Racism in Asia#Taiwan

In 2015, the ruling Awami League Member of Parliament, Elias Mollah,{{cite news|url=http://bdnews24.com/politics/2015/08/04/awami-league-mp-elias-mollah-calls-africans-uncivilised-after-un-peacekeeping-mission-tour|title=Awami League MP Elias Mollah calls Africans 'uncivilised' after UN peacekeeping mission tour|date=4 August 2015|publisher=BDNews24.com|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603061844/http://bdnews24.com/politics/2015/08/04/awami-league-mp-elias-mollah-calls-africans-uncivilised-after-un-peacekeeping-mission-tour|archive-date=3 June 2016|url-status=live}} commented on his trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo: "Our army has gone there (Africa) to civilise those black people. I am sure they will accomplish the task." He constantly referred to the Congolese as "uncivilized black people" and added "People there are yet to become civilised. They take bath every 15 days. After applying soaps before bath, they do not even use water in a bid to retain the aroma."{{cite news|last1=Liton|first1=Shakhawat|title=Opinion: Shouldn't AL MP Elias apologise?|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/opinion-shouldn%E2%80%99t-al-mp-elias-apologise-122173|access-date=6 August 2015|agency=The Daily Star|publisher=The Daily Star|date=5 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807212109/http://www.thedailystar.net/politics/opinion-shouldn%E2%80%99t-al-mp-elias-apologise-122173|archive-date=7 August 2015|url-status=live}}

In 1991–92, Bhutan is said to have deported between 10,000 and 100,000 ethnic Nepalis (Lhotshampa). The actual number of refugees who were initially deported is debated by both sides. In March 2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement to third countries including the U.S., Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia.{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=77513|title=IRIN Asia – NEPAL-BHUTAN: Bhutan questions identity of 107,000 refugees in Nepal – Nepal – Refugees/IDPs|work=IRINnews|access-date=17 June 2015|date=2008-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906175743/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77513|archive-date=6 September 2011|url-status=live}} At present, the United States is working towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US as a condition of its third country settlement programme.{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm | title = Bhutan refugees are 'intimidated' | author = Bhaumik, Subir | date = November 7, 2007 | work = BBC News | access-date = 2008-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203907/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7082586.stm | archive-date = August 19, 2008 | url-status = live }}

Brunei law provides affirmative action to Bumiputera.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298607.stm Country profile: Brunei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218061214/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298607.stm |date=2009-02-18 }} , BBC NEWS

Cambodia has disproportionately targeted ethnic minority groups. These included ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, and foreigners who live in Cambodia. Part of this conflict stems from Chinese involvement in Cambodia before the Vietnam War. In the late 1960s, an estimated 425,000 ethnic Chinese lived in Cambodia, but by 1984, as a result of the Khmer Rouge's genocide and emigration, only about 61,400 Chinese remained in the country. The Cham, a Muslim minority group whose members are the descendants of migrants from the old state of Champa, were forced to adopt the Khmer people's language and customs. A Khmer Rouge order stated that henceforth "The Cham nation no longer exists on Kampuchean soil belonging to the Khmers" (U.N. Doc. A.34/569 at 9). Only about half of the Cham survived.{{cite web|url=http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_cambodia1.html|title=GENOCIDE – CAMBODIA|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030101115/http://www.ppu.org.uk/genocide/g_cambodia1.html|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031122/http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/stantoncambodianlaw.htm|url-status=dead|title=The Cambodian Genocide and International Law|archive-date=October 11, 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/the-chinese.html|title=Cambodia the Chinese|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022108/http://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/the-chinese.html|archive-date=25 October 2017|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Racism in China}}

{{See also|Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party|Freedom of religion in China#People's Republic of China|Religion in China#People's Republic of China|Human rights in China#Ethnic minorities|Chinese nationalism|Sinocentrism|Han nationalism|Han chauvinism|Hua–Yi distinction|Anti-Manchuism}}

Scholars have suggested that the People's Republic of China largely portrays racism as a Western phenomenon which has led to a lack of acknowledgement of racism in its own society.{{Cite journal |last=Sautman |first=Barry |author-link=Barry Sautman |date=1994 |title=Anti-Black Racism in Post-Mao China |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=138 |issue=138 |pages=413–437 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000035827 |issn=0305-7410 |jstor=654951 |s2cid=154330776}}{{Cite journal |last=Dikötter |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Dikötter |date=December 1991 |title=The Discourse of Race and the Medicalization of Public and Private Space in Modern China (1895–1949) |journal=History of Science |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=411–420 |bibcode=1991HisSc..29..411D |doi=10.1177/007327539102900404 |issn=0073-2753 |pmid=11623001 |s2cid=35792728}}{{Cite news |date=2018-02-22 |title=China portrays racism as a Western problem |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2018/02/22/china-portrays-racism-as-a-western-problem |url-status=live |access-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608235524/https://www.economist.com/china/2018/02/22/china-portrays-racism-as-a-western-problem |archive-date=2019-06-08 |issn=0013-0613}}{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Guangzhi |date=2019-03-01 |title=Policing Blacks in Guangzhou: How Public Security Constructs Africans as Sanfei |journal=Modern China |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=171–200 |doi=10.1177/0097700418787076 |issn=0097-7004 |s2cid=149683802}}{{Citation |last=Law |first=Ian |title=Racial Sinicisation: Han Power and Racial and Ethnic Domination in China |date=2012 |work=Red Racisms |pages=97–131 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137030849_4 |isbn=978-1-349-33608-1}} For example, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination reported in 2018 that Chinese law does not define "racial discrimination" and lacks an anti-racial discrimination law in line with the Paris Principles.{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2018 |title=Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination reviews the report of China |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23452&LangID=E |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608123121/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23452&LangID=E |archive-date=June 8, 2019 |access-date=2019-06-09 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}

Discrimination against African students has occurred since the arrival of Africans to Chinese universities in the 1960s.{{Cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=1988-12-30 |title=Black Africa Leaves China In Quandary |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/30/world/black-africa-leaves-china-in-quandary.html |url-status=live |access-date=2019-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404035559/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/30/world/black-africa-leaves-china-in-quandary.html |archive-date=2019-04-04 |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite journal |last=Cheng |first=Yinghong |date=2011 |title=From Campus Racism to Cyber Racism: Discourse of Race and Chinese Nationalism |journal=The China Quarterly |volume=207 |issue=207 |pages=561–579 |doi=10.1017/S0305741011000658 |issn=0305-7410 |jstor=41305257 |s2cid=145272730}}{{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyO-AwAAQBAJ|title=Nationalism and Anti-Africanism in China|work=Flying Dragon|year=2012|isbn=978-1-105-76890-3|editor-last=Ai|editor-first=Ruixi|pages=29–38|publisher=Lulu.com |language=en|oclc=935463519|access-date=2020-04-15|archive-date=2020-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014003/https://books.google.com/books?id=HyO-AwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} A known incident in 1988 featured Chinese students rioting against African students studying in Nanjing.{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=Michael J. |date=June 1994 |title=The 1988–89 Nanjing Anti-African Protests: Racial Nationalism or National Racism? |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0305741000035839/type/journal_article |url-status=live |journal=The China Quarterly |language=en |volume=138 |pages=438–457 |doi=10.1017/S0305741000035839 |issn=0305-7410 |s2cid=154972703 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014008/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/198889-nanjing-antiafrican-protests-racial-nationalism-or-national-racism/AC0B9378E1434D7DD300F011C3FD2877 |archive-date=2020-08-24 |access-date=2020-04-15}}{{Cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas D. |date=1989-01-05 |title=Africans in Beijing Boycott Classes |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/05/world/africans-in-beijing-boycott-classes.html |url-status=live |access-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609001036/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/05/world/africans-in-beijing-boycott-classes.html |archive-date=2019-06-09 |issn=0362-4331}} In 2007, police anti-drug crackdowns in Beijing's Sanlitun district were reported to target people from Africa as suspected criminals, though police officials denied targeting any specific racial or ethnic group.{{Cite news |last=Brea |first=Jennifer |date=2007-09-26 |title=Beijing police round up and beat African expats |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/26/china.internationalcrime |url-status=live |access-date=2019-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609001925/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/26/china.internationalcrime |archive-date=2019-06-09 |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.beijingnewspeak.com/2007/09/28/sanlitun-saga-update-anti-drug-operation-uncovers-no-drugs |title=Beijing Newspeak :: Sanlitun saga update: anti-drug operation uncovers no drugs |access-date=2012-01-12 |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427154610/http://www.beijingnewspeak.com/2007/09/28/sanlitun-saga-update-anti-drug-operation-uncovers-no-drugs |url-status=dead }} According to Foreign Policy, African students have reportedly been subjected to more frequent drug testing than students from other regions.{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/12/chinas-reefer-madness-is-sweeping-up-foreigners/|title=China's Reefer Madness Is Sweeping Up Foreigners|last=Hunwick|first=Robert Foyle|date=2019-07-12|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712212138/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/12/chinas-reefer-madness-is-sweeping-up-foreigners/|archive-date=2019-07-12|access-date=2019-07-14}} Accordingly, some Chinese vloggers have attempted to change the negative stereotypes in their country regarding Africa,{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1714531/chinese-vloggers-change-how-chinas-middle-class-sees-africa/|title=These Chinese vloggers are changing how China's rising middle class sees Africa|last=Kimeria|first=Ciku|website=Quartz Africa|date=24 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224124343/https://qz.com/africa/1714531/chinese-vloggers-change-how-chinas-middle-class-sees-africa/|archive-date=2019-12-24|url-status=live}} while black expats residing in China have reported a mixture of positive and negative experiences.{{Cite web |title=3 African-Americans See China as Their Land of Opportunity |url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/3-african-americans-see-china-their-land-opportunity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224131349/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/3-african-americans-see-china-their-land-opportunity |archive-date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2019-12-24 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2017-12-30 |title=Mr OneTwo on life as a black American actor in China |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2126248/mr-onetwo-life-black-american-actor-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224124342/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2126248/mr-onetwo-life-black-american-actor-china |archive-date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2019-12-24 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}{{Cite web |title= |script-title=zh:在华非洲女留学生：中国人爱摸我的卷发，但没男生搭讪我 |url=https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2019_01_02_485462.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224124342/https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2019_01_02_485462.shtml |archive-date=2019-12-24 |access-date=2019-12-24 |website=Guancha |language=zh-cn}} Reports of racism against Africans in China grew during the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.{{Cite news|last1=Shikanda|first1=Hellen|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenyans-in-China-hit-by-wave-of-racial-attacks/1056-5519796-p8r40t/index.html|title=Outcry as Kenyans in China hit by wave of racial attacks|date=April 10, 2020|work=Daily Nation|access-date=April 10, 2020|url-status=live|last2=Okinda|first2=Brian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410153327/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/Kenyans-in-China-hit-by-wave-of-racial-attacks/1056-5519796-p8r40t/index.html|archive-date=April 10, 2020}}{{Cite web |date=10 April 2020 |title='They deny us everything': Africans under attack in China |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0896msv |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410193548/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0896msv |archive-date=2020-04-10 |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}{{Cite news|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/12/coronavirus-africans-in-china-subjected-to-forced-evictions-arbitrary-quarantines-and-mass-testing/|title=Coronavirus: Africans in China subjected to forced evictions, arbitrary quarantines and mass testing|date=April 12, 2020|work=Hong Kong Free Press|access-date=April 12, 2020|url-status=live|agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200413070942/https://hongkongfp.com/2020/04/12/coronavirus-africans-in-china-subjected-to-forced-evictions-arbitrary-quarantines-and-mass-testing/|archive-date=April 13, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Vincent |first=Danny |date=2020-04-17 |title=Africans in China: We face coronavirus discrimination |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52309414 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418190136/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52309414 |archive-date=2020-04-18}} In August 2023, Human Rights Watch reported that racist content against Black people is widespread on the internet in China.{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=William |date=August 16, 2023 |title=Chinese Social Media Platforms Fail to Control Racism Against Black People: Report |work=Voice of America |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-social-media-platforms-fail-to-control-racism-against-black-people-report/7227458.html |access-date=August 16, 2023 |quote=HRW analyzed hundreds of videos and posts on popular Chinese social media platforms, including Bilibili, Douyin, Kuaishou, Weibo and Xiaohongshu, since late 2021. It found that content portraying Black people based on offensive racial stereotypes has become rampant.}}

