Shopping mall#World's largest malls

{{About|large, usually enclosed, shopping centers often anchored by department stores|an overview of all types of shopping centers|Shopping center|pedestrian malls|Pedestrian zone}}

File:2018 Mall of America 01.jpg in Bloomington, Minnesota, the largest mall in the United States]]

File:West Edmonton Mall, Edmonton, Alberta (22094236672).jpg in Edmonton, Alberta, the largest mall in Canada]]

File:Iranmall Overview.jpg, the world's largest mall in Iran.]]

A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a large indoor shopping center, usually anchored by department stores. The term mall originally meant a pedestrian promenade with shops along it, but in the late 1960s, it began to be used as a generic term for the large enclosed shopping centers that were becoming increasingly commonplace.{{cite book |last1=Longstreth |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCimuNbqKfkC|title=City Center to Regional Mall |date=1997 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=0262122006 |quote= "the essential framework for the regional mall", and other references in this page range and elsewhere to malls as a type of shopping center|pages=296–304}}{{cite book |last1=Rielly |first1=Edward J. |title=The 1960s |date=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-31261-3 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3hAR5c9QFcC&pg=PA62 |access-date=28 July 2020}} In the United Kingdom and other countries, shopping malls may be called shopping centres.

In recent decades, malls have declined considerably in North America, particularly in subprime locations, and some have closed and become so-called "dead malls".{{Cite web |date=2019-06-10 |title=American Malls That Have Fallen Into Ruin |url=https://www.gobankingrates.com/money/economy/dying-malls/ |access-date=2022-05-04 |website=GOBankingRates |language=en}} Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added big-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such as power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces. In Canada, shopping centres have frequently been replaced with mixed-use high-rise communities.{{Cite web |title=Mixed use becomes crucial for big retail projects |url=https://www.timescolonist.com/business/mixed-use-becomes-crucial-for-big-retail-projects-4679604 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Victoria Times Colonist |date=6 March 2020 |language=en}} In many European countries and Asian countries, shopping malls continue to grow and thrive.{{cite web|url=https://ecsp.eu/research-shopping-centres-continue-to-dominate-european-retail-space-but-significant-variations-exist-between-countries/|title=Research: Shopping Centres Continue To Dominate European Retail Space, But Significant Variations Exist Between Countries|publisher=European Council of Shopping Places|date=11 April 2023}}

Terminology

File:Mall of Tripla sisäkuvia 2.jpg in Helsinki, Finland]]

In the United States, Persian Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping mall is usually applied to enclosed retail structures (and is generally abbreviated to simply mall), while shopping center usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face major traffic arterials, and have few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.Urban Geography: A Global Perspective Michael Pacione, (Routledge, Informa UK Ltd. 2001) {{ISBN|978-0-415-19195-1}}. Outside of North America, the terms shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used.

In the UK, such complexes are considered shopping centres; however, shopping centre covers many more sizes and types of centers than the North American mall. Other countries follow UK usage. In Canadian English, and often in Australia and New Zealand, the term mall may be used informally but shopping centre or merely centre will feature in the name of the complex (such as Toronto Eaton Centre). The term mall is less-commonly a part of the name of the complex.{{Original research inline|date=February 2024}}

==Types==

The International Council of Shopping Centers, based in New York City, classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and super regional malls. A regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with {{convert|400000|sqft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores.{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=US Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |date=August 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223219/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 }} A super-regional mall, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, is a shopping mall with over {{convert|800000|sqft|abbr=on}} of gross leasable area, three or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion apparel, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region ({{convert|25|miles|disp=or|abbr=out}}) in which it is located. Not classified as malls are smaller formats such as strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers, and specialized formats such as power centers, festival marketplaces, and outlet centers.{{cite web |url=http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |title=U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics |year=1999 |publisher=International Council of Shopping Centers |url-status=live |access-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308074500/http://www.icsc.org/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf |archive-date=March 8, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}

History

=Forerunners to the shopping mall=

File:Burlington Arcade 2444.JPG in London, with shop fronts inside (pictured), opened in 1819]]

File:Louis Vuitton in Galeria V. Emanuele, Milan, Italy (9471446737).jpg interior in Milan which opened in 1877]]

Shopping centers in general may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle East, covered bazaars.

In 1798, the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire.{{cite web|url=http://www.insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041026075554/http://insecula.com/salle/MS01171.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2004|title=Passage du Caire|publisher=Insecula.com|access-date=9 November 2012}} In London, the Royal Opera arcade opened in 1816,{{cite web| url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1235289?section=official-list-entry| title=Royal Opera Arcades (including No 24 Charles II Street and No 5B Pall Mall) 24, Charles II Street SW1 | publisher=Historic England | date=5 February 1970 | access-date= 8 February 2025 |website=Historic England}} and the more famous Burlington Arcade opened in 1819.{{cite news |title=Meet the Beadles: The centuries-old private police force at Burlington Arcade, the world’s swishest shopping mall |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/luxury/meet-beadles-centuries-old-private-police-force-burlington-arcade-worlds-swishest-shopping-mall-193993 |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=Country Life}} Western European cities in particular built many arcade-style shopping centers. The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island, built in 1828, claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States.{{cite web|url=http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|title=The Arcade, Providence RI|publisher=Brightridge.com|access-date=17 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827093715/http://www.brightridge.com/pages/arcade.html|archive-date=27 August 2009}} The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, which opened in 1877, was larger than its predecessors, and inspired the use of the term "galleria" for many other shopping arcades and malls.{{cite news |title=Galleria |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/galleria |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=Collins English Dictionary}}{{cite book |last1=Massey |first1=Anne |last2=Arnold |first2=Dana |title=A Companion to Contemporary Design Since 1945 |date=2019 |publisher=Wiley |page=125}}

In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and automobile culture in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns.[http://www.clevelandmagazine.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=E73ABD6180B44874871A91F6BA5C249C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=1578600D80804596A222593669321019&tier=4&id=1ECD6468951B46F096FFA6234B100B3D Icons of Cleveland: The Arcade]. Cleveland Magazine, August 2009. Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Market Square, Lake Forest, Illinois (1916), and Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924).{{cite web|last=Moore|first=Robbie|title=The Death of the American Mall and the Rebirth of Public Space|url=http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|work=The International|access-date=26 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101352/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/354-the-death-of-the-american-mall-and-the-re|archive-date=13 March 2013}}

