writing, due to their built-in capability of "pressure sensing". Pressure is also used in digital art applications such as Autodesk Sketchbook.{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-keyboards-2011-9 |title=China using keyboards versus tablet input |website=Business Insider |access-date=September 13, 2018 }}{{cite web|url=http://ruetersward.com/biblio.html|title=Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition, Pen Computing, Gesture User Interfaces and Tablet and Touch Computers|work=ruetersward.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215212931/http://ruetersward.com/biblio.html|archive-date=December 15, 2013}} Apps exist on both iOS and Android platforms for handwriting recognition and in 2015 Google introduced its own handwriting input with support for 82 languages.{{cite web|title=Google releases new Handwriting Input keyboard with support for 82 languages|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/google-releases-new-handwriting-input-keyboard-support-82-languages|first=Dan|last=Thorp-Lancaster|date=April 15, 2015|publisher=Android Central|access-date=December 30, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218015826/http://www.androidcentral.com/google-releases-new-handwriting-input-keyboard-support-82-languages|archive-date=December 18, 2015}}

After 2007, with access to capacitive screens and the success of the iPhone, other features became common, such as multi-touch features (in which the user can touch the screen in multiple places to trigger actions and other natural user interface features, as well as flash memory solid state storage and "instant on" warm-booting; external USB and Bluetooth keyboards defined tablets.

Most tablets released since mid-2010 use a version of an ARM processor for longer battery life. The ARM Cortex family is powerful enough for tasks such as internet browsing, light creative and production work and mobile games.{{Cite web|date=2010-08-21|title=Mirror: The Coming War: ARM versus x86 – Van's Hardware Journal|url=http://vanshardware.com/2010/08/mirror-the-coming-war-arm-versus-x86/|access-date=2023-01-12|website=vanshardware.com|language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018002338/http://vanshardware.com/2010/08/mirror-the-coming-war-arm-versus-x86/ |archive-date=October 18, 2010 |url-status=live}}

Other features are: High-definition, anti-glare display, touchscreen, lower weight and longer battery life than a comparably-sized laptop, wireless local area and internet connectivity (usually with Wi-Fi standard and optional mobile broadband), Bluetooth for connecting peripherals and communicating with local devices, ports for wired connections and charging, for example USB ports, Early devices had IR support and could work as a TV remote controller, docking station, keyboard and added connectivity, on-board flash memory, ports for removable storage, various cloud storage services for backup and syncing data across devices, local storage on a local area network (LAN).

• Speech recognition Google introduced voice input in Android 2.1 in 2009 and voice actions in 2.2 in 2010, with up to five languages (now around 40).{{cite web|title=First look: Google's new Voice Actions for Android|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2468793/mobile-apps/first-look--google-s-new-voice-actions-for-android.html|first=JR|last=Raphael|date=August 12, 2010|publisher=Computerworld|access-date=December 30, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421003717/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2468793/mobile-apps/first-look--google-s-new-voice-actions-for-android.html|archive-date=April 21, 2016}} Siri was introduced as a system-wide personal assistant on the iPhone 4S in 2011 and now supports nearly 20 languages. In both cases, the voice input is sent to central servers to perform general speech recognition and thus requires a network connection for more than simple commands.
• Near-field communication with other compatible devices including ISO/IEC 14443 RFID tags.

Tablets, like conventional PCs, use several different operating systems, though dual-booting is rare. Tablet operating systems come in two classes:

• Desktop computer operating systems
• Mobile operating systems

Desktop OS-based tablets are currently thicker and heavier. They require more storage and more cooling and give less battery life. They can run processor-intensive graphical applications in addition to mobile apps, and have more ports.{{cite web|title=Microsoft Surface Pro review|date=February 6, 2013 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/02/05/microsoft-surface-pro-review/|publisher=engadget|access-date=June 16, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610065216/http://www.engadget.com/2013/02/05/microsoft-surface-pro-review/|archive-date=June 10, 2013}}

Mobile-based tablets are the reverse, and run only mobile apps. They can use battery life conservatively because the processor is significantly smaller. This allows the battery to last much longer than the common laptop.{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2423063,00.asp |title=Laptops vs. Tablets: The Ultimate Showdown |last=Westover |first=Brian |date=October 26, 2014 |magazine=PCmag.com }}

In Q1 2018, Android tablets had 62% of the market, Apple's iOS had 23.4% of the market and Windows 10 had 14.6% of the market.{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180503005998/en/Strategy-Analytics%C2%A0Tablet-Market-Falls-7-Percent-Q1|title=Strategy Analytics: Tablet Market Falls 7 Percent in Q1 2018 while Top Vendors Play to Strengths|newspaper=Strategy-Analytics|access-date=October 7, 2018}} In late 2021, iOS has 55% use worldwide (varies by continent, e.g. below 50% in South America and Africa) and Android 45% use. Still, Android tablets have more use than iOS in virtually all countries, except for e.g. the U.S. and China.{{Cite web|title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Worldwide|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/worldwide/#monthly-202108-202108-map|access-date=2021-09-03|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Tablet Operating System Market Share Russian Federation|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share/tablet/russian-federation/#weekly-202041-202050|access-date=December 16, 2020|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Tablet Browser Market Share Russian Federation|url=https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share/tablet/russian-federation/#weekly-202041-202050|access-date=December 16, 2020|website=StatCounter Global Stats|language=en}}

{{Main|Android (operating system)}}

Android is a Linux-based operating system that Google offers as open source under the Apache license. It is designed primarily for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android supports low-cost ARM systems and others. The first tablets running Android were released in 2009.{{cite web|title=9 Upcoming Tablet Alternatives to the Apple iPad|date=January 27, 2010|url=http://mashable.com/2010/01/27/9-upcoming-tablet-alternatives-to-the-apple-ipad/|publisher=Mashable|access-date=August 7, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805003232/http://mashable.com/2010/01/27/9-upcoming-tablet-alternatives-to-the-apple-ipad/|archive-date=August 5, 2010}} Vendors such as Motorola{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/video/asset/digits-motorola-plans-tablet-device-2010-09-16/7CC13B36-0A8B-42E0-AD1A-72FF9BF04348|title=digits: Motorola Plans Tablet Device|date=September 16, 2010|work=marketwatch.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928050045/http://www.marketwatch.com/video/asset/digits-motorola-plans-tablet-device-2010-09-16/7CC13B36-0A8B-42E0-AD1A-72FF9BF04348|archive-date=September 28, 2010}} and Lenovo{{cite web |url=http://www.slashgear.com/tablets-a-prescription-for-confusion-24109978/ |title=Lenovo is waiting for Honeycomb |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101026013218/http://www.slashgear.com/tablets-a-prescription-for-confusion-24109978/ |archive-date=October 26, 2010|date=October 24, 2010 }} delayed deployment of their tablets until after 2011, when Android was reworked to include more tablet features.{{cite news |title=The successor to Gingerbread, Android project Honeycomb is targeted for tablet computers |first=Daniel |last=Lyons |date=October 11, 2010 |publisher=Newsweek |page=49}}{{cite news |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2373943,00.asp |title=Google demonstrated Android Honeycomb Tablet |date=December 7, 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210072516/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2373943%2C00.asp |archive-date=December 10, 2010}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/video/asset/digits-best-buys-tv-bust-2010-12-14/FD6C213F-D320-4212-BE7C-FECD5B8FEA33?dist=afterbell#!88F98ADB-3F87-49DF-AD08-385D66B0DDE8|title=Andy Rubin's demo of Motorola Honeycomb tablet}} Android 3.0 (Honeycomb), released in 2011 and later versions support larger screen sizes, mainly tablets, and have access to the Google Play service. Android includes operating system, middleware and key applications. Other vendors sell customized Android tablets, such as Kindle Fire and Nook, which are used to consume mobile content and provide their own app store, rather than using the larger Google Play system, thereby fragmenting the Android market.{{cite news |url=http://betanews.com/2012/04/28/google-has-lost-control-of-android/ |title=Google has lost control of Android |author=Wilcox, Joe |work=Beta News |date=April 28, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913035225/http://betanews.com/2012/04/28/google-has-lost-control-of-android/ |archive-date=September 13, 2012}} In 2022 Google began to re-emphasize in-house Android tablet development — at this point, a multi-year commitment.{{Cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=2022-01-28|title=Google says Android tablets are the future, starts staffing up new division|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/google-says-tablets-are-the-future-wants-to-hire-android-tablet-leadership/|access-date=2023-01-12|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us}}

{{main|Comparison of Android Go products#Tablet computers}}

A few tablet computers are shipped with Android Go.

As mentioned above, Amazon Fire OS is an Android-based mobile operating system produced by Amazon for its Fire range of tablets. It is forked from Android. Fire OS primarily centers on content consumption, with a customized user interface and heavy ties to content available from Amazon's own storefronts and services.

Several devices that run ChromeOS came on the market in 2017–2019, as tablets, or as 2-in-1s with touchscreen and 360-degree hinge.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/asus-debuts-new-chrome-os-tablet-chromebooks-geared-toward-the-classroom/|author=Gordon Gottsegen|date=January 4, 2018|title=Asus debuts new Chrome OS tablet, Chromebooks geared toward the classroom}}

HarmonyOS (HMOS) ({{zh|s=鸿蒙|p=Hóngméng}}) is a distributed operating system developed by Huawei to collaborate and interconnect with multiple smart devices on the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem.{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2019-08-09|title=Huawei's new operating system is called HarmonyOS|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/9/20798251/huawei-harmonyos-hongmengos-smartphones-internet-of-things-operating-system-android|website=The Verge|access-date=2021-06-16}}{{Cite web|title=Document – About HarmonyOS|url=https://developer.harmonyos.com/en/docs/documentation/doc-guides/harmonyos-overview-0000000000011903|website=HarmonyOS.com|access-date=2021-06-17}} In its current multi-kernel design, the operating system selects suitable kernels from the abstraction layer for devices with diverse resources.{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2021-06-02|title=Huawei's Watch 3 is its first HarmonyOS smartwatch|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22463529/huawei-watch-3-pro-harmonyos-smartwatch-features-specs|website=The Verge|access-date=2021-06-16}}{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2021-06-02|title=Huawei's HarmonyOS arrives on tablets with the new MatePad Pro|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/2/22463666/huawei-matepad-pro-harmonyos-tablet-features-specs|website=The Verge|access-date=2021-06-16}} For IoT devices, the system is known to be based on LiteOS kernel; while for smartphones and tablets, it is based on a Linux kernel layer with AOSP libraries to support Android application package (APK) apps using Android Runtime (ART) through the Ark Compiler, in addition to native HarmonyOS apps built via integrated development environment (IDE) known as DevEco Studio.{{Cite web|title=阿里云资深专家崮德：谈谈我对华为HarmonyOS 2.0的看法|url=https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000040203399|website=SegmentFault.com|date=June 19, 2021 |language=zh-CN|access-date=2021-06-23}}{{Cite web|last=Sarkar|first=Amy|date=2019-04-28|title=ARK Compiler: Huawei's self-developed Android application compiler – explained|url=https://www.huaweicentral.com/ark-compiler-huaweis-self-developed-android-application-compiler-explained/|website=Huawei Central|access-date=2022-05-22}}

