Order of the Bath#History

File:Mildmay Fane in oils.jpg, KB, with sash, {{Circa|1630}}]]

In the Middle Ages, a knighthood was often conferred with elaborate ceremonies. These usually involved the knight-to-be taking a bath (possibly symbolic of spiritual purification),Risk, History of the Order of the Bath, p. 6. during which he was instructed in the duties of knighthood by more senior knights. He was then put to bed to dry. Clothed in a special robe, he was led with music to the chapel where he spent the night in a vigil. At dawn, he made confession and attended Mass, then retired to his bed to sleep until it was fully daylight. He was then brought before the King, who after instructing two senior knights to buckle the spurs to the knight-elect's heels, fastened a belt around his waist, then struck him on the neck (with either a hand or a sword), thus making him a knight.The Manner of making Knights after the custom of England in time of peace and at the Coronation, that is Knights of the Bath, quoted in Perkins, pp. 5–14. It was this accolade which was the essential act in creating a knight, and a simpler ceremony developed, conferring knighthood merely by striking or touching the knight-to-be on the shoulder with a sword,According to Anstis (Observations, p. 73) such knights were sometimes known as Knights of the Sword or Knights of the Carpet or 'dubbing' him, as is still done today. In the early medieval period, the difference seems to have been that the full ceremonies were used for men from more prominent families.

From the coronation of Henry IV in 1399, the full ceremonies were restricted to major royal occasions, such as coronations, investitures of the Prince of Wales or royal dukes, and royal weddings,Anstis, p. 66. and the knights so created became known as Knights of the Bath. Knights Bachelor continued to be created with the simpler form of ceremony. The last occasion on which Knights of the Bath were created was the coronation of Charles II in 1661.{{Cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5296.asp|title=Order of the Bath feature article|website=Royal.gov.uk|access-date=9 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929220811/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5296.asp|archive-date=29 September 2006}}

From at least 1625,Risk, p. 114. and possibly from the reign of James I, Knights of the Bath were using the motto Tria juncta in uno (Latin for 'Three joined in one'), and wearing as a badge three crowns within a plain gold oval.Nicolas, History of the orders of knighthood of the British empire, p. 38–39. These were both subsequently adopted by the Order of the Bath; a similar design of badge is still worn by members of the Civil Division. Their symbolism however is not entirely clear. The 'three joined in one' may be a reference to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and either France or Ireland, which were held (or claimed in the case of France) by English and, later, British monarchs. This would correspond to the three crowns in the badge.The later usage by the Order of the Bath does not make things any clearer. The presence of the rose, thistle, and shamrock (symbols of England, Scotland, and Ireland, respectively) in the Collar supports the above claim. The shamrocks however were not added until the 19th century, probably as a result of a suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks, who in his proposal observed that the presence of the shamrock would "greatly augment the meaning of the motto" (Risk, p 115). A further explanation for the crowns is provided in the 1725 statutes of the Order. The coat of arms which was to appear on the Order's seal (Azure three imperial crowns Or, that is, three gold imperial crowns on a blue background) was described as being anciently attributed to King Arthur. Another explanation of the motto is that it refers to the Holy Trinity. Nicolas quotes a source (although he is sceptical of it) who claims that prior to James I the motto was Tria numina juncta in uno (three powers/gods joined in one), but from the reign of James I, the word numina was dropped, and the motto understood to mean Tria [regna] juncta in uno (three kingdoms joined in one).Nicolas, p 38, quoting Bishop Kennet Register and Chronicle Ecclesiastical and Civil from the Restoration of King Charles II faithfully taken from the manuscripts of the Lord Bishop of Peterborough, (1728) p. 410.

The prime mover in the establishment of the Order of the Bath was John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, England's highest heraldic officer. Sir Anthony Wagner, a more recent holder of the office of Garter King of Arms (1961–1978),{{cite web| last= Thomas Jr| first= Robert McG|title= Obituaries: Sir Anthony Wagner, 86, Dies; Medievalist and Senior Herald |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/20/obituaries/sir-anthony-wagner-86-dies-medievalist-and-senior-herald.html| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130630021844/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/20/obituaries/sir-anthony-wagner-86-dies-medievalist-and-senior-herald.html | date= 20 May 1995| archive-date= 30 June 2013| access-date= 17 March 2025| work= The New York Times }} wrote of Anstis's motivations:

It was Martin Leake'sGarter King of Arms from 1754 to 1773, and an officer of arms for some 25 years before that opinion that the trouble and opposition Anstis met with in establishing himself as Garter so embittered him against the heralds that when at last in 1718 he succeeded, he made it his prime object to aggrandise himself and his office at their expense. It is clear at least that he set out to make himself indispensable to the Earl Marshal, which was not hard, their political principles being congruous and their friendship already established, but also to Sir Robert Walpole and the Whig ministry, which can by no means have been easy, considering his known attachment to the Pretender and the circumstances under which he came into office. ... The main object of Anstis's next move, the revival or institution of the Order of the Bath was probably that which it in fact secured, of ingratiating him with the all-powerful Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole.Wagner, pp. 348, 357.