The suburban shopping center concept evolved further in the United States after World War II, with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the {{convert|550000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} Broadway-Crenshaw Center in Los Angeles, built in 1947 and anchored by a five-story Broadway and a May Company California.{{cite news |title=Broadway's New Crenshaw Store to Open Today |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/52748466/broadways-new-crenshaw-store-to-open/ |work=Los Angeles Times |date=21 November 1947}}

=Downtown pedestrian malls and use of term ''mall''=

In the late 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", meaning a pedestrian promenade in the U.S., or in U.K. usage, a "shopping precinct". Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the first, in 1959), "Shoppers' See-Way" in Toledo, Lincoln Road Mall in Miami Beach, Santa Monica Mall (1965).{{cite news |last1=Raktis |first1=Ted |title=Shopping Mall Is Beautifier of Cities |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307813/shopping-mall-is-beautifier-of-cities/ |publisher=Deseret News |date=9 September 1961}}{{cite news |title=Ottawa Trying Out Shopping Mall Idea |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54307646/ottawa-trying-out-shopping-mall-idea/ |publisher=Nanaimo Daily News |date=26 May 1960}}{{cite news |title=Shopping Mall Scheme Gaining Favor in U.S. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/54306934/shopping-mall-scheme-gaining-favor-in/ |publisher=Calgary Herald |date=26 August 1959 |page=1}}

Although Bergen Mall opened in 1957 using the name "mall" and inspired other suburban shopping centers to rebrand themselves as malls, these types of properties were still referred to as "shopping centers" until the late 1960s.{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Vicki |title=The Routledge Companion to the History of Retailing |date=2008 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-138-67508-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ax7DwAAQBAJ}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}

=Enclosed malls=

File:Luleå Shopping 1955.jpg, built in 1955 and one of the first enclosed malls in the world, in Luleå, Sweden]]

The enclosed shopping center, which would eventually be known as the shopping mall, did not appear in mainstream until the mid-1950s. One of the earliest examples was the Valley Fair Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin,{{cite web| url=http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| title=Appleton's Valley Fair Center| publisher=Mall Hall of Fame| date=1 November 2006| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233645/http://mall-hall-of-fame.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html| archive-date=3 March 2016| df=mdy-all}} which opened on March 10, 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modern features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping center density in Europe.{{Cite news|url=http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|title=Basic facts – NCSC|work=NCSC|access-date=29 May 2017|language=en-US|publisher=Nordic Council of Shopping Centers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053900/http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|archive-date=4 August 2017}}

The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping complex was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-born architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen.{{cite book| last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute| title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader| publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press| isbn=978-1-60710-183-3| pages=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99 99–101]| chapter=The Mall: A History| date=1 November 2010| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/99}}{{cite book |last1=Hardwick |first1=M. Jeffrey |title=Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream |date=2015 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780812292992 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ljCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 |access-date=14 July 2020}}{{cite book |last1=Newton |first1=Matthew |title=Shopping Mall |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=New York |isbn=9781501314827 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrMuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |access-date=14 July 2020}} This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Center, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, United States in October 1956. For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this form, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" by Malcolm Gladwell.{{cite magazine| last=Gladwell| first=Malcolm| date=15 March 2004| url=https://newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| title=The Terrazzo Jungle| magazine=The New Yorker| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709234809/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/15/040315fa_fact1| archive-date=9 July 2014| df=mdy-all}}

The first retail complex to be promoted as a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall, which opened with an open-air format on November 14, 1957,{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/11/13/archives/bergen-mall-to-open-shopping-center-on-route-4-starts-business.html |title=Bergen Mall to Open; Shopping Center on Route 4 Starts Business Tomorrow |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 13, 1957 |page=1 |url-access=limited |access-date=August 28, 2022 }} and was later enclosed in 1973. Aside from Southdale Center, significant early enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2007-09-13-0709130019-story.html |title=Malls no more, centers looking to sell lifestyle |date=13 September 2007 |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |first=Andrea K. |last=Walker |access-date=29 August 2020 }} Big Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only by automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the world. Gruen himself came to abhor this effect of his new design; he decried the creation of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.{{cite web|url=http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|title=Essay – Dawn of the Dead Mall|date=11 November 2009|work=The Design Observer Group|access-date=14 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724201220/http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/dawn-of-the-dead-mall/11747|archive-date=24 July 2011|first=Mark|last=Dery}}{{cite book|last1=Bathroom Reader's Institute|title=Uncle John's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader|publisher=Bathroom Reader's Press|isbn=978-1-60710-183-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401 401]|chapter=A History of the Shopping Mall, Part III|date=1 November 2010|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/unclejohnsheavyd0000unse/page/401}}

Even though malls mostly appeared in suburban areas in the U.S., some U.S. cities facilitated the construction of enclosed malls downtown as an effort to revive city centers and allow them to compete effectively with suburban malls. Examples included Main Place Mall in Buffalo (1969) and The Gallery (1977, now Fashion District Philadelphia) in Philadelphia. Other cities created open-air pedestrian malls.

In the United States, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and two levels allowing a shopper to make a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing down customers, so it was removed. Fading daylight through glass panels was supplemented by gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.{{cite news| first=Caitlin A.| last=Johnson| title=For Billionaire There's Life After Jail| work=CBS News| date=15 April 2007| url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/for-billionaire-theres-life-after-jail/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204175724/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/15/sunday/main2684957.shtml| archive-date=4 December 2010| url-status=live| access-date=29 December 2009}}{{cite news| first=Thane| last=Peterson| title=From Slammer Back To Glamour| work=Business Week| date=30 April 2007| url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| access-date=29 December 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425073008/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_18/c4032006.htm| archive-date=25 April 2010| df=mdy-all}}

=Decline of shopping malls in the United States=

[[File:Belz Factory Outlet Mall in Allen, Texas (Winston's) crop.jpg|thumb|right|Belz

Factory Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in Allen, Texas, United States]]

In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were still being constructed at a rate of 140 a year.{{cite news|last=Millar|first=Lisa|date=20 January 2015|title=Dead malls: Half of America's shopping centres predicted to close by 2030|work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation News|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024113253/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-28/the-decline-of-american-shopping-malls/6050956|archive-date=24 October 2015}} But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a year before the Great Recession, no new malls were built in America, for the first time in 50 years.{{cite web|date=4 November 2014|title=The death of the US shopping mall|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428135632/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140411-is-the-shopping-mall-dead|archive-date=28 April 2014|work=BBC News}} City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the first to be built since the recession.