{{Main|iPad|iPadOS|iOS}}

The iPad runs on iPadOS. Prior to the introduction of iPadOS in 2019, the iPad ran iOS, which was created for the iPhone and iPod Touch. The first iPad was released in 2010.{{cite press release |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/03/05iPad-Available-in-US-on-April-3.html |title=iPad Available in US on April 3 | publisher=Apple |date=March 5, 2010 |access-date=March 5, 2010}} Although built on the same underlying Unix implementation as macOS, its user interface is radically different. iPadOS is designed for touch input from the user's fingers and has none of the features that required a stylus on earlier tablets. Apple introduced multi-touch gestures, such as moving two fingers apart or together to zoom in or out, also termed pinch to zoom.{{cite web|title=Six Years Ago, Apple Made a Crowd Gasp With Pinch to Zoom and Swiping|date=March 29, 2013|url=http://petapixel.com/2013/03/29/six-years-ago-apple-made-a-crowd-gasp-with-pinch-to-zoom-and-swiping/|access-date=June 12, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704204324/http://petapixel.com/2013/03/29/six-years-ago-apple-made-a-crowd-gasp-with-pinch-to-zoom-and-swiping/|archive-date=July 4, 2013}} iPadOS and iOS are built for the ARM architecture.{{cite web|title=Apple tablet rumors redux: 10.7-inch display, iPhone OS underneath|date=September 29, 2009 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2009/09/29/apple-tablet-rumors-redux-10-7-inch-display-iphone-os-undernea/|publisher=Engadget|access-date=August 6, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214065639/http://www.engadget.com/2009/09/29/apple-tablet-rumors-redux-10-7-inch-display-iphone-os-undernea|archive-date=February 14, 2010}}

{{Main|Amazon Kindle}}

Kindle firmware is a mobile operating system specifically designed for Amazon Kindle e-readers. It is based on a custom Linux kernel; however, it is entirely closed-source and proprietary, and only runs on Amazon Kindle line up manufactured under the Amazon brand.

The Nintendo Switch system software (also known by its codename Horizon) is an updatable firmware and operating system used by the Nintendo Switch hybrid video game console/tablet and Nintendo Switch Lite handheld game console. It is based on a proprietary microkernel. The UI includes a HOME screen, consisting of the top bar, the screenshot viewer ("Album"), and shortcuts to the Nintendo eShop, News, and Settings.

The PlayStation Vita system software is the official firmware and operating system for the PlayStation Vita and PlayStation TV video game consoles. It uses the LiveArea as its graphical shell. The PlayStation Vita system software has one optional add-on component, the PlayStation Mobile Runtime Package. The system is built on a Unix-base which is derived from FreeBSD and NetBSD. Due to it capabilities on browsing the internet and multimedia capabilities, it is treat as an gaming tablet or tablet replacement by community and reviewer/publisher.

{{Main|Ubuntu Touch}}Ubuntu Touch is an open-source (GPL) mobile version of the Ubuntu operating system originally developed in 2013 by Canonical Ltd. and continued by the non-profit UBports Foundation in 2017.{{cite journal |last1=Gripsgård |first1=Marius |last2=Sprinz |first2=Johannah |date=2017 |title=Ubuntu Touch is alive! Meet the UBports Community |url=https://spri.nz/talks/2017/ubucon-europe/ |journal=Ubucon Europe 2017 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.31377.92004}}{{cite journal |last=Sprinz |first=Johannah |date=2018 |title=One year after the world ended - Ubuntu Touch today |url=https://spri.nz/talks/2018/ubucon-europe/ |journal=Ubucon Europe 2018 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.25859.78886}} Ubuntu Touch can run on a pure GNU/Linux base on phones with the required drivers, such as the Librem 5{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Ardash |title=Open Source Smartphone Librem 5 Will Officially Support Ubuntu Touch |publisher=Fossbytes |date=April 25, 2018 |url=https://fossbytes.com/librem-5-ubuntu-touch-support |access-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143819/https://fossbytes.com/librem-5-ubuntu-touch-support/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live}} and the PinePhone.{{cite journal |last=Sprinz |first=Johannah |date=2019 |title=Exciting developments around Linux on Phones: Ubuntu Touch, Plasma Mobile, Halium, PinePhone, and VollaPhone |url=https://spri.nz/talks/2019/36c3-lightning/ |journal=36th Chaos Communication Congress |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.19633.86884}} To enable hardware that was originally shipped with Android, Ubuntu Touch makes use of the Android Linux kernel, using Android drivers and services via an LXC container, but does not use any of the Java-like code of Android.{{cite journal |last=Sprinz |first=Johannah |date=2019 |title=State of the Touch: Ubuntu on phones and tablets |url=https://spri.nz/talks/2019/ubucon-europe/ |journal=Ubucon Europe 2019 |language=en |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.19148.90248}}{{cite web |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture |title=ContainerArchitecture |access-date=October 30, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024511/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/ContainerArchitecture |archive-date=October 31, 2016}} As of February 2022, Ubuntu Touch is available on 78 phones and tablets.{{cite web |title=Ubuntu Touch • Linux Phone |url=https://devices.ubuntu-touch.io/ |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=devices.ubuntu-touch.io |language=en}} The UBports Installer serves as an easy-to-use tool to allow inexperienced users to install the operating system on third-party devices without damaging their hardware.{{Citation|title=UBports Installer|date=2022-02-02|url=https://github.com/ubports/ubports-installer|publisher=UBports|access-date=2022-02-03}}