File:Robertwalpole.jpg, who as Prime Minister used the Order for political patronage|alt=]]

The use of honours in the early eighteenth century differed considerably from the modern honours system, in which hundreds, if not thousands, of people each year receive honours on the basis of deserving accomplishments. The only honours available at that time were hereditary (not life) peerages and baronetcies, knighthoods, and the Order of the Garter (or the Order of the Thistle for Scots), none of which were awarded in large numbers (the Garter and the Thistle are limited to twenty-four and sixteen living members respectively). The political environment was also significantly different from today:

The Sovereign still exercised a power to be reckoned with in the eighteenth century. The Court remained the centre of the political world. The King was limited in that he had to choose Ministers who could command a majority in Parliament, but the choice remained his. The leader of an administration still had to command the King's personal confidence and approval. A strong following in Parliament depended on being able to supply places, pensions, and other marks of Royal favour to the government's supporters.Risk, p. 2.

File:Mosnier, George Rodney.jpg Lord Rodney (appointed a Knight Companion in 1780) wearing the riband and star of the Order.|alt=]]

The attraction of the new Order for Walpole was that it would provide a source of such favours to strengthen his political position. He made sure that most of the 36 new honorees were peers and MPs who would provide him with useful connections.{{Cite book|last=Hanham|first=Andrew|date=2016|title=The Politics of Chivalry: Sir Robert Walpole, the Duke of Montagu and the Order of the Bath|publisher=Parliamentary History|volume=35|issue=3 |pages=262–297}}In the words of his son, Horace Walpole, "The Revival of the Order of the Bath was a measure of Sir Robert Walpole, and was an artful bank of favours in lieu of places. He meant to stave off the demand for Garters, and intended that the Red [i.e. the Order of the Bath] should be a step to the Blue [the Order of the Garter]; and accordingly took one of the former for himself." Horace Walpole, Reminiscences (1788) George I having agreed to Walpole's proposal, Anstis was commissioned to draft statutes for the Order of the Bath. As noted above, he adopted the motto and badge used by the Knights of the Bath, as well as the colour of the riband and mantle, and the ceremony for creating a knight. The rest of the statutes were mostly based on those of the Order of the Garter, of which he was an officer (as Garter King of Arms).Nicolas, p. 237–238, footnote. The Order was founded by letters patent under the Great Seal dated {{Start date and age|1725|05|18|df=y}}, and the statutes issued the following week.Risk, p. 4.Statutes 1725.

The Order initially consisted of the Sovereign, a Prince of the blood Royal as Principal Knight, a Great Master, and thirty-five Knights Companion.Statutes 1725, article 2. Seven officers (see below) were attached to the Order. These provided yet another opportunity for political patronage, as they were to be sinecures at the disposal of the Great Master, supported by fees from the knights. Despite the fact that the Bath was represented as a military Order, only a few military officers were among the initial appointments (see List of knights companion of the Order of the Bath). They may be broken down into categories as follows (some are classified in more than one category):Risk, p. 15, 16.

• Members of the House of Commons: 14
• The Royal Household or sinecures: 11
• Diplomats: 4
• The Walpole family, including the Prime Minister: 3
• Naval and Army officers: 3
• Irish peers: 2
• Country gentlemen with Court appointments: 2

File:George Callaghan - Project Gutenberg eText 18334.jpg Sir George Callaghan wearing the insignia of a military Companion of the Order.|alt=]]

The majority of the new Knights Companions were knighted by the King, and invested with their ribands and badges on 27 May 1725.Risk, p. 16. Although the statutes set out the full medieval ceremony which was to be used for creating knights, this was not performed, and indeed, was possibly never intended to be, as the original statutes contained a provisionStatutes 1725, article 6, the same article which state "[the Great Master shall] take especial care that ... the antient Rituals belonging to this Knighthood be observed with the greatest Exactness" allowing the Great Master to dispense Knights Companion from these requirements. The original knights were dispensed from all the medieval ceremonies with the exception of the Installation, which was performed in the Order's Chapel, the Henry VII Chapel in Westminster Abbey, on 17 June. This precedent was followed until 1812, after which the Installation was also dispensed with, until its revival in the twentieth century.No Installation had been held between 1812 and the coronation of George IV in 1821, by which time the number of knights exceeded the number of stalls in the chapel. To allow the knights to wear their collars at the coronation (which they could not do until installed), they were dispensed from the Installation, and this precedent was subsequently followed. (Risk, p. 43). The ceremonies however remained part of the Statutes until 1847.Risk, p. 10.

Although the initial appointments to the Order were largely political, from the 1770s, appointments to the Order were increasingly made for naval, military, or diplomatic achievements. This is partly due to the conflicts Britain was engaged in over this period.Risk, p. 20. The Peninsular War resulted in so many deserving candidates for the Bath, that a statute was issued allowing the appointment of Extra Knights in time of war, who were to be additional to the numerical limits imposed by the statutes, and whose number was not subject to any restrictions.Statute dated 8 May 1812, quoted in Statutes 1847. Another statute, this one issued some 80 years earlier, had also added a military note to the Order. Each knight was required, under certain circumstances, to supply and support four men-at-arms for a period not exceeding 42 days in any year, to serve in any part of Great Britain.Statute dated 20 April 1727, quoted in Statutes 1847. This company was to be captained by the Great Master, who had to supply four trumpeters, and was also to appoint eight officers for this body. However, the statute was never invoked.

