Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)#Syria

{{Main|Gaza war}}

{{further|Background to the Gaza war}}

File:October 2023 Gaza−Israel conflict.svg in the Gaza war as of {{Date|2=dmy}}]]

On 7 October 2023, the Palestinian militant group Hamas led a surprise attack into Israel from the Gaza Strip that captured territory in southern Israel and killed approximately 1,200 people.{{Cite web |date=2023-10-19 |title=Israel's Dead: The Names of Those Killed in Hamas Attacks, Massacres and the Israel-Hamas War |url=https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Haaretz |archive-date=23 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241023042727/https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-explains/2023-10-19/ty-article-magazine/israels-dead-the-names-of-those-killed-in-hamas-massacres-and-the-israel-hamas-war/0000018b-325c-d450-a3af-7b5cf0210000 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel retaliation kills 230 Palestinians after Hamas operation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007053106/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/sirens-warn-of-rockets-launched-towards-israel-from-gaza-news-reports |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=2024-12-04 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}{{Cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=7 October 2023 |title=In surprise deadly attacks, Israel says Palestinian militants infiltrated from Gaza |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007090901/https://www.npr.org/2023/10/07/1204436940/palestinian-militants-launch-rockets-into-israel |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=NPR}} In addition, about 250 Israelis and foreigners were taken into Gaza as hostages by Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups.{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=17 October 2023 |title=Hamas says 250 people held hostage in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/israeli-hostages-hamas-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016235352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/israeli-hostages-hamas-gaza |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The attack began with a barrage of over 4,000 rockets and paraglider incursions into Israel.{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Probe reveals 6,000 Gazans infiltrated Israel during October 7 massacre – report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817176 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831221239/https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-817176 |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=1 September 2024 |work=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}} Hamas fighters also breached the Gaza–Israel barrier and massacred civilians in several communities.{{Cite news |date=31 August 2024 |title=Doubling previous numbers, report says 6,000 Gazans – including 3,800 trained Hamas terrorists – broke into Israel on Oct. 7 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/doubling-previous-numbers-report-says-6000-gazans-including-3800-trained-hamas-terrorists-broke-into-israel-on-oct-7/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901041345/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/doubling-previous-numbers-report-says-6000-gazans-including-3800-trained-hamas-terrorists-broke-into-israel-on-oct-7/ |archive-date=1 September 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}} The attack marked the deadliest day in Israeli history.{{Cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |url-access= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014231955/https://www.economist.com/briefing/2023/10/12/hamass-attack-was-the-bloodiest-in-israels-history |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=2024-12-04 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613 |quote=}} In response, the Israeli government declared war for the first time since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.{{Cite news |date=2023-10-08 |title=Israel officially declares war for 1st time since 1973 as death toll mounts to 600 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008131015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/israel-officially-declares-war-for-1st-time-since-1973-as-death-toll-mounts-to-600/articleshow/104261182.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}

After the 7 October Hamas attack, Israel began a bombardment and blockade of the Gaza Strip,{{cite news |last1=Leatherby |first1=Lauren |date=7 October 2023 |title=A surprise attack by Hamas and Israel's response |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-maps.html?smid=url-share#hamas-attack-oct-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219225232/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/10/07/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-maps.html?smid=url-share#hamas-attack-oct-7 |archive-date=19 February 2024 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=The New York Times}} which escalated on 13 October into temporary raids into the northern Gaza Strip and on 27 October to a full-scale invasion of Gaza{{Cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=James |last2=Lubell |first2=Maayan |date=2023-10-28 |title=Israel launches Gaza war's second phase with ground operation, Netanyahu says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=Reuters |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027233518/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-calls-humanitarian-pauses-gaza-aid-israel-raids-enclave-2023-10-26/ |url-status=live}} with the stated goals of destroying Hamas and freeing the hostages.{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Can Israel achieve its war goals in Gaza? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5 |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2024 |work=Financial Times |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407032619/https://www.ft.com/content/282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5 |url-status=live}} The initial phase of the invasion took place in the north of the Gaza Strip, including an Israeli siege of Gaza City that began on 2 November.{{cite news |date=2 November 2023 |title=IDF chief: Israeli forces have Gaza city surrounded |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-771374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102200806/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-771374 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=The Jerusalem Post}} Hamas and Israel agreed to a six-day truce from 24 November to 30 November that saw Hamas exchange Israeli hostages for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.{{Cite news |date=2023-12-01 |title=Pause ends and fighting resumes |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna127335 |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130091759/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/live-blog/israel-hamas-war-live-updates-rcna127335 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Sabbagh |first1=Dan |last2=Burke |first2=Jason |date=1 December 2023 |title=Israel launches strikes on Gaza as fighting resumes after truce expires |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/israel-hamas-war-ceasefire-ends-fighting-resumes-gaza-palestine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201185949/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/israel-hamas-war-ceasefire-ends-fighting-resumes-gaza-palestine |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}} After the truce expired in December, Israeli troops had reached the city of Khan Yunis in central Gaza.{{Cite news |date=2023-12-05 |title=IDF: Troops fighting in heart of Khan Younis in most intensive battles since ground op began |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/troops-fighting-in-heart-of-khan-younis-as-battles-intensify-idf/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212153759/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/troops-fighting-in-heart-of-khan-younis-as-battles-intensify-idf/ |url-status=live}} Israel began a bombing campaign of the southern city of Rafah in February,{{Cite news |date=2024-02-11 |title=Israeli strikes hit Rafah after Biden warns Netanyahu to have 'credible' plan to protect civilians |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-02-11-2014-785309c668e15728c6aac9905f290b4d |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219064752/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-news-02-11-2014-785309c668e15728c6aac9905f290b4d |url-status=live}} and Israel seized the Rafah border crossing on 7 May 2024 as it began an offensive in an around Rafah.{{Cite news |date=2024-05-07 |title=Israel seizes Gaza's vital Rafah crossing, but the US says it isn't the full invasion many fear |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-05-07-2024-113bf4ee5dad87dc5c003d76ed2785bf |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=AP News |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240509065449/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-05-07-2024-113bf4ee5dad87dc5c003d76ed2785bf |url-status=live}} Israeli forces pushed deeper into Rafah on 14 May.{{cite news |first=Nidal |last=Al-Mughrabi |date=14 May 2024 |title=Israeli tanks push into Gaza's Rafah, as battles rage in the north |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-tanks-push-into-gazas-rafah-displaced-civilians-flee-again-2024-05-14/ |access-date=14 May 2024 |work=Reuters |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529042953/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-tanks-push-into-gazas-rafah-displaced-civilians-flee-again-2024-05-14/ |url-status=live}} In July, Israel initiated a second battle in Khan Yunis.{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2024-07-22 |title=IDF orders evacuation of part of Gaza safe zone, says Hamas deeply embedded in area |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-orders-evacuation-of-part-of-gaza-safe-zone-says-hamas-deeply-embedded-in-area/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823025806/https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-orders-evacuation-of-part-of-gaza-safe-zone-says-hamas-deeply-embedded-in-area/ |url-status=live}} On 16 October 2024, the Israeli military killed the leader of Hamas, Yahya Sinwar, hence achieving a major goal of Israel's invasion of Gaza.{{Cite web |date=18 October 2024 |title=How Israel killed enemy number one Yahya Sinwar |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czj9zzz8xm7o |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} The war began a humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip,{{cite web |last1=Ioanes |first1=Ellen |date=14 October 2023 |title=Gaza's spiraling humanitarian crisis, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014224531/https://www.vox.com/2023/10/14/23917260/israel-hamas-war-gaza-humanitarian-crisis |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Vox}} and the Israeli invasion has displaced about 1.9 million of Gaza's 2.2 million pre-war residents{{Cite news |last=Tétrault-Farber |first=Gabrielle |date=2023-12-06 |title=UN rights chief warns of heightened risk of 'atrocity crimes' in Gaza |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-warns-heightened-risk-atrocity-crimes-gaza-2023-12-06/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |work=Reuters |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206120524/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-rights-chief-warns-heightened-risk-atrocity-crimes-gaza-2023-12-06/ |url-status=live}} and has killed at least 46,000.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says 19 Killed In 24 Hours |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-19-killed-in-24-hours-39ce5b13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114021725/https://www.barrons.com/news/health-ministry-in-hamas-run-gaza-says-19-killed-in-24-hours-39ce5b13 |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Barron's |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse}} On 15 January 2025, Israel and Hamas agreed to a ceasefire that would halt fighting in the Gaza Strip upon its ratification and lead to the release of 33 Israeli hostages in exchange for Palestinian prisoners.{{Cite news |last1=Rasgon |first1=Adam |last2=Kingsley |first2=Patrick |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Bergman |first4=Ronen |last5=Baker |first5=Peter |last6=Kershner |first6=Isabel |date=2025-01-14 |title=What We Know About the Israel-Hamas Cease-Fire Agreement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/14/world/middleeast/gaza-ceasefire-what-we-know.html |access-date=2025-01-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} It went into effect four days later, with Hamas retaining control over the Gaza Strip.{{Cite web |date=22 January 2025 |title=Hamas' tight grip on Gaza complicates plan for lasting peace |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-tight-grip-gaza-complicates-plan-for-lasting-peace-2025-01-22/ |website=Reuters}}{{Cite news |last1=Rasgon |first1=Adam |last2=Abuheweila |first2=Iyad |date=2025-01-23 |title=Hamas Takes Charge in Gaza After 15 Months of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/23/world/middleeast/hamas-gaza-israel-cease-fire.html |access-date=2025-01-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} On 18 March, Israel launched surprise airstrikes on Gaza as Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz declared that Israel has "returned to fighting in Gaza".{{Cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |date=18 March 2025 |title=Gaza truce shatters as Israel carries out wave of deadly strikes and says it has 'returned to fighting' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/17/middleeast/israel-strikes-gaza-hamas-ceasefire-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=18 March 2025 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}}

{{main|Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war|Palestinian Authority–West Bank militias conflict}}