{{Main|Windows 10}}

Following Windows for Pen Computing for Windows 3.1 in 1991, Microsoft supported tablets running Windows XP under the Microsoft Tablet PC name.{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms840465.aspx|title=Microsoft Tablet PC|work=Microsoft|date=October 16, 2006 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206062347/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms840465.aspx|archive-date=December 6, 2011}} Microsoft Tablet PCs were pen-based, fully functional x86 PCs with handwriting and voice recognition functionality.{{cite web|url=https://news.microsoft.com/2000/11/13/tablet-pc-brings-the-simplicity-of-pen-and-paper-to-computing/|title=Tablet PC Brings the Simplicity of Pen and Paper to Computing|date=November 13, 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514151506/http://news.microsoft.com/2000/11/13/tablet-pc-brings-the-simplicity-of-pen-and-paper-to-computing/|archive-date=May 14, 2016|url-status=live}} Windows XP Tablet PC Edition provided pen support. Tablet support was added to both Home and Business versions of Windows Vista and Windows 7. Tablets running Windows could use the touchscreen for mouse input, hand writing recognition and gesture support. Following Tablet PC, Microsoft announced the Ultra-mobile PC initiative in 2006 which brought Windows tablets to a smaller, touch-centric form factor.{{cite web|title=Live from Steve Ballmer's CES 2010 keynote|date=January 7, 2010 |url=https://www.engadget.com/2010/01/06/live-from-steve-ballmers-ces-2010-keynote/|publisher=Engadget|access-date=August 4, 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712220344/http://www.engadget.com/2010/01/06/live-from-steve-ballmers-ces-2010-keynote/|archive-date=July 12, 2010}}{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/ballmer-on-tablets-pcs-and-more-q-a/ |title=Ballmer on tablets, PCs and more (Q&A) |first=Ina |last=Fried |date=October 12, 2010 |access-date=January 25, 2023}} In 2008, Microsoft showed a prototype of a two-screen tablet called Microsoft Courier, but cancelled the project.

In 2012, Microsoft released Windows 8, which features significant changes to various aspects of the operating system's user interface and platform which are designed for touch-based devices such as tablets. The operating system also introduced an application store and a new style of application optimized primarily for use on tablets.{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/netapp/2012/10/11/windows-8-release-date-tablet-microsoft-cloud/ |title=Microsoft Betting BIG on Cloud with Windows 8 and Tablets |last=Einstein |first=Dave |date=October 11, 2012 |work=Forbes |access-date=October 27, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013024647/http://www.forbes.com/sites/netapp/2012/10/11/windows-8-release-date-tablet-microsoft-cloud/ |archive-date=October 13, 2012}}{{cite news|title=Build: More Details On Building Windows 8 Metro Apps|url=http://forwardthinking.pcmag.com/show-reports/287736-build-more-details-on-building-windows-8-metro-apps|work=PC Magazine|access-date=February 10, 2012|first=Michael|last=Miller|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217202913/http://forwardthinking.pcmag.com/show-reports/287736-build-more-details-on-building-windows-8-metro-apps|archive-date=February 17, 2012}} Microsoft also introduced Windows RT, an edition of Windows 8 for use on ARM-based devices.{{cite web|last=Gara|first=Tom|title=What Does the 'RT' In Windows RT Stand For?|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2012/10/26/what-does-the-rt-in-windows-rt-stand-for-nothing-andor-something/|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=July 10, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726135721/http://blogs.wsj.com/corporate-intelligence/2012/10/26/what-does-the-rt-in-windows-rt-stand-for-nothing-andor-something/|archive-date=July 26, 2013|date=October 27, 2012}} The launch of Windows 8 and RT was accompanied by the release of devices with the two operating systems by various manufacturers (including Microsoft themselves, with the release of Surface), such as slate tablets, hybrids, and convertibles.{{cite web|title=Best Windows 8 tablets: all the Windows 8 tablets we've reviewed|url=http://www.techradar.com/us/news/computing/windows-8-tablets-release-date-specs-and-prices-916134|publisher=Tech Radar|access-date=June 12, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606030511/http://www.techradar.com/us/news/computing/windows-8-tablets-release-date-specs-and-prices-916134|archive-date=June 6, 2013}}

Released in July 2015, Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as "universal apps"; expanding on Metro-style apps, these apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code‍ – ‌including PCs, tablets, smartphones, embedded systems, Xbox One, Surface Hub and Windows Holographic. The Windows user interface was revised to handle transitions between a mouse-oriented interface and a touchscreen-optimized interface based on available input devices‍ – ‌particularly on 2-in-1 PCs; both interfaces include an updated Start menu. Windows 10 replaced all earlier editions of Windows.{{cite web|url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2475571/microsoft-confirms-windows-rt-will-die.html|title=Microsoft confirms Windows RT will die|first=Preston|last=Gralla|date=November 25, 2013|website=Computerworld}}{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57613698-75/microsoft-aims-to-whittle-windows-variants-on-mobile/ |title=Microsoft aims to whittle Windows variants on mobile |date=November 25, 2013 |first=Mary Jo |last=Foley |access-date=November 18, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128065006/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10805_3-57613698-75/microsoft-aims-to-whittle-windows-variants-on-mobile/ |archive-date=November 28, 2013}}

Several hardware companies have built hybrid devices with the possibility to work with both Android and Windows Phone operating systems (or in rare cases Windows 8.1, as with the, by now cancelled, Asus Transformer Book Duet), while Ars Technica stated: "dual-OS devices are always terrible products. Windows and Android almost never cross-communicate, so any dual-OS device means dealing with separate apps, data, and storage pools and completely different UI paradigms. So from a consumer perspective, Microsoft and Google are really just saving OEMs from producing tons of clunky devices that no one will want."{{Cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|title=Google and Microsoft are out to stop dual-boot Windows/Android devices|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/google-and-microsoft-are-out-to-stop-dual-boot-windowsandroid-devices/ |website=Ars Technica|language=en-us |date=March 14, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604100749/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/google-and-microsoft-are-out-to-stop-dual-boot-windowsandroid-devices/ |archive-date=June 4, 2014 }}

BlackBerry 10 (based on the QNX OS) is from BlackBerry. As a smartphone OS, it is closed-source and proprietary, and only runs on phones and tablets manufactured by BlackBerry.