With a population of 7.3 million{{cite web |url = http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/press_release/press_releases_on_statistics/index.jsp?sID=1752&sSUBID=7113&subjectID=&charsetID=&displayMode=D |title = Press Release (14 Aug 2006): Mid-year Population for 2006 – Census and Statistics Department |date = 14 August 2006 |access-date = 17 June 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082117/https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/press_release/press_releases_on_statistics/index.jsp?sID=1752&sSUBID=7113&subjectID=&charsetID=&displayMode=D |archive-date = 17 October 2018 |url-status = live }} Hong Kong has gained a reputation as an international city, while remaining predominantly Chinese. This multi-culturalism has raised issues of racial and gender discrimination, particularly among the 350,000 ethnic minorities such as Africans, Nepalese, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis, Mexicans and Filipinos, who have long established minority communities since the founding days of the former colony or have come to Hong Kong recently to work as domestic workers. For example, Filipino females are sometimes addressed by the derogatory term "Bun Mui" and Filipino males "Bun Jai" (literally Filipino sister and Filipino son, respectively).{{cite web | url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/01/six-ethnic-minority-students-get-scholarships-in-hong-kong/ | title=Six ethnic minority students get scholarships in Hong Kong | date=2019-01-02 | publisher=Asia Times | access-date=2020-06-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627222523/https://asiatimes.com/2019/01/six-ethnic-minority-students-get-scholarships-in-hong-kong/ | archive-date=2020-06-27 | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://hongkongfp.com/2018/10/01/term-gweilo-racist-sure-not-way-think/ | title=Is the term 'gweilo' racist? Sure… but not in the way you think | date=2018-10-01 | publisher=Hong Kong Free Press | access-date=2020-06-27 }} In 2003, the number of complaints filed with the body handling discrimination issues, the Equal Opportunities Commission{{cite web |url = http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/GraphicsFolder/default.aspx |title = Equal Opportunities Commission |access-date = 17 June 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609050417/http://www.eoc.org.hk/EOC/GraphicsFolder/default.aspx |archive-date = 9 June 2015 |url-status = live }} increased by 31 percent.

Since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, there has been greater tension and more conflicts have risen between residents of the PRC (People's Republic of China or the "Mainland") and Hong Kong over a variety of political and socio-economical issues concerning the governance and constitutional autonomy of the territory. The issues partly involve the intrusive policies of the central government{{cite web |url = http://programme.rthk.org.hk/channel/radio/programme.php?name=radio1/hkletter&d=2015-09-26&p=1085&e=325884&m=episode |title = 前香港大律師公會主席石永泰──中港爭議源自價值觀分歧 |date = September 2015 |access-date = 2020-05-12 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160412131533/http://programme.rthk.org.hk/channel/radio/programme.php?name=radio1%2Fhkletter&d=2015-09-26&p=1085&e=325884&m=episode |archive-date = 2016-04-12 |url-status = live }} and also partly the behaviors of Mainland residents when they travel to Hong Kong. Mainland residents suffered considerable set-backs in the 1960s and 1970s due to catastrophes such as the Great Chinese Famine that resulted from the poor governance of the PRC. However, since the 1990s, the Mainland has had considerable economic growth, and a large number of mainland tourists have visited Hong Kong in recent years. There also have been many reports that visiting Mainland parents let their child defecate or urinate openly in the street in busy shopping districts or in public transports.{{cite news |url = http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140419/18694315 |work = The Apple Daily |title = Mainland tourists let their child pee in the street and assaulted Hong Kong resident |access-date = 2015-11-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126044737/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20140419/18694315 |archive-date = 2015-11-26 |url-status = live }}

Similarly, with the introduction of China's Individual Visit Scheme in 2003, which effectively grants Mainland residents an unlimited entry travel visa to Hong Kong, and following the 2008 Chinese milk scandal and other food safety incidents in China an influx of Mainland residents travel regularly to Hong Kong to buy baby formula and other daily necessities. In the process, this influx caused shortages of supply for Hong Kong parents and escalated rents; it also greatly harmed the commercial diversity of Hong Kong business. Due to the great demand from mainland residents, smugglers organizations have grown rapidly.{{cite web | url=http://www.bcmagazine.net/bc/tag/real-hong-kong-news/ | title=Real Hong Kong News | work=bc magazine | date=9 June 2015 | access-date=June 23, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093348/http://www.bcmagazine.net/bc/tag/real-hong-kong-news/ | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | url-status=live }} This deleterious effect on the economy has caused some Hong Kong residents to refer to Mainland residents as "locusts";{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21546051 |newspaper=The Economist |title=Dogs and locusts |date=2012-02-04 |access-date=2012-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225044356/http://www.economist.com/node/21546051 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |url-status=live }} they are seen as invaders who swarm into the city and drain its resources.{{cite web | url=http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20150224/news_20150224_55_1079278.htm | title=回應反水貨客行動張超雄認為屬歧視不能接受 | date=2015-02-24 | access-date=June 23, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234621/http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20150224/news_20150224_55_1079278.htm | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | url-status=live }}

On the other hand, a race discrimination bill has been demanded by human rights groups for the last 10 years, and the government has been accused of putting the issue on the back burner. Last 3 December 2006 was the first time a drafted bill was proposed at the Legislative Council, and was expected to be passed before the end of 2008. However, the bill was criticized for being "too conservative".{{cite web |url = http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2004ahrcinnews/222/ |title = Asian Human Rights Commission |access-date = 17 June 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110303051408/http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2004ahrcinnews/222/ |archive-date = 3 March 2011 |url-status = live }}

{{main|Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Anti-Tibetan sentiment#China|History of Tibet (1950–present)|Human rights in Tibet|Sinicization of Tibet|Tibetan independence movement|Tibetan sovereignty debate}}

Critics of Chinese rule of Tibet use the phrase Sinicization of Tibet in reference to programs and laws which impose "cultural unity" in Tibetan areas of China, including the Tibet Autonomous Region and the surrounding Tibetan-designated autonomous areas. These efforts are undertaken by China in order to forcefully assimilate Tibetan culture into mainstream Chinese culture. Another term for sinicization is cultural cleansing or genocide, a term which has been used in reference to the results of China's sinicization programs and laws in Tibet by the 14th Dalai Lama and the Central Tibetan Administration.{{Cite news|date=2011-11-07|title=Dalai Lama: 'Cultural genocide' behind self-immolations|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15617026|access-date=2020-09-12}}T. G. Arya, Central Tibetan Administration,

China’s ‘ethnic unity’ bill aimed at complete sinicization of the Tibetan plateau through ethnic cleansing: CTA Information Secretary, (15 January 2020), https://tibet.net/chinas-ethnic-unity-bill-aimed-at-complete-sinicization-of-the-tibetan-plateau-through-ethnic-cleansing-cta-information-secretary/ ["China has waged unceasing campaigns at both the central and local government level to aggressively consolidate its military occupation of Tibet in the last more than six decades. But this new state-sponsored regulation is seen as a desperately contemplated measure to curb the continued resistance of the Tibetan people and their call for the protection of their cultural and linguistic identity, for freedom, human rights, independence, and for the honourable return of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to Tibet." "Central Tibetan Administration’s Information Secretary Mr T.G. Arya condemned the new ethnic identity law, calling it a measure of ethnic cleansing aimed at a complete overtake of the cultural, political and identitary of the Tibetan plateau by the Chinese. The Secretary also criticised the legislation as a gross violation of the international law and the Chinese constitution." " “What China could not achieve through the sixty years of occupation and repression, now they are trying to achieve it through repressive law. The law aims to achieve complete sinicization of the Tibetan plateau through ethnic cleansing. China finds Tibetan language, religion and culture as the main barrier to achieving complete control over the land,” Secretary TG Arya told the Tibet News Bureau.]