During the Gaza war, Israeli forces have carried out near-daily incursions and airstrikes in Palestinian communities in the Israeli-occupied territory of the West Bank, some of which have led to clashes with regional Palestinian militias.{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=Israeli operation in occupied West Bank leaves at least 10 dead in largest raid in decades |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-west-bank-raids-occupied-west-bank-rcna168559 |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=NBC News |language=en}}{{cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes militant compound under West Bank mosque, military says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-jets-strike-west-banks-jenin-two-killed-palestinian-medics-2023-10-21/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026195931/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-jets-strike-west-banks-jenin-two-killed-palestinian-medics-2023-10-21/ |archive-date=26 October 2023 |accessdate=13 November 2023 |work=Reuters}} Even before the war, there was escalating violence between Israelis and Palestinians in the region.{{Cite news |last=Kershner |first=Isabel |date=2023-07-03 |title=Israel Launches Biggest Air Attack on West Bank in Nearly Two Decades |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/02/world/middleeast/israel-west-bank-jenin.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} 2022 was the deadliest year for Palestinians in the West Bank on record,{{cite web |title=Protection of Civilians occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/OCHAPoC_161222.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213095039/https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/OCHAPoC_161222.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2023 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=UNOCHA}} and in 2023 Israeli forces killed 234 Palestinians in the region even before the war began;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=For Palestinians in the West Bank, 2023 was the deadliest year on record - occupied Palestinian territory |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/palestinians-west-bank-2023-was-deadliest-year-record#:~:text=oPt-,For%20Palestinians%20in%20the%20West%20Bank,%202023,the%20deadliest%20year%20on%20record&text=Miles%20away%20from%20Gaza,%20Palestinians,and%20obstruction%20of%20health%20care. |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}} Hamas said its 7 October attack was in part a response to rising violence against Palestinians.{{Cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Brian |last2=Taylor |first2=Adam |last3=Westfall |first3=Sammy |last4=Pietsch |first4=Bryan |last5=Hendrix |first5=Steve |date=2023-10-07 |title=What's behind the violence in Israel and Gaza? Here's what to know. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007194116/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/07/israel-gaza-violence-conflict-faq/ |archive-date=2023-10-07 |access-date=2024-12-14 |newspaper=The Washington Post |quote=The violence erupted suddenly Saturday morning — but comes after a year of rising tensions between Israel and Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, which has been under a joint Israeli-Egyptian blockade since 2007. This year alone has seen a spate of deadly attacks in Israel and the Palestinian territories, an escalation that followed Netanyahu's move to cobble together the most far-right government in Israeli history. Hamas, which rules the Gaza Strip and carried out Saturday's attacks, said the operation was in response to the blockade, as well as recent Israeli military raids in the West Bank and violence at al-Aqsa Mosque, a disputed religious site in Jerusalem known to Jews as the Temple Mount. "Enough is enough," the leader of Hamas's military wing, Mohammed Deif, said in a recorded message Saturday, the Associated Press reported. "Today the people are regaining their revolution."}} In the first weeks after Hamas's attack, Israel arrested 63 Hamas members in Tulkarm,{{Cite news |last1=Khadder |first1=Kareem |last2=Salman |first2=Abeer |last3=Kourdi |first3=Eyad |last4=Shelley |first4=Jo |date=2023-10-19 |title=Hamas spokesman among scores detained in occupied West Bank |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/19/middleeast/hamas-spokesperson-detained-west-bank-intl/index.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=CNN |language=en}} and struck a mosque in Jenin it said was used by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ).{{cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel strikes mosque in occupied West Bank refugee camp |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-strike-kills-two-in-west-bank-palestinian-medics-say |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026200013/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/22/israeli-air-strike-kills-two-in-west-bank-palestinian-medics-say |archive-date=26 October 2023 |accessdate=13 November 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israel carries out air strike on West Bank city Jenin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67186178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026200100/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67186178 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=24 January 2024 |publisher=BBC}} Simultaneously, attacks by Israeli settlers more than doubled in the war's first month,{{Cite news |last=Loveluck |first=Louisa |date=2023-11-09 |title=Settler violence is erasing Palestinian communities in the West Bank |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/09/west-bank-israel-settlers-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611131752/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/09/west-bank-israel-settlers-violence/ |archive-date=2024-06-11 |access-date=2025-01-13 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} part of an overall rise in settler violence{{Cite news |last1=Najjar |first1=Farah |last2=Mohamed |first2=Edna |last3=Stepansky |first3=Joseph |date=2023-11-01 |title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Israel's Jabalia attacks may be 'war crimes' – UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/11/1/israel-hamas-war-live-anger-grows-over-israeli-attack-on-gaza-refugee-camp?update=2455649 |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} that has displaced over 1,500 Palestinians during the war.{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Israeli settlements surge amidst Gaza war |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/israeli-settlements-surge-amidst-gaza-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229090436/https://www.channel4.com/news/israeli-settlements-surge-amidst-gaza-war |archive-date=2024-12-29 |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=Channel 4 News |language=en-GB}} On 28 August 2024, Israel began an expansive military operation in the West Bank consisting of raids, airstrikes, and the blocking of entry points in Jenin and Tulkarm,{{Cite news |last1=Hudson |first1=John |last2=Morris |first2=Loveday |last3=Vinall |first3=Frances |last4=Parker |first4=Claire |last5=Balousha |first5=Hazem |date=2024-08-28 |title=Israel launches major operation in West Bank; Palestinian officials say 9 killed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/28/israel-gaza-war-west-bank-palestinian/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite news |last=Magid |first=Jacob |others=Times of Israel Staff |date=2024-08-29 |title=UN calls for end to IDF's West Bank raid; Israel: We have to thwart suicide bombings |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-calls-for-end-to-idfs-west-bank-raid-israel-we-have-to-thwart-suicide-bombings/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2024-08-28 |title=Israel launches a big military operation in the West Bank and kills at least 10 Hamas militants |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-news-08-28-2024-41d98ed3cda2ba4a783913b06fbdc7d1 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=AP News |language=en}} marking its largest offensive in the territory since the Second Intifada. On 21 January 2025, Israel launched its first major post-ceasefire raid, targeting Jenin, and announced that it intended to maintain a long-term military presence in the city, marking a shift in strategy.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Katz: IDF to remain in Jenin even after operation |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-839785 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}

Additionally, there have been clashes between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and militant groups opposed to it in the West Bank.{{Cite news |last=Sawafta |first=Ali |date=25 October 2024 |title=Palestinian Authority treads tightrope in West Bank crackdown on militants |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-authority-treads-tightrope-west-bank-crackdown-militants-2024-10-24/ |work=Reuters}} The PA has partial administrative authority in the region,{{Cite news |date=2024-12-14 |title=Jenin Brigades commander killed as PA forces raid occupied West Bank camp |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/14/jenin-brigades-commander-killed-as-pa-forces-raid-occupied-west-bank-camp |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Hodali |first1=Fadwa |last2=Williams |first2=Dan |date=2024-12-15 |title=Palestinian Authority Mounts Rare, Lethal Raids in West Bank |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-12-15/palestinian-authority-mounts-rare-lethal-raids-in-west-bank |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=Bloomberg News}} and is dominated by Fatah, whose collaborations with the Israeli military for security{{Cite news |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |last2=Ponomarev |first2=Sergey |date=2024-07-01 |title=Palestinian Fighters in West Bank Seek to Emulate Hamas in Gaza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/01/world/middleeast/palestinian-fighters-west-bank.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} have been criticized by militias including Hamas and PIJ. Clashes between militants and the PA escalated in July 2024,{{Cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=اشتباكات بين مسلحين وأجهزة أمن السلطة الفلسطينية في الضفة الغربية .. بذور حرب أهلية؟ |url=https://www.mc-doualiya.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7/20240727-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Mount Carlo Doualiya |language=ar}} and in October the PA began a crackdown on militants in Tubas in response to Iranian efforts to undermine the PA in favor of local militias.{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=IRAN UPDATE, OCTOBER 24, 2024 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-24-2024 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}} In December, it began a second offensive in Jenin targeting the Jenin Brigades, an umbrella group of local militias.

{{for timeline |Timeline of the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

{{main |Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–2024) |Israeli invasion of Lebanon (2024–present)}}

File:Hezbollah Headquarter Airstrike 2024.jpg following the Israeli attack that killed Hassan Nasrallah on 27 September 2024]]

A series of border clashes between Israel and the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah along the Israel–Lebanon border began 8 October 2023,{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Zilber |first=Neri |date=16 November 2023 |title=Israel's dilemma in confronting the threat from Hezbollah |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2023/1116/Israel-s-dilemma-in-confronting-the-threat-from-Hezbollah |access-date=19 November 2023 |issn=0882-7729}}{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=Lebanon: Three journalists killed in Israeli air strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpvz2rzm4k0o |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{#invoke:cite|web|date=1 December 2023 |title=Tensions high in south Lebanon in anticipation of Hezbollah's next move |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2418661/amp |access-date=6 December 2023 |website=Arab News}} when Hezbollah attacked the Shebaa Farms region in support of Hamas's attack on Israel the day prior, and Israel responded by attacking Hezbollah positions in southern Lebanon.{{Cite news |date=2023-10-08 |title=Israel, Hezbollah exchange fire, raising regional tensions |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/israel-hezbollah-exchange-fire-raising-regional-tensions |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title=Israel, Hezbollah exchange artillery, rocket fire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-strikes-lebanon-after-hezbollah-hits-shebaa-farms-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008065933/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israel-strikes-lebanon-after-hezbollah-hits-shebaa-farms-2023-10-08/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |date=8 October 2023 |title=IDF artillery strikes targets in Lebanon as mortar shells fired toward Israel |work=The Times of Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-artillery-strikes-targets-in-lebanon-as-mortar-shells-fired-toward-israel/ |access-date=8 October 2023}} Skirmishes between Israel and Hezbollah then continued in southern Lebanon and northern Israel, including in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1356193/hamas-israel-war-day-30.html |title=Israeli strike in southern Lebanon kills civilians, including children; intense bombardment of Gaza City commences: Hamas-Israel war, day 30 |work=L'Orient Today |date=5 November 2023 |first1=Amanda |last1=Haydar |first2=Mattieu |last2=Karam |first3=Ghadir |last3=Hamadi}}{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=8 October 2023 |title=Authorities name 777 soldiers, 68 police officers killed in Gaza war |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008151607/https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |access-date=29 May 2024 |work=The Times of Israel}} Hezbollah initially said that it would attack Israel until the latter ended its attacks in Gaza,{{cite news |date=11 September 2024 |title=Mapping 11 months of Israel-Lebanon cross-border attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/11/mapping-11-months-if-israel-lebanon-cross-border-attacks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919021145/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/11/mapping-11-months-if-israel-lebanon-cross-border-attacks |archive-date=19 September 2024 |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}}{{Cite news |last=Hubbard |first=Ben |date=2024-11-27 |title=A Battered and Diminished Hezbollah Accepts a Cease-Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/27/world/middleeast/hezbollah-israel-ceasefire.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} and Hezbollah's attacks caused 96,000 Israelis to be displaced from northern Israel.{{Cite news |last=Shirbon |first=Estelle |date=2024-01-11 |title=Dangerous stasis on Israel's northern border leaves evacuees in limbo |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/dangerous-stasis-israels-northern-border-leaves-evacuees-limbo-2024-01-11/ |work=Reuters}}