Malls began to lose consumers to open-air power centers and lifestyle centers during the 1990s, as consumers preferred to park right in front of and walk directly into big-box stores with lower prices and without the overhead of traditional malls (i.e., long enclosed corridors).{{cite journal |last1=Rybczynski |first1=Witold |author1-link=Witold Rybczynski |title=The New Downtowns |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=271 |issue=5 |pages=98–106 |date=May 1993|url=https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/archives/1993/05/271-5/132641481.pdf}} Available via ProQuest.{{cite news |last1=Neuborne |first1=Ellen |title=Power centers muscle in: Stores siphon shoppers from regional malls |work=USA Today |date=June 13, 1995 |page=1B}} Available via ProQuest.{{cite book |last1=Laird |first1=Gordon |title=The Price of a Bargain: The Quest for Cheap and the Death of Globalization |date=2009 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location=Toronto |isbn=9781551993287 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnuwJkSQgpsC&pg=PA69 |access-date=28 October 2019}}{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=63 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}

Another issue was that the growth-crazed American commercial real estate industry had simply built too many nice places to shop—far more than could be reasonably justified by the actual growth of the American population, retail sales, or any other economic indicator. The number of American shopping centers exploded from 4,500 in 1960 to 70,000 by 1986 to just under 108,000 by 2010.{{cite book |last1=Donnellan |first1=John |title=Merchandise Buying and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Fairchild Books |location=New York |isbn=9781609014902 |page=64 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTQfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |access-date=February 27, 2023}}

Thus, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century. The economic health of malls across the United States has been in decline, as revealed by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the percentage of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least 40%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (10–20%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.{{cite news|last=Schwartz|first=Nelson D.|date=3 January 2015|title=The Economics (and Nostalgia) of Dead Malls|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023043923/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/04/business/the-economics-and-nostalgia-of-dead-malls.html?_r=0|archive-date=23 October 2015}} In 2014, nearly 3% of all malls in the United States were considered to be "dying" (40% or higher vacancy rates) and nearly one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "fundamental problem" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market that is "extremely over-retailed". By the time shopping mall operator Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield decided to exit the American market in 2022, the United States had an average of 24.5 square feet of retail space per capita (in contrast to 4.5 square feet per capita in Europe).{{cite news |last1=Pimentel |first1=Joseph |title=Owner of Westfield malls plans to sell all of their U.S. shopping centers |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/orange-county/business/2022/04/11/owners-of-westfield-shopping-malls-plan-to-sell-their-nationwide-portfolio |access-date=March 3, 2023 |work=Spectrum News 1 |date=April 11, 2022}}

In 2019, The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards opened as an upscale mall in New York City with "a 'Fifth Avenue' mix of shops", such as H&M, Zara, and Sephora below them. This is one of the first two malls built recently, along with American Dream in which both opened in 2019 since City Creek Center.{{Cite web|date=2018-04-04 |title=Tracking the biggest buildings taking shape at Hudson Yards |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2018/4/4/17115600/hudson-yards-nyc-guide-buildings-apartments-map |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Curbed NY |first1=Ameena |last1=Walker |first2=Amy |last2=Plitt}}

Online shopping has also emerged as a major competitor to shopping malls. In the United States, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.{{Cite news|last=Pleven|first=Liam|date=24 November 2015|title=Shrinking U.S. Shopping Malls Get Makeovers|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130004452/http://www.wsj.com/articles/shrinking-u-s-shopping-malls-get-makeovers-1448361001|archive-date=30 November 2015|issn=0099-9660}} In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the United States were going out of business.{{cite news|date=4 February 2013|title=Online Sales Threat to American Malls|newspaper=Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706065720/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1659b142-6cba-11e2-b73a-00144feab49a.html#axzz2M6bS68KE|archive-date=6 July 2015}} To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such as parks, movie theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.{{cite news|last=Evans|first=Peter|date=20 February 2013|title=Malls' New Spin on Leisure|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815123029/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323764804578314080552761430|archive-date=15 August 2017}} In the United States, the 600,000 square foot Highland Mall will be a campus for Austin Community College. In France, the So Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV-style apartments and includes {{convert|17,000|m2}} of green space.{{cite journal|date=18 October 2012|title=So Ouest lance l'offensive anti-e-shopping|newspaper=Challenges}} The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over 1 million products.{{cite news|date=19 November 2013|title=Westfield launches new 'online mall' with 100,000 products|work=The Australian Financial Review|url=http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914021903/http://www.afr.com/real-estate/commercial/westfield-launches-new-online-mall-with-100000-products-20131118-iyu9w|archive-date=14 September 2015}}

The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted the retail industry. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.{{cite web|date=26 May 2020|title=Playbook to Safely Reopen Shopping Malls|url=https://www.aislelabs.com/blog/2020/05/26/playbook-safely-reopen-shopping-malls/|access-date=2 June 2020|publisher=Aislelabs}}

Design

File:Mall of America-2005-05-29.jpg in Bloomington, Minnesota, the largest shopping mall in the United States]]

File:ISQUARE 201006.jpg vertical mall in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong in 2010]]

=Vertical malls=

High land prices in populous cities have led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories accessible by elevators and/or escalators (usually both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upwards and downwards.{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Danny|date=9 December 2005|title=Reach for the sky|work=The Standard|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102084654/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=48&art_id=27468&sid=5779401&con_type=1&d_str=20051209&sear_year=2005|archive-date=2 January 2008|df=mdy-all}} The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co. The Water Tower Place skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in particular has numerous examples such as Times Square, Dragon Centre, Apm, Langham Place, ISQUARE, Hysan Place and The One.

A vertical mall may also be built where the geography prevents building outward or there are other restrictions on construction, such as historic buildings or significant archeology. The Darwin Shopping Centre and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are built on the side of a steep hill, around the former town walls;{{cite web| url=http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| title=Discovering Shropshire's History: Shrewsbury Town Walls| publisher=Discovershropshire.org.uk| date=26 October 1987| access-date=1 August 2011| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720001058/http://www.discovershropshire.org.uk/html/search/verb/GetRecord/CCS:MSA807| archive-date=20 July 2011| df=mdy-all}} consequently the shopping center is split over seven floors vertically – two locations horizontally – connected by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's former McDonald's, split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in the basement dining rooms.

Components

=Food court=

A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.

=Department stores=

When the shopping mall format was developed by Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the financial stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall as well. These larger stores are termed anchor stores or draw tenants. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

Regional differences

File:Express avenue chennai.jpg]]

File:Tokyo-taito-shoppingarcade.jpg]]

=Europe=

There are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of US$12.47 billion.{{Cite news|title = Investors Find Bargains at Europe's Outlet Malls|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|newspaper = Wall Street Journal|access-date = 3 December 2015|issn = 0099-9660|first = Theresa|last = Agovino|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041540/http://www.wsj.com/articles/investors-find-bargains-at-europes-outlet-malls-1448997002|archive-date = 3 December 2015|df = mdy-all}} This represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year.