{{main|Persecution of Uyghurs in China}}

{{See also|Islam in China#People's Republic of China|Islamophobia in China|History of Xinjiang#People's Republic of China (1949–present)|Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China|Xinjiang conflict|Xinjiang internment camps}}

The Chinese government has persecuted Uyghur people and other ethnic and religious minorities in and around the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of the People's Republic of China.{{Cite news|date=3 October 2020|title=Uyghur American Association holds rally in US to raise awareness about Muslim genocide in China|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/uyghur-american-association-holds-rally-in-us-to-raise-awareness-about-muslim-genocide-in-china/story-3CudRMYaUrcvHUpUO3BeBO.html}}{{Cite news|last=Allen-Ebrahimian|first=Bethany|date=10 February 2021|title=Norway's youth parties call for end to China free trade talks|work=Axios|url=https://www.axios.com/norways-youth-parties-call-for-end-to-china-free-trade-talks-cd070721-7390-4e7e-a6e9-b6494793d411.html|quote=...[O]pposition to China's Uyghur genocide is gaining momentum in Norway, where some politicians are fearful of jeopardizing ties with Beijing.}}{{Cite news|date=2021-02-08|title=Uighurs: 'Credible case' China carrying out genocide|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55973215|access-date=2021-02-08}} Since 2014,{{Cite news|last=Davidson|first=Helen|date=18 September 2020|title=Clues to scale of Xinjiang labour operation emerge as China defends camps|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/18/clues-to-scale-of-xinjiang-labour-operation-emerge-as-china-defends-camps|access-date=}} the Chinese government, under the direction of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) during the administration of CCP general secretary Xi Jinping, has pursued policies leading to more than one million Muslims{{Cite news|date=10 August 2018|title=One million Muslim Uighurs held in secret China camps: UN panel|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/8/10/one-million-muslim-uighurs-held-in-secret-china-camps-un-panel|access-date=}}{{Cite news|last1=Welch|first1=Dylan|last2=Hui|first2=Echo|last3=Hutcheon|first3=Stephen|date=24 November 2019|title=The China Cables: Leak reveals the scale of Beijing's repressive control over Xinjiang|publisher=ABC News (Australia)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-25/china-cables-beijings-xinjiang-secrets-revealed/11719016|access-date=}}{{Cite news|last=Mourenza|first=Andrés|date=31 January 2021|title=Los exiliados uigures en Turquía temen la larga mano china|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-01-31/los-exiliados-uigures-en-turquia-temen-la-larga-mano-china.html|access-date=}}{{Cite news|last=Child|first=David|date=27 Jan 2021|title=Holocaust Memorial Day: Jewish figures condemn Uighur persecution|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/27/holduk-jewish-leaders-use-holocaust-day-to-denounce-uighur-abuses|access-date=}}{{Cite news|date=28 June 2020|title=Trump signs bill pressuring China over Uighur Muslim crackdown|work=The Daily Star (Lebanon)|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2020/Jun-18/507667-trump-signs-bill-pressuring-china-over-uighur-muslim-crackdown.ashx|access-date=}} (the majority of them Uyghurs) being held in secretive internment camps without any legal process{{Cite news|last=Stroup|first=David R.|date=19 November 2019|title=Why Xi Jinping's Xinjiang policy is a major change in China's ethnic politics|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/19/why-xi-jinpings-xinjiang-policy-is-major-change-chinas-ethnic-politics/|access-date=24 November 2019}}{{Cite web|date=10 July 2019|title=UN: Unprecedented Joint Call for China to End Xinjiang Abuses|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217070044/https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses|archive-date=17 December 2019|access-date=18 December 2020|publisher=Human Rights Watch}} in what has become the largest-scale detention of ethnic and religious minorities since the Holocaust.{{Cite news|last=McNeill|first=Sophie|date=14 July 2019|title=The Missing: The families torn apart by China's campaign of cultural genocide|work=ABC News (Australia)|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-14/chinas-crackdown-on-uyghurs-tearing-families-apart/11221614|quote=It appears to be the largest imprisonment of people on the basis of religion since the Holocaust.}}{{Cite news|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Megha|last2=Killing|first2=Alison|date=3 December 2020|title=Inside A Xinjiang Detention Camp|work=BuzzFeed News|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/inside-xinjiang-detention-camp|access-date=}} Critics of the policy have described it as the Sinicization of Xinjiang and have called it an ethnocide or cultural genocide,{{refn|{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |title='Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education' |work=The Independent |date=5 July 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422051855/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |title='Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs |work=The Times |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425012712/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cultural-genocide-for-repressed-minority-of-uighurs-bp0w6dw89 |archive-date=25 April 2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |title=China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide' |work=Der Spiegel |date=28 November 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121105242/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/chinese-oppression-of-the-uighurs-like-cultural-genocide-a-1298171.html |archive-date=21 January 2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77 |title=Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture |work=Financial Times |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414154451/https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |title=The Uyghur Minority in China: A Case Study of Cultural Genocide, Minority Rights and the Insufficiency of the International Legal Framework in Preventing State-Imposed Extinction |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/laws9010001 |last1=Finnegan |first1=Ciara |journal=Laws |volume=9 |page=1 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |url=https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=508909415820545;res=IELIAC |title=China's crime against Uyghurs is a form of genocide |journal=Fourth World Journal |date=Summer 2019 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=76–88 |access-date=2020-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201093948/https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=508909415820545;res=IELIAC |archive-date=2020-02-01 |url-status=live |last1=Fallon |first1=Joseph E. }}}} while some governments, activists, independent NGOs, human rights experts, academics, government officials, and the East Turkistan Government-in-Exile have called it a genocide.{{refn|{{Cite web |title=Menendez, Cornyn Introduce Bipartisan Resolution to Designate Uyghur Human Rights Abuses by China as Genocide |publisher=United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations |date=October 27, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url= https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/ranking/release/menendez-cornyn-introduce-bipartisan-resolution-to-designate-uyghur-human-rights-abuses-by-china-as-genocide}}{{Cite web |title=Blackburn Responds to Offensive Comments by Chinese State Media |publisher=U.S. Senator Marsha Blackburn of Tennessee |date=December 3, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url= https://www.blackburn.senate.gov/2020/12/blackburn-responds-to-offensive-comments-by-chinese-state-media/accb2b20-54e8-4926-a643-5f2a1cde31fa}}{{Cite web |title=British lawmakers call for sanctions over Uighur human rights abuses |last=Alecci |first=Scilla |publisher=International Consortium of Investigative Journalists |date=October 14, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url= https://www.icij.org/investigations/china-cables/british-lawmakers-call-for-sanctions-over-uighur-human-rights-abuses/}}{{Cite web |title=Committee News Release – October 21, 2020 – SDIR (43–2) |publisher=House of Commons of Canada |date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url= https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/43-2/SDIR/news-release/10903199 }}}} Uyghur individuals are being relocated to factories within mainland China, where they are exploited as contemporary forms of forced labor.{{Cite web |title=China's Genocide Against Uyghurs |url=https://ieres.elliott.gwu.edu/project/chinas-genocide-against-uyghurs/ |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=The Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies (IERES) |language=en-US}}

In particular, critics have highlighted the concentration of Uyghurs in state-sponsored internment camps,{{refn|{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe|title=Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp|last=Danilova|first=Maria|date=2018-11-27|work=Associated Press|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213063324/https://apnews.com/61cdf7f5dfc34575aa643523b3c6b3fe|archive-date=2019-12-13|access-date=2019-12-02}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-concentrationcamps-idUSKCN1S925K|title=China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says|last=Stewart|first=Phil|date=2019-05-04|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208091303/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-concentrationcamps-idUSKCN1S925K|archive-date=2019-12-08|url-status=live}}}} suppression of Uyghur religious practices,{{refn|{{Cite journal|last=Congressional Research Service|date=18 June 2019|title=Uyghurs in China|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf|journal=Congressional Research Service|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-date=18 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218075723/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10281.pdf|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canadian-went-to-china-to-debunk-reports-of-anti-muslim-repression-but-was-shocked-by-treatment-of-uyghurs|title=Canadian went to China to debunk reports of anti-Muslim repression, but was 'shocked' by treatment of Uyghurs|last=Blackwell|first=Tom|date=25 September 2019|work=National Post|access-date=2019-12-02|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190926093402/https://nationalpost.com/news/canadian-went-to-china-to-debunk-reports-of-anti-muslim-repression-but-was-shocked-by-treatment-of-uyghurs|url-status=live}}}} political indoctrination,{{Cite news |title=Muslim minority in China's Xinjiang face 'political indoctrination': Human Rights Watch |work=Reuters |date=September 9, 2018 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/muslim-minority-in-chinas-xinjiang-face-political-indoctrination-human-rights-watch-idUSKCN1LQ01F |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032307/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-rights/muslim-minority-in-chinas-xinjiang-face-political-indoctrination-human-rights-watch-idUSKCN1LQ01F |url-status=live }} severe ill-treatment,{{cite web |url=https://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020-Responsibility-of-States-to-Uyghurs_Final.pdf |title=Responsibility of States under International Law to Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, China |publisher=Bar Human Rights Committee |access-date=18 December 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921202046/https://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/2020-Responsibility-of-States-to-Uyghurs_Final.pdf |url-status=live }} and testimonials of alleged human rights abuses including forced sterilization, contraception,{{cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_china-forces-birth-control-uighurs-suppress-population/6191919.html |title=China Forces Birth Control on Uighurs to Suppress Population |date=29 June 2020 |format= }} and abortion.{{refn|{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/china-uighur-women-reportedly-sterilized-in-attempt-to-suppress-population/a-54018051 |title= China: Uighur women reportedly sterilized in attempt to suppress population |format= |work=Deutsche Welle |date=1 July 2020 |access-date=14 March 2021}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/chinas-forced-sterilization-uighur-women-cultural-genocide|title=China's Forced Sterilization of Uighur Women Is Cultural Genocide|last1=Enos|first1=Olivia|last2=Kim|first2=Yujin|date=29 August 2019|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202230646/https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/chinas-forced-sterilization-uighur-women-cultural-genocide|archive-date=2 December 2019|access-date=2 December 2019}}{{Cite news|date=2020-06-29|title=China 'using birth control' to suppress Uighurs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713|access-date=2020-07-07|archive-date=2020-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222610/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53220713|url-status=live}}}} Chinese government statistics show that from 2015 to 2018, birth rates in the mostly Uyghur regions of Hotan and Kashgar fell by more than 60%.{{Cite news |title=China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization |work=Associated Press |date=June 28, 2020 |access-date=December 18, 2020 |url=https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216200613/https://apnews.com/article/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |url-status=live }} In the same period, the birth rate of the whole country decreased by 9.69%, from 12.07 to 10.9 per 1,000 people.{{Cite web |title=Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) – China |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=2 January 2021 |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?start=2015&end=2018&locations=CN}} Chinese authorities acknowledged that birth rates dropped by almost a third in 2018 in Xinjiang, but denied reports of forced sterilization and genocide.{{cite news |author=Ivan Watson, Rebecca Wright and Ben Westcott |title=Xinjiang government confirms huge birth rate drop but denies forced sterilization of women |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=26 September 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111925/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/21/asia/xinjiang-china-response-sterilization-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }} Birth rates have continued to plummet in Xinjiang, falling nearly 24% in 2019 alone when compared to just 4.2% nationwide.

{{See also|2020 Inner Mongolia protests}}

The CCP has been accused of sinicization by gradually replacing Mongolian languages with Mandarin Chinese. Critics call it cultural genocide for dismantling people's minority languages and eradicating their minority identities. The implementation of the Mandarin language policy began in Tongliao, because 1 million ethnic Mongols live there making it the most Mongolian-populated area. The 5 million Mongols are less than 20 percent of the population in Inner Mongolia.{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/509173-china-is-replacing-languages-of-ethnic-minorities-with-mandarin |title=China is replacing languages of ethnic minorities with Mandarin |website=The Hill |author=Jianli Yang and Lianchao Han |date=7 July 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731101052/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/509173-china-is-replacing-languages-of-ethnic-minorities-with-mandarin |archive-date=31 July 2020 |url-status=live}}

{{Further information|Ethnic relations in India}}

{{See also|Caste system in India|Anti-Bihari sentiment|1984 anti-Sikh riots|1991 anti-Tamil violence in Karnataka|2008 attacks on Uttar Pradeshi and Bihari migrants in Maharashtra}}

Racism in India first started during the colonial era, when European colonialists, using prevailing theories of scientific racism, formulated racial differences between Europeans and Indians that included dividing various ethnic groups in India into different "classes".{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhbwDFfE9J8C&pg=PA99|title=Aryans and British India|access-date=17 June 2015|isbn=9788190227216|last1=Trautmann|first1=Thomas R.|year=2008|publisher=Yoda Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513093320/https://books.google.com/books?id=dhbwDFfE9J8C&pg=PA99|archive-date=13 May 2016|url-status=live}} The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, wrote:

We in India have known racialism in all its forms ever since the commencement of British rule. The idea of a master race is inherent in imperialism. India as a nation and Indians as individuals were subjected to insult, humiliation and contemptuous treatment. The English were an imperial race, we were told, with the God-given right to govern us and keep us in subjection; if we protested we were reminded of the 'tiger qualities of an imperial race'.From Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, reproduced from "History : Modern India" (p108) by S.N. Sen, New Age Publishers, {{ISBN|81-224-1774-4}}.