On 2 January 2024, Israel conducted an airstrike in the Dahieh suburb of Beirut that assassinated Hamas deputy leader Saleh al-Arouri.{{cite news |date=2 January 2024 |title=Explosion hits southern Beirut, killing Hamas official Saleh al-Arouri |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-car-explosion-south-beirut-kills-saleh-al-arouri |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102164034/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-car-explosion-south-beirut-kills-saleh-al-arouri |archive-date=2 January 2024 |access-date=2 January 2024 |work=Middle East Eye}} Hezbollah responded on 6 January by launching rockets at an Israeli base near Mount Meron;{{cite news |last1=Malsin |first1=Jared |last2=Mauldin |first2=William |date=6 January 2024 |title=Hezbollah Fires Rocket Barrage Into Israel as Blinken Mounts New De-Escalation Push |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-fires-rocket-barrage-into-israel-as-blinken-mounts-new-de-escalation-push-8199717e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106123054/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-fires-rocket-barrage-into-israel-as-blinken-mounts-new-de-escalation-push-8199717e |archive-date=6 January 2024 |access-date=6 January 2024 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}{{cite news |date=7 January 2024 |title=Israel Admits Hezbollah Strike Caused Extensive Damage to Strategic Airbase |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-01-07/ty-article/.premium/israel-admits-hezbollah-strike-caused-extensive-damage-to-strategic-airbase/0000018c-e518-db55-a39e-f79ccc940000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108025032/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2024-01-07/ty-article/.premium/israel-admits-hezbollah-strike-caused-extensive-damage-to-strategic-airbase/0000018c-e518-db55-a39e-f79ccc940000 |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=Haaretz}} two days later, Israel assassinated the Hezbollah commander it said carried out that attack.{{cite news |date=8 January 2024 |title=Hezbollah says Israel kills top commander amid fears of Gaza war escalation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/8/hezbollah-says-israel-kills-top-commander-amid-fears-of-gaza-war-escalation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108161210/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/8/hezbollah-says-israel-kills-top-commander-amid-fears-of-gaza-war-escalation |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=Al Jazeera}} On 27 July, 12 children in the Golan Heights were killed in an attack for which Israel accused Hezbollah;{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Israel says Hezbollah rocket kills 12 at the football ground, vows response |date=27 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nine-people-killed-rocket-hits-football-pitch-israeli-occupied-golan-israel-2024-07-27/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}{{#invoke:cite|news|first1=Umut |last1=Uras |first2=Federica |last2=Marsi |date=28 July 2024 |title=Hezbollah's denial of responsibility for rocket attack opens door for de-escalation |url=https://aje.io/byfu8n?update=3075986 |access-date=28 July 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |quote=Omar Baddar, a Middle East political analyst, says he believes the rocket attack on the Golan Heights was "almost certainly an accident", regardless of who was responsible for it.}}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=28 July 2024 |title=Golan Heights: Children dead in football pitch attack |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c29dydz84ngo |access-date=28 July 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}} in response, Israel killed Hezbollah commander Fuad Shukr in Beirut on 30 July.{{Cite news |date=2024-07-31 |title=Hezbollah confirms top commander killed in Israeli strike on Beirut |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/31/hezbollahsays-top-commander-fuad-shukr-killed-in-israel-strike-on-beirut |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

In September 2024, an Israeli operation resulted in the simultaneous explosion of thousands of pagers used by Hezbollah on 17 September{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Hezbollah blames Israel after deadly pager explosions in Lebanon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7xnelvpepo |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} and hundreds of walkie-talkies the next day,{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Second wave of blasts hits Lebanon as Israel declares 'new phase' of war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/18/multiple-explosions-heard-in-lebanon-a-day-after-hezbollah-pager-blasts |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} killing 42 people.{{Cite news |last=Christou |first=William |date=2024-09-20 |title='We are isolated, tired, scared': pager attack leaves Lebanon in shock |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/sep/20/we-are-isolated-tired-scared-pager-attack-leaves-lebanon-in-shock |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=Ex-Israeli agents reveal how Hezbollah pager attacks were carried out |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy3l02wxqdo |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} The attacks marked the beginning of an intensive Israeli campaign against Hezbollah,{{Cite news |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark |last2=Frenkel |first2=Sheera |last3=Bergman |first3=Ronen |date=2024-12-29 |title=Behind the Dismantling of Hezbollah: Decades of Israeli Intelligence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/29/world/middleeast/israel-hezbollah-nasrallah-assassination-intelligence.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} and in the ensuing days Israel continued attacks in Lebanon and conducted a massive aerial bombardment that killed more than 700 people,{{Cite web |last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=McCready |first2=Alastair |last3=Quillen |first3=Stephen |last4=Mohamed |first4=Edna |last5=Siddiqui |first5=Usaid |last6=Najjar |first6=Farah |date=2024-09-26 |title=Israel attacks Lebanon updates: Unequivocal US support for Israel's wars – Israeli attacks kill 92 in Lebanon in one day: Health Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/26/israel-attacks-lebanon-live-72-killed-in-latest-wave-of-israeli-attacks?update=3205303 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} including a 20 September attack that killed Hezbollah Redwan Force commander Ibrahim Aqil.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-20 |title=Hezbollah commander killed in Israeli airstrike was top military official on US wanted list |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-hezbollah-israel-mideast-tensions-attack-8ec89de2b117b52e2c09b19155e35d13 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=AP News |language=en}} On 27 September 2024, Israel assassinated Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, in an attack on the group's headquarters in Beirut.{{Cite web |date=28 September 2024 |title=Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-airstrikes-28-september-2024-c4751957433ff944c4eb06027885a973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928081831/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-airstrikes-28-september-2024-c4751957433ff944c4eb06027885a973 |archive-date=28 September 2024 |access-date=28 September 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}

On 1 October 2024, Israel began an invasion of southern Lebanon that it said was to eliminate the threat posed by Hezbollah and allow the 63,000 Israelis still displaced to return to their homes.{{Cite web |last1=Erstin |first1=Daniel |last2=Lonsdorf |first2=Kat |last3=Macias |first3=Miguel |last4=Sherlock |first4=Ruth |date=2024-10-01 |title=Israel begins ground offensive in Lebanon |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/10/01/g-s1-25657/israel-ground-offensive-lebanon |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=NPR}}{{Cite news |date=2024-11-26 |title=Mapping Israel's Invasion of Lebanon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-lebanon-invasion-map.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Roth |first2=Andrew |last3=Christou |first3=William |date=2024-10-01 |title=Israeli military says it is carrying out 'limited' ground operation targeting Hezbollah in Lebanon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/01/israel-lebanon-attack-hezbollah-ground-operation-war-latest |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} By 15 October, over 25 percent of Lebanon was under Israeli evacuation orders,{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-10-15 |title=U.N. refugee agency says 25% of Lebanon under Israeli evacuation orders |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/un-refugee-agency-says-25-of-lebanon-under-israeli-evacuation-orders/article68757620.ece |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} and during the invasion Israel captured and destroyed several villages and towns in southern Lebanon while it continued airstrikes across the country. During the conflict, more than 3,700 people in Lebanon were killed and about 1.3 million were displaced.{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Salhani|first=Justin|date=2024-10-26|title=Once upon a time in Dahiyeh: Israel's destruction of Lebanon's communities|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2024/10/26/once-upon-a-time-in-dahiyeh-israels-destruction-of-lebanons-communities|access-date=2024-10-28|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Breenan |first=David |date=2024-10-04 |title=Israel's offensive in Lebanon has displaced 1.2 million, prime minister says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/israels-offensive-lebanon-displaced-12-million-prime-minister/story?id=114457624 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=ABC News |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Dahir |first=Abdi Latif |date=2024-12-27 |title=A Month on, a Tenuous Cease-fire Holds in Lebanon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/27/world/middleeast/israel-lebanon-ceasefire.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} On 27 November, Israel and Hezbollah agreed to a 60-day ceasefire intended to lead to a lasting end to the conflict.{{Cite web |date=2024-11-26 |title=What to know about the ceasefire deal between Israel and Lebanon's Hezbollah |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-lebanon-hezbollah-ceasefire-3ed296f8317ecaa89c4e3548c75c9602 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=AP News |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Robinson |first2=Lou |last3=Pettersson |first3=Henrik |last4=Warnes |first4=Soph |date=2024-11-27 |title=A visual guide to Israel and Hezbollah's ceasefire deal |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/27/middleeast/visual-guide-map-israel-hezbollahs-ceasefire-intl-dg/index.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=CNN |language=en}} Despite both Israel and Hezbollah continuing to exchange attacks and accusing the other of violating the ceasefire, the agreement has largely held.

{{Main|Red Sea crisis}}

File:USS_Carney_engages_Houthi_missiles.jpg shoots down Houthi missiles targeting Israel over the Red Sea on 19 October 2023]]

Shortly after the Gaza war began in October 2023, Houthi militants based in Yemen began targeting civilian merchant and naval vessels passing through the Red Sea.{{Cite web |last=Gambrell |first=Jon |date=2024-06-14 |title=US Navy faces its most intense combat since World War II against Yemen's Iran-backed Houthi rebels |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-navy-yemen-houthis-israel-war-7a9997f9d84ac669fae69ecf819913fb |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=AP News |language=en}} The Houthis said that their attacks would continue until Israel ended its "crimes in Gaza."{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Yemen's Houthis 'will not stop' Red Sea attacks until Israel ends Gaza war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/19/yemens-houthis-will-not-stop-red-sea-attacks-until-israel-stops-gaza-war |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} The group said it would target vessels linked to Israel, but has primarily indiscriminately attacked many vessels with no relation to the country.{{Cite web |last=Karnitschnig |first=Matthew |date=2024-03-28 |title=How China ended up financing the Houthis' Red Sea attacks |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/china-finance-houthi-red-sea-attacks-iran-oil/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Politico Europe |language=en-GB}} By May 2024, Houthis had conducted over 50 attacks;{{Cite web |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Baldor |first2=Lolita C. |date=2024-05-31 |title=Houthi rebels say at least 16 killed and 42 others wounded in joint US-British airstrikes in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-war-us-british-airstrikes-israel-hamas-12f99b7afc389a703f8dd333f2376b20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105114517/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-war-us-british-airstrikes-israel-hamas-12f99b7afc389a703f8dd333f2376b20 |archive-date=2025-01-05 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Associated Press |language=en}} Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi said his forces had launched 606 ballistic missiles and drones against 107 ships affiliated with Israel and its allies across the Red Sea, Bab-el-Mandeb strait, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean.{{Cite web |last=Saeed |first=Al-Batati |date=2024-05-02 |title=Houthi leader vows 'fourth phase' of Red Sea ship attacks |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2503511/middle-east |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916234731/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2503511/middle-east |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Arab News |language=en}} Houthis killed three sailors, seized one vessel, and sank another. To avoid attack, many vessels avoided the Suez Canal and Red Sea altogether by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, which caused increases in shipping costs.{{Cite news |last=Partington |first=Richard |date=2024-01-03 |title=What is the Red Sea crisis, and what does it mean for global trade? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/03/what-is-the-red-sea-crisis-and-what-does-it-mean-for-global-trade |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