==U.K. and Ireland==

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

The majority of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include Westquay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham; Liverpool One; Trinity Leeds; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow; St James Quarter in Edinburgh; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, large UK conurbations will also have large out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead; Meadowhall Centre, Sheffield serving South Yorkshire; the Trafford Centre in Greater Manchester; White Rose Centre in Leeds; the Merry Hill Centre near Dudley; and Bluewater in Kent. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with individual entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success.{{Cite news|url=http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method=full&objectid=14600178&siteid=50002-name_page.html|title=ICnetwork.co.uk|publisher=Icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk|date=4 September 2003|access-date=1 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211172210/http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/post/news/tm_method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D14600178%26siteid%3D50002-name_page.html|archive-date=11 February 2009}} Westfield London (White City) is the largest shopping centre in Europe.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

==Russia==

In Russia, on the other hand, {{as of|2013|lc=y}} a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall near Moscow. In large part they were financed by international investors and were popular with shoppers from the emerging middle class.{{cite news| title=Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| access-date=2 January 2013| newspaper=The New York Times| date=1 January 2013| first=Andrew E.| last=Kramer| quote=I feel like I'm in Disneyland| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102034642/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/02/business/global/with-a-mall-boom-in-russia-property-investors-go-shopping.html| archive-date=2 January 2013| df=mdy-all}}

Management and legal issues

=Shopping property management firms=

A shopping property management firm is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping property management firms own at least 20 malls. Some firms use a similar naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in most of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Center, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the UK, The Mall Fund changes the name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)", using its pink-M logo; when it sells a mall the center reverts to its own name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom.{{cite news| author=This is Surrey| url=http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| title=Moka, Ashley Centre, Epsom| work=Surrey Mirror| date=22 May 2009| access-date=21 October 2015| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719212115/http://www.thisissurreytoday.co.uk/Moka-Ashley-Centre-Epsom/story-12667682-detail/story.html| archive-date=19 July 2013| df=mdy-all}} Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (see for instance The Glades in Bromley).

=Legal issues=

One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over central business districts (CBD) or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and limited police coverage.{{cite book| first=Tony| last=O'Donahue| title=The Tale of a City: Re-Engineering the Urban Environment| location=Toronto| publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.| date=1 May 2005| page=[https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43 43]| url=https://archive.org/details/taleofcityreengi0000odon/page/43| url-access=registration| isbn=978-1550025569| df=mdy-all}}{{cite book| first1=Bernard J.| last1=Frieden| first2=Lynne B.| last2=Sagalyn| title=Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities| location=Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher=MIT Press| year=1989| page=233| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRntFdOk8ewC&pg=PA233| isbn= 978-0262560597| access-date=21 October 2015}}

In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who prefer to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately owned malls.{{cite web |last=Judd |first=Dennis R. |year=1991 |title=The Rise of the New Walled Cities |publisher=Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, Cleveland State University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUrYAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Rise+of+the+New+Walled+Cities}} The Supreme Court decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a case that arose out of a free speech dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high school students.

World's largest malls

This is a list of the world's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least {{convert|250,000|m2|abbr=on|}}.

class="wikitable sortable"
Rank ! style="width:15%;"\| Mall ! style="width:12.5%;"\| Country ! style="width:12.5%;"\| City (metropolitan area) ! style="width:5%;"\| Year opened ! style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number"\| Gross leasable area (GLA) ! style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number"\| Shops ! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"\| Remarks
style="height: 3.5em;" \|1 \|Iran Mall \|Iran \|Tehran \|2018 \|{{convert\|1950000\|m2\|abbr=on}}{{Cite web\|date=2022-01-01\|title=15 Biggest Malls In The World {{!}} 2022 Edition\|url=https://www.rankred.com/biggest-malls-in-the-world-2/\|access-date=2022-01-09\|website=RankRed\|language=en-US}} \|2,500+ \|Largest mall in Iran
2 \| The Avenues Mall \| Kuwait \| Al Rai \| 2007 \| {{convert\|1200000\|m2\|abbr=on}} \| 1400+ {{cite web\| title = About The Avenues Shopping Mall\| url = https://www.the-avenues.com/kuwait/en/about\| accessdate = 2022-12-16}} \|Largest mall in Kuwait
style="height: 3.5em;" \|3 \|IOI City Mall \|Malaysia \|Putrajaya \|2014 \|{{convert\|821000\|m2\|abbr=on}} \|650+ \|Largest mall in South East Asia
4 \|Isfahan City Center \|Iran \|Isfahan \|2012 \|{{convert\|776000\|m2	abbr=on}}{{cite web\|title=Shopaholics Rejoice: The 12 Biggest Malls in the World\|url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829155356/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1\|archive-date=29 August 2015\|access-date=23 August 2015}} {{Cite web\|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html#h_1543454405491676010778754\|title=15 Biggest Shopping Mall In The World\|website=The World Atlas\|date=2 October 2023}} {{Cite web\|url=https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/\|title=The Biggest Shopping Malls\|website=Insiders Monkey\|date=2 October 2023}} \|700+ \|Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at {{convert\|776000\|m2\|abbr=on}}. Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019.
style="height: 3.5em;" \|5 \|South China Mall \|China \|Dongguan \|2005 \|{{convert\|659612\|m2\|abbr=on}}{{cite news\|title=Emporis: February 7, 2012 – List of the Top 10 World's Largest Shopping Mall. \|url=http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf \|first=Naima \|last=Fich \|date=5 May 2012 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf \|archive-date=13 November 2013 }}{{cite web \| url = http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ \| title = 15 Biggest Malls in the World – Insider Monkey \| author = Jevtic, Aleksandar \| author-link = Aleksandar Jevtic \| access-date = 4 December 2015 \| date = 26 August 2015 \| work = InsiderMonkey.com \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081916/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ \| archive-date = 2 December 2015 \| url-status = live}} \| 2,350 \| Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.
style="height: 3.5em;" \|6 \|SM Mall of Asia \|Philippines \|Pasay (Metro Manila) \|2006 \|{{convert\|589891\|m2\|abbr=on}} \|3,500+ \|The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, MoA Arena, hotels, university, an IKEA building,{{cite news \|url=https://qz.com/2094169/ikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines/ \|title=Ikea is opening in a very different Philippines than it planned for \|date=25 November 2021 \|work=Quartz \|first=Aurora \|last=Almendral \|access-date=12 December 2021}} bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total reclamation of {{convert\|1,047\|hectare}} is anticipated upon completion
7 \|SM City Tianjin \| China \|Tianjin \|2016 \|{{convert\|565000\|m2\|abbr=on

class="wikitable sortable"