In recent years, discrimination against people from Northeast India and from South India has been reported. In 2007, the North East Support Centre & Helpline (NESC&H) was started as a separate wing of All India Christian Council. Its stated goal is to increase awareness regarding prejudice and attacks against people from North-East India.{{cite web|url=http://nehelpline.net/?page_id=193|title=About NE Support Centre & Helpline|date=5 January 2011|publisher=North East Support Centre & Helpline|access-date=14 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016110755/http://nehelpline.net/?page_id=193|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}} Many North-Eastern Indians face discrimination, are refused living accommodations when they travel to urban areas to study{{cite news|title=Delhi won't lend a home to students from northeast|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-won-t-lend-a-home-to-students-from-northeast/Article1-1105466.aspx|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=9 August 2013|location=New Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812030909/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-won-t-lend-a-home-to-students-from-northeast/Article1-1105466.aspx|archive-date=12 August 2013|url-status=dead}} and are subjected to racial slurs{{cite news|title=Students from North East tired of discrimination|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/students-from-north-east-tired-of-discrimination-10607|access-date=14 August 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=26 October 2009|location=New Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416192226/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/students-from-north-east-tired-of-discrimination-10607|archive-date=16 April 2014|url-status=live}} in reference to the appearance of their eyes. A spokesman for the NESC&H has stated that abuse and harassment of North-Easterners is increasing.{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/in-focus/June_2009/Northeast_students_question_%27racism%27_in_India_8316|title=Northeast students question 'racism' in India|date=6 June 2009|publisher=India edunews|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511140039/http://www.indiaedunews.net/in-focus/June_2009/Northeast_students_question_%27racism%27_in_India_8316/|archive-date=11 May 2013|url-status=usurped}}

A World Values Survey reported India as the second-least tolerant country in the world, as 43.5% of Indians responded that they would prefer not to have neighbors of a different race.{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/15/a-fascinating-map-of-the-worlds-most-and-least-racially-tolerant-countries/ |title=A fascinating map of the world's most and least racially tolerant countries |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2020-04-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170430071325/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/05/15/a-fascinating-map-of-the-worlds-most-and-least-racially-tolerant-countries/ |archive-date=2017-04-30 |url-status=live }} The most recent survey, however, in 2016, conducted by the World Values Survey, found that 25.6% of the people living in India would not want a person of a different race to be their neighbor.[http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp World Values Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908124210/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWV6.jsp |date=2019-09-08}}, CERRSE, Jain University on behalf of Institute for Comparative Survey Research, Table V37

{{See also|Legislation on Chinese Indonesians|Jakarta Riots of May 1998|Sambas riots|Sampit conflict|2019 Papua protests}}

Indonesia is a multi-ethnic country. However, several discriminatory laws against Chinese Indonesians were enacted by the government of Indonesia. In 1959, President Sukarno approved PP 10/1959, which forced Chinese Indonesians to close their businesses in rural areas and to relocate to urban areas. Moreover, political pressures in the 1970s and the 1980s restricted the role of Chinese Indonesians in politics, academics, and the military. As a result, they were constrained professionally to becoming entrepreneurs and professional managers in trade, manufacturing, and banking. In the 1960s, after the alleged communist coup attempt in 1965, there was a strong sentiment against Chinese Indonesians, who were accused of being communist collaborators. In 1998, Indonesia riots over higher food prices and rumors of hoarding by merchants and shopkeepers often degenerated into anti-Chinese attacks. There is also discrimination based on religion and belief across the country, especially between Muslims and Christians,{{Cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/1998/02/24/qanda.t_2.php |title=International Herald Tribune: Q&A / Juwono Sudarsono, Defense Official : Racism in Indonesia Undercuts Unity |access-date=2008-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225205716/http://www.iht.com/articles/1998/02/24/qanda.t_2.php |archive-date=2008-02-25 |url-status=live}} particularly during the Maluku sectarian conflict in the wake of Suharto's deposition.

In 1999, Sambas Regency witnessed bloody riots culminating after long-standing animosity between the native Dayak population and Madurese migrants brought under policy by the New Order era government, hundreds of Madurese bodies were reported to be beheaded in the ensuing onslaught.{{cite journal |author=Achmad Ubaedillah |title=When ethnicity is stronger than religion: A look into Dayaks and Madurese conflicts in Kalimantan, Indonesia |journal=Refleksi |publisher=Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta |date=October 2022 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=285-304 |doi=10.15408/ref.v21i2.34795 |url=https://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/refleksi/article/view/34795 |issn=2714-6103|doi-access=free }}

Amnesty International has estimated more than 100,000 Papuans, one sixth of the population, have died as a result of violence against West Papuans,{{cite web|url=http://www.shnews.co/detile-27029-ahrc-genosida-di-papua-benar-terjadi.html|title=SHNEWS.CO:AHRC: Genosida di Papua Benar Terjadi|first=Sinar|last=Harapan|work=shnews.co|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617163506/http://www.shnews.co/detile-27029-ahrc-genosida-di-papua-benar-terjadi.html|archive-date=17 June 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651|title=News|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064843/http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=651|archive-date=15 June 2011|url-status=live}} and others had specified much higher death tolls.{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.vu/en/news/RegionalNews/050728-West-Papua-Support.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113134/http://news.vu/en/news/RegionalNews/050728-West-Papua-Support.shtml|url-status=dead|title=West Papua Support|archive-date=October 13, 2007}} The 1990s saw Indonesia accelerate its Transmigration program under which hundreds of thousands of migrants from Java and Sumatra were resettled to Papua over a ten-year period. The Indonesian government saw that as the improvement of the economy and also the population density in Indonesia. Critics suspect that the program's purpose is to tip the balance of the province's population from the heavily-Melanesian Papuans toward western Indonesians to consolidate Indonesian control further.{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/cline/papua/transmigration.htm|title=West Papua – Transmigration|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501010536/http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/cline/papua/transmigration.htm|archive-date=1 May 2015|url-status=live}} Papuans have also endured racism from other Indonesians outside the island particularly the Javanese for their skin colour and hair who are often insulted as ketek or "monkeys".{{cite journal |pages=200–1 |title=Peripheral insiders: Papuans and Indonesian nationalism |journal=Journal of Law, Politics, and Sociology |volume=95 |issue=2 (2022/2) |url=https://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/AN00224504-20220228-0193.pdf?file_id=166102 |author=Nobuto Yamamoto |publisher=Keio University}}{{cite news |title=Papua protests: Racist taunts open deep wounds |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49434277 |work=BBC News |date=23 August 2019}} The 2019 protests in Papua was in response to racial attacks hurled by Indonesian nationalists and Islamists towards Papuan students at a Surabayan university.{{cite news |last1=Martinkus |first1=John |title=How one word brought Indonesia's rule in West Papua to boiling point |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/how-one-word-brought-indonesia-s-rule-in-west-papua-to-boiling-point-20200526-p54wo3.html |access-date=3 October 2024 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=29 May 2020}}

{{Main|Racism in Iran}}

{{main|Racism and ethnic discrimination in Israel}}

{{See also|Anti-Palestinianism|Israeli apartheid|Israeli settler violence|Zion Square assault}}

Organizations such as Amnesty International, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel, and the United States Department of State{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm |title=Israel and the occupied territories |work=State.gov |date=2005-02-28 |access-date=2010-07-22 |publisher=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |type=Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830180358/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm |archive-date=2019-08-30 |url-status=dead }} have published reports documenting racial discrimination in Israel.

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) published reports documenting racism in Israel, and the 2007 report suggested that racism in the country was increasing.{{cite web|title=Israeli anti-Arab racism 'rises'|work=BBC|date=10 December 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7136068.stm|access-date=8 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810235459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7136068.stm|archive-date=10 August 2011|url-status=live}} One analysis of the report summarized it: "Over two-thirds Israeli teen believe Arabs to be less intelligent, uncultured and violent. Over a third of Israeli teens fear Arabs all together....The report becomes even grimmer, citing the ACRI's racism poll, taken in March 2007, in which 50% of Israelis taking part said they would not live in the same building as Arabs, will not befriend, or let their children befriend Arabs and would not let Arabs into their homes."{{cite news|title=Synopsis of the report, from "Racism in Israel on the rise"|author=Aviram Zino|work=Ynet News|date=12 August 2007|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3480345,00.html|access-date=8 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022031716/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3480345,00.html|archive-date=22 October 2010|url-status=live}} The 2008 report from ACRI says the trend of increasing racism is continuing.{{cite web|title=Reflections on October 2000 – Eight years later, discrimination and racism against Israel's Arab citizens have only increased|type=news release|publisher=ACRI|url=http://www.acri.org.il/eng/story.aspx?id=556}}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{further|Racism in Japan|Uyoku dantai|Netto-uyoku|Japanese war crimes}}

In 2005, a United Nations report expressed concerns about racism in Japan and that government recognition of the depth of the problem was not total.{{cite web|url=http://www.unic.or.jp/new/pr05-057-E.htm |title=Press Conference by Mr Doudou Diène, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights |access-date=2007-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329065052/http://www.unic.or.jp/new/pr05-057-E.htm |archive-date=2007-03-29 }}[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4671687.stm "Japan racism 'deep and profound".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309040959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4671687.stm |date=2008-03-09 }} BBC News (2005-07-11). Retrieved on 2007-01-05. The author of the report, Doudou Diène (Special Rapporteur of the UN Commission on Human Rights), concluded after a nine-day investigation that racial discrimination and xenophobia in Japan primarily affects three groups: national minorities, Latin Americans of Japanese descent, mainly Japanese Brazilians, and foreigners from poor countries.{{cite web |url=http://www.imadr.org/geneva/2006/G0610396.pdf |title='Overcoming "Marginalization" and "Invisibility"', International Movement against all forms of Discrimination and Racism |access-date=2007-01-05 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061214115324/http://imadr.org/geneva/2006/G0610396.pdf |archive-date = 2006-12-14}}