The first confrontation was on 19 October 2023, when a United States Navy guided missile destroyer in the Red Sea shot down Houthi missiles and drones aimed at Israel.{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Luis |date=2023-10-20 |title=US Navy destroyer in Red Sea shoots down cruise missiles fired by Houthis in Yemen: Pentagon |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/security-incident-involving-us-navy-destroyer-red-sea/story?id=104147141 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=ABC News |language=en}} The next month, Houthis hijacked the Galaxy Leader and took all 25 of its passengers hostage.{{Cite web |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |last2=Gambrell |first2=Jon |date=2023-11-19 |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels hijack an Israeli-linked ship in the Red Sea and take 25 crew members hostage |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-houthi-rebels-hijacked-ship-red-sea-dc9b6448690bcf5c70a0baf7c7c34b09 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Associated Press |language=en}} In December, the United States created Operation Prosperity Guardian, a multinational naval coalition aimed at combatting attacks in the Red Sea.{{cite news |last1=Zhdannikov |first1=Dmitry |last2=Armstrong |first2=Rachel |date=22 December 2023 |title=What is U.S.-led Red Sea coalition and which countries are backing it? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-red-sea-taskforce-gets-limited-backing-some-allies-2023-12-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231225072733/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-red-sea-taskforce-gets-limited-backing-some-allies-2023-12-20/ |archive-date=25 December 2023 |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=Reuters}} The coalition includes the U.S., the United Kingdom, Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Seychelles, and Spain.{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=2023-12-19 |title=Can the US-led maritime force stop Yemen's Houthi attacks during Gaza war? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/19/can-the-new-us-led-maritime-force-stop-houthi-attacks-during-gaza-war |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Zeke |last2=Madhani |first2=Amer |date=3 January 2024 |title=US warns Houthis to cease attacks on Red Sea vessels or face potential military action |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-israel-hamas-houthis-red-sea-fef8d446852b6eae33d38ffd8f6b2d64 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110100909/https://apnews.com/article/us-israel-hamas-houthis-red-sea-fef8d446852b6eae33d38ffd8f6b2d64 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |accessdate=11 January 2024 |website=Associated Press}} In February 2024, the European Union established Operation Aspides, including Greece, Italy, France, Germany, Belgium, and other EU members; unlike Prosperity Guardian, Aspides is a purely defensive coalition.{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Sunniva |date=2024-02-15 |title=EU's Aspides mission to the Red Sea will be based in Greece |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/2024/02/15/aspides-eu-mission-red-sea-greece/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=The National |language=en}} On 3 January 2024, the U.S. and 12 other nations issued an ultimatum to the Houthis warning them to stop their attacks or face military action. On 12 January, the U.S. and U.K. began airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen{{cite web |last=Watson |first=Eleanor |date=11 January 2024 |title=U.S. and U.K. striking Houthi targets in Yemen to retaliate for spate of attacks |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-uk-strike-yemen-to-retaliate-houthi-attacks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112051545/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-uk-strike-yemen-to-retaliate-houthi-attacks/ |archive-date=12 January 2024 |accessdate=11 January 2024 |work=CBS News}} following a United Nations Security Council resolution that condemned the Houthi attacks.{{cite web |last1=Baldor |first1=Lolita |last2=Copp |first2=Tara |date=11 January 2024 |title=US, British militaries launch massive retaliatory strike against Iranian-backed Houthis in Yemen |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-biden-retaliation-attacks-0804b93372cd5e874a0dd03513fe36a2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112000252/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-biden-retaliation-attacks-0804b93372cd5e874a0dd03513fe36a2 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |website=Associated Press}}{{Cite news |last1=Landay |first1=Jonathan |last2=Mohammed |first2=Arshad |date=11 January 2024 |title=UN Security Council demands Houthis stop Red Sea attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-council-demands-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks-2024-01-10/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240111073407/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-council-demands-houthis-stop-red-sea-attacks-2024-01-10/ |archive-date=11 January 2024 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Reuters}} The strikes were ordered by U.S. president Joe Biden and U.K. prime minister Rishi Sunak authorized British participation.{{cite web |last1=Liebermann |first1=Oren |last2=Britzky |first2=Haley |last3=Bertrand |first3=Natasha |last4=Marquardt |first4=Alex |last5=Lee |first5=MJ |last6=Hansler |first6=Jennifer |date=11 January 2024 |title=US and UK carry out airstrikes against Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/11/politics/us-strikes-houthis-yemen/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112051221/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/11/politics/us-strikes-houthis-yemen/index.html |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{cite web |last1=Wickham |first1=Alex |last2=McBride |first2=Courtney |date=11 January 2024 |title=UK's Sunak Authorizes Joint Military Strikes With US Against Houthis |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-11/uk-s-sunak-authorizes-joint-military-strikes-against-houthis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111223521/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-01-11/uk-s-sunak-authorizes-joint-military-strikes-against-houthis |archive-date=11 January 2024 |accessdate=11 January 2024 |work=Bloomberg News}} The two countries had launched 452 attacks on Houthi territory by May 2024, though the Houthis did not entirely cease their attacks.

After a Houthi drone attack in July 2024 killed one person and injured 10 others near the U.S. embassy office in Tel Aviv,{{Cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=Paul |last2=Da Silva |first2=Chantal |date=2024-07-19 |title=Drone strike near U.S. Embassy office in Tel Aviv leaves one dead, Yemen's Houthi rebels claim attack |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/israel-hamas-war-houthi-rebels-drone-strike-tel-aviv-us-embassy-office-rcna161846 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=NBC News |language=en}} Israel responded by attacking military facilities and oil depots in al-Hudaydah, Yemen, killing at least six and wounding at least 83.{{Cite web |last1=Raine |first1=Andrew |last2=Poole |first2=Thom |last3=Tanno |first3=Sophie |last4=Kourdi |first4=Eyad |last5=Pourahmadi |first5=Adam |last6=Carey |first6=Andrew |last7=Izso |first7=Lauren |last8=Hira |first8=Humayun |date=2024-07-20 |title=At least 6 killed, Houthis say, as Israeli airstrikes hit Yemen day after Tel Aviv drone attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/20/middleeast/yemen-israel-strikes-hodeidah-intl/index.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=CNN |language=en}} Israel attacked Yemen again in September, killing six and injuring 57 others.{{Cite web |last1=Najjar |first1=Farah |last2=McCready |first2=Alastair |last3=Jamal |first3=Urooba |last4=Mohamed |first4=Edna |last5=Siddiqui |first5=Usaid |last6=Varshalomidze |first6=Tamila |date=2024-09-30 |title=Israel bombs Lebanon updates: Israel announces ground operation in Lebanon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/30/israel-attacks-lebanon-live-israel-expands-strikes-on-beirut-as-105-killed |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} After Houthi attacks in December 2024, Israel launched two waves of strikes against Houthi territory in al-Hudaydah and Sanaa, killing a total of 13 people.{{Cite news |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |last2=Naar |first2=Ismaeel |date=2024-12-26 |title=Israel Bombs Yemeni Airport and Ports After Houthi Missile Launches |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/26/world/middleeast/israel-yemen-bombs-houthis.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Israeli attacks on the Houthis in Yemen continued into 2025.{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2025-01-10 |title=IDF confirms airstrikes against Houthi targets in Yemen |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-airstrikes-against-houthi-targets-in-yemen/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} On 15 March, the US said that it started aerial and naval strikes on dozens of Houthi targets in Yemen after President Trump ordered an escalated military campaign against the Houthis.{{Cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric |last2=Swan |first2=Jonathan |date=2025-03-15 |title=U.S. Launches Broad Attack on Militant Sites in Yemen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/us/politics/us-attack-houthis.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} On 18 March, the Houthis pledged escalation as a response to March 2025 Israeli strikes on Gaza.{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2025/03/18/yemen-s-houthis-condemn-israel-strikes-on-gaza-vow-continued-escalation-|title=Yemen's Houthis condemn Israel strikes on Gaza, vow escalation|date=18 March 2025|website=Al Arabiya|agency=Agence France Presse}} On 2 April, Iranian forces pulled out of Yemen.{{cite web | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-iran-pulling-forces-out-of-yemen-amid-intensive-us-airstrikes-on-houthis/ | title=Report: Iran pulling forces out of Yemen amid intensive US airstrikes on Houthis | website=The Times of Israel }} On 17 April, the US military said that it struck Ras Isa fuel port in western Yemen, saying that it was a Houthi fuel source.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-military-strikes-yemens-ras-isa-fuel-port-2025-04-17/|title=US military strikes Yemen's Ras Isa fuel port|date=17 April 2025|website=Reuters}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/1u60tw?update=3652962|title=US launches new strikes on Yemen|date=17 April 2025|website=Al Jazeera}} Al-Mashirah reported that the strike killed at least 80 people and injured at least 150 others.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/18/more-than-30-killed-80-injured-in-us-air-strikes-on-yemen-report|title=US air strikes kill 80, injure 150 in Yemen|date=18 April 2025|website=Al Jazeera}} On 28 April, Al-Mashirah reported that US strikes hit a detention center holding African migrants in Saada Governorate, killing at least 68 people and injuring 47 others.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/khvo0k?update=3673959|title=Death toll rises in US attack on Yemeni detention centre: Report|date=28 April 2025|website=Al Jazeera}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthis-rebels-us-airstrikes-israel-hamas-gaza-287d8e969bc33fbe34d33bba32f4ad80|title=Houthi rebels say alleged US airstrike that hit Yemen prison holding African migrants kills 68|date=28 April 2025|website=Associated Press}} On 4 May, a ballistic missile launched by Houthis hit a grove near an access road, within the perimeter of Ben Gurion Airport, injuring six people, one of them in good-to-moderate condition and others slightly. Magen David Adom said that two others were treated due to acute anxiety.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-it-failed-to-intercept-houthi-ballistic-missile-that-landed-in-area-of-airport/|title=IDF confirms it failed to intercept Houthi ballistic missile that landed in area of airport|date=4 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/6-wounded-in-airport-missile-attack-one-in-good-to-moderate-condition-and-5-lightly-hurt/|title=6 wounded in airport missile attack — one in good-to-moderate condition and 5 lightly hurt|date=4 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/surveillance-camera-footage-shows-moment-of-houthi-missile-impact-at-ben-gurion-airport/|title=Surveillance camera footage shows moment of Houthi missile impact at Ben Gurion Airport|date=4 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}} Houthis said that they launched a “hypersonic ballistic missile".{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/p407e2?update=3686711|title=Yemen’s Houthi rebels claim missile attack on Israel’s Ben Gurion airport|date=4 May 2025|website=Al Jazeera}} On 5 May 2025, the IDF said that it carried out airstrikes in Yemen, saying that it is a response to Houthi ballistic missile attack on airport one day prior and other previous attacks. Per the IDF, the strikes conducted by IAF fighter jets targeted Houthi infrastructure along the coast of Yemen, including Hudaydah Port, and a concrete factory in Bajil, saying that they were used for militant purposes.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-air-force-struck-houthi-infrastructure-in-yemen-including-hodeidah-port-concrete-factory/|title=IDF says Air Force struck Houthi infrastructure in Yemen, including Hodeidah port, concrete factory|date=5 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}} On 6 May 2025, the IDF warned people to evacuate from Sanaa International Airport area.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/2x5aa9?update=3690613|title=Israeli military warns people in Yemen to evacuate Sanaa International Airport area|date=6 May 2025|website=Al Jazeera}} Later, it said that it struck several targets in Yemen, including "completely disabling" Sanaa International Airport and several major power stations in the Sanaa area and al-Imran concrete factory north of Sanaa, saying that they were used for militant purposes.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-sanaa-airport-completely-disabled-power-stations-cement-factory-also-targeted/|title=IDF says Sanaa airport ‘completely disabled’; power stations, cement factory also targeted|date=6 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}} Al-Masirah reported that three people were killed and 38 others were injured in Israeli attacks.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/2x5aa9?update=3691128|title=3 killed in Israeli strikes on Yemen: Houthi-affiliated media|date=6 May 2025|website=Al Jazeera}} An airport official said that Sanaa International Airport was "completely destroyed" in the strike.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sanaa-airport-completely-destroyed-in-israeli-strike-airport-official-1bef95d6|title=Sanaa Airport 'Completely Destroyed' In Israeli Strike: Airport Official|date=6 May 2025|publisher=Barron's|agency=Agence France Presse}} On the same day, the U.S.–Houthi ceasefire came into effect, ending the joint American-British airstrikes on Houthi targets in Yemen. The Houthis agreed to halt their attacks on vessels in the Red Sea but emphasized that the ceasefire did not in "any way, shape, or form" apply to Israel.{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Yemen's Houthis say attacks on Israel not in US ceasefire deal in 'any way' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/7/yemens-houthis-say-attacks-on-israel-not-in-ceasefire-deal-in-any-way |access-date=May 7, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On 16 May, The IDF said that it conducted attacks on Hudaydah Port and Port of Salif in response to Houthi attacks on Israel, and destroyed infrastructure at ports controlled by Houthis and used for weapons transfers. The Houthi-controlled Health Ministry stated that one person was killed and nine others were wounded in the airstrikes.{{Cite web |first1=Said |last1=Amouri |first2=Ahmed |last2=Asmar |title=Houthis say 1 killed, 9 injured in Israeli airstrikes on Yemen's Al-Hudaydah, Salif seaports |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/houthis-say-1-killed-9-injured-in-israeli-airstrikes-on-yemens-al-hudaydah-salif-seaports/3570801 |date=16 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency }}{{#invoke:Cite |web |date=2025-05-16 |title=IDF strikes two Houthi-controlled ports in Yemen |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-854268 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-yemen-airstrikes-saying-it-destroyed-infrastructure-at-houthi-controlled-ports/|title=IDF confirms Yemen airstrikes, saying it destroyed infrastructure at Houthi-controlled ports|date=16 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}} On 28 May, Al-Masirah reported that four Israeli attacks targeted the runway at Sanaa International Airport and a Yemenia plane. The IDF said that it hit the airport and targeted an aircraft used to transport Houthi militants.{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://aje.io/ougc34?update=3737209|title=Israel again hits Sanaa airport|date=28 May 2025|website=Al Jazeera}}{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-confirms-strikes-on-houthi-held-airport-targeting-plane-used-to-transport-terrorists/|title=IDF confirms strikes on Houthi-held airport targeting plane used ‘to transport terrorists’|date=28 May 2025|website=The Times of Israel}}