Rank

! style="width:15%;"| Mall

! style="width:12.5%;"| Country

! style="width:12.5%;"| City (metropolitan area)

! style="width:5%;"| Year opened

! style="width:15%;" data-sort-type="number"| Gross leasable
area (GLA)

! style="width:5%;" data-sort-type="number"| Shops

! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks

style="height: 3.5em;"

|Iran Mall

|Iran

|Tehran

|2018

|{{convert|1950000|m2|abbr=on}}{{Cite web|date=2022-01-01|title=15 Biggest Malls In The World {{!}} 2022 Edition|url=https://www.rankred.com/biggest-malls-in-the-world-2/|access-date=2022-01-09|website=RankRed|language=en-US}}

|2,500+

|Largest mall in Iran

| The Avenues Mall

| Kuwait

| Al Rai

| 2007

| {{convert|1200000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 1400+ {{cite web| title = About The Avenues Shopping Mall| url = https://www.the-avenues.com/kuwait/en/about| accessdate = 2022-12-16}}

|Largest mall in Kuwait

style="height: 3.5em;"

|IOI City Mall

|Malaysia

|Putrajaya

|2014

|{{convert|821000|m2|abbr=on}}

|650+

|Largest mall in South East Asia

|Isfahan City Center

|Iran

|Isfahan

|2012

|{{convert|776000|m2

abbr=on}}{{cite web|title=Shopaholics Rejoice: The 12 Biggest Malls in the World|url=http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829155356/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/shopaholics-rejoice-the-12-biggest-malls-in-the-world-335988/?singlepage=1|archive-date=29 August 2015|access-date=23 August 2015}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-shopping-malls-in-the-world.html#h_1543454405491676010778754|title=15 Biggest Shopping Mall In The World|website=The World Atlas|date=2 October 2023}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/|title=The Biggest Shopping Malls|website=Insiders Monkey|date=2 October 2023}}

|700+

|Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East at {{convert|776000|m2|abbr=on}}. Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019.

style="height: 3.5em;"

|South China Mall

|China

|Dongguan

|2005

|{{convert|659612|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite news|title=Emporis: February 7, 2012 – List of the Top 10 World's Largest Shopping Mall. |url=http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |first=Naima |last=Fich |date=5 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113192553/http://www.emporis.com/pdf/Pressrelease_20120207_ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 }}{{cite web | url = http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | title = 15 Biggest Malls in the World – Insider Monkey | author = Jevtic, Aleksandar | author-link = Aleksandar Jevtic | access-date = 4 December 2015 | date = 26 August 2015 | work = InsiderMonkey.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202081916/http://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/15-biggest-malls-in-the-world-367683/ | archive-date = 2 December 2015 | url-status = live}}

| 2,350

| Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of only 10%.

style="height: 3.5em;"

|SM Mall of Asia

|Philippines

|Pasay (Metro Manila)

|2006

|{{convert|589891|m2|abbr=on}}

|3,500+

|The largest mall in the Philippines with IT parks, MoA Arena, hotels, university, an IKEA building,{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/2094169/ikea-opens-its-largest-store-and-first-in-the-philippines/ |title=Ikea is opening in a very different Philippines than it planned for |date=25 November 2021 |work=Quartz |first=Aurora |last=Almendral |access-date=12 December 2021}} bay-area resorts, and amusement parks; a total reclamation of {{convert|1,047|hectare}} is anticipated upon completion

|SM City Tianjin

| China

|Tianjin

|2016

|{{convert|565000|m2|abbr=on

}{{cite web|url=http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|title=SM City Tianjin: SM Prime's 7th mall in China {{!}} SM Investments|website=sminvestments.com|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208173254/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-city-tianjin-sm-prime%E2%80%99s-7th-mall-china|archive-date=8 February 2017|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|date=19 December 2016|title=SM Prime opens 7th mall in China|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/16/sm-prime-opens-7th-mall-in-china|access-date=27 November 2020|work=ABS-CBN News|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=SM City Tianjin Opened In China|url=https://www.malls.com/news/news/sm-city-tianjin-opened-in-china.shtml|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Malls.Com|language=en-us}}

|1,000+

| The largest SM mall outside of the Philippines

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 8

|Golden Resources Mall

|China

| Beijing

| 2004

|{{convert|557419|m2|abbr=on}}

|750+

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| Central WestGate

| Thailand

|Nonthaburi (Bangkok Metropolitan Region)

| 2015

|{{convert|550,278|m2|abbr=on}}

|500+

|The gross floor area of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.{{cite web |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |title=WestGate mall opens to major crowds |publisher=Nikkei Inc. |date=30 August 2015 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133447/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/WestGate-mall-opens-to-major-crowds |archive-date=15 March 2018 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/news/1429042/ikea-building-se-asia-presence|title=Ikea building SE Asia presence |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=16 March 2018|access-date=29 March 2019}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|10

|CentralWorld

|Thailand

|Bangkok

|1989

|{{convert|550,000|m2|abbr=on|}}{{Cite web|url=https://de.hotels.com/go/thailand/centralworld|title=Central World}}

|600

|Area of the full complex is {{convert|1024000|m2|abbr=on}} including two skyscrapers.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|11

|ICONSIAM

|Thailand

|Bangkok

| 2018

|{{convert|525000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite news |last1=Pitsinee |first1=Jitpleecheep |title=Iconsiam adds retail area for keen investors |url=https://property.bangkokpost.com/news/907120/iconsiam-adds-retail-area-for-keen-investors |access-date=11 November 2018 |work=Bangkok Post |date=23 March 2016 }}

|550+

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|12

| Mall of America

| United States

| Bloomington, MN (Minneapolis–Saint Paul)

| 1992

| {{convert|520257|m2|abbr=on|ft2}}{{cite web|title=Mall of American Fact Sheet 2016|url=https://www.mallofamerica.com/upload/FactSheets_2016.pdf|access-date=23 December 2020|website=Mall of America|publisher=mallofamerica.com}}

| 520

| The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an area of {{convert|28000|m2|abbr=on}}. Largest mall in the United States and the Americas.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 13

|1 Utama

|Malaysia

|Petaling Jaya

|1995

|{{convert|519328|m2|abbr=on|}}{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.1utama.com.my/about-us/|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=1 Utama}}{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Shawn|date=26 Apr 2019|title=A mall that embraces change for growth|url=https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1517127/mall-embraces-change-growth|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=EdgeProp.my}}