Japan only accepted 16 refugees in 1999, while the United States took in 85,010 for resettlement, according to the UNHCR. New Zealand, which is 30 times smaller than Japan (in terms of population), accepted 1,140 refugees in 1999. Just 305 persons were recognized as refugees by Japan from 1981, when Japan ratified the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, to 2002.{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_Feb_24/ai_98002254|title=Japan's refugee policy|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216094857/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2003_Feb_24/ai_98002254|archive-date=16 February 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/ClosedCountry01.html|title=Questioning Japan's 'Closed Country' Policy on Refugees|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413083037/http://www.iwanami.co.jp/jpworld/text/ClosedCountry01.html|archive-date=13 April 2015}} Former Prime Minister Taro Aso called Japan a "one race" nation.{{Cite web|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070519010856/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?nn20051018a7.htm|archive-date=2007-05-19|url-status=dead|title=Aso says Japan is nation of 'one race' | The Japan Times Online}} A 2019 Ipsos poll has also suggested that Japanese respondents had a lower sympathy for refugees compared to the other surveyed nations.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-06/World-Refugee-Day-2019-Ipsos.pdf|title=Global attitudes towards refugees (page 5)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228193805/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2019-06/World-Refugee-Day-2019-Ipsos.pdf|archive-date=2019-12-28}}

Ainu people are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, northern Honshū, the Kuril Islands, much of Sakhalin, and the southernmost third of the Kamchatka peninsula. As Japanese settlement expanded, the Ainu were pushed northward, until by the Meiji period they were confined by the government to a small area in Hokkaidō, in a manner similar to the placing of Native Americans on reservations.{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/japan/57.htm|title=Japan – Ainu|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054726/http://countrystudies.us/japan/57.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}

Japan lacks any law which prohibits racial, ethnic, or religious discrimination, or discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity. The country also has no national human rights institutions.{{Cite web|date=2020-01-15|title=World Report 2020: Rights Trends in Japan|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/japan|access-date=2021-07-14|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}} Non-Japanese individuals in Japan often face human rights violations that Japanese citizens may not.{{cite web |last1=Nagayoshi |first1=Kikuko |title=Prejudice against immigrants explained in numbers |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/focus/en/features/z0508_00213.html |website=The University of Tokyo |access-date=10 April 2022 |language=en |date=16 June 2021}} In recent years, non-Japanese media has reported that Japanese firms frequently confiscate the passports of guest workers in Japan, particularly unskilled laborers.{{Cite news|title=Ghosn wasn't the only one trapped in Japan — many foreign workers also want to escape|newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/ghosn-wasnt-the-only-one-trapped-in-japan-many-foreign-workers-also-want-to-escape/2020/01/23/ea7bcaf0-3daf-11ea-971f-4ce4f94494b4_story.html|access-date=2021-06-10}}{{Cite news|last=Murakami|first=Sakura|date=2020-01-23|title=Japan should ban confiscation of foreign employees' passports, lawyer says|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-immigration-idUSKBN1ZM0T8|access-date=2021-06-10}} Critics call this practice, which is legal and encouraged in Japan, coercive and a form of human trafficking.{{Cite thesis|title=Sex for Sale: The Role of Culture and Demand in Japan's Human Trafficking Industry|url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1059424|publisher=Georgetown University|date=2020|degree=thesis|language=en|first=Hannah|last=Rosenfeld}}

In the early 20th century, driven by an ideology of Japanese nationalism under the guise of national unity, the Japanese government identified and forcefully assimilated marginalized populations, which included Ryukyuans, Ainu, and other underrepresented groups, imposing assimilation programs in language, culture and religion.{{Cite book |last=Heinrich |first=Patrick |year=2012 |title=The Making of Monolingual Japan: Language Ideology and Japanese Modernity |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Bristol, UK |isbn=978-1-8476-9656-4 |pages=4, 90–91, 95–96, 100}} Japan considers these ethnic groups as a mere "subgroup" of the Japanese people and therefore synonymous to the Yamato people, and do not recognize them as a minority group with a distinct culture.{{cite book|last=Inoue|first=Masamichi S.|title=Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnsVoSw8hRgC|year=2017|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51114-8}}{{cite book|last=Loo|first=Tze May|title=Heritage Politics: Shuri Castle and Okinawa's Incorporation into Modern Japan, 1879–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjsfAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8249-9}}{{cite news |author=Masami Ito |title=Between a rock and a hard place |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2009/05/12/news/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place/#.WJepb4WcFMt |date=12 May 2009 |newspaper=The Japan Times |access-date=5 February 2017}}

{{further|Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East#Jordan|Antisemitism in the Arab world#Jordan|Slavery in Jordan}}

{{main|Racism in Malaysia}}

Malaysia is a multi–ethnic country, with Malays making up the majority—close to 52% of the population.{{cn|date=March 2025}} About 30% of the population are Chinese Malaysians (Malaysians of Chinese descent), and Indian Malaysians (Malaysians of Indian descent) comprise about 10% of the population.{{cn|date=March 2025}} Government policies of positive discrimination often favor the Malay majority with Bumiputera status, particularly in areas such as housing, finance and education. Such policies are protected by article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The former long-term ruling party of UMNO also promoted Ketuanan Melayu: the idea that the Bumiputeras should get special privileges in Malaysia. It was written into The Federation of Malaya Agreement signed on 21 January 1948 at King House by the Malay rulers and by Sir Edward Gent, as the representative of the British government, that Malays would lead the three main races. Malays dominate in: politics at both national and state levels; the civil service; military and security forces. Chinese have traditionally dominated the economy and live in large numbers in urban areas of Malaysia.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

For Ramadan 2011, Chinese-language television station 8TV had some advertisements featuring a Chinese woman at a Ramadan bazaar. The condescending advertisements were pulled for being racist{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14385624|title=Malaysia's 8TV pulls 'racist' Ramadan adverts|date=3 August 2011|work=BBC News|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009124520/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-14385624|archive-date=9 October 2016|url-status=live}} following an online uproar, and the station was expected to apologize. Instead, they claimed the Ramadan advertisements were an "honest mistake" and went on to claim that the viewers misunderstood the clips. The Ramadan advertisements – released as public service announcements (PSA) – appeared to be stereotyping Chinese people, depicting a socially inept Chinese woman embarrassing others at a Ramadan bazaar.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/8679145/Racist-Ramadan-adverts-pulled-in-Malaysia.html|title='Racist' Ramadan adverts pulled in Malaysia|author=Ian MacKinnon|date=3 August 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009130038/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/8679145/Racist-Ramadan-adverts-pulled-in-Malaysia.html|archive-date=9 October 2016|url-status=live}} Some parts of the community claimed that they were "Islamophobic", especially among the Chinese in Malaysia. Quoting Austrian philosopher Karl Popper, the station said in its Facebook note: "It is impossible to speak in such a way that you cannot be misunderstood." The PSAs highlighted the clueless behaviour of a Chinese woman played by an actor in scenes to demonstrate what might embarrass Muslim Malay hawkers and bazaar patrons alike. In one instance, the Chinese woman dressed in a sleeveless singlet, showing her armpits censored by pixels, to passers-by while touching a bunch of bananas. Each PSA was soon followed by a message on public behavior. One of them included "Do not be greedy and eat in public".{{cite web|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2011/08/02/ramadan-ads-of-armpits-and-morality/|title=Ramadan ads: Of armpits and morality|author=Patrick Lee|date=2 August 2011|work=Free Malaysia Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306170920/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2011/08/02/ramadan-ads-of-armpits-and-morality/|archive-date=6 March 2016|access-date=20 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}

In the 2010–2014 World Values Survey, 59.7% of Malaysian respondents indicated that they would not want immigrants or foreign workers as neighbors, which was among the highest out of the countries surveyed.{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp?WAVE=6&COUNTRY=875|title=WVS Database (question V39)|website=www.worldvaluessurvey.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619195008/http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp?WAVE=6&COUNTRY=875|archive-date=2019-06-19|access-date=2019-12-24}}

In the 2020 survey by IndexMundi,{{Cite web|title=Racial Discrimination Survey|url=https://www.indexmundi.com/surveys/results/8|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.indexmundi.com}} Malaysia ranked second in the proportion of the population recognizing a racism issue in their country.

The Malaysian government ensures that all Bumiputeras are given preferential treatment when it comes to the number of students placed in government universities. The Education Ministry's matriculation programme allocates 90% for Bumiputeras and 10% for non-Bumiputera students.{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/24/matriculation-quota-dated/|title=Matriculation quota dated|last1=Sekaran|first1=R|date=24 April 2019|work=The Star Online|access-date=30 April 2019|quote=A DAP lawmaker has described the admission into the Education Ministry’s (MOE) matriculation programme as an outdated and regressive policy. Penang DAP vice-chairman Dr P. Ramasamy (pic) said sticking to the policy of allocating 90% for Bumiputera and 10% for non-Bumiputera students is not good for the future of the country. “Pakatan Harapan should come up with a progressive system for matriculation admission. “This is not an issue between me and Bersatu. It is about the unequal ratio of 9:1 in the admission of Bumiputera and non-Bumiputera students,” he said on his Facebook page yesterday.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424034355/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/04/24/matriculation-quota-dated/|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}

Bumiputeras are also given 7% discounts for new houses they purchase, and special Malay status reserved land in most housing settlements. Burial plots in most urban areas are for deceased Bumiputeras, while the rest have to be cremated at such locations. All key government positions are to be held by Malays, including most sporting associations. Other forms of preferential treatment include the requirement of a minimum of a 30% Malay Bumiputera equity to be held in Listed Companies, full funding for mosques and Islamic places of worship (Islam is an official religion in Malaysia), special high earning interest trust funds for Bumiputeras, special share allocation for new share applications for Bumiputeras, and making the Malay language a compulsory examination paper to pass with a high emphasis given to it.{{cite web|url=http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/worldlit/link/malaysia_chinese.htm|title=Chinese in Malaysia|publisher=Fu Jen Catholic University Department of English Language and Literature|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000751/http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/worldlit/link/malaysia_chinese.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live}}

Even school textbooks have been criticized as racist, especially from Chinese and Indian-type schools who adopted learning methods from their respective countries. "Interlok" is a 1971 Malay language novel written by Malaysian national laureate Abdullah Hussain, with Chinese groups today condemning its depiction of Chinese characters as greedy, opium-smoking lechers keen to exploit Malays for profit. Some folks said that the Chinese were trying to "conquer Malaysia" as "they did with Singapore". The Indian community earlier complained over the novel's use of the word "pariah" and "keling". Chinese associations said the book was not only offensive to Indians but Chinese as well, as it depicted the character Kim Lock as a "miserly opium addict and callous adulterer" and his son, Cing Huat, as "cunning, greedy, unscrupulous and someone who would sell his daughters". "Interlok" was written based on the ideology of Ketuanan Melayu. The groups also condemned the "major thread" in the book, which depicts the Chinese "cheating and oppressing" Malays or as "nasty and immoral" communist guerrillas.{{Cite news|work=The Nut Graph|title=The hypocrisy surrounding Interlok|date=17 January 2011|url=http://www.thenutgraph.com/the-hypocrisy-surrounding-interlok/|accessdate=28 January 2011}}

