White Americans#Admixture

{{Pie chart

| thumb = right

| caption = White ethnic groups according to the 2020 US Census{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|publisher=United States census|date= September 21, 2023|access-date=October 21, 2023}}

| label1 = British

| value1 = 8.30

| color1 = #1630BE

| label2 = German

| value2 = 4.67

| color2 = #091F92

| label3 = Irish

| value3 = 3.29

| color3 = #0070B8

| label4 = Italian

| value4 = 2.00

| color4 = #0087BD

| label5 = Polish

| value5 = 0.81

| color5 = #1F75FE

| label6 = Scandinavian

| value6 = 0.76

| color6 = #318CE7

| label7 = West Asian / North African

| value7 = 0.86

| color7 = #0093AF

| label8 = French

| value8 = 0.54

| color8 = #333399

| label9 = Dutch

| value9 = 0.27

| color9 = #4169E1

| label10 = Russian

| value10 = 0.30

| color10 = #000F89

| other-label = Non-white

| other-color = #808080

| other = 28.98

| label11 = Other or multiple white ethnicities (White alone)

| value11 = 39.96

| color11 = #0000FF

| label12 = Multiracial White

| value12 = 9.39

| color12 = #FFFFFF

}}

The most commonly reported ancestries of White Americans include English (12.5%), German (7.6%), Irish (5.3%), Italian (3.2%), and Polish (1.3%).{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/detailed-race-ethnicities-2020-census.html|title=Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census|website=United States Census Bureau}} It is difficult to track full or partial ancestry from Spain in White Hispanics, Mestizos, or Mulattoes since people of direct Spanish descent are also classified as Hispanic, and though the census does track Hispanics' national origin, it does not classify it by race. In 2020, 1,896,300 people claimed ancestry from Spain, 0.6% of the total population.[https://data.census.gov/table?q=hispanic&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B03001 2021 Community Survey, Table B03001: Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin] However, genetic studies have found that the vast majority of Hispanics in the US have varying amounts of European ancestry, with the largest component being Spanish or Iberian.{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Lizzie |date=December 18, 2014 |title=Genetic study reveals surprising ancestry of many Americans |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/genetic-study-reveals-surprising-ancestry-many-americans}}{{Cite journal |last1=Conomos |first1=Matthew P. |last2=Laurie |first2=Cecelia A. |last3=Stilp |first3=Adrienne M. |last4=Gogarten |first4=Stephanie M. |last5=McHugh |first5=Caitlin P. |last6=Nelson |first6=Sarah C. |last7=Sofer |first7=Tamar |last8=Fernández-Rhodes |first8=Lindsay |last9=Justice |first9=Anne E. |last10=Graff |first10=Mariaelisa |last11=Young |first11=Kristin L. |last12=Seyerle |first12=Amanda A. |last13=Avery |first13=Christy L. |last14=Taylor |first14=Kent D. |last15=Rotter |first15=Jerome I. |date=2016-01-07 |title=Genetic Diversity and Association Studies in US Hispanic/Latino Populations: Applications in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=165–184 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2015.12.001 |pmid=26748518 |pmc=4716704 |issn=0002-9297}}{{Cite journal |last1=Jordan |first1=I. King |last2=Rishishwar |first2=Lavanya |last3=Conley |first3=Andrew B. |date=2019-09-23 |title=Native American admixture recapitulates population-specific migration and settlement of the continental United States |journal=PLOS Genetics |language=en |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=e1008225 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008225 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-7404 |pmc=6756731 |pmid=31545791}} The English Americans' demography is also considered a serious under-count, as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution.Sources:

• {{cite book|last=Pulera |first=Dominic |date=October 20, 2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/sharingdreamwhit00pule |url-access=registration |title=Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America |publisher=A&C Black |page=[https://archive.org/details/sharingdreamwhit00pule/page/57 57] |access-date=October 22, 2016|isbn=978-0-8264-1643-8}}