In January 1815, after the end of the Peninsular War, the Prince Regent (later George IV) expanded the Order of the Bath

to the end that those Officers who have had the opportunities of signalising themselves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said Order, and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity, accompanied by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned.

The Order was now to consist of three classes: Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commander, and Companions. At the same time, the large and small Naval Gold Medals were suspended, while the bearers became Knights Commander and Companions, respectively. The existing Knights Companion (of which there were 60)The Times, 10 January 1815, p. 3. became Knight Grand Cross; this class was limited to 72 members, of which twelve could be appointed for civil or diplomatic services. The military members had to be of the rank of at least major-general or rear admiral. The Knights Commander were limited to 180, exclusive of foreign nationals holding British commissions, up to ten of whom could be appointed as honorary Knights Commander. They had to be of the rank of lieutenant-colonel or post-captain. The number of Companions was not specified, but they had to have received a medal or been mentioned in despatches since the start of the war in 1803. A list of about 500 names was subsequently published.{{London Gazette|issue=17061|pages=1877–1882|date=16 September 1815}} Two further officers were appointed, an 'Officer of arms attendant on the Knights Commanders and Companions', and a 'Secretary appertaining to the Knights Commanders and Companions'. The large increase in numbers caused some complaints that such an expansion would reduce the prestige of the Order.

File:Admiral Alexander Milne (1808-1896), by Walter William Ouless.jpg (1808–1896) was concurrently KCB (civil division) and GCB (military division); he is pictured wearing both sets of insignia.|alt=]]

In 1847, Queen Victoria issued new statutes eliminating all references to an exclusively military Order. As well as removing the word 'Military' from the full name of the Order, this opened up the grades of Knight Commander and Companion to civil appointments, and the Military and Civil Divisions of the Order were established. New numerical limits were imposed, and the opportunity also taken to regularise the 1815 expansion of the Order.Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847.The document by which the Prince Regent modified the structure of the Order in 1815 was a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual. This is of lesser authority than Letters Patent under the Great Seal, by which the Order and its Statutes were originally established. It had been questioned on a number of occasions whether the Statutes of the Order could be modified by anything less than such Letters Patent. The 1847 Letters Patent retroactively confirmed the validity of the 1815 document and the subsequent appointments to the Order The 1847 statutes also abolished all the medieval ritual, but they did introduce a formal Investiture ceremony, conducted by the Sovereign wearing the Mantle and insignia of the Order, attended by the Officers and as many GCBs as possible, in their Mantles.Risk, p. 61.

In 1850, a special statute authorised appointments of Knight Commander and Companion, in the Military Division, to Commissariat and Medical officers serving with the Army and Navy, including those serving with the East India Company.Special statute 1850. {{London Gazette|issue=21127|page=2242|date=16 August 1850}}

In 1859, a further edition of the Statutes was issued; the changes related mainly to the costs{{Explain|reason=costs by the State or by the receivings?|date=September 2022}} associated with the Order. Prior to this date, it had been the policy that the insignia (which were provided by the Crown) were to be returned on the death of the holder; the exception had been foreigners who had been awarded honorary membership. In addition, foreigners had usually been provided with stars made of silver and diamonds, whereas ordinary members had only embroidered stars. The decision was made to award silver stars to all members, and only require the return of the Collar. The Crown had also been paying the fees due to the officers of the Order for members who had been appointed for the services in the recent war. The fees were abolished, and replaced with a salary of approximately the same average value. The offices of Genealogist and Messenger were abolished, and those of Registrar and Secretary combined.Risk, p. 70.

File:Sir Richard Johns.jpg Sir Richard Johns in his service dress uniform, wearing the star, riband, and badge of a military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.|alt=]]

In 1910, after his accession to the throne, George V ordered the revival of the Installation ceremony, perhaps prompted by the first Installation ceremony of the more junior Order of St Michael and St George, held a few years earlier,Risk, p. 89. and the building of a new chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1911.Perkins, p. 122. The Installation ceremony took place on 22 July 1913 in the Henry VII Chapel,Risk, p. 92.Perkins, pp. 124–131. and Installations have been held at regular intervals since.

Prior to the 1913 Installation, it was necessary to adapt the chapel to accommodate the larger number of members. An appeal was made to the members of the Order, and following the Installation a surplus remained. A Committee was formed from the Officers to administer the 'Bath Chapel Fund', and over time this committee has come to consider other matters than purely financial ones.Risk, pp. 95–96.