|503

|The 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,{{Cite web|last=Chai|first=Yee Hoong|date=4 Nov 2017|title=Keeping up with changing trends|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/keeping-changing-trends|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}} 2003{{Cite web|last=Ang|first=Elaine|date=22 Dec 2003|title=Shoppers' haven at 1 Utama|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2003/12/22/shoppers-haven-at-1-utama|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Star}} and 2018.{{Cite web|date=25 Jan 2018|title=1 Utama opens phase one of 1 Utama E|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/1-utama-opens-phase-one-1-utama-e|access-date=11 Apr 2021|website=The Edge Markets}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|14

|SM City North EDSA

|Philippines

|Quezon City (Metro Manila)

|1985

|{{convert|497,213|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url=https://www.smprime.com/sites/default/files/investor_relations/SEC%2017-A-2018.pdf|title=Securities and Exchange Commission SRC Form 17-A |publisher=SM Prime |date=31 December 2018|access-date=4 October 2019}}{{cite web |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |title=SM Prime plans to continue developing SM North Edsa |newspaper=BusinessMirror |access-date=13 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820035647/http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2015/12/15/sm-prime-plans-to-continue-developing-sm-north-edsa/ |archive-date=20 August 2016 }}

|1,000+

|Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on November 25, 2021.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|15

|Global Harbor

|China

|Shanghai

|2013

|{{convert|480000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url=http://sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |title=SM Prime opens the Mega Fashion; Transforms SM Megamall into the Philippines' Largest Mall |publisher=SM Investments Corporation |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311042728/http://www.sminvestments.com/sm-prime-opens-mega-fashion-transforms-sm-megamall-philippines%E2%80%99-largest-mall |archive-date=11 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |publisher=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}

|450+

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|16

|SM Megamall

|Philippines

|Mandaluyong (Metro Manila)

|1991

|{{convert|474000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url=http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |title=SM Megamall now PH's largest mall |work=Inquirer Business |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203032924/http://business.inquirer.net/162009/h-megamall-now-phs-largest-mall |archive-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live }}

|1,000+

|Has the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.{{cite web |url=http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |title=SM Megamall undergoing P1.5 B expansion |work=Rappler |access-date=12 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122334/http://www.philippinestodayus.com/news/business/sm-megamall-undergoing-p1-5-b-expansion/ |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}{{cite web |author=ClickTheCity |url=https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |title=SM MegaMall Cinema Movie Schedule – Mandaluyong, Metro Manila @ ClickTheCity Movies |publisher=Clickthecity.com |date=6 July 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903074936/https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall |archive-date=3 September 2017 |url-status=live }}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|17

|SM Seaside City Cebu

|Philippines

|Cebu City

|2015

|{{convert|470,486|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |title=Biggest mall in Vis-Min, SM Seaside City Cebu, opens November 27 |work=Interaksyon |access-date=13 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104070444/http://www.interaksyon.com/lifestyle/biggest-mall-in-vis-min-sm-seaside-city-cebu-opens-november-27 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}

|700+

|Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.

|18

| Persian Gulf Complex

| Iran

| Shiraz

| 2011

| {{convert|450000|m2||abbr=on}}{{cite web

|url=http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm

|title=Setareh CO Officia Website

|access-date=28 July 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017172047/http://www.setareh.co.ir/en-Us.htm

|archive-date=17 October 2018

|url-status=live

}}{{Cite web

|url=http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm

|title=12 LARGEST SHOPPING CENTERS WORLDWIDE

|access-date=28 July 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728131050/http://www.orangesmile.com/extreme/en/greatest-shoppingmolls/persian-gulf-complex.htm

|archive-date=28 July 2019

|url-status=live

}}{{Cite web

|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/

|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction

|date=19 January 2017

|access-date=28 July 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728132552/http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/

|archive-date=28 July 2019

|url-status=live

}}{{Cite web

|url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202

|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site

|access-date=28 July 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202

|archive-date=27 August 2018

|url-status=live

}}

|355{{Cite web|url=http://www.persiantourismguide.com/2015/08/28/persian-gulf-complex/

|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction|date=19 January 2017 }}{{Cite web

|url=http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202

|title=Persian Gulf Complex Introduction From Official Site

|access-date=2020-07-06

|archive-date=2018-08-27

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827073026/http://persiangulfcomplex.ir/?page_id=6202

|url-status=dead

}}

|Second largest shopping mall by number of stores after Iran Mall.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

|Blockbuster Mall

|Ukraine

|Kyiv

|2019, 2021

|{{Convert|400000|m2|sqft|abbr=unit}}{{Cite web |title=ТРЦ Блокбастер, Київ |url=https://novobudovy.com/torhovi-tsentry-kyieva/torgovo-rozvazhalnij-centr-blokbaster-trc-blockbuster-m-kiiv |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=novobudovy.com |language=uk-ua}}

|400+

|The largest shopping mall in Ukraine{{Cite web |last=MALL |first=BLOCKBUSTER |title=BLOCKBUSTER MALL {{!}} shopping and entertainment centre in Kyiv |url=http://blockbustermall.com.ua/?lang=en |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=blockbustermall.com.ua |language=en}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

|Sunway Pyramid

|Malaysia

|Subang Jaya

|1997

|{{Convert|400000|m2|sqft|abbr=unit}}{{Cite web|last=Andy Ling|date=2017-05-28|title=Sunway Pyramid Shopping Mall|url=http://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Sunway REIT|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004011501/https://www.sunwayreit.com/sunway-pyramid-shopping-mall/|url-status=dead}}

|1000+

|Third largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

| New Century Global Center

| China

| Chengdu

| 2013

| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 2,300

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

| Dream Mall

| Taiwan

| Kaohsiung

| 2007

| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 250

| Largest mall in Taiwan.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

| Siam Paragon

| Thailand

|Bangkok

| 2005

| {{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 200+

| {{cite web|url=http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|title=Siam Paragon|publisher=Bangkok.com|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704031104/http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/siam-paragon.html|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

|Central Phuket

|Thailand

|Phuket

|2004

|{{convert|400000|m2|abbr=on}}[https://phuket9.com/news/post/central-festival-phuket-new-building-construction "Central Festival Phuket – new building construction", Phuket9][https://www.centralpattana.co.th/en/our-properties/shopping-center/central-phuket/373/central-phuket-festival "Central Phuket Festival", Central Pattana site][https://www.thephuketnews.com/b20bn-central-phuket-to-open-sept-10-68251.php "B20bn Central Phuket to open Sept 10", The Phuket News, 15 August 2018]