A 2015 genetic study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics analyzed the genetic ancestry of 148,789 European Americans. The study concluded that British/Irish ancestry is the most common European ancestry among white Americans, with this component ranging between 20% (Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota) and 55% (Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas). These states strongly correlated with those where the largest number of people identified with "American" ancestry on the census.{{Cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y. |last3=Macpherson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna L. |date=2015-01-08 |title=The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=4289685 |pmid=25529636}} Many white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries. According to the 2022 American Community Survey, 76,678,228 Americans identified with multiple European, Middle Eastern, or North African ancestry groups, with the large majority of these identifying with various European groups.{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B04005?t=Ancestry |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=data.census.gov}}

{{Main|Definitions of whiteness in the United States}}

{{Further|One-drop rule}}

Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States.

The term "white American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 US census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html |title=Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race |access-date=April 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304131211/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html |archive-date=March 4, 2010}}

File:Steve_Jobs.jpg was an American inventor of Arab (Syrian) and Swiss descent.]]

The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows:

"White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.

File:Lorenzo_Lamas.jpg is an American actor of Spanish-Argentine and Norwegian descent.]]

In US census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race, despite treating as ethnic groups nationalities from the Americas as ethnically and racially diverse as the United States.{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html#hispanic_or_latino_origin |title=American FactFinder Help |access-date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |quote=Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race. |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010305235951/http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_h.html#hispanic_or_latino_origin |archive-date=March 5, 2001}}{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 |website=Census.gov |access-date=October 22, 2016}} Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and are the largest minority in the country.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=T4-2008. Hispanic or Latino By Race |work=2008 Population Estimates |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=March 15, 2010 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03002. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE |publisher=United States Census Bureau |work=2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |access-date=March 16, 2010 }}

Beginning in 1930, Mexican was added as a distinct race on the US census with the explanation that "practically all Mexican laborers are of a racial mixture difficult to classify".{{cite report |author=United States Bureau of the Census |title=Population, Volume II: General Report, Statistics by Subjects |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1933 |page=27}}{{cite web |title=Measuring Race and Ethnicity Across the Decades: 1790-2010, Mapped to 1997 U.S. Office of Management and Budget Classification Standards |publisher=The United States Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/race/MREAD_1790_2010.html}} The Mexican racial category was removed in 1940, with new direction that "Mexicans are to be regarded as white unless definitely of Indian or other nonwhite race"; this was continued in 1950.{{cite web |last1=Bashi Treitler |first1=Vilna Francine |title=The Race Question |url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~vbashi/soc108-handout-census.htm |website=Rutgers University Faculty Webpages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007100347/http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~vbashi/soc108-handout-census.htm |archive-date=7 October 2008}} 1970 saw the creation of the Spanish Origin category, which superseded previous classifications for Mexicans, Central and South Americans and is now represented by the Hispanic or Latino "ethnic" category, although technically it cannot be treated as an ethnic or racial group due to the great cultural, ethnic and racial variety existing within the group in question. Hispanic or Latino was again to be raised to racial status for the 2020 census (along with Middle Eastern and North African), but this was canceled by President Donald J. Trump.{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-frn.pdf|title=Public Comments Received on Federal Register notice 79 FR 71377: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2015 National Content Test |work=Census.gov|date=December 2, 2014 – February 2, 2015|access-date=October 29, 2019}}

The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been a matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite, even though the views of the time do not apply to the way racial issues are viewed today.{{cite web|url=http://www.aaiusa.org/not-quite-white-race-classification-and-the-arab-american-experience|title=Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience – Arab American Institute|website=Aaiusa.org|access-date=December 14, 2017|archive-date=May 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527054349/https://www.aaiusa.org/not-quite-white-race-classification-and-the-arab-american-experience|url-status=dead}} In the early 21st century, MENA (Middle Eastern, North African) Americans began lobbying for the creation of their own racial group and were successful; in 2015, the US Census Bureau announced that it had responded to their requests and would add a "Middle Eastern and North African" racial category to the 2020 census.{{cite web |title=Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census |publisher=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/08/13/stateline-census-mena-africa-mideast/13999239/ |date=August 13, 2014}}{{cite web |title=Why Arab Americans are pushing for a 'Middle East or North African' category on the census |date=April 28, 2023 |publisher=PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/why-arab-americans-are-pushing-for-a-middle-east-or-north-african-category-on-the-census}} The Trump administration nullified this change after coming to power in 2016.