One of the dominant platforms in the world in the late 2000s, its global market share was reduced significantly by the mid-2010s. In late 2016, BlackBerry announced that it will continue to support the OS, with a promise to release 10.3.3.{{cite web |url=http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/ |title=BlackBerry has no plans to release new BB10 devices [Update] |first=Patrick |last=O'RourkeJan |date=January 4, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105175452/http://mobilesyrup.com/2017/01/04/blackberry-has-no-plans-to-release-new-bb10-devices/ |archive-date=January 5, 2017}}{{cite web |url=http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615 |title=Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition, Swelling to 96.3% of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14, According to IDC |date=February 24, 2015 |work=IDC.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225074430/http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS25450615 |archive-date=February 25, 2015}} Therefore, BlackBerry 10 would not receive any major updates as BlackBerry and its partners would focus more on their Android base development.{{Cite web |url=https://www.blackberry.com/us/en/support/devices/end-of-life |title=BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry OS Services FAQ - End of Life |language=en |access-date=2020-09-19}}

BlackBerry Tablet OS is an operating system from BlackBerry Ltd based on the QNX Neutrino real-time operating system designed to run Adobe AIR and BlackBerry WebWorks applications, currently available for the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet computer.

The BlackBerry Tablet OS is the first tablet running an operating system from QNX (now a subsidiary of RIM{{Cite press release|title=Research In Motion to Acquire QNX Software Systems from Harman International|url=http://www.qnx.com/news/pr_4114_1.html|access-date=2023-01-12|website=www.qnx.com}}).

BlackBerry Tablet OS supports standard BlackBerry Java applications. Support for Android apps has also been announced, through sandbox "app players" which can be ported by developers or installed through sideloading by users.{{Cite web|url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/12/07/rimm-to-add-android-app-compatibility-to-qnx-tablet-platform|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815092916/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/12/07/rimm-to-add-android-app-compatibility-to-qnx-tablet-platform|url-status=dead|title=RIM to add Android app compatibility to QNX PlayBook tablet?|archivedate=August 15, 2011}}{{Cite news|date=2011-02-10|title=RIM Said to Plan PlayBook Software to Run Google Apps|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-02-10/rim-is-said-to-plan-playbook-tablet-software-to-run-google-s-android-apps|access-date=2023-01-12}} A BlackBerry Tablet OS Native Development Kit, to develop native applications with the GNU toolchain is currently in closed beta testing. The first device to run BlackBerry Tablet OS was the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet computer.{{Cite press release |url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/RIM-Unveils-The-BlackBerry-PlayBook-NASDAQ-RIMM-1325727.htm |title=RIM Unveils The BlackBerry PlayBook |publisher=Research In Motion |date=September 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021011016/http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/RIM-Unveils-The-BlackBerry-PlayBook-NASDAQ-RIMM-1325727.htm |archive-date=October 21, 2010 |url-status=dead}}

{{See also|App store}}

Apps that do not come pre-installed with the system are supplied through online distribution. These sources, termed app stores, provide centralized catalogs of software and allow "one click" on-device software purchasing, installation and updates.{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/306377/non-apple-tablets-making-small-gains-on-ipad|title=Non-Apple Tablets Making Small Gains on iPad|website=PC Magazine|first=Damon|last=Poeter|date=December 27, 2012}}{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/24/massacre-of-the-tablets/|title=Massacre of the tablets|website=Financial Post|first=Matt|last=Hartley|date=December 24, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619060321/http://business.financialpost.com/2011/12/24/massacre-of-the-tablets/|archive-date=June 19, 2013|url-status=live}}