|250+

|Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|19 (tie)

|Festival Alabang

|Philippines

|Muntinlupa (Metro Manila)

|1998

|{{convert|400,000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url= http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |title= Filinvest Land, Incorporated 2017 Annual Report |publisher= filinvestland.com |access-date= 31 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181024221159/http://www.filinvestland.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2017-FLI-Annual-Report-FA.compressed.pdf |archive-date= 24 October 2018 |url-status= dead }}

|250+

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|25

| Lotte World Mall

| South Korea

| Seoul

| 2014

| {{convert|383470|m2|abbr=on}}{{Cite web |url=http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |title=Seoul |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901135311/http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ |archive-date=1 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}

| 200+

| Largest shopping mall in South Korea.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 26 (tie)

| Jamuna Future Park

| Bangladesh

| Dhaka

| 2013

| {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-31523 |title=Asia's 'biggest' mall in Dhaka |date=10 April 2008 |newspaper=The Daily Star |location=Dhaka |access-date=26 September 2020 }}

| 510

| Largest shopping mall in South Asia.{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920110538/http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |url=http://jamunafuturepark.com/content.php?q=features |website=Jamuna Future Park |title=5th Floor Is Open Now |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2013 }}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|26 (tie)

| Albrook Mall

| Panama

| Panama City

| 2002

| {{convert|380000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 200+

| Second largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|28

| Mal Taman Anggrek

| Indonesia

| Jakarta

| 1996

| {{convert|360000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 150

| Hosts the world's largest LED display.{{cite web|url=http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|title=Mal Taman Anggrek Cetak Rekor "The World Largest LED Illuminated Facade"|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102223533/http://www.beritasatu.com/hiburan-features/64657-mal-taman-anggrek-cetak-rekor-the-world-largest-led-illuminated-facade.html|archive-date=2 November 2016|url-status=live}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|29 (tie)

| Fashion Island (Thailand)

| Thailand

| Bangkok

| 1995

| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 150

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|29 (tie)

| West Edmonton Mall

| Canada

| Edmonton, Alberta

| 1981

| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}{{Cite web|date=5 March 2012|title=World's Largest Shopping Malls|url=http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305041824/http://nutmeg.easternct.edu/~pocock/MallsWorld.htm|archive-date=5 March 2012}}

| 800+

| Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable area does not include Galaxyland, a large indoor amusement park with an area of {{convert|70160|m2|abbr=on}}.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|29 (tie)

| The Dubai Mall

| United Arab Emirates

| Dubai

| 2008

| {{convert|350000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 400+

|The second largest mall in the world by total land area.{{cite web |title=Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com |access-date=14 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307171609/http://www.thedubaimall.com/ |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Zawya – The Dubai Mall |url=http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365

|access-date=6 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108114358/http://www.zawya.com/cm/profile.cfm/cid1003365 |archive-date=8 January 2009 |url-status=live }}{{cite web

|title=Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum formally opens the Dubai Mall |url=http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |access-date=12 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515102312/http://www.thedubaimall.com/en/news/media-centre/news-section/his-highness-sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-formally-opens-the-dubai-mall.html |archive-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=live}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|32 (tie)

| Big City

| Taiwan

| Hsinchu

| 2012

| {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 300

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|32 (tie)

| Lucky One Mall

| Pakistan

| Karachi

| 2017

| {{convert|340000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 200+

| Largest mall in Pakistan.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|33

|Gandaria City

|Indonesia

|Jakarta

|2010

|{{convert|336,279|m2|abbr=on|}}{{cite web|url=https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|title=Gandaria City Mall in Jakarta – Shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia – Justgola|website=Justgola|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073142/https://www.justgola.com/a/gandaria-city-mall-3844488|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}

|250

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 34 (tie)

|Limketkai Center

|Philippines

|Cagayan de Oro

|1992

|{{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|title=Trivia: CDO Did You Know?|date=7 August 2012|website=CDOpedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721102824/http://www.cdopedia.com/cdo-places/trivia-cdo|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|title=Limketkai Mall – biggest in Mindanao|date=6 November 2012|work=CDO Dev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073115/http://www.cdodev.com/2012/11/06/limketkai-mall-biggest-in-mindanao/|archive-date=21 July 2018|url-status=live}}

| 250

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 34 (tie)

| Berjaya Times Square

| Malaysia

| Kuala Lumpur

| 2003

| {{convert|320000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 200+

| The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 4th largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind IOI City Mall, 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid.{{cite web|url=http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html|title=Berjaya Times Square info page|access-date=14 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207102017/http://www.timessquarekl.com/aboutus.html |archive-date=7 February 2008}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|36

|SM City Fairview

|Philippines

|Quezon City (Metro Manila)

|1997

|{{convert|312749|m2|abbr=on}}

|350

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|37

|The Grand Central Mall

|Pakistan

|Faisalabad

|Under-Construction

|{{convert|310000|m2|abbr=on}}

|2nd-largest mall in Pakistan

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 38 (tie)

| Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)

| China

| Guangzhou

| 2005

| {{convert|280000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 180+{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 38 (tie)

|American Dream Meadowlands

|United States

|East Rutherford, NJ (New York City area)

|2019

|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}{{Cite news|last=Holman|first=Jordyn|date=7 January 2020|title=American Dream Mall Bucks Retail Nightmare, Nears 90% Lease Rate|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-06/american-dream-mall-bucks-retail-nightmare-nears-90-lease-rate|access-date=23 June 2020}}

|200

|Includes Nickelodeon Universe, DreamWorks Water Park, and Big Snow American Dream

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 38 (tie)

|Haikou International Duty Free City

|China

|Haikou, Hainan

|2022

|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Dao |date=2022-10-03 |title=World's largest duty-free shop to open in Haikou, China |url=https://daoinsights.com/news/worlds-largest-single-duty-free-shop-to-open-in-haikou-china/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dao Insights |language=en-US}}

|Largest duty-free shopping mall in the world{{Cite web |last=Rozario |first=Kevin |title=Hainan Has Another Duty-Free Mall—It Is The Biggest In The World |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinrozario/2022/10/29/hainan-has-another-duty-free-mall-it-is-the-biggest-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}

|38 (tie)

|Future Park Rangsit

|Thailand

|Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani

|1995

|{{convert|3000000|sqft|abbr=on|m2|order=flip}}

|1000

|[https://www.futurepark.co.th/th/overview-image/futurepark 600,000 square meters including Zpell]