However, in 2024, the Office of Management and Budget under the Biden administration reinstated the proposed changes, announcing that the race categories used by the federal government would be updated, and that Middle Eastern and North African Americans will no longer be classified as white in the upcoming 2030 Census, and Hispanic and Latino will also be treated similar to a racial, rather than ethnic, category, even though they cannot technically be seen as one or the other due to the great diversity within the group. The Census Bureau defines the planned definition of White people as follows:

"Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example, English, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and Scottish."{{Citation |last=Isaksen |first=Lise Widding |title=Gendering the Stranger: Nomadic Care Workers in Europe — a Polish-Italian Example |date=2011 |work=Europeanization, Care and Gender |pages=141–151 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230321021_9 |access-date=2024-06-29 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |doi=10.1057/9780230321021_9 |isbn=978-1-349-33526-8}}

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| image1 = Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg

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| caption1 = President Abraham Lincoln was descended from Samuel Lincoln and was of English and Welsh ancestry.

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| image2 = Gloria Vanderbilt 1959.JPG

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| caption2 = Gloria Vanderbilt, noted artist and designer, was of Dutch descent.

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In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the US census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value.

On some government documents, such as the 2007 SEER program's Coding and Staging Manual, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shia or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, Caucasian, Middle Eastern, North African, Mexican, Central American or South American ethnicity as their race in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin or Native American tribal affiliation, were automatically tallied as White.{{cite web |url=http://seer.cancer.gov/manuals/2007/SPCSM_2007_AppendixD.pdf |title=Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics|date=May 21, 2007|website=Seer.cancer.gov|access-date=October 22, 2016}} The 1990 US census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) listed "Caucasian" or "Aryan" among other terms as subgroups of "white" in their ancestry code listing,{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/cicdoc/cen90app/ancestry.htm |title=Clark Library | U-M Library |website=Lib.umich.edu |access-date=5 June 2023| url-status = dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313073045/http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/cicdoc/cen90app/ancestry.htm | archive-date = 13 March 2005}} but 2005 and proceeding years of PUMS codes do not.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/PUMS/C2SS/CodeList/2005/Ancestry.htm |title=Access Data: Public Use Microdata (PUMS): 2005 PUMS Code Lists: Ancestry Codes |access-date=2008-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916154200/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Products/PUMS/C2SS/CodeList/2005/Ancestry.htm |archive-date=2008-09-16 }}

File:National Origins of the White Population of the USA, 1920.png.]]

In the contemporary United States, any one of European descent is typically considered white. However, the US census also considers people of Middle Eastern and North African ancestry to be “white”. Many of the ethnic groups classified as “white” by the US census, such as Arab Americans, Berber Americans, Jewish Americans of European, Middle Eastern or North African descent, Mexican Americans of European, Middle Eastern or North African descent, Central Americans of European, Middle Eastern or North African descent or South Americans of European, Middle Eastern or North African descent may not always identify as, and may not always be perceived to be, “white”, despite the official parameters used by the United States Census Bureau. This may indicate certain communication gaps between Census officials and the general population.{{Cite journal |journal=Sociological Perspectives|volume=47|issue=4|pages=371–391 |doi=10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371|year=2016|last1=Ajrouch |first1=Kristine J. |title=Gender, Race, and Symbolic Boundaries: Contested Spaces of Identity among Arab American Adolescents |s2cid=143001730}}{{cite journal |last=Korelitz |first=Seth |title=The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, from Race to Ethnicity |journal=American Jewish History |date=March 1997 |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=75–100 |issn=0164-0178 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |jstor=23885597}}{{cite book|last=Novick|first=Peter|title=The Holocaust in American Life|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zpSvtOak7AC |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|pages=127–132|isbn=978-0-618-08232-2}}{{cite journal |last1=Siporin |first1=Steve |title=Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore |journal=Western States Jewish History |date=November 1990 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=230–242}}{{cite news |last1=Lerner |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Lerner (rabbi) |title=Jews Are Not White |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=May 18, 1993 |quote=In America, to be 'white' means to be the beneficiary of the past 500 years of European exploration and exploitation of the rest of the world}}Hilene Flanzbaum, ed. The Americanization of the Holocaust (1999)Monty Noam Penkower, "Shaping Holocaust Memory," American Jewish History 2000 88(1): 127–132. 0164–0178Armas Kustaa Ensio Holmio, "History of the Finns in Michigan", p. 17.