{{Main|Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war}}

{{Further|2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria}}

Beginning on 17 October 2023, the Islamic Resistance in Iraq (IRI) and other militias in the Iran-led Axis of Resistance began a series of attacks against United States military bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria{{cite web |last1=Carl |first1=Nicholas |last2=Jhaveri |first2=Ashka |last3=Braverman |first3=Alexandra |date=28 January 2024 |title=Iran Update, January 28, 2024 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-january-28-2024 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Institute for the Study of War}} in response to U.S. support for Israel in the Gaza war.{{Cite web |last=The Times of Israel staff |date=2023-10-30 |title=Iran says strikes on US troops are due to its support for Israel, presence in region |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-says-strikes-on-us-troops-a-result-of-support-for-israel-presence-in-region/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} The attacks began with an IRI attack on the U.S.'s al-Asad Airbase in northern Iraq that the U.S. intercepted.{{Cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Phil |last2=Ismail |first2=Amina |last3=Rasheed |first3=Ahmed |date=18 October 2023 |title=US says it thwarted drone attacks on troops in Iraq |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-says-thwarts-drone-attack-its-troops-iraq-2023-10-18/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018200146/https://www.reuters.com/world/us-says-thwarts-drone-attack-its-troops-iraq-2023-10-18/ |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=Reuters |language=en}} Regional militias had conducted over 170 attacks against U.S. forces in the region by January 2024, aimed at pressuring the U.S. into withdrawing its troops in the region that it had deployed during the war against the Islamic State. On 28 January 2024, an IRI attack on a U.S. base in Jordan killed three American service members; the U.S. responded on February 2 by attacking seven sites across Iraq and Syria.{{Sfn|Woodward|2024|p=250}} The IRI also conducted attacks against Israel beginning in October 2023,{{Cite web |date=2024-12-23 |title=Report: Iraqi militias decide to halt attacks on Israel after 14 months |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-iraqi-militias-decide-to-halt-attacks-on-israel-after-14-months/ |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} and in January 2024 it attacked the Israeli city of Ashdod in what it described as the "second phase of operations" in its support for Palestinians in Gaza;{{Cite web |last=Monks |first=Kieron |date=2024-01-25 |title=Iraqi militias claim drone strike on Israel's biggest port as attacks ramp up |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/iraqi-drone-strike-israel-port-2872944 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222043856/https://inews.co.uk/news/world/iraqi-drone-strike-israel-port-2872944 |archive-date=22 February 2024 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=The i Paper |language=en}} two Israeli soldiers have been killed by drone strikes from Iraq. Attacks on U.S. bases largely ended on 4 February 2024 at the request of Iran{{Cite news |last1=Rasheed |first1=Ahmed |last2=Hafezi |first2=Parisa |last3=Azhari |first3=Timour |date=2024-02-18 |title=Iraqi armed groups dial down U.S. attacks on request of Iran commander |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-armed-groups-dial-down-us-attacks-request-iran-commander-2024-02-18/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250107064803/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-armed-groups-dial-down-us-attacks-request-iran-commander-2024-02-18/ |archive-date=2025-01-07 |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=Reuters |language=en-US}} — though some resumed that April{{Cite news |last=The Guardian staff |date=2024-04-21 |title=Iraq militant group says it is resuming attacks on US forces as base in Syria is targeted |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/21/iraq-rockets-syria-us-military-base |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}— and Iraqi militias agreed with the Iraqi government to stop attacking Israel in December 2024.

After the January 2024 Kerman bombings in Iran in which the Islamic State killed nearly 100 people, Iran conducted a series of strikes in Iraq and Syria that it said targeted an Israeli spy headquarters in Iraqi Kurdistan and Islamic State forces in Syria.{{cite web |last1=Hafezi |first1=Parisa |last2=Azhari |first2=Timour |date=16 January 2024 |title=Iran's Guards attack Israel's 'espionage centers' in Iraq, state media says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-say-they-have-attacked-espionage-centers-iraqs-erbil-2024-01-15/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240119114400/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-revolutionary-guards-say-they-have-attacked-espionage-centers-iraqs-erbil-2024-01-15/ |archive-date=19 January 2024 |website=Reuters}} Shortly after, Iran conducted strikes in Pakistan targeting Jaish ul-Adl, a Sunni Islamic militant group, to which Pakistan responded with retaliatory strikes against Iran.{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=2024-01-17 |title=Iran strikes 'militant bases' in Pakistan in latest Middle East flashpoint |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/16/iran-launches-airstrikes-on-sunni-militant-bases-in-pakistan |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

{{Main|Spillover of the Gaza war in Syria}}

From the beginning of the Gaza war in October 2023 to October 2024, Israel launched more than 220 attacks on Syria through air raids and artillery attacks, killing 296 people, but the Syrian government under President Bashar al-Assad largely stayed out of the regional conflict.{{Cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=Israel's attacks on Syria explained |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-attack-syria |access-date=15 November 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=13 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113024328/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/12/how-can-israel-attack-syria |url-status=live }}

During the first month of the war, Israel launched attacks on Syrian airports{{Cite web |date=14 October 2023 |title=Israeli attack on Syrian Aleppo airport puts it out of service |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-attack-syrian-aleppo-airport-puts-it-out-service-2023-10-14/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016213820/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-attack-syrian-aleppo-airport-puts-it-out-service-2023-10-14/ |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Reuters}}{{Cite web |date=22 October 2023 |title=Israeli air strikes kill two workers at Syria's Damascus airport, official says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-air-strikes-kill-two-workers-syrias-damascus-airport-official-2023-10-22/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022074817/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-air-strikes-kill-two-workers-syrias-damascus-airport-official-2023-10-22/ |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Reuters}} and across southwestern Syria.{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=Syria says 8 soldiers killed in Israeli strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/syria-says-8-soldiers-killed-in-israeli-strikes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025063150/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/syria-says-8-soldiers-killed-in-israeli-strikes/ |archive-date=25 October 2023 |accessdate=27 January 2024 |website=The Times of Israel}} It continued strikes in Syria in 2024, including in Damascus{{#invoke:cite|news|date=21 February 2024|title=State media say an Israeli strike kills 2 in a Damascus residential area. Another kills 2 in Lebanon|url=https://apnews.com/article/syria-damascus-airstrike-israel-kfar-sousseh-d74303092387a91d8582d3810ee49c8a|access-date=14 April 2024|work=AP News}} and Aleppo.{{#invoke:cite|news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/29/more-than-30-killed-in-israeli-strikes-on-syrias-aleppo-reports/|title=More than 40 people killed in Israeli strikes on Syria's Aleppo: Reports|date=29 March 2024|access-date=5 June 2024|website=Al Jazeera}} In January, Israel killed an Iranian general of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Quds Force alongside 12 others.{{cite news |date=21 January 2024 |title=بينهم 5 إيرانيين.. ارتفاع عدد القتلى بـ الاستهداف الإسرائيلي على مبنى بحي المزة إلى 13 |trans-title=Including 5 Iranians.. The death toll due to the Israeli targeting of a building in the Mezzeh neighborhood rose to 13 |url=https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%87%d9%85-5-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a8%d9%80-%d8%a7/699755/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121180654/https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%87%d9%85-5-%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a8%d9%80-%d8%a7/699755/ |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |publisher=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights |language=ar}} On 1 April, it bombed the consulate annex of Iran's embassy in Damascus, killing 16, including Mohammad Reza Zahedi, the Quds Force commander in Syria and Lebanon.{{Cite news |date=2024-04-01 |title=Iran accuses Israel of killing generals in Syria strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68708923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401183051/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68708923 |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=3 April 2024 |title=Death toll update Woman and her son among 16 people killed in Israeli raid on building attached to Iranian embassy |url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/330101/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403193442/https://www.syriahr.com/en/330101/ |archive-date=3 April 2024 |access-date=19 April 2024 |work=The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights}} In September, Israel raided and struck Masyaf, killing at least 18 people,{{Cite news |last1=Bigg |first1=Matthew Mpoke |last2=Livni |first2=Ephrat |date=2024-09-09 |title=Syria develops missiles and other weapons in the city that was hit, experts and Israeli officials have said. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/09/09/world/israel-hamas-gaza-war/syria-strikes-israel?smid=url-share |access-date=2025-01-08 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Quillen|first1=Stephen|last2=Marsi|first2=Federica|date=12 September 2024|title=Israeli air strike kills 2 in southern Syria: War monitor|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/9/12/israels-war-on-gaza-live-women-children-blown-to-pieces-in-school-raid|access-date=1 January 2025|work=Al Jazeera|language=en}}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=1 January 2025|title=Israel takes responsibility for September commando raid on Iranian missile manufacturing site deep in Syria|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-takes-responsibility-for-september-commando-raid-on-iranian-missile-manufacturing-site-deep-in-syria/|access-date=1 January 2025|work=The Times of Israel}} and in October, Israeli strikes killed 13 people in Damascus and 10 in al-Quasyr.{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Motamedi|first=Maziar|date=2024-10-31|title=Israel strikes Syrian town near Lebanon border: State media|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/10/31/live-israel-pounds-gaza-lebanon-amid-hopes-of-a-truce-with-hezbollah|access-date=2024-10-31|website=Al Jazeera|language=en|quote=An “Israeli aggression” hit a number of residential buildings in the area of Qusayr in the southern countryside of Homs province, in central Syria, the country's news agency (SANA) reports. The attack caused “material damage” to the industrial zone of Qusayr and some of the city's residential neighbourhoods, according to the state media.}} In November, Israeli killed 23 people in Syria in strikes targeting Palestinian Islamic Jihad,{{#invoke:cite|news|date=14 November 2024|title=Israel says it hits military sites in Damascus, Syrian media says 15 killed|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-media-report-israeli-attacks-damascus-2024-11-14/|access-date=14 November 2024|work=Reuters}}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=14 November 2024|title=Lebanese Official Says Israeli Strikes Killed at Least 12 Emergency Workers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/14/world/middleeast/israel-syria-lebanon-strikes.html|access-date=14 November 2024|work=The New York Times}}{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/349172/|title=Including seven civilians: 23 people killed in Israeli airstrikes on Qudsiya and Al-Mazzah neighbourhood|date=15 November 2024|work=SOHR}} and killed 92 Iran-backed fighters from various groups later that month in Palmyra.{{#invoke:cite|news|date=20 November 2024|title=Israeli strikes on Syria's Palmyra kill 36, state media say|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clydpg9kj88o|work=BBC News}}{{#invoke:cite|news|date=22 November 2024|title=Highest death toll ever in Israeli attacks in Syria 92 people, mostly Syrians, killed in airstrikes on Palmyra|url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/349606/|access-date=22 November 2024|work=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights}}