Mobile device suppliers may adopt a "walled garden" approach, wherein the supplier controls what software applications ("apps") are available. Software development kits are restricted to approved software developers. This can be used to reduce the impact of malware, provide software with an approved content rating, control application quality and exclude competing vendors.This "vicious cycle" (slow hardware development masking slow hardware, causing slow response, causing slow software development, causing sluggish performance at an unrealistic price, causing sluggish sales) serves only to impede further software investment. "HP reboots to confront Tablet Effect" Barron's, August 20, 2011 Apple, Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Barnes & Noble all adopted the strategy. B&N originally allowed arbitrary apps to be installed,{{cite web|access-date=March 28, 2012|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1795503/kindle-fire-vs-nook-tablet-choice-and-trash-talk|website=Fast Company|title=Kindle Fire Vs. Nook Tablet: "Choice" And Trash Talk|first=Austin|last=Carr|date=December 17, 2011}}{{cite web|access-date=March 28, 2012|url=http://www.gizmag.com/root-nook-tablet-add-android-market-honeycomb/20926/|title=How to root the Nook Tablet|first=Eric|last=Mack|date=December 22, 2011|work=Gizmag.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524182514/http://www.gizmag.com/root-nook-tablet-add-android-market-honeycomb/20926/|archive-date=May 24, 2012}}{{cite web|access-date=March 28, 2012|work=news.softpedia.com|date=November 17, 2011|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/Nook-Tablet-Can-Sideload-Android-Apps-without-Needing-Root-235103.shtml|first=Sorin|last=Nita|title=Nook Tablet Can Sideload Android Apps without Needing Root|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101125928/http://news.softpedia.com/news/Nook-Tablet-Can-Sideload-Android-Apps-without-Needing-Root-235103.shtml|archive-date=January 1, 2012}} but, in December 2011, excluded third parties.{{cite web|url=http://www.itworld.com/mobile-wireless/234809/kindle-fire-and-nook-tablet-both-get-upgraded-reduced-functionality|work=IT World|first=Peter|last=Smith|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=January 10, 2012|title=Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet both get 'upgraded' with reduced functionality|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108015721/http://www.itworld.com/mobile-wireless/234809/kindle-fire-and-nook-tablet-both-get-upgraded-reduced-functionality|archive-date=January 8, 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://pcper.com/category/tags/update|work=PCPerspective.com|first=Tim|last=Verry|date=December 21, 2011|access-date=January 10, 2012|title=Kindle Fire and Nook Tablet Receive Root Access Killing Software Updates|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815131453/http://pcper.com/category/tags/update|archive-date=August 15, 2012}}{{cite web|access-date=March 28, 2012|work=The Verge|url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/20/2649463/nook-tablet-firmware-update-1-4-1-disables-sideloading-apps|title=Nook Tablet firmware update 1.4.1 disables sideloading apps|first=Joseph|last=Parishon|date=December 20, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120410081118/http://www.theverge.com/2011/12/20/2649463/nook-tablet-firmware-update-1-4-1-disables-sideloading-apps|archive-date=April 10, 2012}}{{cite journal|access-date=March 28, 2012|journal=Seattle Times|title=Barnes & Noble's new Nook Tablet doesn't measure up to Kindle Fire: Barnes & Noble's latest digital tablet may be an upgrade to the Nook Color, but is not as strong as Amazon.com's Kindle Fire|first=Troy|last=Wolverton, San Jose Mercury News|date=November 25, 2011|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2016840500_ptnook26.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316024209/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2016840500_ptnook26.html|archive-date=March 16, 2012}} Apple and IBM have agreed to cooperate in cross-selling IBM-developed applications for iPads and iPhones in enterprise-level accounts.{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/7/15/11628848/apple-and-ibm-team-up-to-push-ios-in-the-enterprise |first=Arik |last=Hesseldahl |website=Vox |date=July 15, 2014 |title=Apple and IBM Team Up to Push iOS in the Enterprise |access-date=January 12, 2023}} Proponents of open source software say that the iPad (or such "walled garden" app store approach) violates the spirit of personal control that traditional personal computers have always provided.{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Peter|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/ibad_launch|title=iPad is iBad for freedom|website=Free Software Foundation|date=January 27, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210083620/http://www.fsf.org/news/ibad_launch|archive-date=December 10, 2011|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last=Cherry|first=Steven|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ipad-is-not-a-computer|title=The iPad Is Not a Computer|website=IEEE Spectrum|date=March 30, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930102331/https://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/portable-devices/the-ipad-is-not-a-computer|archive-date=September 30, 2012|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last=Conlon|first=Tom|url=http://www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2010-01/ipad%E2%80%99s-closed-system-sometimes-i-hate-being-right|title=The iPad's Closed System: Sometimes I Hate Being Right|website=Popular Science|date=January 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420043520/http://www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2010-01/ipad%E2%80%99s-closed-system-sometimes-i-hate-being-right|archive-date=April 20, 2010

|url-status=dead}}

Around 2010, tablet use by businesses jumped, as business began to use them for conferences, events, and trade shows. In 2012, Intel reported that their tablet program improved productivity for about 19,000 of their employees by an average of 57 minutes a day.{{cite web|last=Stevenson|first=Kim|title=Intel IT Performance Report|url=http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/best-practices/intel-it-midyear-performance-report-2012.pdf|publisher=Intel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611174808/http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/best-practices/intel-it-midyear-performance-report-2012.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2014}} In October 2012, display screen shipments for tablets began surpassing shipments for laptop display screens.{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57553868-94/tablet-display-shipments-jump-top-laptops-in-october/|title=Tablet display shipments jump, top laptops in October|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=CNET|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125003525/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57553868-94/tablet-display-shipments-jump-top-laptops-in-october/|archive-date=November 25, 2012}} Tablets became increasingly used in the construction industry to look at blueprints, field documentation and other relevant information on the device instead of carrying around large amounts of paper.{{cite web|title=How Tablet Computers Changed the Construction Industry|url=http://fortune.com/2016/07/03/construction-tech-device/|publisher=Fortune|access-date=January 10, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111002021/http://fortune.com/2016/07/03/construction-tech-device/|archive-date=January 11, 2017}} Time described the product's popularity as a "global tablet craze" in a November 2012 article.{{Cite magazine |last=Bajarin |first=Ben |date=2012-11-26 |title=A Touch-Literate World: The Global Tablet Craze |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://techland.time.com/2012/11/26/a-touch-literate-world-the-global-tablet-craze/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |issn=0040-781X}}