Social perceptions of whiteness have evolved over the course of American history. For example, Benjamin Franklin commented that the Saxons of Germany and the English "make the principal Body of White People on the Face of the Earth", indicating how the great scientific discoveries made by the British and Germans were seen as vital for the development of the white race at the time (18th century).{{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=Benjamin |title=Observations concerning the increase of mankind, peopling of countries, &c |date=1751 |publisher=Tarrytown, N.Y., Reprinted, W. Abbatt |page=224| url=https://archive.org/details/increasemankind00franrich/page/10/mode/2up |language=en}} Historically, many individuals of European descent were not readily integrated into mainstream American society, being thrown to the margins of society during the mass immigration movements that occurred between the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century due to linguistic issues (groups who didn't speak English or other Germanic languages) and religious issues (non-Christian groups or non-Protestants, such as Catholics and Orthodox), including Irish, Italians, Greeks, Jews, Russians, Poles, Spaniards, Czechs and others.{{cite journal|surname1=Tehranian|given1=John|date=January 2000 |title=Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol109/iss4/4/|journal=Yale Law Journal|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc.|volume=109|issue=4|pages=825|oclc= 5544418733|doi=10.2307/797505|issn=0044-0094|jstor=797505|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904175554/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7941&context=ylj|archive-date=2020-09-04|url-status=live}} HeinOnline [https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/ylr109&i=855 linkFile:Lock-red-alt-2.svg]. In Minnesota, prejudice against Finnish immigrants led to a debate{{when|date=June 2024}} surrounding Finnish whiteness and whether Finns should be classified as a Mongoloid people for speaking a non-Indo-European language, being discarded by the local mainstream society.

David Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998). The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship, which made the social integration of other racial groups, such as African-Americans, difficult for decades (Jim Crow laws).Sweet, Frank W. Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), {{ISBN|0-939479-23-0}}.

{{See also|Americans|White people}}

The fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States census

White Americans constitute the majority of the 332 million people living in the United States, with 71% of the population in the 2020 United States census, including 61.6% who identified as "white alone". This represented a 10.6 percentage point national white demographic decline, from a 72.4% share of the US's self-identified white alone population in 2010.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-05.pdf |title = The White Population: 2010 |last1 = Hixson |first1 = Lindsay |author2 = Bradford B. Hepler |author3 = Myoung Ouk Kim |date = September 2011 |website = United States Census Bureau |publisher = United States Department of Commerce |access-date = November 20, 2012 }}{{NoteTag|Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 62% were naturalized.{{cite web |last1=Grieco |first1 = Elizabeth M. |last2=Acosta |first2 = Yesenia D. |last3 = de la Cruz |first3 = G. Patricia |last4=Gambino |first4=Christine |last5=Gryn |first5=Thomas |last6=Larsen |first6 = Luke J. |last7=Trevelyan |first7 = Edward N. |last8=Walters |first8 = Nathan P. |title = The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf |website = Census.gov |publisher = United States Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203551/https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acs-19.pdf |archive-date = May 11, 2012 |date = May 2012 }}}}

