arts in the Philippines
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{{Use Philippine English|date=October 2022}}
{{Culture of the Philippines}}
The arts in the Philippines reflect a range of artistic influences on the country's culture, including indigenous art. Philippine art consists of two branches: traditional{{Cite web |title=Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Guidelines |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-guidelines/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118030900/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-guidelines/ |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=October 1, 2019 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}} and non-traditional art.{{Citation |title=Order of National Artist Guidelines Approved on April 27, 2017 |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ONA-Guidelines-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729022135/http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ONA-Guidelines-1.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-date=July 29, 2018 |mode=cs1 |url-status=dead}} Each branch is divided into categories and subcategories.
Overview
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, the cultural agency of the Philippine government, has categorized Filipino arts as traditional and non-traditional. Each category has sub-categories.
- Traditional arts:
- Ethnomedicine – including the arts of hilot and the arts of the albularyo and babaylans{{Cite news |last=Pag-iwayan |first=Jessica |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Albularyo, Babaylan, and Manghihilot Are Now Considered National Living Treasures |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2020/11/02/albularyo-babaylan-and-manghihilot-are-now-considered-national-living-treasures/ |access-date=February 4, 2022}}
- Folk architecture – including stilt, land, and aerial houses.
- Maritime transport – boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions.
- Weaving – including back-strap loom weaving and other, related forms of weaving.
- Carving – including woodcarving and folk non-clay sculpture.
- Folk performing arts – including dances, plays, and dramas.
- Folk (oral) literature – including epics, songs, and myths.
- Folk graphic and plastic arts – including calligraphy, tattooing, writing, drawing, and painting
- Ornaments – including mask-making, accessory-making, ornamental metal crafts
- Textile (fiber) art – including headgear weaving, basketry, and fishing gear
- Pottery – including ceramics, clay pots and sculpture
- Other artistic expressions of traditional culture – including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions
- Non-traditional arts:
- Dance – including choreography, direction, and performance
- Music – including composition, direction, and performance
- Theater – including direction, performance, production design, lighting and sound design, and playwriting
- Visual arts – including painting, non-folk sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed-media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging
- Literature – including poetry, fiction, essays, and literary or art criticism
- Film and broadcast arts – including direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media
- Architecture and allied arts – including non-folk architecture, interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design
- Design – including industrial and fashion design
File:Boceto for Spoliarium Juan Luna y Novicio.jpg|alt=A painting of dying gladiators|Spoliarium by Juan Luna (1884), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Madonna with Child, anonymous Filipino artist, 1600s AD, ivory, silver - Cathedral of Seville - Sevilla, Spain - DSC07641.JPG|Madonna with Child, ivory statue with silver; unknown 17th-century artist
File:Folklore of the popular heritage of the State of the Philippines 16.jpg|alt=Dancers on stage|Singkil, a dance based on the Darangen (an Intangible Cultural Heritage and a National Cultural Treasure)
Traditional arts
Traditional arts in the Philippines include folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, folk performing arts, folk (oral) literature, folk graphic and plastic arts, ornaments, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. Traditional artists or groups of artists receive the National Living Treasures Award (Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan Award (GAMABA)) for their contributions to the country's intangible cultural heritage.
= Ethnomedicine =
File:3594Hilot healing reflexology physical therapy a patient 06.jpg conducted by a specialist]]
Ethnomedicine is one of the oldest traditional arts in the Philippines. Traditions (and objects associated with them) are performed by medical artisans and shamans. Practices, grounded on the physical elements, are an ancient science and art. Herbal remedies, complementing mental, emotional, and spiritual techniques, are also part of many traditions as well. The category was added to the GAMABA in 2020.
= Folk architecture =
{{Main|Architecture of the Philippines}}
Folk architecture in the Philippines varies by ethnic group, and structures are made of bamboo, wood, rock, coral, rattan, grass, and other materials. They include the hut-style bahay kubo, highland houses (known as bale) with four to eight sides, the coral houses of Batanes which protect from the area's harsh, sandy winds, the royal torogan (engraved with an intricate okir motif) and palaces such as the Darul Jambangan (Palace of Flowers), the residence of the sultan of Sulu before colonization. Folk architecture also includes religious buildings, generally called spirit houses, which are shrines to protective spirits or gods.{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/BarangaySixteenthCenturyPhilippineCultureAndSociety |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society |date=1994 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |isbn=971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian)}}{{Cite book |last=Kroeber |first=A. L. |title=The History of Philippine Civilization as Reflected in Religious Nomenclature |publisher=Published by Order of the Trustees |year=1918 |series=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 19, Part 2 |location=New York |pages=35–37 |hdl=2246/286 |hdl-access=free}}{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=Fay-Cooper |url=https://archive.org/details/tinguiansocialre142cole |title=The Tinguian: Social, Religious, and Economic Life of a Philippine Tribe |date=1922 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |others=Additional chapter by Albert Gale |series=Anthropological Series, Vol.14, No. 2 |location=Chicago |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tinguiansocialre142cole/page/235 235]–493}} Most are open-air, house-like buildings made of native materials.{{Cite journal |last=Gaioni |first=Dominic T. |date=1985 |title=The Tingyans of Northern Philippines and Their Spirit World |journal=Anthropos |volume=80 |issue=4/6 |pages=381–401 |jstor=40461052}} Some were originally pagoda-like (a style continued by natives who converted to Islam), and are now rare.{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2003 |title=A Look at Philippine Mosques |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/a-look-at-philippine-mosques/ |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=ncca.gov.ph |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722142049/http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/a-look-at-philippine-mosques/ |url-status=dead }} Other buildings have indigenous and Hispanic motifs (bahay na bato architecture and its prototypes). Many bahay na bato buildings are in Vigan, a World Heritage Site.{{Cite web |title=Historic City of Vigan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/502/ |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} Folk structures range from simple, sacred stick stands to indigenous castles or fortresses (such as Batanes' ijangs and geological alterations such as the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (another World Heritage Site).{{Cite book |last=Klassen |first=Winand W. |title=Architecture in the Philippines: Filipino Building in a Cross-Cultural Context |date=1986 |publisher=University of San Carlos |location=Cebu City}}{{Citation |last=Ignacio |first=Jose F. |title=Heritage Architecture of Batanes Islands in the Philippines: A Survey of Different House Types and Their Evolution |date=n.d. |url=https://www.hdm.lth.se/fileadmin/hdm/alumni/papers/cmhb2004/cmhb2004-01.pdf |via=hdm.lth.se |mode=cs1}}{{Cite book |last1=Perez |first1=Rodrigo D. III |title=Folk Architecture |last2=Encarnacion |first2=Rosario S. |last3=Dacanay |first3=Julian E. |date=1989 |publisher=GCF Books |others=Photographs by Joseph R. Fortin and John K. Chua |location=Quezon City}}{{Cite web |title=Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/722/ |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}
File:FvrMuseuj6650 34.JPG|Painting of shamanhood and ethnomedicine, including rituals
File:Bahay na bato houses of philippines.jpg|Some bahay na bato houses
File:Oldest House in Ivatan.jpg|Dakay house, the oldest surviving coral houses in the Batanes still used today (c. 1887)
File:Batad Rice Terraces, Ifugao Province, Philippines.jpg|Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Batad Rice Terraces after the rain.JPG|Batad Rice Terraces
= Maritime transport =
Maritime transport includes boat houses, boat-making, and maritime traditions. These structures, traditionally made of wood chosen by elders and crafters, connected the islands. Although boats are believed to have been used in the archipelago for thousands of years, the earliest evidence of boat-making has been carbon-dated to 689 AD: the Butuan boats identified as large balangays.{{cite web |last1=Lacsina |first1=Ligaya |title=Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft |date=2014 |publisher=National Museum of the Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/31015958 |url-access=registration }}{{cite book |last1=Lacsina |first1=Ligaya |chapter=Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2016 |pages=948–954 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_10279|isbn=978-94-007-7746-0 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314373335}}{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Ben |date=November 30, 2015 |title=Malay Ancestors' 'Balangay' Declared PH's National Boat |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/malay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208192637/http://www.mb.com.ph/malay-ancestors-balangay-declared-phs-national-boat/ |archive-date=December 8, 2015}} In addition to the balangay, indigenous boats include the two-masted double-outrigger fishing armadahan,{{Cite magazine |date=August–September 1968 |title=Asia |magazine=Commercial Fisheries Review |volume=30 |issue=8–9 |page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32401981 96]}}{{Citation |last=Roxas-Lim |first=Aurora |title=Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |pages=219–222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710143417/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |publisher=International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP) |archive-date=July 10, 2015 |mode=cs1}} the avang trading ship, the awang dugout canoes,{{Cite book |last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC |title=The Maranaws: Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=Rex Book Store |isbn=971-23-2174-6 |location=Manila |page=82}} the balación sailing outrigger boat,{{Cite book |last=Lozano |first=José Honorato |title=Vistas de las islas Filipinas y trajes de sus habitantes |date=1847}} the bangka,{{Cite journal |last=Abrera |first=Maria Bernadette L. |date=2005 |title=Bangka, Kaluluwa at Katutubong Paniniwala |url=https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/The-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf |journal=Philippine Social Sciences Review |language=fil |volume=57 |issue=1–4 |pages=1–15}} the bangka anak-anak canoe, the salambáw-lifting basnigan,{{Cite journal |last1=Kawamura |first1=Gunzo |last2=Bagarinao |first2=Teodora |date=1980 |title=Fishing Methods and Gears in Panay Island, Philippines |url=https://ir.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=7805&item_no=1&attribute_id=16&file_no=1 |journal=Memoirs of Faculty of Fisheries Kagoshima University |volume=29 |pages=81–121}} the bigiw double-outrigger sailboat,{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2018 |title=Bigiw-Bugsay: Upholding Traditional Sailing |work=BusinessMirror |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/05/06/bigiw-bugsay-upholding-traditional-sailing/ |access-date=July 30, 2019}} the birau dugout canoe, the buggoh dugout canoe, the casco barge,{{Cite journal |last=Galang |first=Ricardo E. |date=1941 |title=Types of Watercraft in the Philippines |url=https://archive.org/details/act3868.0075.001.umich.edu |journal=The Philippine Journal of Science |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=291–306}} the single mast and pointed chinarem, the rough-sea open-deck chinedkeran, the djenging double-outrigger plank boat, the garay pirate ship,{{Cite journal |last=Warren |first=James Francis |date=1985 |title=The Prahus of the Sulu Zone |url=http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/18216/1/prahus.pdf |journal=Brunei Museum Journal |volume=6 |pages=42–45}} the guilalo sailing outrigger ship,{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_KhQLAQAAMAAJ#page/n487/mode/2up/search/guilalo |title=The New American Encyclopedic Dictionary |date=1907 |publisher=J. A. Hill & Company |editor-last=Roe |editor-first=E. T. |location=New York |page=484 |editor-last2=Hooker |editor-first2=Le Roy |editor-last3=Handford |editor-first3=Thomas W.}} the falua open-deck boat, the junkun canoe,{{Cite journal |last=Nimmo |first=H. Arlo |date=1990 |title=The Boats of the Tawi-Tawi Bajau, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=51–88 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10125/16980 |s2cid=31792662}} the motorized junkung,{{Cite news |last=Banagudos |first=Rey-Luis |date=December 26, 2018 |title=Wooden Boatmaking Embraces Mindanao Life, Culture |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057461 |access-date=January 11, 2020}} the outrigger karakoa and lanong warships,{{Cite book |last=Argensola |first=Bartolomé Leonardo de |title=A New Collection of Voyages and Travels, Into Several Parts of the World, None of Them Ever Before Printed in English |date=1711 |editor-last=Stevens |editor-first=John |page=61 |chapter=The Discovery and Conquest of the Molucco and Philippine Islands}}{{Cite book |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baFHAQAAMAAJ&q=pangaio+ship |title=Hobson-Jobson: Being a Glossary of Anglo-Indian Colloquial Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |date=1886 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |page=509}} the lepa houseboat,{{Citation| mode=cs1 |last=Abrera |first=Maria Bernadette L. |date=2007 |title=The Soul Boat and the Boat-Soul: An Inquiry into the Indigenous "Soul" |url=https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/The-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf |access-date=January 30, 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716025508/https://aboutphilippines.org/documents-etc/The-Soul-Boat-and-the-Boat-Soul.pdf |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |work=ResearchSEA }} the ontang raft, the owong lake canoe,{{Cite news |last=Lim |first=Frinston |date=November 25, 2016 |title=Sa Marilag na Lake Sebu Hitik ang Kalikasan, Kultura, Adventure |language=fil |work=Inquirer Libre Davao |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/inquirer-libre-davao/20161125/page/1 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |via=PressReader}} the open-deck fishing boat panineman, the double-outrigger paraw sailboat,{{Cite web |last=Diamond |first=Isobel |date=March 26, 2015 |title=Palawan by Paraw Boat |url=http://www.travelandleisureasia.com/features/2807638/palawan_by_paraw_boat.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193423/http://www.travelandleisureasia.com/features/2807638/palawan_by_paraw_boat.html |archive-date=December 5, 2018 |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=Travel+Leisure}} the salisipan war canoe,{{Cite book |last=Warren |first=James Francis |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |publisher=NUS Press |edition=2nd |location=Singapore}} the tataya fishing boat,{{Cite web |title=Traditional Boats in Batanes |url=https://archive.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/092_Traditional_Boats_in_Batanes.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2019 |website=International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP) |publisher=UNESCO}} the motorized tempel, the dinghy tiririt,{{Cite news |last=Deveza |first=JB R. |date=February 21, 2010 |title=National Pride Sails in Ancient Boats |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/philippine-daily-inquirer-1109/20100221/282961036287126 |via=PressReader}} and the outrigger vinta.{{Cite journal |last=Doran |first=Edwin |date=1972 |title=Wa, Vinta, and Trimaran |url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4414 |journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=144–159 |jstor=20704848}} From 1565 to 1815, Manila galleons were built by Filipino artisans.{{Cite web |last=Medillo |first=Robert Joseph P. |date=June 19, 2015 |title=Forgotten History? the Polistas of the Galleon Trade |url=https://www.rappler.com/moveph/96830-forgotten-history-polistas-galleon-trade/ |access-date=February 4, 2022 |website=Rappler}}
File:Caracoa (Karakoa).jpg|A large karakoa outrigger warship, 1711
File:Balangay boat with Philippine flag.jpg|A balangay reconstruction
File:Old Moro Sailing Boat (A Bajau lepa houseboat).jpg|The Sama-Bajau's lepa house-boat with elaborate carvings
File:Falua boat in Basco, Batanes.jpg|A modernized falua in Batanes
File:Iranun lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|A large lanong outrigger warship, 1890
File:Shipyards and Arsenal, Cavite, Philippines (1899).jpg|Filipino boat-builders in a Cavite shipyard (1899)
File:Balatik, a paraw from the Tao Expedition, Philippines.jpg|A paraw in Palawan
File:Balangingi Garay ships by Rafael Monleón (1890).png|Garay warships of the Banguingui
File:Boating at Lake Sebu.jpg|An owong at Lake Sebu
File:Armadahan.png|An armadahan at Laguna de Bay (1968)
File:Salisipan by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|War canoe salisipan, 1890
File:Balacion o Parao del la Laguna (1847).png|Painting of a balación, 1847
File:Planks of a Butuan balangay in the Butuan National Museum.jpg|Some of the remains of the Butuan Balangay (689-988 AD), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg|A Manila galleon visiting Micronesia, c. 1590s
File:Tagalog Casco barge.jpg|A casco, 1906
= Weaving =
Weaving is an ancient art form, and each ethnic group has a distinct weaving technique.{{Citation |title=Patterns of Culture |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/107_Patterns_of_Culture_in_Philippine_Traditional.pdf |access-date=July 24, 2020 |mode=cs1 |via=unesco-ichcap.org}} The weaving arts include basket weaving, back-strap loom weaving, headgear weaving, and fishnet weaving.
== Cloth and mat weaving ==
{{See also|Patadyong}}
File:Banton Burial Cloth.JPG, the oldest surviving ikat textile in Southeast Asia (13th-14th century), a National Cultural Treasure]]
Valuable textiles are made with a back strap loom.{{Citation |title=Back-strap Weaving |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/108_Back-strap_Weaving.pdf |access-date=July 24, 2020 |mode=cs1 |via=unesco-ichcap.org}} Fibers such as cotton, abaca, banana fiber, grass, and palm are used in Filipino weaving.{{Citation |title=History of Philippine Weaving |date=February 15, 2011 |url=http://www.slideshare.net/TrishSotto/fa-28-weaving-history |type=Slide deck |access-date=August 1, 2013 |mode=cs1 |via=SlideShare}} There are a number of types of woven cloth. Pinilian is an Ilocano cotton cloth woven with a pangablan, using binakul, binetwagan, or tinumballitan styles. Bontoc weave emphasizes the concept of centeredness, key to the culture of the Bontoc people. The weave begins with the sides (langkit), followed by the pa-ikid (side panels), fatawil (warp bands), and shukyong (arrows). The sinamaki weaving then begins, incorporating a tinagtakho (human figure), minatmata (diamond), and tinitiko (zigzag). The last is the center (pa-khawa), with the kan-ay (supplementary weft). Kalinga textiles contain geometric designs; one motif is a lozenge pattern known as inata-ata. Piña is considered the finest indigenous Filipino textile. Aklanon textiles are used in national costumes. Hablon is the textile of the Karay-a and Hiligaynon peoples. Tapestry woven by the Yakan people uses the bunga-sama supplementary weft weave, the siniluan warp-floating pattern, the inalaman supplementary-weft technique, and the pinantupan weft-band pattern. Blaan weaving depicts crocodiles and curls. The Mandaya use a mud-dye technique. Meranaw textiles are used for the malong and other Maranao clothing. T'nalak is a Tboli textile.{{Cite web |last=Sorilla |first=Franz IV |date=May 10, 2017 |title=Weaving the Threads of Filipino Heritage |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/weaving-the-threads-of-filipino-heritage |website=Tatler Philippines}} The oldest known ikat textile in Southeast Asia is the Banton cloth, dating to the 13th to 14th centuries.{{Cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=October 19, 2011 |title=History and Design in Death Blankets |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |department=Opinion |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/15599/history-and-design-in-death-blankets}}
Unlike cloth weaving with a loom, mats are woven by hand. They are woven in cool shade, and are kept cool to preserve their integrity. An example is the banig of Basey, where its weavers usually work in a cave. Fibers include banana, grass, and palm.{{Cite book |last=Nocheseda |first=Elmer I. |title=Rara: Art and Tradition of Mat Weaving in the Philippines |date=2016 |publisher=The Philippine Textile Council |oclc=982066949 |location=Makati City}}
File:Panel (Philippines), early 19th century (CH 18386599).jpg|Panel made of silk, piña, and metallic threads (1800s)
File:Skirt from northern Luzon, late 1990s, cotton, glass beads, plain weave, warp-faced, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Northern Luzon textile used in skirt
== Basketry ==
Baskets have intricate designs, styles and forms for specific purposes, such as harvesting, rice storage, traveling, and sword storage. Basket weaving is believed to have arrived with north-to-south human migration. Some of the finest baskets made are from Palawan, in the southwest. Materials vary by ethnic group, and include bamboo, rattan, pandan, cotton tassels, beeswax, abacá, bark, and dyes. Basketry patterns include closed crossed-over underweave, closed bamboo double-twill weave, and a spaced rattan pentagon pattern. Products include the tupil (lunch box), bukug (basket), kabil (carrying basket), uppig (lunch basket), tagga-i (rice basket), bay'ung (basket pouch), lig-o (winnowing tray), and binga (bag).{{Cite journal |last1=Pazon |first1=Andy Nestor Ryan |last2=Del Rio |first2=Joana Marie P. |date=2018 |title=Materials, Functions and Weaving Patterns of Philippine Indigenous Baskets |url=https://asianjournal.org/online/index.php/ajms/article/view/72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106154439/https://asianjournal.org/online/index.php/ajms/article/view/72 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |journal=Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=107–118}}{{Citation |title=Yuvuk |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/094_Yuvuk.pdf |access-date=July 25, 2020 |mode=cs1 |via=unesco-ichcap.org}} Weaving traditions have been influenced by modern demands.{{Cite web |last=Smith-Lathouris |first=Olivana |date=January 4, 2019 |title=Thanks to These Filipino Women, Basket Weaving Is Revolutionising Entire Communities |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/culture/article/2019/01/03/thanks-these-filipino-women-basket-weaving-revolutionising-entire-communities |access-date=February 4, 2022 |website=SBS}}
Woven headpieces are common, and cultures use a variety of fibers to create headgear such as the Ivatan vakul and the snake headpiece of the Bontoc.{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf |title=Salakkot and other headgear |website=www.unesco-ichcap.org |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124234811/https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf |url-status=dead }} Woven fish traps are a specialty of the Ilocano people.{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/096_Bubo_and_Other_Fish_Traps.pdf |title=Bubo and other fish traps |website=www.unesco-ichcap.org |access-date=July 25, 2020}} Broom weaving is another tradition, exemplified by the Kalinga people.{{cite web |url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/097_Saked_Broom-making.pdf |title= Saked brrom-making |website=www.unesco-ichcap.org |access-date=July 25, 2020}}
File:Rice Culture Woven Baskets (25092450361).jpg|Various rice baskets
File:Cesta para tabaco filipina MNA.jpg|Filipino tobacco basket
File:0045MuseumFilipinojf 20.JPG|Pasiking or basket bags
File:Ivatan Woman.png|Ivatan woman wearing a vakul
File:The Colors of T'nalak by Louie D.Photography.jpg|T'boli women utilizing the s'laong kinibang in dance
File:Headdress from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8367.1.JPG|Weaved hornbill headgear of the Ilongot
File:Hat from Gaddang in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8393.1.JPG|Gaddang people's weaved headgear
File:Hats from the Philippines, c. 1904 - Royal Ontario Museum - DSC09570.JPG|Filipino weaved hats
File:Mercaders Ilocanos (Ilocano Merchants).jpg|Ilocano merchants wearing the headgear kattukong and raincoat annangá
File:Banaue Philippines Handmade-brooms-01.jpg|Ifugao brooms
File:Manila fishermen, early 1800s.jpg|Manila fishermen utilizing the sarambaw fishnet (c. 1800s)
File:MuseumFilipinojf9923 08.JPG|Various weaved fish gears
File:Cap, Philippines, 20th century, rattan - Fernbank Museum of Natural History - DSC09928.JPG|Filipino cap
File:Bachelor's hat, Bontoc, northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8426.1.JPG|Variant of a Bontoc hat
File:Iraya Mangyan Community Village 003.JPG|Basket crafts made by the Iraya Mangyan
== {{anchor|Vajrayanic Relics}}Relics ==
{{Further|Buddhism in the Philippines|Tara (Buddhism)|Mahavidya}}
{{multiple image|direction=vertical
|image1=Filippine, provincia di agusan, immagine hindu, statuetta in oro massiccio, xiii secolo.jpg|caption1=The Agusan image from Agusan del Sur
|image2=Image of golden Garuda of Palawan.jpg|caption2=Gold Garuda ornament found in the Tabon Caves
}}
The Philippines has Buddhist artifacts{{Cite magazine |last=Peralta |first=Jesus T. |date=July–August 1983 |title=Prehistoric Gold Ornaments From the Central Bank of the Philippines |magazine=Arts of Asia |pages=54–60}}{{Cite web |last=Zafra |first=Jessica |date=April 26, 2008 |title=Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/art-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249 |access-date=February 6, 2022 |website=Newsweek}} with Vajrayāna influence,{{Cite magazine |last=Legeza |first=Laszlo |date=1988 |title=Tantric Elements in Pre-Hispanic Gold Art |magazine=Arts of Asia |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=129–133}}{{Cite web |title=History of Palawan |url=http://www.camperspoint.com/article.php3?id_article=239 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115190428/http://www.camperspoint.com/article.php3?id_article=239 |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=Camperspoint}}{{better source needed|date=February 2022}}{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2014 |title=Early Buddhism in the Philippines |url=https://philippinebuddhism.wordpress.com/2014/11/09/early-buddhism-in-the-philippines/ |website=Buddhism in the Philippines}} most of which date to the ninth century and reflect the iconography of the Śrīvijayan empire. They were produced from the Agusan-Surigao area on Mindanao to Cebu, Palawan, and Luzon.
The Agusan image is a {{cvt|2|kg|lb}}, 21-karat gold statuette found in 1917 on the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Mindanao,{{Cite journal |last=Francisco |first=Juan R. |date=1963 |title=A Note on the Golden Image of Agusan |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=390–400 |doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2756 |jstor=42719871 |quote=It was found in 1917 on the left bank of the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan, eastern Mindanao, following a storm and flood}} dates to the ninth or tenth centuries. The image is commonly known as the Golden Tara, an allusion to its reported{{Cite journal |last=Francisco |first=Juan R. |date=1963 |title=A Note on the Golden Image of Agusan |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=390–400 |doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2756 |jstor=42719871 |quote=The question of its identification is still undecided.}} identity as an image of a Buddhist Tara. The figure, about {{cvt|178|mm|in}}{{Cite web |title=FMNH 109928 |url=https://collections-anthropology.fieldmuseum.org/catalogue/1010530 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601091852/https://collections-anthropology.fieldmuseum.org/catalogue/1010530 |archive-date=June 1, 2019 |website=Field Museum |quote=Statue [figure] is about 178 mm in height (FMNH A109928).}} tall, is of a female Hindu or Buddhist deity sitting cross-legged and wearing a headdress and other ornaments. It is on display in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago.{{Cite web |last=Onyot |first=Ian |date=March 23, 2012 |title=Agusan Gold Image Only in the Philippines |url=http://www.magwrite.info/2012/03/agusan-gold-image-only-in-philippines.html#.UKh1xIeA_UY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627235531/http://www.magwrite.info/2012/03/agusan-gold-image-only-in-philippines.html#.UKh1xIeA_UY |archive-date=June 27, 2012 |website=MagWrite.info}}Agusan Image Documents, Agusan-Surigao Historical Archives. A bronze statue of Lokesvara was found in Isla Puting Bato in Tondo, Manila.{{Cite journal |last=Churchill |first=Malcolm H. |date=1977 |title=Indian Penetration of Pre-Spanish Philippines: A New Look at the Evidence |url=http://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-15-1977/francisco-indian-prespanish-philippines.pdf |journal=Asian Studies |volume=15 |pages=21–45}}