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|42

|SM City Cebu

|Philippines

|Cebu City

|1993

|{{convert|273,804|m2|abbr=on}}

|680

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|43

|The Avenues, Bahrain

|Bahrain

|Bahrain Bay

|2017

|{{convert|273000|m2|abbr=on}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 44

|Sarath City Mall

|India

|Hyderabad

|2019

|{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}²{{cite web |url=https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/ |title=Sarath City Capital Mall |website=www.sarathcitycapitalmall.com |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/ |archive-date=14 March 2023 |url-status=live}}

|400+

|The biggest shopping mall in India.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 45

|Medan Centre Point

|Indonesia

|Medan

|2013

|{{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}²{{cite web|url=https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|title=PTI Architects|website=www.pti-architects.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816192920/https://www.pti-architects.com/content.php?page=newsdetail&newsid=9|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 46

| Mal Artha Gading

| Indonesia

| Jakarta

| 2004

| {{convert|270000|m2|abbr=on}}

|330{{Cite web|url=https://arthagading.com/tenant/|title=Tenant List|website=MAl Artha Gading|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094700/https://arthagading.com/tenant/|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|47

|Mall of Arabia

|Saudi Arabia

|Jeddah

| 2010

|{{convert|261,000|m2|abbr=on|}}

|187{{Cite web|url=http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list?cid=8|title=Shop List|website=Mall of Arabia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324094659/http://www.mallofarabia.com.eg/en/shop/list%3Fcid%3D8|archive-date=24 March 2019|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2019}}

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|48

| King of Prussia

| United States

|King of Prussia (Philadelphia metropolitan area)

| 1963

| {{convert|259500|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |title=International Council of Shopping Centers |publisher=ICSC |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726170359/http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}

| 200+

|Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, larger than Mall of America by {{convert|1300|m2|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |title=International Council of Shopping Centers: King of Prussia Mall |url=http://www.icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021071037/http://icsc.org/apps/dmmdisp.php?dispid=PA0620 |archive-date=21 October 2007 |access-date=14 February 2008}} The Mall of America once again surpassed it when it built an addition to the mall that included a J.W. Marriot Hotel

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|49

|Greenwich Mall

|Russia

|Ekaterinburg

|2006

|{{convert|258673|m2|abbr=on}}{{Cite web|title=Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ|url=https://marketmedia.ru/media-content/top-10-samykh-bolshikh-torgovykh-tsentrov-rf/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=marketmedia.ru|language=ru}}

|250

|the largest shopping center in Russia

|50

|Centro Comercial Aricanduva

|Brazil

|São Paulo

|1991

|257,047 m² (2,766,830 sq ft){{Cite web |title=SÃO PAULO - Cushman & Wakefield {{!}} Global Cities Retail Guide |url=https://cw-gbl-gws-prod.azureedge.net/-/media/cw/global/insights/global-cities-retail-guide/americas/brazil_saopaulo_retailguide.pdf?rev=7c3aefea098e4cc2b6ede53620e80a8c |access-date=May 16, 2024 |website=Cushman & Wakefield}}

|545+

|The largest shopping center in South America. It is the 5th largest shopping center in the world (2019)

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|51

| T.S. Mall

| Taiwan

| Tainan

| 2015

| {{convert|254000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 200+

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

|52

|Tunjungan Plaza

|Indonesia

|Surabaya

|1986

|{{convert|253187|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |author=Pakuwon Indonesia |url=http://www.pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |title=Properties |publisher=Pakuwon.com |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722085549/http://pakuwon.com/property/property-portofolio/Surabaya/Tunjungan%20City%20/4 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}

|250

|The biggest mall in East Java

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 53 (tie)

|Emporium Mall

|Pakistan

|Lahore

|2016

|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web |url=https://www.pakpedia.pk/emporium-mall-lahore |title=Emporium Mall Lahore |website=Pakpedia |date=24 April 2017 |author=Samrashabir |access-date=28 September 2020 }}

|200+

|3rd largest mall in Pakistan

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 53 (tie)

|Centro Sambil

|Venezuela

|Caracas

|1998

|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}

|300

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 55 (tie)

| Aventura Mall

| United States

| Aventura (Miami area)

| 1983

| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 300+

| Largest shopping mall in Florida.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 55 (tie)

|Glorietta

|Philippines

|Makati (Metro Manila)

|1991

|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}

|300+

|Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the Ayala Corporation.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 55 (tie)

|Greenbelt

|Philippines

|Makati (Metro Manila)

|1991

|{{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}

|300+

|Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned by the Ayala Corporation.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 55 (tie)

| South Coast Plaza

| United States

| Costa Mesa (Greater Los Angeles)

| 1967

| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |title=ICSC DMM Display |publisher=Icsc.org |access-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213448/http://www.icsc.org/cgi/dmmdisp?dispid=CA0440 |archive-date=11 October 2012 }}

| 286

| The largest shopping mall in California besides Del Amo.

|- style="height: 3.5em;"

| 55 (tie)

| Centro Comercial Santafé

| Colombia

| Bogota

| 2006

| {{convert|250000|m2|abbr=on}}

| 150

=Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls=

Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.

class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:15%;"\| Name ! style="width:12.5%;"\| Country ! style="width:12.5%;"\| City ! style="width:5%;"\| Year opened ! style="width:15%;"\| Gross leasable area ! style="width:5%;"\| Shops ! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"\| Remarks
style="height: 3.5em;" \| \|Yiwu International luTrade City \| China \|Yiwu \| 2002 \|{{convert\|5500000\|m2\|abbr=on}}{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city\|title=Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city\|last=Roxburgh\|first=Helen\|date=23 March 2017\|work=The Guardian\|language=en\|access-date=23 March 2017\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city\|archive-date=23 March 2017\|url-status=live}} \|75,000+ \|Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed.

class="wikitable sortable"

! style="width:15%;"| Name

! style="width:12.5%;"| Country

! style="width:12.5%;"| City

! style="width:5%;"| Year opened

! style="width:15%;"| Gross leasable area

! style="width:5%;"| Shops

! style="width:35%;" class="unsortable"| Remarks

style="height: 3.5em;"

|Yiwu International luTrade City

| China

|Yiwu

| 2002

|{{convert|5500000|m2|abbr=on}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|title=Welcome to Yiwu: China's testing ground for a multicultural city|last=Roxburgh|first=Helen|date=23 March 2017|work=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323111704/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/23/welcome-yiwu-china-testing-ground-multicultural-city|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}

|75,000+

|Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the disproportionately greater number of shops than other malls listed.

References

External links

[http://www.icsc.org/ International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)]
[http://www.aia.org/rec_default American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Committee Knowledge Community]

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