The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were English or British, followed by Germans and Irish.{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/10/2020-census-dhc-a-white-population.html | title=Over Half of White Population Reported Being English, German or Irish }}{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/natprojtab01a.pdf |title=United States Population Projections By Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 TO 2050 |access-date=May 5, 2008 |format=Excel |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306035846/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/natprojtab01a.pdf |archive-date = March 6, 2008 }} In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf |title = Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3 |website = Census.gov |access-date = October 22, 2016 }} Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census.{{cite journal |author2-link=Mary C. Waters |last1 = Lieberson |first1 = Stanley |last2 = Waters |first2 = Mary C. |title = Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites |journal = Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |volume=487 |issue = 79, Immigration and American Public Policy |date = September 1986 |pages=82–86 |oclc= 4649763967 |issn=0002-7162 |doi=10.1177/0002716286487001004 |jstor=1046054 |s2cid=60711423 }}{{cite book |first = David Hackett |last=Fischer |title = Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |location = New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |pages=633–39 |isbn=978-0-19-503794-4 }}

{{Update|section|date=August 2020}}

File:White population percentage in all 50 US states.png

White Americans alone (including White Hispanics) are the majority racial group in most of the United States. As of 2022, they are not the majority in Hawaii,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US15&primary_geo_id=04000US15 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} California,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US06&primary_geo_id=04000US06 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} Texas,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US48&primary_geo_id=04000US48 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} New Mexico,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US35&primary_geo_id=04000US35 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} Nevada,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=04000US32&primary_geo_id=04000US32 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} and Maryland,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=04000US24&primary_geo_id=04000US24 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} making up just under half of the population in the last four states. If White Hispanics are excluded, they are also a minority in Georgia.{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=04000US13&primary_geo_id=04000US13 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} They are also a minority in many American Indian reservations, parts of the South, especially areas part of the “black belt”, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country. File:White Americans population pyramid in 2020.svg

File:White Americans (of One Race) in 2020.png

File:White America (of one race) from 1960 to 2020.gifHowever, when including multiracial Americans, those who identify as part or fully White make up the majority of the population in every state except for Hawaii,{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02008 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02008&geo_ids=04000US15&primary_geo_id=04000US15 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}} along with Puerto Rico.{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B02008 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02008&geo_ids=04000US72&primary_geo_id=04000US72 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=censusreporter.org}}

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "non-Hispanic whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest, New England, the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, West Virginia, and East Tennessee.{{cite news |last=Chokshi |first=Niraj |title = Diversity in America's counties, in 5 maps |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/06/30/diversity-in-americas-counties-in-5-maps/ |newspaper = The Washington Post |location = Washington, D.C. |access-date = October 26, 2019 |date = June 30, 2014 }} The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.{{cite book |last1 = Brewer |first1 = Cynthia |last2 = Suchan |first2 = Trudy |year = 2001 |title = Census 2000, The Geography of US Diversity |publisher = ESRI Press |location = Redlands, California }}{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-tm_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_M00627&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_MapEvent=displayBy&-_dBy=040 |title = Distribution of those identifying as White alone, by state, US Census Bureau |access-date=October 5, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505134324/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ThematicMapFramesetServlet?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-tm_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_M00627&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_MapEvent=displayBy&-_dBy=040 |archive-date = May 5, 2007}}

Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

States with the highest percentages of White Americans, either White Alone or in combination with another race as of 2020:{{cite web |website = Census.gov |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=GCT0201&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-mt_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_GCT0201_US9T&-format=US-9T |title = United States – States; and Puerto Rico: Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone 2007 |access-date = January 5, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717061328/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=GCT0201&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-mt_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_GCT0201_US9T&-format=US-9T |archive-date = July 17, 2009 |url-status=dead}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2022}}

1. Vermont 95.6%
2. Maine 95.4%
3. West Virginia 94.4%
4. New Hampshire 93.7%
5. Wyoming 92.0%
6. Montana 90.9%
7. Idaho 90.2%
8. Iowa 89.8%
9. North Dakota 88.0%
10. Kentucky 87.5%

States with the highest percentages of non-Latino/Hispanic whites, as of 2020:{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=US-9T&-mt_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_GCT0209_US9T&-CONTEXT=gct |title=GCT0209. Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone, Not Hispanic or Latino |website=American FactFinder |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120094148/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=US-9T&-mt_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_GCT0209_US9T&-CONTEXT=gct |archive-date=November 20, 2011 |url-status=dead}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2022}}