As of the start of 2014, 44% of US online consumers owned tablets,{{cite web|url=http://www.marketingcharts.com/wp/online/us-tablet-ownership-update-january-2014-39508/|title=US Tablet Ownership Update, January 2014|work=marketingcharts.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140731214403/http://www.marketingcharts.com/wp/online/us-tablet-ownership-update-january-2014-39508/|archive-date=July 31, 2014|date=January 31, 2014}} a significant jump from 5% in 2011.{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/02/11/two-thirds-of-americans-now-have-smartphones/ |title=Two-thirds of Americans now have smartphones |first=Jon |last=Fingas |date=February 11, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225835/http://www.engadget.com/2014/02/11/two-thirds-of-americans-now-have-smartphones/ |archive-date=February 21, 2014}} Tablet use also became increasingly common among children. A 2014 survey found that mobiles were the most frequently used object for play among American children under the age of 12. Mobiles were used more often in play than video game consoles, board games, puzzles, play vehicles, blocks and dolls/action figures. Despite this, the majority of parents said that a mobile was "never" or only "sometimes" a toy.{{cite web |url=https://mcgrc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MCGRC_Digital-Kids-Presentation_022014.pdf |title=Touch Screens |author=The Michael Cohen Group |date=February 17, 2014}} As of 2014, nearly two-thirds of American 2- to 10-year-olds have access to a tablet or e-reader.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2014/04/children-and-touch-screens/|title=Are Touchscreens Melting Your Kid's Brain? – WIRED|magazine=WIRED|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417121639/https://www.wired.com/2014/04/children-and-touch-screens/|archive-date=April 17, 2017|date=April 15, 2014}} The large use of tablets by adults is as a personal internet-connected TV.{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/people-watch-tv-on-tablets-in-bedrooms-2013-3|title=More People Now Watch TV And Movies On Tablets In Bedrooms Than On TVs!|work=Business Insider|date=March 21, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709020540/http://www.businessinsider.com/people-watch-tv-on-tablets-in-bedrooms-2013-3|archive-date=July 9, 2014}} A 2015 study found that a third of children under five have their own tablet device.{{cite news|last1=Coughlan|first1=Sean|title=Tablet computers 'widely used by under-fives'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-34454263|work=BBC News|date=October 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007155330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-34454263|archive-date=October 7, 2015}}

After a fast rise in sales during the early 2010s, the tablet market had plateaued in 2015{{Cite web |last=Buhr |first=Sarah |date=2015-07-13 |title=Forrester: Tablet Sales Have Plateaued But There's A Future In Business |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/07/12/forrester-tablet-sales-have-plateaued-but-theres-a-future-in-business/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}} and by Q3 2018{{cite press release |url=https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS44425918 |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Tablet Market Sees Modest Decline of 8.6% as Slate and Detachable Categories Continue to Struggle, According to IDC |publisher=IDC}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS45959420|website=IDC|date=January 30, 2020|title=Worldwide Tablet Shipments Continue to Decline in Q4 2019, According to IDC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307040109/https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS45959420|archive-date=March 7, 2020|url-status=dead}} sales had declined by 35% from its Q3 2014 peak.{{Cite web |title=Infographic: The Tablet Boom Is Long Over |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/16081/tablet-market-growth/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Statista Infographics |date=November 13, 2018 |language=en}} In spite of this, tablet sales worldwide had surpassed sales of desktop computers in 2017,{{cite press release|url=https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS43596418|title=Despite Steady Commercial Uptake, Personal Computing Device Market Expected to Decline at a −1.8% CAGR through 2022, According to IDC|date=February 28, 2018|publisher=IDC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307211719/https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS43596418|archive-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=dead}} and worldwide PC sales were flat for the first quarter of 2018.{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/worldwide-pc-shipments-effectively-flat-in-q1-2018/|title=Worldwide PC shipments effectively flat in Q1 2018|first=Stephanie|last=Condon|date=April 11, 2018|website=ZDNet}} In 2020 the tablet market saw a large surge in sales with 164 million tablet units being shipped worldwide due to a large demand for work from home and online learning.{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/8158/global-tablet-shipments/|title=Pandemic Reignites Tablet Market Growth|website=Statista|date=14 April 2021}}

According to a survey conducted by the Online Publishers Association (OPA) now called Digital Content Next (DCN) in March 2012, it found that 72% of tablet owners had an iPad, while 32% had an Android tablet. By 2012, Android tablet adoption had increased. 52% of tablet owners owned an iPad, while 51% owned an Android-powered tablet (percentages do not add up to 100% because some tablet owners own more than one type).{{cite web|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2405972,00.asp|title=Survey: 31 Percent of U.S. Internet Users Own Tablets|work=PCMAG|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014171620/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2405972%2C00.asp|archive-date=October 14, 2012}} By end of 2013, Android's market share rose to 61.9%, followed by iOS at 36%.{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/android-races-past-ios-to-tablet-number-one-but-theres-no-budging-apple-from-the-top-slot/|title=Android races past iOS to tablet number one, but there's no budging Apple from the top slot|work=ZDNet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106205700/http://www.zdnet.com/android-races-past-ios-to-tablet-number-one-but-theres-no-budging-apple-from-the-top-slot-7000026927/|archive-date=November 6, 2014}} By late 2014, Android's market share rose to 72%, followed by iOS at 22.3% and Windows at 5.7%.{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/apple-rules-global-tablet-market-with-22-3-share-strategy-analytics/articleshow/45147317.cms|title=Apple rules global tablet market with 22.3% share: Strategy Analytics|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=November 14, 2014|access-date=November 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011235234/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/apple-rules-global-tablet-market-with-22-3-share-strategy-analytics/articleshow/45147317.cms|archive-date=October 11, 2016}} As of early 2016, Android has 65% marketshare, Apple has 26% and Windows has 9% marketshare. In Q1 2018, Android tablets had 62% of the market, Apple's iOS had 23.4% of the market and Windows 10 had 14.6% of the market.