Another revision of the statutes of the Order was undertaken in 1925, to consolidate the 41 additional statutes which had been issued since the 1859 revision.16 in Queen Victoria's reign, 6 in Edward VII's and 19 in George V's. (Risk, p. 97)

Women were admitted to the Order in 1971. In the 1971 New Year Honours, Jean Nunn became the first woman admitted to the order.{{Cite ODNB|last=Allen|first=Philip|author-link=Philip Allen, Baron Allen of Abbeydale|date=2004|title=Nunn, Jean Josephine (1916–1982)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/66883|access-date=16 May 2014|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/66883}} In 1975, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, an aunt of Elizabeth II, became the first woman to reach the highest rank, Dame Grand Cross. Princess Alice (née Douglas-Montagu-Scott) was a direct descendant of the Order's first Great Master,Risk, p. 102. and her husband, who had died the previous year, had also held that office. The second Dame Grand Cross, Sally Davies, was appointed in the 2020 New Year Honours.{{London Gazette|issue=62866|supp=y|page=N3|date=28 December 2019}}{{Cite web|title=New Year Honours list 2020 – Awards for NY2020|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/856352/New_Year_Honours_List_2020.pdf|website=GOV.UK|publisher=HM Government|access-date=30 August 2023}}

The British Sovereign is the Sovereign of the Order of the Bath. As with all honours, except those in the Sovereign's personal gift,The Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Order of Merit and the Royal Victorian Order the Sovereign makes all appointments to the Order on the advice of the Government.

File:Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.jpg, the Prince Consort, Great Master 1843–1861. During the 19th century, Knights Grand Cross wore their mantles over imitations of 17th-century dress. They now wear them over contemporary attire.|alt=]]

The next-most senior member of the Order is the Great Master, of which there have been ten:

• 1725–1749 — John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu{{London Gazette|issue=6376|page=1|date=25 May 1725}}Nicolas, Appendix p. lxx gives the first four Great Masters, although he considers the latter three to have only been acting Great Masters
• 1749–1767 — vacant
• 1767–1827 — Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
• 1827–1830 — Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV)
• 1830–1837 — vacant
• 1837–1843 — Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex{{London Gazette|issue=19570|page=3309|date=19 December 1837}}{{London Gazette|issue=19592|page=407|date=23 February 1838}}
• 1843–1861 — Albert, Prince ConsortPrince Albert was appointed acting Great Master sometime in 1843, and the appointment was made substantive by the 1847 Statutes, article 4. Risk says that he was appointed acting Great Master on 31 March 1843, however The Times, reporting the death of the Duke of Sussex (22 April 1843, pp. 4–5) says that the office of acting Great Master became vacant on his death. At any rate, when the executors of the Duke of Sussex delivered his insignia together with the seal and statutes to the Queen on 20 June (The Times, 21 June 1843, p. 6) Prince Albert was then acting Great Master.{{London Gazette|issue=20737|pages=1947–1957|date=25 May 1847}}
• 1861–1897 — vacant
• 1897–1901 — Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII){{London Gazette|issue=26867|page=3567|date=25 June 1897}}The Times, 22 June 1897, p. 10.
• 1901–1942 — Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn{{London Gazette|issue=27289|page=1414|date=26 February 1901}}
• 1942–1974 — Prince Henry, Duke of GloucesterThe Times, 25 February 1942, p. 7.
• 1974–2022 — Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III){{London Gazette|issue=46428|date=10 December 1974|page=12559}}
• 2022–2024 — vacant
• 2024–present — William, Prince of Wales{{cite news |last1=Milss |first1=Rhiannon |title=King recognises Queen and Prince William in honours list and creates new role for Kate, Princess of Wales |url=https://news.sky.com/story/king-recognises-queen-and-prince-william-in-honours-list-and-creates-new-role-for-kate-princess-of-wales-13121607 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=Sky News |date=23 April 2024}}

Originally a Prince of the Blood Royal, as the Principal Knight Companion, ranked next after the sovereign.Statutes 1725, article 4. This position was joined to that of the Great Master in the statutes of 1847.Letters Patent dated 14 April 1847, quoted in Statutes 1847. The Great Master and Principal Knight is now either a descendant of George I or 'some other exalted personage'; the holder of the office has custody of the seal of the order and is responsible for enforcing the statutes.

File:Order of the Bath.jpg

The statutes also provide for the following:

• 120 Knights or Dames Grand Cross (GCB) (of whom the Great Master is the First and Principal);
• 355 Knights Commander (KCB) or Dames Commander (DCB); and
• 1,925 Companions (CB).

Regular membership is limited to citizens of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries of which the British monarch is Sovereign. Appointees are usually officers of the armed forces or senior civil servants, such as permanent secretaries.

{{Multiple image|align=right

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|footer=Warrant appointing Italian captain (later admiral) Ernesto Burzagli as an honorary Companion of the Order}}

Members appointed to the Civil Division must "by their personal services to [the] crown or by the performance of public duties have merited ... royal favour."Statutes 1925, article 9. Appointments to the Military Division are restricted by the minimum rank of the individual. GCBs hold the rank of admiral in the Royal Navy, general in the British Army or Royal Marines, or air chief marshal in the Royal Air Force.Statutes 1925, article 8. KCBs must at least hold the rank of vice admiral, lieutenant general in the Army or Marines, or air marshal.Statutes 1925, article 10. CBs tend be of the rank of rear admiral, major general in the Army, Royal Navy or Royal Marines, or air vice marshal in the Royal Air Force, and in addition must have been Mentioned in Despatches for distinction in a command position in a combat situation, although the latter is no longer a requirement. Non-line officers (e.g. engineers, medics) may be appointed only for meritorious service in wartime.Statutes 1925, article 12.