1. Maine 92.0%
2. Vermont 91.3%
3. New Hampshire 91.3%
4. West Virginia 90.4%
5. Wyoming 90.7%
6. Idaho 90.7%
7. Utah 88.7%
8. Iowa 88.7%
9. Montana 86.7%
10. Nebraska 86.0%

{{Main|Affluence in the United States#Race}}

{{Further|Personal income in the United States|Household income in the United States}}

{{Race and income in US|float=right}}

{{Update|section|date=August 2020}}

White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background, only behind Asian Americans. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans.{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/148845 |title = New Study Claims US Jews Have Reasons to Be Proud |website = Israelnationalnews.com |date = June 25, 2008 |access-date = October 22, 2016 }} In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites.{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf |title=Cuba Fact Sheet Final Draft 08252006 _3_.doc |website=Pewhispanic.org |access-date=October 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530080651/http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf |archive-date = May 30, 2009 |url-status=dead }}

The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf |title = Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004 |website=Census.gov |access-date=October 22, 2016}} However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.{{cite web |url=http://www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/rdev/newsletter/june97/rural-poverty.html |title=Rural Poverty: Myths and Realities |access-date=June 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704223443/http://www.ag.iastate.edu/centers/rdev/newsletter/june97/rural-poverty.html |archive-date=July 4, 2007}}

White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/p20-550.pdf |title = US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003 |access-date = December 23, 2006 }}

Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females.{{cite web |url=http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm |title = US Census Bureau, Personal income forum, Age 25+, 2005 |access-date=January 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104105554/http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032006/perinc/new03_000.htm |archive-date=January 4, 2007}}

White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts.{{cite journal |last1=Kahn |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Bajari |first2=Patrick |title=Why Do Blacks Live in the Cities and Whites Live in the Suburbs? |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |date=2001 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.263049|s2cid=55740758 }}

File:White Americans 1790 County.png|1790

File:White Americans 1800 County.png|1800

File:White Americans 1810 County.png|1810

File:White Americans 1820 County.png|1820

File:White Americans 1830 County.png|1830

File:White Americans 1840 County.png|1840

File:White Americans 1850 County.png|1850

File:White Americans 1860 County.png|1860

File:White Americans 1870 County.png|1870

File:White Americans 1880 County.png|1880

File:White Americans 1890 County.png|1890

File:White Americans 1900 County.png|1900

File:White Americans 1910 County.png|1910

File:White Americans 1920 County.png|1920

File:White Americans 1940 County.png|1940

File:White Americans 1950 County.png|1950

File:White Americans 1960 County.png|1960

File:White Americans 1970 County.png|1970

File:White Americans 1980 County.png|1980

File:White Americans 1990 County.png|1990

File:White Americans 2000 County.png|2000

File:White Americans 2010 County.png|2010

File:White Americans 2020 County.png|2020

{{Main|List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic white population}}

The following table lists all self-reported European and Middle Eastern ancestries with over 50,000 members, according to 2022 estimates from the American Community Survey:{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04006 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04006&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType%7Cestimate |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}{{Cite web |title=Grid View: Table B04004 - Census Reporter |url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B04004&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType%7Cestimate |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=censusreporter.org}}

A majority of White Americans have voted for the Republican Party since the 1968 United States presidential election, with the 1964 United States presidential election being the last election when the Democratic Party won a majority of White voters.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were non-Hispanic white while 56% of Obama voters were non-Hispanic white.Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html Slate November 7, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706035304/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/scocca/2012/11/mitt_romney_white_voters_the_gop_candidate_s_race_based_monochromatic_campaign.html |date=July 6, 2015 }} In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of non-Hispanic white votes.[http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618075224/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1209/racial-ethnic-voters-presidential-election?src=prc-latest&proj=peoplepress|date=June 18, 2012}}. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009. In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the non-Hispanic white votes.{{cite web|title=The Latino Vote in the 2010 Elections|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=November 3, 2010|url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1790/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-hispanic-vote|access-date=January 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205150318/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1790/2010-midterm-elections-exit-poll-hispanic-vote|archive-date=February 5, 2011|url-status=dead}}