Source: Strategy Analytics{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=Strategy Analytics: Android Tablet Market Share Falls Below 50% for First Time in 10 Years |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220729005225/en/Strategy-Analytics-Android-Tablet-Market-Share-Falls-Below-50-for-First-Time-in-10-Years |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}

{{Main|Electronic media and sleep}}

The blue wavelength of light from back-lit tablets may impact one's ability to fall asleep when reading at night, through the suppression of melatonin.{{cite web |title=Blue Light Blues? Three Apps to Fix Screen Tint – And Jet Lag |author=Johnson, Russ |url=http://anewdomain.net/2013/12/24/blue-light-blues-three-apps-fix-screen-tint-jetlag/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229125919/http://anewdomain.net/2013/12/24/blue-light-blues-three-apps-fix-screen-tint-jetlag/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 29, 2013 |website=A New Doman |date=December 24, 2013}} Experts at Harvard Medical School suggest limiting tablets for reading use in the evening. Those who have a delayed body clock, such as teenagers, which makes them prone to stay up late in the evening and sleep later in the morning, may be at particular risk for increases in sleep deficiencies.{{cite news|title=E-readers 'damage sleep and health,' doctors warn|work=BBC News |date=December 23, 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-30574260|access-date=January 12, 2023}} A PC app such as F.lux and Android apps such as CF.lumen{{cite web|website=Alternative to|url=https://alternativeto.net/software/cf-lumen/|title=CF.Lumen|access-date=January 12, 2023}} and Twilight{{cite web|url=http://www.androidegis.com/app-reviews/keep-you-healthy-sleep-using-android-devices-twilight-health-app-review/|website=Androidegis|date=2013|last=Rehman |first=Abdur |title=Keep you healthy sleep using Android Devices – Twilight Health App Review|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070702/http://www.androidegis.com/app-reviews/keep-you-healthy-sleep-using-android-devices-twilight-health-app-review/|archive-date=March 4, 2016}} attempt to decrease the impact on sleep by filtering blue wavelengths from the display. iOS 9.3 includes Night Shift that shifts the colors of the device's display to be warmer during the later hours.{{cite web|title=A better experience every day. And night.|url=https://www.apple.com/ios/updates/|website=Apple|access-date=April 17, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417211949/http://www.apple.com/ios/updates/|archive-date=April 17, 2016}}

Because of, among other things, electromagnetic waves emitted by this type of device, the use of any type of electronic device during the take-off and landing phases was totally prohibited on board commercial flights. On November 13, 2013, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) announced that the use of mobile terminals could be authorized on the flights of European airlines during these phases from 2014 onwards, on the condition that the cellular functions are deactivated ("airplane" mode activated).{{cite press release|url=https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/press-releases/easa-allows-use-electronic-devices-board|title=EASA allows use of Electronic Devices on board|date=November 13, 2013|publisher=European Aviation Safety Agency}} In September 2014, EASA issued guidance that allows EU airlines to permit use of tablets, e-readers, smartphones, and other portable electronic devices to stay on without the need to be in airplane mode during all parts of EU flights; however, each airline has to decide to allow this behavior.{{Cite web | url=https://www.aviationtoday.com/2014/09/29/easa-phones-and-tablets-can-now-stay-connected-throughout-flight/ |title = EASA: Phones and Tablets Can Now Stay Connected Throughout Flight|date = September 29, 2014}} In the U.S., the Federal Aviation Administration allowed use of portable electronic devices during all parts of flights while in airplane mode in late 2013.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/faa-to-relax-rules-on-personal-electronic-devices-while-in-flight/2013/10/31/d674b04e-4243-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html|title=FAA to relax rules on personal electronic devices while in flight|first1=Luz|last1=Lazo|first2=Mark|last2=Berman|date=October 31, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post}}

Some French historical monuments are equipped with digital tactile tablets called "HistoPad".{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/services-conseils/0211603795031-la-realite-augmentee-de-lhistopad-revolutionne-la-conciergerie-2051255.php|title=La réalité augmentée de l'Histopad révolutionne la Conciergerie – Les Echos|website=www.lesechos.fr|language=fr|access-date=September 24, 2018|date=December 17, 2016}} It is an application integrated with an iPad Mini offering an interaction in augmented and virtual reality with several pieces of the visit, the visitor being able to take control of their visit in an interactive and personalized way.

Some professionals – for example, in the construction industry, insurance experts, lifeguards or surveyors – use so-called rugged shelf models in the field that can withstand extreme hot or cold shocks or climatic environments. Some units are hardened against drops and screen breakage. Satellite-connectivity-equipped tablets such as the Thorium X,{{Cite web|url=https://www.thoriumxtablet.com/|title=Thorium X – Rugged Iridium tablet|website=www.thoriumxtablet.com|access-date=September 24, 2018}} for example, can be used in areas where there is no other connectivity. This is a valuable feature in the aeronautical and military realms. For example, United States Army helicopter pilots are moving to tablets as electronic flight bags, which confer the advantages of rapid, convenient synchronization of large groups of users, and the seamless updating of information.{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/217123/combat_aviation_brigade_transitions_to_electronic_flight_bags|author=Sgt. Ashton Hofmeister|date=February 6, 2019|title=Combat aviation brigade transitions to electronic flight bags}} US Army chaplains who are deployed in the field with the troops cite the accessibility of Army regulations, field manuals, and other critical information to help with their services; however, power generation, speakers, and a tablet rucksack are also necessary for the chaplains.{{cite web|url=https://www.army.mil/article/231187/information_papers_offer_practical_guidance_on_providing_all_important_religious_support_to_soldiers|author=Ms. Jane Benson (CCDC SC)|date=December 19, 2019|title=Information papers offer practical guidance on providing all-important religious support to Soldiers|website=U.S. Army}}

• Comparison of tablet computers
• History of tablet computers
• List of tablet PC dimensions and case sizes
• Lists of mobile computers
• Mobile device
• 2-in-1 laptop
• Laptop–tablet convergence

{{Reflist}}

• {{Commons-inline|Tablet computers}}

{{Computer sizes}}

{{Android tablets}}

{{Windows tablets}}

{{Ebooks}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:American inventions

Category:Classes of computers