Malaysia is also one of the only few countries (less than 10) in the world not to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) at the United Nations (UN), due to the possibility of "conflicts" with the Constitution of Malaysia and the "race and religious norms" that may jeopardize the special status of Malays in the country.{{cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/icerd-rally-malaysia-kuala-lumpur-race-mahathir-bersatu-11031060 |title=Commentary: Malaysia's anti-ICERD rally a reality check for Pakatan Harapan|author=Norshahril Saat|date=16 December 2018 |work=Channel NewsAsia}}

When BN lost its majority after the country's 2018 Malaysian general election there were fears among the Malay population of eventual ratification by the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, which could possibly signal the end of Bumiputera privileges and special positions of the Malays in the country. Race relations eventually severely deteriorated to the point where a mass rally was held in the country's capital of Kuala Lumpur to pressure the government against ratification.{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368|title=PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8 - Malaysiakini|date=17 November 2018 |publisher=Malaysiakini|accessdate=17 November 2021}}

Ne Win's rise to power in the 1962 military coup and his persecution of "resident aliens" (groups of immigrants whose members were not recognized as citizens of the Union of Burma) led to an exodus of some 300,000 Burmese Indians and Burmese Chinese who were victims of Ne Win's discriminatory policies, particularly after the wholesale nationalization of private enterprise in 1964.{{cite book|first=Martin|last=Smith|year=1991|title=Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity|publisher=Zed Books|location=London, New Jersey|pages=43–44,98,56–57,176}}{{cite news|title=Burma: Asians v. Asians|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html|access-date=4 October 2012|newspaper=Time Magazine|date=17 July 1964|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013135423/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875949,00.html|archive-date=13 October 2012|url-status=dead}} Some Muslim refugees who entered Bangladesh also suffer there because the Bangladeshi government provided no support to them as of 2007.{{cite news|last=Dummett|first=Mark|title=Burmese exiles in desperate conditions|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7019882.stm|access-date=4 October 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=29 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027120552/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7019882.stm|archive-date=27 October 2012|url-status=live}} In late 2016, the Myanmar military forces and extremist Buddhists started a major crackdown on the Rohingya Muslims in the country's western region of Rakhine State.

Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to southeastern Bangladesh alone,{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/world/myanmar-rohingya-refugee-crisis-1%2C000-killed-Myanmar-%20violence-%20un-rapporteur-1459426|title=Myanmar violence may have killed more than 1,000: UN rapporteur|work=The daily star|date=8 September 2017|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053030/http://www.thedailystar.net/world/myanmar-rohingya-refugee-crisis-1,000-killed-Myanmar-%20violence-%20un-rapporteur-1459426|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}} and more have fled to other surrounding countries, and major Muslim nations.{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/india-plans-deport-thousands-rohingya-refugees-170814110027809.html|title=India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816234737/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/india-plans-deport-thousands-rohingya-refugees-170814110027809.html|archive-date=2017-08-16|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/5/590990ff4/168000-rohingya-likely-fled-myanmar-since-2012-unhcr-report.html|title=Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012 – UNHCR report|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225184234/http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/5/590990ff4/168000-rohingya-likely-fled-myanmar-since-2012-unhcr-report.html|archive-date=2017-12-25|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299|title=Identity issue haunts Karachi's Rohingya population|last=Rehman|first=Zia Ur|date=23 Feb 2015|work=Dawn|quote=Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started to turn against them.|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108165340/http://www.dawn.com/news/1165299|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=live}} More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/burma-rohingya-muslim-refugee-camps | title=Trapped inside Burma's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition | newspaper=The Guardian | date=20 December 2012 | access-date=10 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801113723/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/20/burma-rohingya-muslim-refugee-camps | archive-date=1 August 2017 | url-status=live }}{{cite news|title=US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/us-holocaust-museum-highlights-plight-of-myanmars-downtrodden-rohingya-muslims/|date=6 November 2013|agency=Associated Press|work=Fox News|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019125757/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/11/06/us-holocaust-museum-highlights-plight-myanmar-downtrodden-rohingya-muslims/|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}} Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces, August 25, 2017, the Myanmar military had launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state[http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/CXBMissionSummaryFindingsOctober2017.pdf Mission report of OHCHR rapid response mission to Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, 13–24 September 2017,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012073135/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/MM/CXBMissionSummaryFindingsOctober2017.pdf |date=12 October 2017 }} released 11 October 2017, U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations, retrieved October 12, 2017; quote="The “clearance operations” started before 25 August 2017, and as early as the beginning of

August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks

which were carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across

northern Rakhine State has led to a massive exodus of more than 500,000 people who have fled to

Bangladesh.

The testimonies which were collected by the OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages

constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces

and Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings of the

Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse

which was based on their religion, language, culture and ethnic identity.

There are indications that the violence was still ongoing while this report was being written."[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/11/rohingya-refugees-myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-un-report "UN report details brutal Myanmar effort to drive out half a million Rohingya,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026010747/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/11/rohingya-refugees-myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-un-report |date=2017-10-26 }} October 11, 2017, Reuters at the United Nations, in The Guardian (newspaper), retrieved October 12, 2017 that left over 3,000 dead, many more injured, tortured or raped, villages burned. Over 603,000 Rohingya from Myanmar, fled to Bangladesh alone, and more have fled to other countries.Lone, Wa and Andrew R.C. Marshall, [https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-myanmar-rohingya-exclusive/exclusive-we-will-kill-you-all-rohingya-villagers-in-myanmar-beg-for-safe-passage-idUKKCN1BS0PN "Exclusive – 'We will kill you all' – Rohingya villagers in Myanmar beg for safe passage,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917195557/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-myanmar-rohingya-exclusive/exclusive-we-will-kill-you-all-rohingya-villagers-in-myanmar-beg-for-safe-passage-idUKKCN1BS0PN |date=2017-09-17 }} September 17, 2017, Reuters, retrieved September 17, 2017 According to the Refugee Relief and Repatriation Commission, about 624,000 Rohingyas entered Bangladesh until November 7.{{Cite news |last=Gowen |first=Annie |date=2023-04-08 |title='Textbook example of ethnic cleansing': 370,000 Rohingyas flood Bangladesh as crisis worsens |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/textbook-example-of-ethnic-cleansing--370000-rohingyas-flood-bangladesh-as-crisis-worsens/2017/09/12/24bf290e-8792-41e9-a769-c79d7326bed0_story.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0190-8286}}{{Cite news |date=2017-09-08 |title=270,000 Rohingya Have Fled Myanmar, U.N. Says (Published 2017) |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/08/world/asia/myanmar-rohingya-refugees-270000.html |access-date=2023-08-19}}{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168917 | title=Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya? | newspaper=BBC | date=10 January 2017 | access-date=11 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618034401/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168917 | archive-date=18 June 2018 | url-status=live }}

In Nepal, there are concerns about racism towards Dalits, indigenous, refugees, and other ethnic communities.{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Rishi|date=2006-03-20|title=Day against racial discrimination today|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/day-against-racial-discrimination-today|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Himalayan Times|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Melanin and the mind|url=https://kathmandupost.com/opinion/2019/01/04/melanin-and-the-mind|access-date=2021-08-24|website=kathmandupost.com|language=Malay}}

{{see also|1971 Bangladesh genocide}}

Racist sentiments exist between citizens of Pakistan towards the citizens of Bangladesh. A strong anti-Bengali Pakistani regime prior to and during the Bangladesh Liberation War were strongly motivated by anti-Bengali racism within the establishment, especially against the Bengali Hindu minority.{{cite book |last=O'Leary |first=Brendan |author-link=Brendan O'Leary |title=Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders P179 |author2=Thomas M. Callaghy |author3=Ian S. Lustick |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-924490-1 |edition=1st |orig-year=2001}} This conflict goes back to when India was first partitioned into West Pakistan and East Bengal when citizens of today's Pakistan dominated the original Pakistani government. The Muslims of Western Pakistan held political power over and looked down on Bengali Muslims, whom they denigrated as darker skinned as compared to light skinned Punjabi-Pathans.Visibilities and Invisibilities of Race and Racism: Toward a New Global Dialogue (2025) Faye V. Harrison, Yasuko I. Takezawa, Akio Tanabe Between 300,000 and 3 million people were killed during the 9-month-long conflict in 1971.{{cite book |last1=Seto |first1=Donna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |title=No Place for a War Baby: The Global Politics of Children Born of Wartime Sexual Violence |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317087106 |page=29 |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014004/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&dq= |archive-date=24 August 2020 |url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Gerlach |first1=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA257 |title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139493512 |page=257 |quote=Similarly, a death toll of 500,000 in East Pakistan in 1971 would deflate the number canonized by Bangladeshis, but exceed at least ten times what Pakistani historians, military, or politicians have conceded. |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824014004/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA257&dq= |archive-date=24 August 2020 |url-status=live}} The Government of Bangladesh demands a formal apology for those atrocities from the Pakistani head of state, as well as putting on trial former military and political leaders who had played a role in the army action in then East Pakistan. Pakistan has continued to ignore this demand.{{Cite book |last=Alston |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&q=3+million+bangladeshi+genocide+1971+war&pg=PA40 |title=Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh |date=2015-02-11 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317684862 |language=en}}

Discrimination in Pakistan now is mainly based on religion,{{cite web |date=2003-04-22 |title=Item 11: Civil and Political rights: Religious intolerance (Pakistan) |url=http://un.op.org/node/2178 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028135952/http://un.op.org/node/2178 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=17 June 2015}} social status{{cite news |date=2007-08-10 |title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Hypocrisy of Pakistan's ruling elite |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6933876.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509041430/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6933876.stm |archive-date=9 May 2015 |access-date=17 June 2015}} and gender.{{Cite web |title=Gender discrimination in Pakistan |url=http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1746727-gender-discrimination-pakistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622063951/http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1746727-gender-discrimination-pakistan/ |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2010-08-09}}

{{main|Racism in the Philippines}}

Polls have shown that some Christian Filipinos hold negative views directed against the Muslim Moro population due to perceptions of endorsing Islamic terrorism.{{cite web |title=Philippine Daily Inquirer - Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2479&dat=20051105&id=ElQ1AAAAIBAJ&pg=2531,1234389&hl=en |website=news.google.com}}[http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_12802-544-2-30.pdf Amina Rasul: Radicalisation of Muslims in the Philippines ]{{cite web |title=The Center-Periphery Notion of Nation-Building – Franchised Violence and the Bangsamoro Question in the Philippines - Request PDF |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228123343 |website=ResearchGate}}{{cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=The Bias Against Muslims: a Creeping Perception |url=https://issuu.com/ryacat/docs/pidsdrn06-4 |website=Issuu}}{{cite web |title=(Page 30 of 37) - Demographic Indicators of Ethno-religious Minority Recognition authored by Penetrante, Ariel. |url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/1/1/7/pages501174/p501174-30.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930210728/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/0/1/1/7/pages501174/p501174-30.php |archive-date=2015-09-30 |access-date=2021-04-22 |website=citation.allacademic.com}}

The status of Filipinos of Chinese descent varied throughout the colonial period. It is accepted generally, though, that repressive treatment toward Chinese was practised by both Filipinos and Spaniards together with Japanese immigrants and Americans during the colonial period. After independence in 1946, Chinese quickly assumed some of the top posts in finance and business. There were several setbacks, however, such as immigration policies deemed unfair toward migrants from China during President Ramon Magsaysay's term, as well as the limiting of hours for studying Chinese subjects in Chinese schools throughout the country, as promulgated by President Ferdinand Marcos.