File:First Sea Lord Admiral Sir George Zambellas KCB DSC ADC MOD 45155508.jpg KCB (military division).|alt=]]

Commonwealth citizens not subjects of the British monarch and foreigners may be made honorary members.Statutes 1925, article 15. Queen Elizabeth II established the custom of appointing visiting (republican) heads of state honorary GCBs, for example Gustav Heinemann and Josip Broz Tito (in 1972),The Times, 25 October 1972, p. 21. Ronald Reagan (in 1989), Lech Wałęsa (in 1991), Censu Tabone (in 1992), Fernando Henrique Cardoso, George H. W. Bush (in 1993),The Times, 1 December 1993, p. 24. Nicolas Sarkozy (in 2008),{{Cite news|last=Samuel|first=Henry|date=27 March 2008|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/03/27/nsarkozy327.xml|title=Nicolas Sarkozy awarded honorary title|website=Telegraph.co.uk|location=London, England|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=24 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401234620/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2008%2F03%2F27%2Fnsarkozy327.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2008}} and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (in 2012), as well as Turkish President Abdullah Gül,{{Cite web|url=http://www.tccb.gov.tr/pages/president/biography/|title=Abdullah Gül|website=tccb.gov.tr|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Turkey|access-date=4 April 2012}} Slovenian President Danilo Türk,{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7681244.stm|title=Queen begins state visit to Slovenia |publisher=BBC News|date=21 October 2008|access-date=22 October 2008}} Mexican President Felipe Calderón, and South African President Jacob Zuma{{Cite web|last=Monare|first=Moshoeshoe|date=6 March 2010|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/zuma-s-taste-of-british-protocol-1.475414|title=Zuma's taste of British protocol|website=Iol.co.za|publisher=Independent Online|access-date=9 December 2011}} (royal heads of state are instead usually made Stranger Knights and Ladies Companion of the Order of the Garter). Foreign generals are also often given honorary appointments to the Order, for example: Marshal Ferdinand Foch and Marshal Joseph Joffre during the First World War; Marshal Georgy Zhukov,The Times, Issue 50193; 13 July 1945; p. 4; col A. King Abdul-Aziz of Saudi Arabia, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, General George C. Marshall, General Douglas MacArthur, General George S. Patton Jr. during the Second World War;The Times, 27 May 1943, p. 4. and General Norman Schwarzkopf and General Colin Powell after the Gulf War.The Times, 21 May 1991.{{Cite web|last=Branigan|first=Tania|date=12 May 2004|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/may/12/usa.world|title=Colin Powell claims Scottish coat of arms|website=The Guardian|location=London, England|access-date=24 December 2008}} A more controversial member of the Order was Robert Mugabe, whose honour was stripped by the Queen, on the advice of the Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, on 25 June 2008 "as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided."{{Cite news|last=Smyth|first=Chris|date=25 June 2008|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4213800.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014003939/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article4213800.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2008|title=Queen strips Robert Mugabe of knighthood in 'revulsion' at violence|website=TimesOnline.co.uk|location=London, England|publisher=The Times|access-date=24 December 2008}}

Honorary members do not count towards the numerical limits in each class.Statutes 1925, article 18. In addition, the statutes allow the Sovereign to exceed the limits in time of war or other exceptional circumstances."In the event of any future wars or of any action or services civil or military meriting peculiar honour and reward ... to increase the numbers in any of the said classes and in any of the said divisions". Statutes 1925, article 17.

The office of Dean is held by the Dean of Westminster. The King of Arms, responsible for heraldry, is known as Bath King of Arms; he is not, however, a member of the College of Arms, like many heralds. The Order's Usher is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Scarlet Rod; he does not, unlike his Order of the Garter equivalent (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod) perform any duties in the House of Lords.Marks & Payne 1978, p. 123

There were originally seven officers, each of whom was to receive fees from the Knights Companion both on appointment, and annually thereafter. The office of Messenger was abolished in 1859. The office of Genealogist was abolished at the same time, but revived in 1913.Risk, p. 93. The offices of Registrar and Secretary were formally merged in 1859, although the two positions had been held concurrently for the previous century.Risk, pp. 13, 70. An Officer of Arms and a Secretary for the Knights Commander and Companions were established in 1815, but abolished in 1847.Statutes 1847, article 15. The office of Deputy Secretary was created in 1925.Risk, 1972, p. 95

Under the Hanoverian kings, certain of the officers also held heraldic office. The office of Blanc Coursier Herald of Arms was attached to that of the Genealogist, Brunswick Herald of Arms to the Gentleman Usher, and Bath King of Arms was also made Gloucester King of Arms with heraldic jurisdiction over Wales.Statute dated 17 January 1726 (according to Risk, p. 14). Both the 1812 and 1847 editions of the Statutes give the date as 17 January 1725, but this is most probably a misprint since the Order was not founded until May 1725, and the additional statute also specified the office holders by name. This was the result of a move by Anstis to give the holders of these sinecures greater security; the offices of the Order of the Bath were held at the pleasure of the Great Master, while appointments to the heraldic offices were made by the King under the Great Seal and were for life.Risk, p. 14.

File:GCB (civil) badge.jpg

File:Insignia of Civil GCB.jpg

File:GCB mantle.jpg

File:Insignia of Military GCB.jpg

File:KCB civil star and badge.jpg

Members of the Order wear elaborate uniforms on important occasions (such as its quadrennial installation ceremonies and coronations), which vary by rank:

The mantle, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of crimson satin lined with white taffeta. On the left side is a representation of the star (see below). The mantle is bound with two large tassels.Statutes 1925, article 23.

