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Stylommatophora

{{Short description|Order of gastropods}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Cretaceous|Recent}}

| image = Stylommatophora-001.jpg

| image_caption =

| taxon = Stylommatophora

| authority = A. Schmidt, 1855

| subdivision_ranks = Subdivision ranks

| subdivision =

| diversity_link =

| diversity_ref = Solem A. (1978). Classification of the land Mollusca. In: Fretter V. & Peake J. (eds). Pulmonates, Vol. 2A. London, Academic Press, 49–97.Sutcharit C., Naggs F., Wade C. M., Fontanilla I. & Panha S. (2010). "The new family Diapheridae, a new species of Diaphera Albers from Thailand, and the position of the Diapheridae within a molecular phylogeny of the Streptaxoidea (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 160: 1-16. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00598.x}}.

| diversity =

about 20,500 species

}}

Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.4002/040.061.0201?journalCode=mala Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families]. Malacologia, 61(1-2): 1-526. of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This taxon includes most land snails and slugs. Stylommatophorans lack an operculum, but some close their shell apertures with temporary "operculum" (epiphragm) made of calcified mucus. They have two pairs of retractile tentacles, the upper pair of which bears eyes on the tentacle tips. All stylommatophorans are hermaphrodites.

The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles.{{cite journal |last1=Dayrat |first1=B |last2=Tillier |first2=S |date=2002-07-29 |title=Evolutionary relationships of euthyneuran gastropods (Mollusca): a cladistic re-evaluation of morphological characters |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=403–470 |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00018.x |doi-access=free }}

Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous period up to the present day.{{in lang|cs}} Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. (1996). Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc, 264 pp., {{ISBN|80-7067-599-3}}. A molecular clock estimate puts the origin of the crown group also to the Cretaceous.{{Cite journal |last1=Jörger |first1=Katharina M |last2=Stöger |first2=Isabella |last3=Kano |first3=Yasunori |last4=Fukuda |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Knebelsberger |first5=Thomas |last6=Schrödl |first6=Michael |date=2010 |title=On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=323 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=3087543 |pmid=20973994 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..323J |doi-access=free }}

File:Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg (common garden snail)]]

File:Caucasotachea_atrolabiata.jpg (Helicidae)]]

File:Helicella_macedonica.jpg (Geomitridae)]]

2017 taxonomy

The most up-to-date formal classification of Stylommatophora is that of Bouchet et al. (2017). Parts of the 2017 system have become obsolete due to new phylogenetic studies and continuously updated information may be found at MolluscaBase.{{Cite web |title=Molluscabase |url=https://molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=447 |access-date=10 January 2025|website=molluscabase.org |language=en}}

Rhytidoidea is apparently not a monophyletic group, but rather a collection of lineages from the southern hemisphere with unresolved relationships.

suborder Achatinina [“Achatinoid Clade”]

suborder Scolodontina

suborder Helicina [“Non-Achatinoid Clade”]

2005 taxonomy

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) based on evolutionary ancestry, Stylommatophora is a clade in the clade Eupulmonata within informal group Pulmonata.{{Cite journal |last1=Bouchet |first1=Philippe |last2=Rocroi |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Frýda |first3=Jiří |last4=Hausdorf |first4=Bernhard |last5=Ponder |first5=Winston |last6=Waldés |first6=Ángel |last7=Warén |first7=Anders |date=2005 |title=Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families |journal=Malacologia |volume=47 |pages=1–397}} It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.

The clade Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.

clade Elasmognatha

clade Orthurethra

informal group Sigmurethra

"limacoid clade" (within the Sigmurethra)

(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)

File:Snail-WA edit02.jpg, within the Helicoidea.]]File:Trochulus hispidus live.jpg, a stylommatophoran land snail in the family Hygromiidae within the Helicoidea.]]

Previous taxonomy{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

References

{{Commons category|Stylommatophora}}

{{Wikispecies|Stylommatophora}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q972302}}

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Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances