Middle Eastern Americans

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox ethnic group

| group = Middle Eastern Americans

| population = 3.5 million{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-mena-population.html|title=3.5 Million Reported Middle Eastern and North African Descent in 2020|date=September 21, 2023|website=Census.gov|accessdate= May 21, 2024}} (2020)
1.06% of the population

| regions = Mostly in the major metropolitan areas

| religions =

}}

Middle Eastern Americans are Americans of Middle Eastern background. Although once considered Asian Americans, the modern definition of "Asian American" now excludes people with West Asian backgrounds.{{cite web|last=Cortellessa|first=Eric|title=Israeli, Palestinian Americans could share new 'Middle Eastern' census category|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-palestinian-americans-could-share-new-middle-eastern-census-category/#gs.g7g3kp|date=October 23, 2016|access-date=September 21, 2020|website=The Times Of Israel|quote=This derives from a 1915 court ruling in Dow v. United States, in which a Syrian American, George Dow, appealed his being classified by the government as Asian. At the time, such a designation resulted in the denial of citizenship under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.}}

According to the 2020 United States census, over 3.5 million people self-identified as being Middle Eastern and North African ethnic origin. However, this definition includes more than just the Middle East.{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-mena-population.html|title=3.5 Million Reported Middle Eastern and North African Descent in 2020|date=September 21, 2023|website=Census.gov|accessdate= May 21, 2024}}

History

One of the first large groups of immigration from the Middle East to the United States came by boat from the Ottoman Empire in the late 1800s. Although US officials referred to them as Turkish, most referred to themselves as Syrian, and it is estimated that 85 percent of these Ottoman immigrants came from modern Lebanon. Later, new categories were created for Syrians and Lebanese.{{cite book |last1=Marvasti |first1=Amir |last2=McKinney |first2=Karyn D. |title=Middle Eastern Lives in America |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-7425-1957-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QSOJq9E8kcC&q=history+of+middle+eastern+americans |access-date=December 11, 2020}}

The number of Armenians who migrated to the US from 1820 to 1898 is estimated to be around 4,000{{sfn|Peroomian|Avakian|2003|p=34}} and according to the Bureau of Immigration, 54,057 Armenians entered the US between 1899 and 1917, with the vast majority coming from the Ottoman Empire.{{sfn|Malcom|1919|p=67}} The largest Armenian American communities at that time were located in New York City; Fresno; Worcester, Massachusetts; Boston; Philadelphia; Chicago; Jersey City; Detroit; Los Angeles; Troy, New York; and Cleveland.{{sfn|Malcom|1919|p=73}}

Another wave of immigration from the Middle East began in 1946, peaking after the 1960s. Since 1968, these immigrants have arrived from such countries as Iran, Iraq, Israel, occupied Palestinian territories, Syria, Egypt, and Lebanon.

=MENA census category=

The US Census Bureau is still finalizing the ethnic classification of MENA populations for the 2030 US census. Middle Eastern Americans are currently counted as racially White on the census, although many do not identify as such. In 2012, prompted in part by post-9/11 discrimination, the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee petitioned the Department of Commerce's Minority Business Development Agency to designate the MENA populations as a minority/disadvantaged community.[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/08/13/stateline-census-mena-africa-mideast/13999239/ "Lobbying for a 'MENA' category on U.S. Census"] Wiltz, Teresea. USA Today. Published October 7, 2014. Accessed December 14, 2015. Following consultations with MENA organizations, the US Census Bureau announced in 2014 that it would establish a new MENA ethnic category for populations from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab world, separate from the "white" classification that these populations had previously sought in 1909. The expert groups felt that the earlier "White" designation no longer accurately represents MENA identity, so they successfully lobbied for a distinct categorization.{{cite web|title=Public Comments to NCT Federal Register Notice|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-frn.pdf|publisher=United States Census Bureau; Department of Commerce|access-date=April 19, 2016}}{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Debra Nussbaum|title=New U.S. Census Category to Include Israeli' Option|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/.premium-1.661491|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=December 16, 2015}} This process does not currently include ethnoreligious groups such as Sikhs, as the Bureau only tabulates these groups as followers of religions rather than members of ethnic groups.{{cite web|title=2015 National Content Test|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-omb-package.pdf|pages=33–34|publisher=United States Census Bureau|quote=The Office of Management and Budget is undertaking related mid-decade research for coding and classifying detailed national origins and ethnic groups, and is considering adding a Middle Eastern or North African checkbox in a combined race and ethnicity question. Our consultations with external experts on the Asian community have also suggested Sikh receive a unique code classified under Asian. The Census Bureau does not currently tabulate on religious responses to the race or ethnic questions (e.g., Sikh, Jewish, Catholic, Muslim, Lutheran, etc.).|access-date=December 13, 2015}}

According to the Arab American Institute, countries of origin for Arab Americans include Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. As of December 2015, the sampling strata for the new MENA category includes the Census Bureau's working classification of 19 MENA groups, as well as Armenian, Afghan, Iranian, Israeli, Azerbaijani, and Georgian groups.{{cite web|title=2015 National Content Test|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/decennial/2020-census/2015_census_tests/nct/2015-nct-omb-package.pdf|page=60|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 13, 2015}}

The new question on the US census will identify members of the MENA category to include:{{cite web|title= What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean for the Census Bureau|website=United States Census Bureau|date=April 8, 2024|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2024/04/updates-race-ethnicity-standards.html}}

:"Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of the Middle East or North Africa, including, for example, Lebanese, Iranian, Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi, and Israeli."

Population

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

!Ancestry

!US Census Bureau
(2017){{cite web |title=PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY Universe: Total population more information 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk |archive-url=https://perma.cc/7SGZ%2DWARQ |archive-date=9 August 2019 |website=factfinder.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau}} [https://archive.org/details/2017ancestrybystate PDF]

!Estimates

Arab Americans

|2,005,223

|3,700,000{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Heather |last2=Guskin |first2=Emily |last3=Mitchell |first3=Amy |date=November 28, 2012 |title=Arab-American Population Growth |url=http://www.journalism.org/2012/11/28/arabamerican-population-growth/ |access-date=November 6, 2015 |work=Arab-American Media |publisher=Pew Research Center}}{{cite web |title=Demographics |url=http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023235625/http://www.aaiusa.org/demographics |archive-date=23 October 2016 |access-date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Arab American Institute}}

Armenian Americans

|485,970

|500,000–1,500,000{{cite web |title=Armenian American Song |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197430/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819083301/https://www.loc.gov/item/ihas.200197430/ |archive-date=19 August 2019 |publisher=Library of Congress |quote=Today, most of the 500,000-strong Armenian population...}}{{cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=President Biden's message to Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan on the occasion of 30th anniversary of Armenia's Independence. |url=https://am.usembassy.gov/30th-anniversary/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210923141406/https://am.usembassy.gov/30th-anniversary/ |archive-date=23 September 2021 |website=am.usembassy.gov |publisher=US Embassy in Armenia |quote=...1.5 million Armenian-Americans...}}

Iranian Americans

|476,967

|1,000,000–2,000,000{{cite news |date=20 May 2012 |title=How many Iranians are in the USA? |language=fa |work=Shargh Newspaper |agency=Entekhab Professional News Site |url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/63723/%DA%86%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF |access-date=11 April 2017 |ref=63723}}{{cite news |date=5 May 2013 |title=A country which has the largest number of Iranians after Iran |language=fa |work=Tabnak |agency=Entekhab Professional News Site |url=http://www.entekhab.ir/fa/news/109734/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87%E2%80%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF |access-date=11 April 2017 |ref=109734}}{{cite news |date=9 September 2012 |title=Revealing of the number of Iranians in the outside Iran |language=fa |work=Hafte Sobh Newspaper |agency=Bartarinha News Portal |url=http://www.bartarinha.ir/fa/news/31988/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1 |access-date=11 April 2017 |ref=31988}}{{cite news |date=7 September 2012 |title=The number of Iranians who live outside was announced/ 7 countries which have the largest number of Iraninas |language=fa |agency=Mehr News Agency |url=http://www.mehrnews.com/news/1689883/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B4%D8%AF-7-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86 |access-date=11 April 2017 |ref=1689883}}

Turkish Americans

|222,593

|1,000,000–3,000,000+{{citation |title=Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012 |journal=Foreign Policy Bulletin |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=137 |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.}}{{citation |title=Remarks at Center for American Progress & Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey (TUSKON) Luncheon |url=https://2010-2014.commerce.gov/news/secretary-speeches/2012/04/05/remarks-center-american-progress-confederation-businessmen-and-in.html |year=2012 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=United States Department of Commerce}}{{citation |last=Lucena |first=Jorge |title=MEET MURAD ISLAMOV: THE FOUNDER AND CEO OF MAYA BAGEL EXPRESS |url=https://flaunt.com/content/murad-islamov |year=2022 |access-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326175348/https://flaunt.com/content/murad-islamov |publisher=Flaunt |quote=Over 3 million Turkish Americans live in various states across the united states. They have had a significant impact on the united states' culture, achievements, and history. |archive-date=26 March 2022}}

Israeli Americans

|139,127

|{{Centre|N/A}}

Coptic Americans

|{{Centre|N/A}}

|200,000–1,000,000According to published accounts and several Coptic/US sources (including the US-Coptic Association), the Coptic Orthodox Church has between 700,000 and one million members in the United States (c. 2005–2007). {{cite web |title=Why CCU? |url=http://www.copticcu.com/WhyCCU.html |access-date=June 21, 2009 |publisher=Coptic Credit Union}}{{cite web |title=Coptics flock to welcome 'Baba' at Pittsburgh airport |url=http://sce.uhcl.edu/akladios/Magdy%20Akladios%20Website/Links%20For%20Church/Copticsflocktowelcome.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319010757/http://sce.uhcl.edu/akladios/Magdy%20Akladios%20Website/Links%20For%20Church/Copticsflocktowelcome.doc |archive-date=March 19, 2009 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |publisher=Pittsburgh Tribune (2007)}}{{cite web |title=State's first Coptic Orthodox church is a vessel of faith |url=http://www3.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=373326 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821115518/http://www3.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=373326 |archive-date=August 21, 2011 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |publisher=JS Online (2005)}}{{cite web |title=Coptic Diaspora |url=http://www.copts.com/english/CoptsDiaspora.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220180014/http://www.copts.com/english/CoptsDiaspora.aspx |archive-date=2007-02-20 |access-date=June 21, 2009 |publisher=US-Copts Association (2007)}}

Assyrian Americans

|101,135

|110,807–600,000{{cite web |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |title=American FactFinder – Results |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212055845/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-date=12 February 2020 |access-date=18 February 2015}}{{cite web |title=Selected Population Profile in the United States : 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212055845/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_S0201&prodType=table |archive-date=2020-02-12 |access-date=2013-10-20 |publisher=Factfinder2.census.gov}}{{cite web |title=Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly |url=http://www.aina.org/news/20200303173214.htm |website=www.aina.org}}{{cite web |title=Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill |url=https://trackbill.com/bill/arizona-house-concurrent-resolution-2006-assyrian-genocide-remembrance-day/1796482/ |website=trackbill.com |language=en}}{{cite web |title=HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver |url=https://www.azleg.gov/legtext/54leg/2r/bills/hcr2006p.htm |website=www.azleg.gov}}

Kurdish Americans

|{{Centre|N/A}}

|25,000–40,000{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001?t=1123:1195:1207&g=010XX00US_040XX00US47_050XX00US06085,47037&d=DEC%20Detailed%20Demographic%20and%20Housing%20Characteristics%20File%20A|title=Total Population – Census Bureau Table}} {{Cite web |title=The Kurdish Diaspora |url=https://www.institutkurde.org/en/kurdorama/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |website=Institutkurde.org |language=en}}

Berber Americans

|{{Centre|N/A}}

|3,000

The population of Middle Eastern Americans includes both Arabs and non-Arabs. In their definitions of Middle Eastern Americans, United States Census Bureau and the National Health Interview Survey include peoples (diasporic or otherwise) from present-day Iran, Israel, Turkey, and Armenia.{{cite web|url=http://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Dataset_Documentation/NHIS/2010/srvydesc.pdf|title=2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Public Use Data Release|publisher=United States Department of Health and Human Services|date=June 2011|access-date=November 16, 2015}}{{cite book|first1=Patricia|last1=Fernández-Kelly|first2=Alejandro|last2=Portes|title=Health Care and Immigration: Understanding the Connections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yb3hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PG157|access-date=16 November 2015|date=31 October 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-96724-8|page=157}}

As of 2013, an estimated 1.02 million immigrants from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) lived in the United States, making up 2.5 percent of the country's 41.3 million immigrants.{{cite web|work= Forbes|title= To Capture The Middle East & North Africa's Population Of 400 Million, Look To This Country|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanmoed/2018/07/23/want-to-capture-the-middle-east-n-africas-population-of-400-million-look-to-this-country/#516618b91b9b}} Middle Eastern and North African immigrants have primarily settled in California (20%), Michigan (11%), and New York (10%). Data from the United States Census Bureau shows that from 2009 to 2013, the four counties with the most MENA immigrants were Los Angeles County, California; Wayne County, Michigan (Detroit), Cook County, Illinois (Chicago), and Kings County, New York (Brooklyn); these four counties collectively "accounted for about 19 percent of the total MENA immigrant population in the United States."Jie Zong & Jeanne Batalova, [http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/middle-eastern-and-north-african-immigrants-united-states Middle Eastern and North African Immigrants in the United States], Migration Policy Institute (June 3, 2015).

=By ethnicity=

Although the United States census has recorded race and ethnicity since the first census in 1790, this information has been voluntary since the end of the Civil War (non-whites were counted differently from 1787 to 1868 for the purpose of determining congressional representation).{{cite web|first1=Beverly M.|last1=Pratt|first2=Lindsay|last2=Hixson|first3=Nicholas A.|last3=Jones|url=http://blogs.census.gov/2015/11/02/measuring-race-and-ethnicity-across-the-decades-1790-2010/|title=Measuring Race And Ethnicity Across The Decades: 1790–2010|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=November 2, 2015|access-date=November 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106010527/http://blogs.census.gov/2015/11/02/measuring-race-and-ethnicity-across-the-decades-1790-2010/|archive-date=November 6, 2015|url-status=dead}} As such, these statistics do not include those who did not volunteer this optional information, and so the census underestimates the total populations of each ethnicity actually present.{{cite web|publisher=minorityrights|title=Arab and other Middle Eastern Americans|date=19 June 2015|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/arab-and-other-middle-eastern-americans/}}

Although tabulated, "religious responses" were reported as a single total and not differentiated, despite totaling 1,089,597 in 2000.{{cite web|format=XLS|url=https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ancestry/ancestry_q_by_DAC_2000.xls|title=Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000|access-date=December 2, 2010|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}

Independent organizations provide improved estimates of the total populations of races and ethnicities in the US using the raw data from the US census and other surveys.

According to a 2002 Zogby International survey, the majority of Arab Americans were Christian; the survey showed that 24% of Arab Americans were Muslim, 63% were Christian and 13% belonged to another religion or no religion.{{cite web|title=Arab Americans: An Integral Part of American Society|url=http://www.arabamericanmuseum.org/umages/pdfs/resource_booklets/AANM-ArabAmericansBooklet-web.pdf|publisher=Arab American National Museum|pages=15–16}} Christian Arab Americans include Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants; Muslim Arab Americans primarily adhere to one of the two main Islamic denominations, Sunni and Shia.

Notable people

{{update section|This section should be a partial list of notable people or create a new article|date=May 2024}}

=Academia=

=Business=

  • Melih Abdulhayoğlu, founder, CEO, and president of Comodo Group{{Cite web|url=http://www.comodo.com/about/leadership.php?bio=melih-abdulhayoglu|title=Free Internet Security and Antivirus {{!}} Security Solutions from Comodo|website=comodo.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-02}}
  • Mohamed Atalla, engineer, inventor of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), most frequently manufactured device in history. Pioneer in silicon semiconductors and security systems, founder of Atalla Corporation{{cite web |title=2003 Honorary Degree |url=https://www.purdue.edu/uns/html3month/hondocs03/03.ATALLA.html |website=Purdue University |access-date=23 July 2019}}
  • Sam Gores, founder of talent agency Paradigm Agency; on the Forbes list of billionaires{{Cite web |url=http://www.todaysoutlook.com/Lebanese/archive/index.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201072604/http://www.todaysoutlook.com/lebanese/archive/index.htm |archive-date=2019-02-01 |url-status=dead }} (LebanesePalestinian)
  • Najeeb Halaby, former head of Federal Aviation Administration and CEO of Pan-American Airlines, and father of Queen Noor of Jordan (Lebanese-Syrian father)[http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2004/Feb/18-822308.html US Dept of State – Arab Americans and the 2004 US Elections] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060606152957/http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2004/Feb/18-822308.html |date=2006-06-06 }}
  • Mario Kassar, formerly headed Carolco Pictures[http://entertainment.lycos.com/movies/celebrity.php?id=12990 Lycos Movies – Celebrity – Mario Kassar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501182602/http://entertainment.lycos.com/movies/celebrity.php?id=12990 |date=2006-05-01 }} (Lebanese)
  • John J. Mack, CEO of investment bank Morgan Stanley (Lebanese parents){{cite web|url=http://www.horatioalger.org/members/member_info.cfm?memberid%3DMAC03 |title=The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans: John J. Mack |access-date=2006-11-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061022162618/http://www.horatioalger.org/members/member_info.cfm?memberid=MAC03 |archive-date=2006-10-22 }}
  • Joseph Lubin (entrepreneur), Canadian-American founder of blockchain software technology company ConsenSys, co-founder of Ethereum{{cite magazine|url=http://e.forbes.co.il/freedom-for-developers-entrepreneurs-and-business/|title=Freedom for Developers, Entrepreneurs and Business|date=Jun 6, 2018|first=Avishai|last=Ovadia|magazine=Forbes}}
  • Bob Miner, co-founder of Oracle Corporation and the producer of its relational database management system{{cite web|url=http://www.oracle.com/profit/features/p27anniv_timeline.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513185512/http://www.oracle.com/profit/features/p27anniv_timeline.pdf |archive-date=2008-05-13 }}
  • Sina Tamaddon, senior vice president of applications for Apple Computer{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/pr/photos/execs/tamaddonphotos.html |title=Apple - Photos - Sina Tamaddon |access-date=2016-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305041848/http://www.apple.com/pr/photos/execs/tamaddonphotos.html |archive-date=2011-03-05 }}

=Literature=

=Politics=

See also

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Further reading

  • Maghbouleh, Neda (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z70pDwAAQBAJ The Limits of Whiteness: Iranian Americans and the Everyday Politics of Race]. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

{{Middle Eastern American}}

Category:Middle Eastern people

Category:West Asian diaspora

Category:Ethnic groups in the United States