The hat, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander, is made of black velvet; it includes an upright plume of feathers.The hat was made of white satin (Statutes 1725, article 8), but was changed to black velvet at the command of George IV for his coronation (Nicolas, p. 198). The hat is not explicitly specified in the 1847 or 1925 statutes

The collar, worn only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross, is made of gold and weighs {{Nowrap|30 troy ounces (933 g)}}. It consists of depictions of nine imperial crowns and eight sets of flowers (roses for England, thistles for Scotland, and shamrocks for Ireland), connected by seventeen silver knots.

On lesser occasions, simpler insignia are used: The star is used only by Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander. Its style varies by rank and division; it is worn pinned to the left breast:

The star for military Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of a Maltese Cross on top of an eight-pointed silver star; the star for military Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. Each bears in the centre three crowns surrounded by a red ring bearing the motto of the Order in gold letters. The circle is flanked by two laurel branches, and is above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien (older German for 'I serve') in gold letters. Stylised versions of this are known as Bath stars, and are used as epaulette pips to indicate British Army officer ranks and for police ranks.

The star for civil Knights and Dames Grand Cross consists of an eight-pointed silver star, without the Maltese cross; the star for civil Knights and Dames Commander is an eight-pointed silver cross pattée. The design of each is the same as the design of the military stars, except that the laurel branches and the words Ich dien are excluded.

The badge varies in design, size, and manner of wearing by rank and division. The Knight and Dame Grand Cross' badge is larger than the Knight and Dame Commander's badge, which is in turn larger than the Companion's badge;Statutes 1925, articles 23, 24, 25. however, these are all suspended on a crimson ribbon. Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the badge on a riband or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip. Knights Commander and male Companions wear the badge from a ribbon worn around the neck. Dames Commander and female Companions wear the badge from a bow on the left side:

The military badge is a gold Maltese Cross of eight points, enamelled in white. Each point of the cross is decorated by a small gold ball; each angle has a small figure of a lion. The centre of the cross bears three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side. Both emblems are surrounded by a red circular ring bearing the motto of the Order, which are in turn flanked by two laurel branches, above a scroll bearing the words Ich dien in gold letters.

The civil badge is a plain gold oval, bearing three crowns on the obverse side, and a rose, a thistle and a shamrock, emanating from a sceptre on the reverse side; both emblems are surrounded by a ring bearing the motto of the Order.

On certain 'collar days' designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is suspended from the collar.

The collars and badges of Knights and Dames Grand Cross are returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood upon the decease of their owners. All other insignia may be retained by their owners.

{{Gallery|state= |File:GCB-Military-Star.svg|Star, Knight Grand Cross Military Division|File:Knight Commander of the Bath neck badge, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis (1859-1948) in 1935.jpg|Neck badge, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis (1859–1948) in 1935|File:Knight Commander of the Bath star, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis (1859-1948) in 1935.jpg|Star, awarded to Cecil Fane de Salis|File:Order of the Bath, Breast Star and Badge, Knight Commander, Saxe-Ernestine House Order, awarded to Major-General Sir Charles Taylor du Plat, British Army - Glenbow Museum - DSC00629.JPG|Star and neck Badge awarded to Sir Charles Taylor du Plat|File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|Medal Ribbon of the Order of the Bath}}

File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg with a procession of Knights of the Bath, by Canaletto, 1749.|alt=]]

File:Henry7Chapel 01.jpg in Westminster Abbey.|alt=]]

The Chapel of the Order is the Henry VII Lady Chapel in Westminster Abbey.Statutes 1925, article 21. The Sovereign, Great Master, and the Knights and Dames Grand Cross are allotted stalls in the choir of the chapel, above which their heraldic devices are displayed.

Every four years, an installation ceremony, presided over by the Great Master, and a religious service are held in the chapel. The last such service was on Friday 16 May 2025, and was presided over by the King and the Prince of Wales.{{Cite web|url= https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-05-16/the-king-and-the-prince-of-wales-mark-300-years-of-the-order-of-the |title=Royal.uk: The King and The Prince of Wales mark 300 years of the Order of the Bath |website=royal.uk}} The Sovereign and each knight who has been installed is allotted a stall in the choir of the chapel.Statutes 1812, article 8

As there are a limited number of stalls in the chapel, only the most senior Knights and Dames Grand Cross are installed. A stall made vacant by the death of a military Knight Grand Cross is offered to the next most senior uninstalled military GCB, and similarly for vacancies among civil GCBs. Waits between admission to the Order and installation may be very long; for instance, Marshal of the Air Force David Craig, Baron Craig of Radley was created a Knight Grand Cross in 1984, but was not installed until 2006.

Above each stall, the occupant's heraldic devices are displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall is his helm, decorated with a mantling and topped by his crest. Under English heraldic law, women other than monarchs do not bear helms or crests; instead, the coronet appropriate to the dame's rank (if she is a peer or member of the Royal family) is used.

Above the crest or coronet, the knight's or dame's heraldic banner is hung, emblazoned with his or her coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall is affixed a piece of brass (a 'stall plate') displaying its occupant's name, arms, and date of admission into the Order.

Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling, and crest (or coronet or crown) are taken down. The stall plates, however, are not removed; rather, they remain permanently affixed somewhere about the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are festooned with a colourful record of the Order's Knights (and now Dames) throughout history.Perkins 1920, p. 107

When the grade of Knight Commander was established in 1815, the regulations specified that they too should have a banner and stall plate affixed in the chapel. This was never implemented (despite some of the KCBs paying the appropriate fees) primarily due to lack of space,Risk, p. 40. although the 1847 statutes allow all three classes to request the erection of a plate in the chapel bearing the member's name, date of nomination, and (for the two higher classes) optionally the coat of arms.Statutes 1847, article 18.

File:Coat of Arms of Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke.svg (1886–1960) with the circlet and collar as Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.|alt=]]

Members of the Order of the Bath are assigned positions in the order of precedence.Statutes 1925, article 22. Wives of male members also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters, and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander; relatives of female members, however, are not assigned any special precedence. Generally, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.)

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commander prefix 'Sir', and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commander prefix 'Dame', to their forenames.Statutes 1925, article 20. Wives of Knights may prefix 'Lady' to their surnames, but no equivalent privilege exists for husbands of Dames. Such forms are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of the former are written out in their fullest forms. Furthermore, honorary foreign members and clergymen do not receive the accolade of knighthood, and so are not entitled to the prefix 'Sir', unless the former subsequently become Commonwealth citizens.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal GCB; Knights Commander use KCB; Dames Commander use DCB; Companions use CB.{{Cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-chivalry/order-bath|title=Order of the Bath|website=debretts.com|publisher= |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328013426/http://www.debretts.com/people/honours/orders-chivalry/order-bath|archive-date=28 March 2016}} The post-nominal letters are not mentioned in the Statutes of the Order.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also entitled to receive heraldic supporters.Statutes 1925, article 28. Furthermore, they may encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a red circle bearing the motto) with the badge pendant thereto and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter.

Knights and Dames Commander and Companions may display the circlet, but not the collar, around their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet. Members of the Military division may encompass the circlet with 'two laurel branches issuant from an escrol azure inscribed Ich dien', as appears on the badge.

Members of the Order of the Bath and their children are able to be married in Westminster Abbey in London.

{{Cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/faq|title=FAQ: Westminster Abbey|website=Westminster-Abbey.org|access-date=9 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228191619/http://www.Westminster-Abbey.org/faq|archive-date=28 February 2011}}

It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Under the 1725 statutes, the grounds for this were heresy, high treason, or fleeing from battle out of cowardice. Knights Companion could in such cases be degraded at the next Chapter meeting. It was then the duty of the Gentleman Usher to 'pluck down the escocheon [i.e. stallplate] of such knight and spurn it out of the chapel' with 'all the usual marks of infamy'.Statutes 1725, article 3.

Only two people were ever degraded: Lord Cochrane in 1813, and Eyre Coote in 1816, both for political reasons, rather than any of the grounds given in the statute. Lord Cochrane was subsequently reinstated, but Coote died a few years after his degradation.Risk, p. 30.

Under Queen Victoria's 1847 statutes, a member 'convicted of treason, cowardice, felony, or any infamous crime derogatory to his honour as a knight or gentleman, or accused and does not submit to trial in a reasonable time, shall be degraded from the Order by a special ordinance signed by the sovereign.' The Sovereign was to be the sole judge, and also had the power to restore such members.Statutes 1847, article 26.

The situation today is that membership may be cancelled or annulled, and the entry in the register erased, by an ordinance signed by the Sovereign and sealed with the seal of the Order, on the recommendation of the appropriate minister. Such cancellations may be subsequently reversed.Statutes 1925, article 30.

In 1923, the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was made an honorary Knight Grand Cross, by King George V. Mussolini was stripped of his GCB in 1940, after he had declared war on the UK.{{Cite web|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=1 February 2012|url=https://world.time.com/2012/02/01/disgraced-british-knights-a-not-so-chivalrous-history/slide/benito-mussolini/|title=Disgraced British Knights: A Not-So-Chivalrous History|website=Time|publisher=Time|access-date=1 August 2016}}

George Pottinger, a senior civil servant, lost both his status of CB and Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in 1975 when he was jailed for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson.{{London Gazette|issue=46561|page=5731|date=2 May 1975}}

Romanian president Nicolae Ceauşescu was stripped of his honorary GCB status by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 December 1989, the day before his execution. Robert Mugabe, the President of Zimbabwe, was stripped of his honorary GCB status by the Queen, on the advice of the Foreign Secretary, David Miliband, on 25 June 2008, 'as a mark of revulsion at the abuse of human rights and abject disregard for the democratic process in Zimbabwe over which President Mugabe has presided.'{{Cite news|last=Smyth|first=Chris|date=25 June 2008|title=Queen strips Robert Mugabe of knighthood in 'revulsion' at violence|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/advice/queen-strips-robert-mugabe-of-knighthood-in-revulsion-at-violence-c3w9sr626h0|website=The Times|access-date=8 May 2021}}

Vicky Pryce, former wife of Chris Huhne, was stripped of her CB by Queen Elizabeth II on 30 July 2013, following her conviction for perverting the course of justice.{{London Gazette|issue=60583|page=14994|date=30 July 2013}}

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}

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|Permanent Secretary to the Treasury

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|{{age|1968|12|17}}

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|Edward Young, Baron Young of Old Windsor {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCB|GCVO|PC}}

|Private Secretary to the Sovereign

|{{age|1966|10|24}}

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|General

|Sir Mark Carleton-Smith {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCB|CBE|DL}}

|Chief of the General Staff and Director Special Forces

|{{age|1964|2|9}}

|}

File:Coat of Arms of Peter Squire.svg, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath|alt=]]

The Order of the Bath now{{When|date=June 2022}} has six officers:Court Circular, 17 May 2006.