{{Main|2024 Syrian opposition offensives|Fall of the Assad regime}}

File:Northwestern Syria offensive (2024).jpg that resulted in the fall of the Assad regime on 8 December 2024]]

On 27 November 2024, a coalition of Syrian opposition groups launched a surprise offensive against the Syrian government led by Bashar al-Assad in the country's northwest.{{Cite web |last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=2024-12-02 |title=Why Did Syria's Civil War Reignite? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/syria-civil-war.html?searchResultPosition=1 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The New York Times}} The offensive came after key allies of the Assad government — Russia, Iran, and Hezbollah — were weakened by other conflicts.{{Cite web |last=Salem |first=Mostafa |date=2024-11-28 |title=Syria's rebels exploit weaknesses in Iran's proxies to launch surprise offensive |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/28/europe/syria-rebels-government-iran-analysis-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Abdulrahim |first=Raja |date=2024-12-01 |title=Syria's Rebels Struck When Assad's Allies Were Weakened and Distracted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/01/world/middleeast/syria-rebels-bashar-al-assad.html |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The New York Times |archive-date=4 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204021653/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/01/world/middleeast/syria-rebels-bashar-al-assad.html |url-status=live }} Led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and supported by Turkish-backed rebels, the offensive was the first since the 2020 ceasefire that largely halted major fighting in the Syrian civil war, which began in 2011.{{Cite web |last=Al-Khalidi |first=Suleiman |date=2024-11-30 |title=Syrian rebels sweep into Aleppo, Russia conducts strikes in support of Assad |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/aleppo-airport-closed-sources-say-syrian-rebels-reach-heart-city-2024-11-29/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130013328/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/aleppo-airport-closed-sources-say-syrian-rebels-reach-heart-city-2024-11-29/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Reuters |archive-date=30 November 2024 |url-status=live }}

By 30 November, HTS had taken control of most of Aleppo,{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=Aleppo: Rebels 'take control' of airport as thousands of fighters seize most of Syria's second-biggest city |url=https://news.sky.com/story/aleppo-airport-and-major-roads-closed-as-syrian-rebel-fighters-step-up-attacks-reports-13263439 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Sky News |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212002705/https://news.sky.com/story/amp/aleppo-airport-and-major-roads-closed-as-syrian-rebel-fighters-step-up-attacks-reports-13263439 |url-status=live }} after which Russia intervened to conduct airstrikes on rebel positions there.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-01 |title=More Russian strikes as Syrian rebels advance after taking Aleppo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czr7rkzz2gmo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201190704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czr7rkzz2gmo |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} By 1 December, the rebels had gained control of significant amounts of land in the governorates of Hama, Idlib, and Aleppo, and were beginning an offensive into the city of Hama.{{Cite web |date=2024-11-30 |title=Syrian rebels closing in on city of Hama - report |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-831386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201004637/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-831386 |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}} Hama fell to the HTS on 5 December,{{cite news |date=5 December 2024 |title=Syrian rebels capture second major city as army withdraws from Hama |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/05/middleeast/syria-rebels-hama-government-intl/index.html |access-date=5 December 2024 |publisher=CNN}} and on 7 December they had moved south to capture the city of Homs, effectively separating the government in Damascus from Syria's coast.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=Syrian army quits Homs, cutting Assad off from coast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrian-rebels-seize-fourth-city-close-homs-threat-assads-rule-2024-12-07/ |work=Reuters |language=en}} Meanwhile, the Southern Operations Room began an assault on the government in Daraa and began pushing into the southern suburbs of Damascus, while the Syrian Free Army, which had captured Palmyra, approached Damascus from the east.{{cite news |date=7 December 2024 |title=Revolution Forces Advance Toward Damascus as Assad Regime Crumbles |url=https://levant24.com/news/2024/12/revolution-forces-advance-toward-damascus-as-assad-regime-crumbles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212112220/https://levant24.com/news/2024/12/revolution-forces-advance-toward-damascus-as-assad-regime-crumbles/ |archive-date=12 December 2024 |access-date=8 December 2024 |publisher=Levant24}}

Damascus fell to the rebels in the early morning of 8 December, 11 days after the offensive began, and HTS proclaimed the end of the Assad regime as Assad fled the country for Moscow.{{Cite web |last1=Beaule |first1=Victoria |last2=Haddou |first2=Rashid |last3=Winsor |first3=Morgan |last4=Raddatz |first4=Martha |last5=Moore |first5=Jack |last6=Radia |first6=Kirit |last7=Brennan |first7=David |last8=Reevell |first8=Patrick |date=2024-12-08 |title=Syria's Assad resigns and leaves the country after stunning rebel blitz, Russia says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/syrian-rebels-claimed-4-cities-24-hours-now/story?id=116562929 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=ABC News |language=en}}{{Cite web |first= |date=December 8, 2024 |title=Syria's Assad and his family are in Moscow after Russia granted them asylum, say Russian news agencies |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-assad-his-family-are-moscow-after-russia-granted-them-asylum-say-russian-2024-12-08/ |access-date=December 8, 2024 |website=reuters.com}} HTS leader Ahmed al-Sharaa became the de facto leader of Syria{{cite web |last=Maher |first=Hatem |date=14 December 2024 |title=Syria's de facto leader not interested in new conflicts despite Israeli attacks |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-de-facto-leader-not-interested-new-conflicts-despite-israeli-attacks-2024-12-14/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241214231519/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syrias-de-facto-leader-not-interested-new-conflicts-despite-israeli-attacks-2024-12-14/ |archive-date=14 December 2024 |website=Reuters}} and established a transitional government led by Mohammed al-Bashir as the country's caretaker prime minister until March 2025.{{Cite news |date=10 December 2024 |title=Mohamed al-Bashir appointed caretaker Syrian PM for transitional government until March |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/mohamed-al-bashir-appointed-caretaker-syrian-pm-transitional-government-until-2024-12-10/ |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=Reuters |language=en}}

{{Main|Israeli invasion of Syria (2024–present)}}

After the fall of the Assad regime, Netanyahu said that the 1974 Israel–Syria border agreement had "collapsed" and ordered the Israeli military to begin an invasion of the buffer zone in Syria along the Golan Heights.{{Cite web |date=8 December 2024 |title=Israel's Netanyahu declares end of Syria border agreement, orders military to seize buffer zone |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/israels-netanyahu-declares-end-syria-border-agreement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208185315/https://www.newarab.com/news/israels-netanyahu-declares-end-syria-border-agreement |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=The New Arab}} Israel seized Syria's side of Mount Hermon,{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=IDF takes over Syrian Hermon, strikes Syrian chemical weapons factory |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-832540 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208191005/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-832540 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}} occupied border villages in Syrian-controlled parts of the Golan Heights,{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Israel grabs buffer zone in Syria's Golan, tells villagers to stay home |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/8/israel-seizes-buffer-zone-in-syrias-golan-heights-after-al-assad-falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208163730/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/8/israel-seizes-buffer-zone-in-syrias-golan-heights-after-al-assad-falls |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} and bombed targets across Damascus and southern Syria in addition to abandoned Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF) weapons stockpiles and airbases.{{Cite web |date=8 December 2024 |title=Suspected Israeli strikes hit a part of Damascus, two security sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/suspected-israeli-strikes-hit-part-damascus-two-security-sources-say-2024-12-08/ |website=Reuters}}{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2024-12-08 |title=Israeli strikes in Syria target weaponry it fears could be acquired by hostile forces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-strikes-in-syria-weaponry-it-fears-could-be-acquired-by-hostile-forces/ |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}} On 9 December, Israel carried out over 100 airstrikes across Syria,{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Syria latest: Israel carries out dozens of air strikes across Syria – reports |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cj90138ejrdt?post=asset:f29d389b-0d8b-46cb-9cfa-69cb65dc3503#post |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}} including a strike on the Port of Latakia.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-09 |title=Israel reportedly strikes Syria's Latakia port, targeting Assad regime's naval assets |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-reportedly-strikes-syrias-latakia-port-targeting-assad-regimes-naval-assets/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en}} Israel justified its attacks, which destroyed much of the former SAAF's naval and air assets and its air defenses,{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Israel attacks Syrian air bases, destroying dozens of aircraft, say Syrian sources |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/middle-east/israel-attacks-syrian-air-bases-destroying-dozens-of-aircraft-say-syrian-sources-20241210-p5kx4u.html |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Abc |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=2024-12-10 |title=Syria latest: Rebel fighters ordered to leave cities - as leader to name Assad officials wanted for torture |url=https://news.sky.com/story/syria-latest-assad-russia-trump-israel-migrants-13265154?postid=8761526#liveblog-body |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Sky News |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-12-15 |title=Israel intensifies Syria attacks, but HTS leader says doesn't want conflict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/15/israel-intensifies-syria-attacks-but-hts-leader-says-doesnt-want-conflict |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} as necessary to prevent extremists from capturing abandoned weapons;{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=Blinken Says Israel Seeking To Ensure Syria Army Equipment Doesn't Fall Into 'Wrong Hands' |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/blinken-says-israel-seeking-to-ensure-syria-army-equipment-doesn-t-fall-into-wrong-hands-118cf8ff |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=www.barrons.com |language=en-US |agency=Agence France Presse }} al-Sharaa condemned Israel's actions but said Syria would not enter a new conflict.