Some academics and commentators have argued that Donald Trump's presidential election victory in 2016 is an example of "White backlash".{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/01/trump-massive-resistance-history-mlk/550544/ |title=Five Decades of White Backlash |last=II |first=Vann R. Newkirk |date=2018-01-15 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US |access-date=2018-02-16}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/01/08/us/trump-affirmative-action-president/index.html |title=How Trump became 'the white affirmative action president' |first=John |last=Blake |others=Video by Tawanda Scott Sambou |date=2018-01-08 |website=CNN |access-date=2018-02-16}}{{cite journal|title=Gone For Good: Deindustrialization, White Voter Backlash, and US Presidential Voting|first1=Leonardo|last1=Baccini|first2=Stephen|last2=Weymouth|journal=American Political Science Review|year=2021 |volume=115|issue=2|pages=550–567|doi=10.1017/S0003055421000022|s2cid=204870213 |quote=Deindustrialization in the US, and the associated localized deterioration in employment, wages, and communities, appear central to the white voter backlash that culminated in the election of Donald Trump.}}

{{Main|Health status of White Americans}}

From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, cinema, religion, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to American culture. White American culture derived its earliest influences from English, German, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture.{{cite web |url=http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/02b0986a-cdb4-4d11-8a74-135ea490221f/european-influences-on-colonial-american-culture/ |title=European Influences on Colonial American Culture |publisher=pbslearningmedia.org}} The overall American culture reflects White American culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of White American culture shows influences from British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJilCCGFCTYC&pg=PR9 |title=Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |author=James B. Minahan |page=9 |date=March 14, 2013 |publisher=Abc-Clio |access-date=October 22, 2016|isbn=978-1-61069-164-2 }}

File:Kennedy bros.jpg, Robert and Ted Kennedy. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from Ireland.]]

In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that moved to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States.David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6

According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture.Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 13–206 The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class British Isles servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture.Fischer, Albion's Seed pp. 207–418

Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the US from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast.Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 419–604 Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, sometimes by way of northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the American Southwest.Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 605–782

In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the US is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" cultures, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups moved to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin.Hackett Fischer, David. Albion's Seed Oxford University Press, 1989.

{{See also|Race and genetics}}

File:Non-Hispanic_White_Americans_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg

White Americans have a mean of 98.6% European, 0.19% sub-Saharan African, and 0.18% Native American ancestry according to a study specifically focusing on customers who took a 23andMe DNA test.{{cite journal | last=Bryc |first= K. | title=The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States | journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=96 | issue=1 | year=2015 | issn=0002-9297 | doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 | page=42|pmid= 25529636 | pmc=4289685 }} However, non-European ancestry in White Americans is highly variable; for example, Black ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over five percent of European Americans in Louisiana and South Carolina, and Native American ancestry (2% or greater) is found in over three percent of European Americans in Louisiana and North Dakota. African ancestry is most common in the South and least common in the Midwest; Native American ancestry is more common in Western states than Eastern states.{{harvnb|Bryc|2015|ps=: Figure 3}}

Older studies have also been performed. DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.{{Cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y|title=Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping |year=2003 |last1=Shriver |first1=Mark D. |last2=Parra |first2=Esteban J. |last3=Dios |first3=Sonia |last4=Bonilla |first4=Carolina |last5=Norton |first5=Heather |last6=Jovel |first6=Celina |last7=Pfaff |first7=Carrie |last8=Jones |first8=Cecily |last9=Massac |first9=Aisha |last10=Cameron |first10=Neil |last11=Baron |first11=Archie |last12=Jackson |first12=Tabitha |last13=Argyropoulos |first13=George |last14=Jin |first14=Li |last15=Hoggart |first15=Clive J. |last16=McKeigue |first16=Paul M. |last17=Kittles |first17=Rick A. |journal=Human Genetics |volume=112 |issue=4 |pages=387–399 |pmid=12579416 |s2cid=7877572 }} The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.{{cite web|author-link=Steve Sailer|author=Sailer, Steve|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/05/08/Analysis-White-prof-finds-hes-not-2/UPI-53561020909970|title=Analysis: White prof finds he's not.|work=UPI|date=May 8, 2002}} Shriver discovered his ancestry is 10 percent African, and Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, J.T. Frudacas, contradicted him two years later stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."Jim Wooten, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20040803055203/http://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html Race Reversal Man Lives as 'Black' for 50 Years — Then Finds Out He's Probably Not], ABC News (2004).