• Dean: Dean of Westminster (ex officio), the Very Rev. David Hoyle {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|KCVO|MBE}}
• King of Arms: Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCB|3=FRAeS}}{{Cite web |date=7 December 2018 |title=Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3162919 |access-date=22 December 2018 |website=TheGazette.co.uk |publisher=The London Gazette, HM Government}}
• Registrar and Secretary: Major General James Gordon {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CB|CBE}}{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/4652085 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=TheGazette.co.uk |publisher=The London Gazette, HM Government}}
• Deputy Secretary: Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Segrave
• Genealogist: David White {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|OStJ}}, Garter Principal King of Arms
• Lady Usher of the Scarlet Rod: Major General Susan Ridge {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|CB}}

{{Portal|United Kingdom|Monarchy|Heraldry|History}}

For people who have been appointed to the Order of the Bath, see the following categories:

• :Category: Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
• :Category: Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
• :Category: Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
• :Category: Dames Commander of the Order of the Bath
• :Category: Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath
• List of knights and dames grand cross of the Order of the Bath
• List of knights companion of the Order of the Bath
• :Category: Knights of the Bath
• :Category: Companions of the Order of the Bath
• List of honorary British knights and dames
• List of people who have declined a British honour
• List of revocations of appointments to orders and awarded decorations and medals of the United Kingdom

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book|last=Anstis|first=John|author-link=John Anstis|date=1752|title=Observations introductory to an historical essay, upon the Knighthood of the Bath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQZcAAAAcAAJ|publisher=James Woodman|location=London}}
• {{Cite book|last=Galloway|first=Peter|date=2006|title=The Order of the Bath|publisher=Phillimore|isbn=1-86077-399-0}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Hanham|first=Andrew|date=2016|title=The Politics of Chivalry: Sir Robert Walpole, the Duke of Montagu and the Order of the Bath|journal=Parliamentary History|volume=35|number=3|pages=262–297|doi=10.1111/1750-0206.12236}}
• {{cite book|last1=Marks|first1=Richard|last2=Payne|first2=Ann|title=British Heraldry from Its Origins to C. 1800|publisher=British Museum Publications Ltd|location=London|year=1978|isbn=978-0-71410-086-9}}
• {{Cite book|last=Nicolas|first=Nicholas H.|date=1842|title=History of the orders of knighthood of the British empire, Vol iii|location=London}}
• {{Cite book|last=Perkins|first=Jocelyn|date=1920|title=The Most Honourable Order of the Bath : a descriptive and historical account|url=https://archive.org/details/mosthonourableor00perkrich|edition=2nd|publisher=Faith Press|location=London}}
• {{Cite book|last=Risk|first=James C.|date=1972|title=The History of the Order of the Bath and its Insignia|publisher=Spink & Son|location=London|isbn=978-0-90069-649-7}}
• {{Cite book|title=Statutes of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|date=1725|location=London}}
• {{Cite book|title=Statutes of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|date=1812|location=London}}
• {{Cite book|title=Statutes of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|date=1847|location=London}}
• {{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21127/page/2242|title=Special statute of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|website=TheGazette.co.uk|publisher=London Gazette|date=1850|access-date=16 June 2020}}
• {{Cite book|title=Statutes of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|date=1925|location=London}}
• {{Cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5296.asp|title=Royal Insight > Focus: The Order of the Bath|website=Royal.gov.uk|publisher=Official website of the British monarchy|date=May 2006|access-date=9 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929220811/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page5296.asp|archive-date=29 September 2006}}

• [http://www.heraldicsculptor.com/bath.html Brennan, I. G. (2004). "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath".]
• Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society. [http://cuhags.soc.srcf.net/orderofc/bath.html (2002, 2020). "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath".]
• [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm Velde, F. R. (2003). "Order of Precedence in England and Wales".]

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Order of the Bath.ogg|date=2005-04-11}}

{{Commons category-inline|Order of the Bath}}

• [https://www.centralchancery.org.uk/orders-of-chivalry/the-most-honourable-order-of-the-bath/ Order of the Bath] – Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood
• [https://www.royal.uk/the-order-of-the-bath The Order of the Bath] – Royal Household website
• [https://honours.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/about/orders-and-medals/#bath Order of the Bath] – UK Cabinet Office
• [https://www.gov.uk/honours/types-of-honours-and-awards The British honours system] – UK Government

{{Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath}}

{{Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom}}

{{Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia before 1992}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Order Of The Bath}}

Category:1725 establishments in Great Britain

Category:Awards established in 1725

Bath, Order of the

Bath