In some ways, the Philippines is a surprisingly{{clarify|date=January 2022}} homogeneous society considering its multiplicity of languages, ethnicities and cultures.{{cite web |title=Historical Development of Ethnic Identities |url=http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409052738/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |access-date=June 23, 2016 |work=Country Studies}}

Since self-rule and later independence, Singapore has declared itself to be a multi-cultural society. The Singapore National Pledge is a declaration of anti-racism and the acceptance of all races and religions. Racial Harmony Day is celebrated in Singapore to mark the progress made since the 1964 race riots in Singapore. However, there have been particular lows in certain areas during Singapore's early years factored by complex intertwining regional geopolitics: leaders of its Armed Forces during the 1960s were highly suspicious of their native Malay population despite making up the majority of their contemporary personnel under assumed prejudices that said population "could not be trusted" and would mutiny against the state towards neighbouring Indonesia and especially Malaysia (in the aftermath of the separation from the latter Federation) with similar ethnic compositions; Malays were virtually excluded from conscription from the beginning of the draft in 1967 until 1977.{{cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Sean P. |title=The Roar of the Lion City: Ethnicity, Gender, and Culture in the Singapore Armed Forces |journal=Armed Forces & Society |date=January 2007 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=265–85 |doi=10.1177/0095327X06291854}}

There is a tendency towards collective cultural identity; that is a tendency to focus on group dynamics more at a societal than individual level. This in turn leads to an increased emphasis on being part of the 'in' group and not part of the 'other'. Many have on their identity document an ethnic classification of Other, although there have been recent reforms in 2011 that allow for double-barrel ethnic identifications like "Indian Chinese" or "Chinese Indian" for individuals of mixed heritage.{{cite web|url=http://www.ica.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=12443|title=Greater Flexibility With Implementation Of Double-Barrelled Race Option From 1 January 2011|website=Immigration and Checkpoints Authority|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126071447/http://www.ica.gov.sg/news_details.aspx?nid=12443|archive-date=26 November 2015|access-date=25 November 2015}}

However, there have been cases of racism including the social stigma attached to intermarriage of different ethnic groups. Such racist sentiments have also not escaped those in power. In 1992, former People's Action Party Member of Parliament Choo Wee Khiang said: "One evening, I drove to Little India and it was pitch dark but not because there was no light, but because there were too many Indians around."{{Cite web|date=2011-12-24|title=Seng Han Thong's offensive comment reflection of PAP outlook|url=https://yoursdp.org/news/seng_han_thong_s_offensive_comment_reflection_of_pap_outlook|access-date=2020-06-10|website=yoursdp.org|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235228/https://yoursdp.org/news/seng_han_thong_s_offensive_comment_reflection_of_pap_outlook|url-status=live}}

Since 2010, anti-foreigner sentiments have been significant with house-owners and landlords refusing to rent properties to people from China and India.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-26832115|title='No Indians No PRCs': Singapore's rental discrimination problem|last1=Cheung|first1=Helier|date=May 2014|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124054516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-26832115|archive-date=24 January 2016|url-status=live}} A 2019 YouGov poll has revealed similar results, with Singaporean respondents showing the highest percentage of bias against mainland Chinese and Indian travelers out of all the nations surveyed.{{Cite web|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2019/08/30/britons-make-worst-tourists-say-britons-and-spania|title=Britons make worst tourists, say Britons (and Spaniards and Germans) {{!}} YouGov|website=yougov.co.uk|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225020552/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2019/08/30/britons-make-worst-tourists-say-britons-and-spania|archive-date=2019-12-25|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.traveller.com.au/most-disliked-tourists-by-country-revealed-in-new-research-h1i4qq|title=The world's most hated tourists revealed|last=Gebicki|first=Michael|date=2019-09-19|website=Traveller|language=en-au|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225020548/https://www.traveller.com.au/most-disliked-tourists-by-country-revealed-in-new-research-h1i4qq|archive-date=2019-12-25|url-status=live}}

In January 2019, a 30-year-old man was arrested following a vandalism incident in which hateful slurs against the Malay community were scrawled on poles just outside Aljunied MRT station, Geylang which is near a primary and secondary school.{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/man-arrested-in-connection-with-racial-slurs-scribbled-near-aljunied-mrt-station |title=Man arrested in connection with racial slurs scribbled near Aljunied MRT station |newspaper=The Straits Times |date=11 January 2019 |access-date=2022-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112200232/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/man-arrested-in-connection-with-racial-slurs-scribbled-near-aljunied-mrt-station |archive-date= 12 January 2019 |last1=Wong |first1=Cara }} The racial slurs contained words like: "{{lang|ms|Malay mati}}" (death to Malays) and other slurs displaying graphic sexual acts and one seemed to refer to Malaysian politician Anwar Ibrahim, although it is not independently verifiable if it actually did refer to Anwar.{{cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/malay-mati-anti-malay-racial-102422978.html |title='Malay mati': Anti-Malay racial slurs scrawled outside Singapore train station, man arrested |date=12 January 2019 |access-date=2022-09-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904103014/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/malay-mati-anti-malay-racial-102422978.html |archive-date= 4 September 2022}}

In July 2019, A 47-year-old man was sentenced to four weeks' jail and issued a S$1,000 fine for a number of offences including subjecting a lift passenger of Indian origin to racist remarks.{{Cite web|title=Man who called lift passenger 'smelly' in racist remarks gets jail, fine|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/man-called-lift-passenger-smelly-racist-remarks-gets-jail-11756066|access-date=2020-06-10|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705172917/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/man-called-lift-passenger-smelly-racist-remarks-gets-jail-11756066|url-status=live}} In June 2020, a mother and son were being investigated for using racist terminology in breach of racial harmony, when referring to people of African origin during an Instagram video.{{Cite web|title=Mother and son under investigation for using racial slurs, vulgarities in Instagram video|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mother-son-investigated-instagram-video-racial-slurs-12823214|access-date=2020-06-10|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610233814/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mother-son-investigated-instagram-video-racial-slurs-12823214|url-status=live}} Another form of racism in Singapore will be rental racism where people of certain races are objected rental of house and it has been rampant in the current years due to low house supply. The link beside will be an example on rental racism in Singapore. - [https://asiaghosts.com/7-lesssons-from-renting-out-to-chinaindian-bangladesh-malaysians-indian-citizens/ Rental racism in Singapore]

In 2019, a 'brownface' advert featuring Dennis Chew in multiple racial attire with make up applied to exaggerate various racial features. This advertisement triggered a rap video in response which not only brought attention to the casual racism that minorities face in day-to-day life, but also attracted the attention of the authorities to the video creators.{{Cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2019/07/preetipls-shanmugam/|title=Shanmugam: Preetipls' video crossed a line, govt will not allow these types of videos|website=Mothership.sg|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731023150/https://mothership.sg/2019/07/preetipls-shanmugam/|archive-date=2019-07-31|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2019/08/skm-preetipls-casual-racism-article-outrage/|title=SG Kindness Movement writer slammed & then does 'casual racism is ok SIKE no it's not' twist|website=Mothership.sg|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814101854/https://mothership.sg/2019/08/skm-preetipls-casual-racism-article-outrage/|archive-date=2019-08-14|url-status=live}} Chew eventually apologized for his actions, with the broadcaster Mediacorp also dropping the advertisement.{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/nets-apologises-for-hurt-caused-by-brownface-advertising-campaign|title=Nets and Havas apologise for hurt caused by 'brownface' ad, advertising authority says it did not breach guidelines|last=hermesauto|date=2019-08-01|website=The Straits Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803093005/https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/nets-apologises-for-hurt-caused-by-brownface-advertising-campaign|archive-date=2019-08-03|url-status=live}} Prior to this advertisement, it raised the question on whether the acceptance of 'brownface' should be continued.{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120212-327473.html|title=UOB staff get backlash for 'blackface' photos|date=2012-02-12|website=www.asiaone.com|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119150953/https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120212-327473.html|archive-date=2020-01-19|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://mothership.sg/2016/10/toggle-showed-chinese-actor-in-blackface-role-because-his-indian-colleague-couldnt-make-it/|title=Toggle showed Chinese actor in blackface role because his Indian colleague couldn't make it|website=Mothership.sg|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009225241/https://mothership.sg/2016/10/toggle-showed-chinese-actor-in-blackface-role-because-his-indian-colleague-couldnt-make-it/|archive-date=2019-10-09|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://sg.news.yahoo.com/mediacorp-actor-desmond-tan-does-090245163.html|title=MediaCorp Actor Desmond Tan Does Blackface, Fans Unoffended|website=sg.news.yahoo.com|date=22 March 2015 |language=en-SG|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009225249/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/mediacorp-actor-desmond-tan-does-090245163.html|archive-date=2019-10-09|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2018/11/26/racist-or-not-netizens-divided-over-kacang-puteh-caricature-by-sports-sg-chief/|title=Racist or not? Netizens divided over 'kacang puteh' caricature by Sports SG Chief|date=2018-11-26|website=The Online Citizen|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009225242/https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2018/11/26/racist-or-not-netizens-divided-over-kacang-puteh-caricature-by-sports-sg-chief/|archive-date=2019-10-09|url-status=live}}

However, foreigners have also engaged in expressing racist ideas against Singaporeans. There have also been incidents by foreigners who have been accused of being discriminatory to locals and has generated a lot of negative publicity over comments made about locals.{{cite news|last1=Mortlock|first1=Simon|date=24 January 2016|title=How Anton Casey is making life tough for arrogant expat bankers in Singapore|publisher=Yahoo! News/Singapore Business Review|url=https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/anton-casey-making-life-tough-000147872.html|url-status=dead|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002345/https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/anton-casey-making-life-tough-000147872.html|archive-date=5 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}{{cite journal|last1=Ortiga|first1=Yasmin Y|date=7 September 2014|title=Multiculturalism on Its Head: Unexpected Boundaries and New Migration in Singapore|journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration|volume=16|issue=4|pages=953–954|doi=10.1007/s12134-014-0378-9|s2cid=144018738|url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2749|ref=10.1007/s12134-014-0378-9}}{{cite news|last1=Diola|first1=Camille|date=12 January 2015|title=Filipino nurse sacked for anti-Singapore comments|work=Philippine Star|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/01/12/1412123/filipino-nurse-sacked-anti-singapore-comments|access-date=7 April 2015|archive-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415195441/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/01/12/1412123/filipino-nurse-sacked-anti-singapore-comments|url-status=live}}{{cite news|last=Leonal|first=Brian|date=23 January 2014|title=Porsche-owning UK expat infuriates Singapore with "poor people" gaffes|newspaper=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-singapore-banker-idUSBREA0M0OJ20140123|access-date=28 January 2014|archive-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128032854/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/23/us-singapore-banker-idUSBREA0M0OJ20140123|url-status=live}} In the case of British banker Anton Casey, he had posted comments on Facebook in 2014 which had abused, variously, a taxi driver and Singaporean commuters in general.{{Cite web|date=2014-01-27|title=Anton Casey fired and flees Singapore in economy class over "poor|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/anton-casey-fired-and-flees-singapore-in-economy-class-over-poor-people-comments-9088199.html|access-date=2020-03-19|website=The Independent|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319172043/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/anton-casey-fired-and-flees-singapore-in-economy-class-over-poor-people-comments-9088199.html|url-status=live}} For Filipino nurse Ello Ed Mundsel Bello, in 2015 he suggested that Singaporeans could not compete with Filipinos.{{Cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=Singapore hospital sacks Filipino nurse for 'offensive' online remarks|url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/116977/singaporean-hospital-fires-filipino-nurse-who-made-offensive-comments-on-facebook|access-date=2020-04-25|website=globalnation.inquirer.net|date=10 January 2015 |language=en|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610234311/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/116977/singaporean-hospital-fires-filipino-nurse-who-made-offensive-comments-on-facebook|url-status=live}} Sonny Truyen, an Australian of Vietnamese origin, in his exasperation that Pokémon Go was not available in Singapore at the time, made condescending remarks about Singapore, calling it a "shit country with shit people".{{Cite web|title=Australian expat fired after calling Singapore a 's*** country' for not having Pokemon GO|url=https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/australian-expat-fired-after-calling-singapore-s-country-not-having-pokemon-go|access-date=2020-06-10|website=TODAYonline|archive-date=2020-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610235228/https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/australian-expat-fired-after-calling-singapore-s-country-not-having-pokemon-go|url-status=live}}

{{main|Racism in South Korea|Korean ethnic nationalism}}

Koreans, both north and south, tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous politicized ethnic group or "race" (minjok in Korean). A common language and culture also are viewed as important elements in Korean identity.

Some South Korean schools have been criticized for preferentially hiring white teachers who apply to teach English, due to perceptions that white teachers are more "Western" and therefore have better English skills.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11826937|title=Ethnic Bias Seen in South Korea Teacher Hiring|date=9 July 2007|work=NPR.org|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319100858/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11826937|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=live}}

South Korea lacks an anti-discrimination law, which was recommended by the UN Human Rights Committee in 2015. The law has been reported stalled due to "lack of public consensus".{{citation|title=Don't ask for fair treatment? A gender analysis of ethnic discrimination, response to discrimination, and self-rated health among marriage migrants in South Korea|first1=Yugyun|last1=Kim|first2=Inseo|last2=Son|first3=Dainn|last3=Wie|date=19 Jul 2016|journal=International Journal for Equity in Health|volume=15|issue=1|page=112 |doi=10.1186/s12939-016-0396-7|pmid=27430432|pmc=4949882 |doi-access=free }}

Due to the lack of an anti-discrimination law, it is common for people not of Korean ethnicity to be denied service at business establishments or in taxis without consequences.{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160221000207|title=[From the scene] Korean-only bars trigger controversy|first=The Korea|last=Herald|date=21 February 2016|publisher=}}{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2016/03/the-south-korean-businesses-that-ban-foreigners/|title=The South Korean Businesses That Ban Foreigners|date=1 March 2016|last=John Power|work=The Diplomat|accessdate=9 January 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2988812|title=Discrimination flows freely at bars across Seoul|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|date=7 May 2014 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaobserver.com/taxi-drivers-to-lose-license-for-refusing-passengers-25902/|title=Taxi drivers to lose license for refusing passengers|date=28 January 2015|publisher=}}

According to a survey conducted by the National Human Rights Commission of Korea among foreign residents in South Korea in 2019, 68.4% of respondents declared they had experienced racial discrimination, and many of them said they experienced it due to their Korean language skills (62.3%), because they were not Korean (59.7%), or due to their race (44.7%).{{cite web |last1=Herald |first1=The Korea |title=7 in 10 foreign residents say 'racism exists' in S. Korea |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200320000695 |website=www.koreaherald.com |language=en |date=20 March 2020}}

In 2009, assistant professor Paul Jambor at Korea University claimed that Korean college students exhibit discrimination towards non-Korean professors by calling them by their first names and not showing the same amount of respect towards them as students traditionally show towards their Korean professors. He also added that such outright discrimination at South Korean universities is the reason why they are not highly ranked or seen as prestigious in Asia and beyond.{{Cite journal|last=Jambor|first=Paul|date=2009-07-01|title=Why South Korean Universities Have Low International Rankings – Part II: The Student Side of the Equation|url=https://scholars.fhsu.edu/alj/vol7/iss3/22|journal=Academic Leadership |volume=7|issue=3|issn=1533-7812}}

With South Korean society's passion for education, South Koreans can hold a stereotypical view of Jews as the model of academic excellence as well as Jews being very intelligent. Conversely, a survey by the Anti-Defamation League found that 53% of South Koreans show anti-semitic tendencies.{{cite web|url=http://global100.adl.org/#country/south-korea/2014|title=ADL Global 100|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|year=2004|access-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013190422/http://global100.adl.org/#country/south-korea/2014|archive-date=2018-10-13|url-status=live}} However, the half-Jewish journalist Dave Hazzan investigated on this result and found very little anti-semitism in South Korea.{{cite web|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/186194/korean-anti-semitism|title=Seoul Mates: Are Jewish Stereotypes Among Koreans a Source of Hate, or Love?|last=Hazzan|first=Dave|date=2014-11-04|publisher=Tablet|access-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044605/http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/186194/korean-anti-semitism|archive-date=2016-08-04|url-status=live}} Moreover, Abe Foxman, head of the Anti-Defamation League, admitted that cultural norms affected the respondents' answers which has to be considered in future surveys.

{{main|Sri Lankan Civil War|Black July|War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War}}

The Taiwanese nationality law has been criticized for its methods of determining which immigrants get citizenship, depending on their ethnic origin.{{cite web|url=http://jidanni.org/foreigner/|title=不准作台灣人 Not allowed to be Taiwanese|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123929/http://jidanni.org/foreigner/|archive-date=17 June 2015|url-status=live}} Even so, immigrants already in Taiwan also report being treated as second-class citizens, and that the state should implement anti-discrimination laws.{{cite web |last1=Drillsma |first1=Ryan |title=Taiwan new immigrants propose anti-discrimination laws {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2018-11-09 10:47:00 |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3571468 |website=Taiwan News |access-date=24 January 2022 |date=9 November 2018}}

{{main|Racism in Thailand}}

{{main|Antisemitism in Turkey|Racism in Turkey}}

{{main|Racism in Vietnam}}

The Sino-Vietnamese War resulted in the discrimination and consequent migration of Vietnam's ethnic Chinese. Many of these people fled as "boat people". In 1978–79, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees (many officially encouraged and assisted) or were expelled across the land border with China.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} There has also been racism from the Kinh Vietnamese majority towards minority groups, including Chinese, Khmers, Thai, Montagnards, Eurasians, black people, etc.

A topic not often discussed is the racism between regions of Asia. For instance, specific regions may be looked down upon or are subjected to discrimination and racism due to perceived differences caused by development indexes that are in part due to economic and political differences, most notably, between developed nations (Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, etc.), often seen to be in East Asia, towards developing regions, such as countries comprised in Southeast Asia or South Asia, even though groups of people can be close in racial and sometimes cultural terms.{{Cite web |title=Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation |url=https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/why-some-brown-asians-feel-left-out-asian-american-conversation |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Asia Society |language=en}} These may also include discriminating based on government forms, such as those in democracies vs those currently still communist. Terms such as "Fancy Asians" (or pale, white skin Asians, primarily East Asians) vs "Jungle Asians" (or brown Asians) exacerbate this divide.{{Cite web |last=University |first=Harifa SiregarGeorgia State |title=Rethinking the Hyphenated Identity in U.S Politics: The Case of Jungle Asians VS Fancy Asians {{!}} In Media Res |url=https://mediacommons.org/imr/content/rethinking-hyphenated-identity-us-politics-case-jungle-asians-vs-fancy-asians |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=mediacommons.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=We need to talk about 'Subtle Asian Traits' |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/voices/article/we-need-to-talk-about-subtle-asian-traits/cg7l13vfd |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=SBS Voices |language=en}} Fetishisation of Asian cultures are almost exclusively those who are considered "East Asian" in appearance or attitude.{{cn|date=November 2024}} Alternatively, Chinese in Southeast Asia have been discriminated against due to fears closely aligned with anti-Semitism in Europe, or being vehemently against Chinese expansionism.{{cn|date=November 2024}} These prejudices are frequently founded in historical wars, economic struggle, and geopolitical tensions, which contribute to the perpetuation of regional stereotypes and biases. Such views can undermine cooperation and mutual respect among nations with comparable cultural and racial origins.{{Cite journal |last=Duckitt |first=John |date=December 1992 |title=Prejudice and behavior: A review |journal=Current Psychology |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=291–307 |doi=10.1007/bf02686787 |issn=0737-8262}}

Southeast Asians typically do not fit in the model minority myth as many countries are not as developed and immigrants from Southeast Asia were first experienced as waves of immigrants as refugees from wars such as the Indochina War or Vietnam War, leading to more discriminatory efforts regionally towards Southeast Asia and a perception that Southeast Asians were "brown skin" or "Jungle Asians" and that East Asians were "white skin" or "fancy Asians".{{Cite web |title=The Harmful Silencing of Southeast Asian Americans – In Defense of Affirmative Action: A Guide for Asian American Students |url=https://blogs.brown.edu/ethn-1650b-s01-2018-fall/the-harmful-silencing-of-southeast-asian-americans/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |language=en-US}}

• Fascism in Asia
• Geography of antisemitism
• Islamophobia
• Persecution of Muslims
• Persecution of Hindus
• Persecution of Buddhists
• Index of racism-related articles
• Racism by country

{{Reflist}}

{{Racism topics}}

{{Asia topic|Racism in}}

{{Discrimination}}

Asia

Category:Racism in the Middle East