In a 2007 study, Gonçalves et al. reported sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in a sample of 1387 American Caucasians as compared to 62% in white Brazilians (respectively 29% and 33%), 98% for white Colombians (respectively 8% and 90%) and 96% for white Costa Ricans (respectively 7% and 89%).Sample of 1387 American Caucasian individuals catalogued in the FBI mtDNA population database, {{Cite journal |pmid=17573655 |year=2007 |last1=Gonçalves |first1=V. F. |last2=Prosdocimi |first2=F. |last3=Santos |first3=L. S. |last4=Ortega |first4=J. M. |last5=Pena |first5=S. D. |title=Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians |journal=Genetics and Molecular Research |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=256–261 }} A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA found African admixture in European Americans to be "below the limits of detection".{{Cite journal |pmc=430174 |year=2003 |last1=Kayser |first1=M. |last2=Brauer |first2=S. |last3=Schädlich |first3=H. |last4=Prinz |first4=M. |last5=Batzer |first5=M. A. |last6=Zimmerman |first6=P. A. |last7=Boatin |first7=B. A. |last8=Stoneking |first8=M. |title=Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry |journal=Genome Research |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=624–634 |doi=10.1101/gr.463003 |doi-access=free |pmid=12671003 }}

File:Hispanic Whites population pyramid in 2020.svg

In contrast to non-Hispanic or Latino whites, whose average European ancestry is 98.6%,{{cite bioRxiv| last1=Bryc | first1=Katarzyna | last2=Durand | first2=Eric Y. | last3=Macpherson | first3=J. Michael | last4=Reich | first4=David | last5=Mountain | first5=Joanna L. | title=The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States | date=2014-09-18 | biorxiv=10.1101/009340}}. [http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/09/18/009340.DC1/009340-1.pdf "Supplemental Tables and Figures"]. p. 42. September 18, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2015.{{cite news|last1=Zimmer|first1=Carl|title=White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/science/23andme-genetic-ethnicity-study.html?_r=2|access-date=October 24, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=December 24, 2014}} genetic research has found that the average European admixture among White Hispanic and Latino Americans is 73%, while the average European admixture for Hispanic Americans overall (regardless of their self-identified race) is 65.1%. However, this study only obtained its genetic data from people who took a paid ancestry test from 23andMe, and as such may not be fully representative of the general Hispanic population in the US.{{Cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y. |last3=Macpherson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna L. |date=2015-01-08 |title=The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |issn=0002-9297 |pmc=4289685 |pmid=25529636}}

{{div col}}

• Health status of White Americans
• White demographic decline#United States
• American ancestry
• Anglo
• Emigration from Europe
• European Americans
• Hyphenated American
• Middle Eastern Americans
• Non-Hispanic or Latino whites
• Race and ethnicity in the United States
• Racism in the United States
• Stereotypes of white Americans
• White Anglo-Saxon Protestant
• White ethnic
• White Latino Americans
• White Puerto Ricans
• White Southerners
• White Americans in California
• White Americans in Maryland
• White Americans in Texas
• White supremacy
• White nationalism
• White people in Hawaii
• White trash
• Poor White
• Mountain white
• White Americans in Louisiana

{{div col end}}

{{NoteFoot}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf White Population 2000] from the US census

{{Demographics of the United States}}

{{White people}}

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Category:Ethnic groups in the United States