{{Main|2024 Iran–Israel conflict}}

On 13 April 2024, Iran launched more than 300 missiles and drones towards Israel, of which Israel said it intercepted more than 99 percent.{{Cite web |last1=Tanyos |first1=Faris |last2=Tabachnick |first2=Cara |last3=Reals |first3=Tucker |date=2024-04-14 |title=Israel says Iran's missile and drone attack largely thwarted, with "very little damage" caused |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-launches-drone-attack-toward-israel-idf-says/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}} The attack, which was the first-ever direct strike by Iran on Israel, was launched from Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen{{Cite news |last1=McKernan |first1=Bethan |last2=Graham-Harrison |first2=Emma |last3=Borger |first3=Julian |last4=Beaumont |first4=Peter |date=2024-04-14 |title=Iran launches hundreds of drones and cruise missiles at Israel in unprecedented attack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/13/israel-under-fire-as-iran-launches-extensive-drone-strikes |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} and came after the 1 April Israeli bombing of the Iranian consulate in Damascus that killed two Iranian generals among others, for which Iran had pledged retaliation.{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick |date=2 April 2024 |title=Iran vows revenge after two generals killed in Israeli strike on Syria consulate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/01/israeli-airstrike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-kills-irgc-commander |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401230727/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/01/israeli-airstrike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-kills-irgc-commander |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |work=The Guardian}}{{Cite web |date=2024-04-02 |title=Iran vows deadly suspected Israeli airstrike on its consulate in Damascus "will not go unanswered" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-israel-syria-damascus-airstrike-consulate-revenge/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}} Ballistic missiles from the attack damaged an air base in southern Israel, but the base remained operational.{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=Iran and Israel's shadow war explodes into the open |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/04/14/iran-and-israels-shadow-war-explodes-into-the-open |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414114031/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/04/14/iran-and-israels-shadow-war-explodes-into-the-open |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}} The Israeli defense was aided militarily by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Jordan,{{Cite web |last=Melman |first=Yossi |date=2024-04-16 |title=How the International Cooperation That Thwarted Iran's Attack on Israel Came Together |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-04-16/ty-article/.premium/how-the-international-cooperation-that-thwarted-the-iranian-attack-came-together/0000018e-e7a6-d7e3-a9bf-f7b709160000 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Haaretz}} and several Arab states including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates provided intelligence support.{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Report: Gulf states, including Saudi Arabia, provided intelligence on Iran attack |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-gulf-states-including-saudi-arabia-provided-intelligence-on-iran-attack/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The Times of Israel}} In response, on 19 April Israel launched a limited airstrike on Iran that targeted an air defense facility.{{cite news |date=19 April 2024 |title=Israelis fired 3 missiles in limited strike |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas-war/?id=108860743#:~:text=Three%20missiles%20were%20fired%20from,nuclear%20facility%2C%20the%20official%20said. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413022313/https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas-war/?id=108860743#:~:text=Three%20missiles%20were%20fired%20from,nuclear%20facility%2C%20the%20official%20said. |archive-date=13 April 2024 |access-date=2024-12-03 |publisher=ABC News}}

File:יירוטים בגליל התחתון במסגרת ההתקפה האיראנית על ישראל (cropped).jpg during the 1 October 2024 Iranian attack on Israel]]

On 1 October 2024, in retaliation for several Israeli assassinations — the July killing of Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran, and the 27 September Beirut strike that killed Hassan Nasrallah and Abbas Nilforoushan — Iran launched a second direct attack on Israel that consisted of roughly 200 ballistic missiles.{{Cite web |last=Al-Mughrabi |first=Nidal |date=2024-10-01 |title=Hamas praises 'heroic' missile attacks launched by Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-praises-iranian-missile-strikes-avenging-deaths-haniyeh-nasrallah-2024-10-01/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Reuters}}{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Tal |date=2024-10-06 |title=How effective was Iran's attack? The Israeli public doesn't have the full picture |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-effective-was-irans-attack-the-israeli-public-doesnt-have-the-full-picture/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}} The U.S., U.K., France, and Jordan again helped Israel repel most of the Iranian attack.{{Cite web |last=Tibon |first=Amir |date=2024-10-02 |title=U.S., Jordan, U.K. and France Help Israel Repel Iranian Missile Attack |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2024-10-02/ty-article/.premium/u-s-jordan-u-k-and-france-help-israel-repel-iranian-missile-attack/00000192-4d4f-da69-a797-5f4f196f0000 |website=Haaretz}}{{Cite web |date=2024-10-03 |title=What we know about Iran's latest missile attack on Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c70w1j0l488o |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} Shrapnel from the attack killed one Palestinian civilian in the West Bank.{{Cite web |last=Rasgon |first=Adam |date=2024-10-01 |title=Laborer From Gaza Is First Reported Fatality of Iran's Missile Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/01/world/middleeast/gaza-palestinian-dead-iran-attack.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The New York Times}} Israel retaliated on 26 October, in the largest attack on Iran since the Iran–Iraq War,{{Cite web |date=26 October 2024 |title=Israel attacks Iran in series of pre-dawn airstrikes targeting military infrastructure |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-lebanon-hezbollah-iran-news-10-26-2024-9c9f366c71c508e6dd0ee74cff8400d2 |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}} with over 100 Israeli aircraft targeting Iran's radar and air defense systems.{{Cite web |date=26 October 2024 |title=Behind the scenes of Israeli attack: Over 100 aircraft and a 2,000 km journey to Iran |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-826126 |access-date=26 October 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post |language=en}} Israel said the attack severely damaged Iran's air defense and missile production capabilities.{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=2024-10-26 |title=Israel strike crippled Iran's missile production, sources say |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/10/26/israel-strike-iran-missile-production |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Axios |language=en}}

After the Trump's letter to Iran, IRGC Navy seized two oil tankers in Persian Gulf belonging to Saudis.{{cite web | url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/iran-reports-stopping-two-foreign-tankers-for-oil-smuggling | title=Iran Reports Stopping Two Foreign Tankers for Oil Smuggling }} In April, French minister of foreign affairs stated if Iran were to make nuclear weapon war would be inevitable almost.{{cite web | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/farda-briefing-sharifi-iran-nuclear-talks/33373392.html | title=Military Confrontation 'Almost Inevitable' In Absence Of Iran Deal }} US President Trump stated that Iran wants direct negotiations.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-04-03/trump-says-he-thinks-iran-is-game-for-direct-nuclear-talks | title=Trump Says He Thinks Iran Is Game for Direct Nuclear Talks | work=Bloomberg | date=3 April 2025 }}

In April, IRGC General Hossein Salami declared Iranians are ready for war though should the US attack first.{{cite web | url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/833463/irgc-chief-iran-ready-for-war-but-wont-start-one | title=IRGC chief: Iran ready for war but won't start one }}

On 7 April, Iranian Foreign Minister announced Iran and US will start high level indirect negotiations in Oman.{{cite news | url=https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2025/04/07/3286821/oman-may-host-iran-us-talks-spokesman | title=Oman May Host Iran-US Talks: Spokesman | work=Tasnim News Agency | date=7 April 2025 }}

{{Further|Casualties of the Gaza war}}According to the Gaza Health Ministry, 48,181 Palestinians have been killed in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war,{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Gaza death toll nears 48,200 as more bodies found in rubble |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/gaza-death-toll-nears-48-200-as-more-bodies-found-in-rubble/3475770#:~:text=More%20than%20111,600%20injured%20in,October%202023,%20Health%20Ministry%20says&text=Palestinian%20medics%20and%20rescue%20teams,Health%20Ministry%20said%20on%20Saturday. |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=www.aa.com.tr}} with indirect deaths likely to be multiple times higher.{{#invoke:cite|journal| last1=Khatib | first1=Rasha | last2=McKee | first2=Martin | last3=Yusuf | first3=Salim | title=Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential | journal=The Lancet | publisher=Elsevier BV | year=2024 | volume=404 | issue=10449 | pages=237–238 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3| pmid=38976995 | url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01169-3/fulltext|quote= In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7.9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.}} More than 109,000 Palestinians have been injured in the war. The GHM does not distinguish between civilians and combatants;{{Cite news |last=Leatherby |first=Lauren |date=2024-07-25 |title=Gaza's Death Toll Was Largely Accurate in Early Days of War, Study Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/25/world/middleeast/gaza-death-toll-israel-war.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225100858/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/25/world/middleeast/gaza-death-toll-israel-war.html |archive-date=2024-12-25 |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} the Israeli Institute for National Security Studies says Israel has killed more than 17,000 militants,{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Swords of Iron: Real Time Tracker|work=Institute for National Security Studies |date=3 September 2024 |access-date=3 September 2024 |url= https://www.inss.org.il/publication/war-data/}} while Hamas said in April 2024 that it had lost no more than 20 percent, or about 6,000, of its fighters.{{#invoke:cite|web|date=2024-06-07 |title=Women and children of Gaza are killed less frequently as war's toll rises, AP data analysis finds |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-casualties-toll-65e18f3362674245356c539e4bc0b67a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002082421/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-casualties-toll-65e18f3362674245356c539e4bc0b67a |archive-date=2024-10-02 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=AP News |language=en}} An Associated Press analysis of GHM data up to April 2024 found that women and children comprised 54 percent of all identified dead, a statistic often used as a proxy for civilian casualties. Several governments and non-governmental organizations have accused Israel of targeting civilians and committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza, which Israel rejects.{{Cite web |date=2024-06-19 |title=Israel's actions in Gaza 'intentional attack on civilians': UN inquiry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/19/israels-actions-in-gaza-intentional-attack-on-civilians-un-inquiry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222171154/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/19/israels-actions-in-gaza-intentional-attack-on-civilians-un-inquiry |archive-date=2024-12-22 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103091227/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ |archive-date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}

In Israel, the 7 October Hamas-led attack resulted in the deaths of 1,195 people, including 816 civilians and 379 members of the security forces.{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=October 7 Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes by Hamas-led Groups |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/17/october-7-crimes-against-humanity-war-crimes-hamas-led-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216230553/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/17/october-7-crimes-against-humanity-war-crimes-hamas-led-groups |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=New Tally Puts Oct 7 Attack Death Toll In Israel At 1,189 |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/new-tally-puts-oct-7-attack-death-toll-in-israel-at-1-189-3e038de6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102190146/https://www.barrons.com/news/new-tally-puts-oct-7-attack-death-toll-in-israel-at-1-189-3e038de6 |archive-date=2025-01-02 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Barron's |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse }}{{Cite web |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |last2=Spiro |first2=Amy |date=2024-08-06 |title=Final unaccounted for October 7 victim died in onslaught, IDF confirms |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-unaccounted-for-october-7-victim-died-in-onslaught-idf-confirms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203104708/https://www.timesofisrael.com/final-unaccounted-for-october-7-victim-died-in-onslaught-idf-confirms/ |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} Of the 251 people from Israel taken back to Gaza as hostages, 136 have been returned to Israel alive, 39 have been returned dead, three were killed by friendly fire, and 73 remain in captivity.{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |orig-date=2023-10-09 |title=Hamas hostages: Stories of the people taken from Israel |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67053011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114032406/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67053011 |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last1=Said-Moorhouse |first1=Lauren |last2=John |first2=Tara |last3=Tanno |first3=Sophie |last4=Taylor |first4=Jerome |last5=Choi |first5=Annette |last6=Roberts |first6=Gillian |date=2025-02-03 |orig-date=2023-12-05 |title=Who are the hostages freed during the Israel-Hamas conflict? |url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2023/12/world/hostage-israel-hamas-deal-dg/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105100821/https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2023/12/world/hostage-israel-hamas-deal-dg/ |archive-date=2025-01-05 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |last2=Anderson |first2=Becky |last3=Humayun |first3=Hira |date=2025-01-13 |title=Hamas expected to release 33 hostages in first phase of emerging deal, Israeli officials say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/13/middleeast/hamas-33-hostages-israel-ceasefire-talks-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113222154/https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/13/middleeast/hamas-33-hostages-israel-ceasefire-talks-intl-latam/index.html |archive-date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=CNN |language=en}} At least 405 Israeli soldiers and one officer were killed during the Israeli invasion of Gaza. Eighty Israeli soldiers and 46 civilians have been killed in the conflict with Hezbollah;{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=Woman, 75, critically injured in November Hezbollah rocket attack, dies of wounds |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/woman-75-critically-wounded-in-november-hezbollah-rocket-attack-dies-of-wounds/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} violence in the West Bank has killed 25 Israelis, including six soldiers and police. The United Nations Human Rights Council said there was "clear evidence" of war crimes by both Israel and Hamas during the war,{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Is Israeli bombing of Gaza a violation of international laws? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226101846/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/10/12/is-israeli-bombing-of-gaza-a-violation-of-international-laws |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} and human-rights organizations have accused Hamas and other militias of committing crimes against humanity in the 7 October attack.

In Lebanon, Israeli attacks killed 4,047 people and wounded 16,638 others.{{Cite web |last1=McCready |first1=Alastair |last2=Motamedi |first2=Maziar |last3=Pietromarchi |first3=Virginia |last4=Speri |first4=Alice |last5=Mohamed |first5=Edna |date=2024-12-04 |title=Updates: Israel kills 20 in attack on al-Mawasi camp in Gaza : Death toll rises in Israel's war on Lebanon |url=https://aje.io/wop50i?update=3364360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227172303/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/12/4/live-surge-in-israeli-attacks-on-gaza-city-casualties-overwhelm-hospital |archive-date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Hezbollah has confirmed the death of 521 of its members,{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2024-11-18 |title=Hezbollah says 4 members killed in IDF airstrike yesterday that targeted its media chief |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-says-4-members-killed-in-idf-airstrike-yesterday-that-targeted-its-media-chief/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203031209/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-says-4-members-killed-in-idf-airstrike-yesterday-that-targeted-its-media-chief/ |archive-date=2024-12-03 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that 67 Hezbollah members have been killed in Syria since the outbreak of the Gaza war.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=Death toll update {{!}} Three civilians including woman and her son killed in Israeli airstrikes on the vicinity of Aleppo international airport |url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/321581/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114134220/https://www.syriahr.com/en/321581/ |archive-date=2024-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights |language=en-CA}}{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=Tightening siege {{!}} 'Al-Masnaa' border crossing with Lebanon put out of service following Israeli strikes |url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/345681/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights |language=en-CA}} The Israeli military estimated that that around 3,800 Hezbollah members died in the conflict,{{Cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2024-12-25 |title=3,800 Hezbollah operatives killed in Lebanon, including 44 since ceasefire — IDF estimate |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/3800-hezbollah-operatives-killed-in-lebanon-including-44-since-ceasefire-idf-estimate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227132038/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/3800-hezbollah-operatives-killed-in-lebanon-including-44-since-ceasefire-idf-estimate/ |archive-date=2024-12-27 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}} while media reports claimed Hezbollah believes its number of dead could be as high as 4,000.{{Cite web |last1=Bassam |first1=Laila |last2=Perry |first2=Tom |last3=Gebeily |first3=Maya |date=2024-11-27 |title=Still counting its dead, Hezbollah faces long road to recover from war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-faces-long-recovery-officials-fear-thousands-fighters-lost-israel-2024-11-27/ |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Reuters}} Initial clashes in southern Lebanon also killed at least 20 members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=Israel Firing In South Lebanon Kills Over 200 Since Start Of Gaza War |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-firing-in-south-lebanon-kills-200-since-start-of-gaza-war-d7b2b73c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114050307/https://www.barrons.com/news/israel-firing-in-south-lebanon-kills-200-since-start-of-gaza-war-d7b2b73c |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Barron's |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse }} According to Lebanon's ministry of public health, fourteen journalists have been killed by Israeli attacks while reporting on the conflict.{{Cite web |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sarah |last2=Karam |first2=Zeina |date=2024-11-25 |title=An Israeli strike that killed 3 Lebanese journalists was most likely deliberate, watchdog says |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-journalists-hrw-1f1e4eb55a6bcb91eacd2c02d210c141 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105153543/https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-hezbollah-journalists-hrw-1f1e4eb55a6bcb91eacd2c02d210c141 |archive-date=2025-01-05 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}

In the West Bank, 607 Palestinians were killed by August 2024, primarily due to Israeli military raids. Additionally, the Palestinian Authority's offensive in Jenin resulted in the death of six PA soldiers, four Palestinian militants, and three civilians.{{Cite web |last=Peregil |first=Francisco |date=2025-01-06 |title=Fratricidal war in Jenin as Palestinian Authority security forces clash with militia alliance |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2025-01-06/fratricidal-war-in-jenin-as-palestinian-authority-security-forces-clash-with-militia-alliance.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114074102/https://english.elpais.com/international/2025-01-06/fratricidal-war-in-jenin-as-palestinian-authority-security-forces-clash-with-militia-alliance.html |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=El País |language=en-us}} During the Red Sea crisis, the Houthis have killed four sailors in the Red Sea,{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=Filipino Sailor Killed In Huthi Attack On Cargo Ship: White House |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/filipino-sailor-killed-in-huthi-attack-on-cargo-ship-white-house-50069cc6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015030611/https://www.barrons.com/news/filipino-sailor-killed-in-huthi-attack-on-cargo-ship-white-house-50069cc6 |archive-date=2024-10-15 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Barron's |publisher=Dow Jones & Company |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse }} while in December 2023 U.S. strikes on Houthi boats in the Red Sea killed at least 10 Houthi members,{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=US strikes on Houthis in Red Sea killed 10 rebels: Yemen port sources |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-strikes-on-houthis-in-red-sea-killed-10-rebels-yemen-port-sources/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914213925/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/us-strikes-on-houthis-in-red-sea-killed-10-rebels-yemen-port-sources/ |archive-date=2024-09-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |agency=Agence France-Presse }} and by the end of May 2024 the U.S. and U.K. airstrikes in Houthi-controlled Yemen had killed 56 people and injured 77 others. Five U.S. soldiers died in January 2024: two were lost at sea on a mission to seize Iranian weapons{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=Two US Navy Seals declared dead after raid to seize Iranian weapons bound for Houthis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122013936/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/22/us-military-navy-seals-death-raid-iranian-weapons-seized-houthis-yemen-middle-east-crisis-red-sea-uss-lewis-puller |archive-date=22 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} and three were killed in an IRI attack in Jordan that injured 47 others.{{cite news |last1=Horton |first1=Alex |last2=Ryan |first2=Missy |last3=Warrick |first3=Joby |last4=Lamothe |first4=Dan |date=29 January 2024 |title=U.S. mixed up enemy, friendly drones in attack that killed 3 troops |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/01/29/jordan-drone-attack-us-confusion/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 January 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}

Prior to the outbreak of war, the United States had aimed to expand the 2020 Abraham Accords into a diplomatic normalization agreement between Israel and Saudi Arabia that would likely include a defense agreement between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. The U.S. had scheduled a negotiation between Netanyahu and a Saudi ambassador to take place in Tel Aviv in November 2023. However, the Hamas attack on 7 October and ensuing Israeli invasion of Gaza meant that the meeting could not take place.{{Sfn|Woodward|2024|pp=257; 271–273}} Later in 2024, Saudi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman said that any Saudi–Israeli normalization agreement would require Palestinian statehood as part of a two-state solution.{{Sfn|Woodward|2024|pp=252–253}}{{Cite web |last=Asem |first=Sondos |date=2024-09-19 |title=Saudi crown prince says no normalisation with Israel without Palestinian statehood |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-crown-prince-says-no-normalisation-israel-without-palestinian-statehood |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}

{{Further|South Africa's genocide case against Israel}}

On 29 December 2023, South Africa brought a case against Israel before the International Court of Justice accusing Israel of committing genocide against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war, in violation of the Genocide Convention.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-israel-un-court-palestinians-genocide-ffe672c4eb3e14a30128542eaa537b21 |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=AP News |language=en}} South Africa requested that the ICJ order an immediate halt to Israel's military operations in Gaza among other provisional measures of protection.{{Cite web |date=2024-05-17 |title=Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g9g63jl17o |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} Israel has contended that its actions in Gaza are targeted only at Hamas and are in legitimate self-defense in accordance with international law.{{Cite web |date=2024-01-12 |title=Israel rejects genocide charges, claims 'legitimate' self defense at United Nations' top court |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israel-rejects-genocide-charges-claims-legitimate-self-defense-at-united-nations-top-court |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}} On 26 January 2024, the ICJ said in a preliminary ruling that South Africa's allegations are "plausible" and that Israel must "take all measures within its power" to prevent genocide in Gaza.{{Cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi |first=Astha |date=2024-01-26 |title=U.N. Court Says Israel Must Prevent Genocidal Acts in Gaza |url=https://time.com/6588931/icj-ruling-israel-genocidal-acts-gaza-south-africa/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}

Prior to the January 2025 ceasefire that halted the Gaza war, the United Nations Security Council made numerous attempts to negotiate a ceasefire. The United States vetoed a February 2024 resolution demanding a ceasefire for not including a condemnation of the 7 October attack,{{Cite magazine |last=Bennett |first=Brian |date=2024-03-22 |title=Why Biden Offered a UN Ceasefire Resolution That Got Vetoed |url=https://time.com/6959821/israel-war-gaza-ceasefire-resolution/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |magazine=Time |language=en}} and on 22 March Russia and China vetoed a U.S.-drafted resolution calling for an immediate six-week ceasefire conditional on the release of hostages.{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=UN Security Council to vote on new Gaza ceasefire resolution |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/un-security-council-to-vote-on-new-gaza-ceasefire-resolution |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}{{Cite web |last1=Psaledakis |first1=Daphne |last2=Brunnstrom |first2=David |date=2024-03-22 |title=Russia, China veto US-led UN resolution on Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/un-security-council-fails-pass-us-resolution-calling-immediate-ceasefire-gaza-2024-03-22/ |url-status= |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Reuters}} On 25 March, the UNSC passed Resolution 2728, which called for a ceasefire during the month of Ramadan, the "immediate and unconditional" release of all hostages, and the allowance of humanitarian aid into Gaza.{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Tondo |first2=Lorenzo |date=2024-03-25 |title=Israel isolated as UN security council demands immediate ceasefire in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/25/un-gaza-ceasefire-vote |access-date=2024-03-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |date=2024-03-25 |title=UN Security Council passes resolution demanding 'immediate ceasefire' in Gaza as US withholds veto |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/un-security-council-passes-gaza-ceasefire-resolution-as-us-withholds-veto/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=The Times of Israel}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=UN Security Council demands immediate Gaza ceasefire as US abstains |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/25/un-security-council-adopts-resolution-calling-for-immediate-gaza-ceasefire |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} The U.S. vetoed a later ceasefire resolution in November 2024, saying this was due to the fact that the resolution did not require the immediate release of all hostages.{{Cite web |last1=Brunnstrom |first1=David |last2=Lewis |first2=Simon |date=2024-11-20 |title=US vetoes UN Security Council resolution on Gaza ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-will-veto-un-security-council-resolution-gaza-war-its-current-form-says-2024-11-20/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=Reuters}}

• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Woodward |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title=War |title-link=War (Woodward book) |date=2024-10-15 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-6680-5227-3 |language=en-US}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Middle Eastern crisis (2023-present)}}

Category:Conflicts in the Middle East

Category:2020s conflicts