An image of the Buddha was moulded on a clay medallion in bas-relief in the municipality of Calatagan. It reportedly resembles iconographic depictions of the Buddha in Siam, India, and Nepal: in a tribhanga{{Cite web |title=Tribhanga: Strike A Pose |url=http://yet.typepad.com/round_dice/2006/02/tribhanga_strik.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115234226/http://yet.typepad.com/round_dice/2006/02/tribhanga_strik.html |archive-date=January 15, 2009 |access-date=January 6, 2007 |website=yet.typepad.com}} pose inside an oval nimbus. Scholars have noted a Mahayanic orientation in the image, since the boddhisattva Avalokiteśvara is also shown.{{cite journal |last=Francisco |first=Juan R. |date=January 1, 1963|title=A Buddhist Image from Karitunan Site, Batangas Province |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-01-01-1963/Francisco%20Buddhist.pdf|journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia|volume=1|pages=13–22|publisher=University of the Philippines Diliman|issn=2244-5927}}
Another gold artifact, from the Tabon Caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in the caves has been linked to those in Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta of southern Vietnam. Crude bronze statues of the Hindu deity Ganesha were found by Henry Otley Beyer in 1921 in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, and in Mactan, Cebu. The statues were produced locally. A bronze statue of Avalokiteśvara was also excavated that year by Beyer in Mactan. A gold Kinnara was found in Surigao. Other gold relics include rings (some with images of Nandi), jewellery chains, inscribed gold sheets, and gold plaques with repoussé images of Hindu deities.{{Cite journal |last=Bennett |first=Anna T. N. |date=2009 |title=Gold in Early Southeast Asia |journal=ArchéoSciences |volume=33 |issue=33 |pages=99–107 |doi=10.4000/archeosciences.2072 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last1=Dang |first1=Van Thang |last2=Vu |first2=Quoc Hien |date=1977 |title=The Excavation at Giong Ca Vo Site |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology |volume=17 |pages=30–37}}
= {{anchor|Animist relics}}Carving =
{{See also|Bulul}}
Carving includes on woodcarving and the creation of folk non-clay sculptures.{{Cite journal |last1=Caparas |first1=Olympio V. |last2=Lim |first2=Valentine Mariel L. |last3=Vargas |first3=Nestor S. |date=1992 |title=Handicrafts and Folkcrafts Industries in the Philippines: Their Socio-Cultural and Economic Context |url=https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafa1991journal/article/view/206 |journal=SPAFA Journal |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=22–26}}{{Cite journal |last1=Camacho |first1=Leni D. |last2=Gevaña |first2=Dixon T. |last3=Carandang |first3=Antonio P. |last4=Camacho |first4=Sofronio C. |date=2016 |title=Indigenous Knowledge and Practices for the Sustainable Management of Ifugao Forests in Cordillera, Philippines |journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management |volume=12 |issue=1–2 |pages=5–13 |doi=10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016IJBSE..12....5C }}
== Woodcarving ==
Indigenous woodcarving by some ethnic groups dates to before the Hispanic arrival; the oldest may be fragments of a wooden boat dating to 320 AD.{{Cite web |title=Butuan Boat |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Butuan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804021354/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Butuan.html |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Museum}} A variety of woods are used to make wood crafts, which include bululs.{{Cite journal |last=Buenafe |first=Mayo |date=2011 |title=The Legal Pluralism Phenomenon: Emerging Issues on Protecting and Preserving the Sacred Ifugao Bulul |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebanthro/159 |journal=Nebraska Anthropologist |volume=26 |pages=127–146}}{{Cite magazine |last=Dancel |first=Manlou M. |date=1989 |title=The Ifugao Wooden Idol |url=https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafadigest/article/view/508 |magazine=SPAFA Digest |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=2–5}} These wooden figures, known by a number of names, are found from north Luzon to southern Mindanao.{{Cite journal |last=Arcilla |first=Jose S. |date=1971 |title=The Christianization of Davao Oriental: Excerpts from Jesuit Missionary Letters |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=639–724 |doi=10.13185/2244-1638.2104 |jstor=42632131}} Wood okir is crafted by ethnic groups in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago.{{Cite magazine |last=Peralta |first=Jesus T. |date=1982 |title=Southwestern Philippine Art |url=https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafadigest/article/view/405 |magazine=SPAFA Digest |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=32–34}}{{Cite book |last=Benesa |first=Leonidas V. |title=Okir: The Epiphany of Philippine Graphic Art |date=1982 |publisher=Interlino Printing Company |location=Manila}} Wood crafts of objects such as sword hilts and musical instruments depict ancient, mythical beings.{{Cite journal |last=Barbosa |first=Artemio C. |date=1991 |title=Persisting Traditions of Folk Arts and Handicrafts in the Philippines |url=https://www.spafajournal.org/index.php/spafa1991journal/article/view/186 |journal=SPAFA Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=54–60}}{{Cite journal |last=Lasco |first=Lorenz |date=2011 |title=Ang Kosmolohiya at Simbolismo ng mga Sandatang Pilipino: Isang Panimulang Pag-Aaral |url=http://ejournals.ph/form/cite.php?id=6202 |journal=Dalumat e-Journal |language=fil |volume=2 |issue=1 |via=Philippine E-Journals}} Indigenous wood-crafting techniques have been utilized in Hispanic woodcarvings after colonization, such as in Paete.{{Cite news |last=Baraoidan |first=Kimmy |date=April 28, 2019 |title=Wood Carving Art Alive in Paete |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1111371/wood-carving-art-alive-in-paete}}{{Cite journal |last=Sánchez Gómez |first=Luis Ángel |date=2002 |title=Indigenous Art at the Philippine Exposition of 1887: Arguments for an Ideological and Racial Battle in a Colonial Context |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=283–294 |doi=10.1093/jhc/14.2.283|url=https://eprints.ucm.es/8526/1/Indigenous_art._PDF.pdf }}
Religious Hispanic woodcarvings were introduced with Christianity, and are a fusion of indigenous and Hispanic styles. Paete is a center of religious Hispanic woodcarving. Such woodcarving also exists in many municipalities, where most crafts depict the life of Jesus and the Virgin Mary.Wood Connections: Creating Spaces and Possibilities for Wood Carvers in the Philippines, CD Habito, AV Mariano, 2014
File:Kampilan hilts moro philippine swords.jpeg|Kampilan hilts
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Art - 24815385009.jpg|Detail of a torogan's panolong with a naga okir motif
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Musical Instruments.jpg|Kulintang from Mindanao
File:Maranao Spinning Wheel.jpg|Spinning wheel
File:San Agustin Church Door (33917643600).jpg|San Agustin Church door carvings (1607), part of a World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Saddle panel, Bisilan Island, Yakan, wood with shell inlay, Honolulu Museum of Art I.JPG|Carved saddle panel of the Yakan people, inlaid with shells
File:Altar Bas Relief.JPG|Carved bas relief at San Agustin Church, Manila
File:Ifugao rice spoon II.JPG|Ifugao rice spoon guarded by a wooden figure
File:Filippine, nord dell'isola di luzon, ifugao, figura con una ciotola seduta (bulul), XV sec. 02.JPG|Bulul god with pamahan cup (15th century)
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Art - 24556378753.jpg|Carved sarimanok
File:Chest, Mindanao, Maranao, wood and bone, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Wooden chest with bones
File:Maranao agong.jpg|Carved holder for an agong
File:TboliArts.jpg|Tboli carving of a macaque and a turtle at Lake Sebu's museum
File:Rice Culture Carabao Plowing Rice Paddy (24817921669).jpg|Carving depicting a Filipino farmer and a carabao
File:Philippines, archipel des échanges, Musée du quai Branly 02.jpg|Tomb markers from the Sulu archipelago
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Art (24887248800).jpg|Various crafts made with okir
File:Wooden Madonna (24849126830).jpg|Wooden Madonna
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Drums (24816051909).jpg|Giant wooden drums
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro & Lumad Shields & Knives.jpg|A number of wooden shields
== Stone, ivory, and other carvings ==
Stone carving predates Western colonization.{{Cite report |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/NM%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202010.pdf |title=Annual Report 2010 |last=National Museum |date=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613144322/https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/NM%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202010.pdf |archive-date=June 13, 2020 |url-status=dead}} Carvings may represent an ancestor or a deity who helps the spirit of a loved one enter the afterlife.{{Cite news |author= |date=January 27, 2020 |title=PH National Museum receives valuable Philippine artifact |work=Southeast Asian Archeology |location=Philippines |access-date=January 28, 2023|url=https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2020/01/27/ph-national-museum-receives-valuable-philippine-artifact/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305104645/https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/2020/01/27/ph-national-museum-receives-valuable-philippine-artifact/ |archive-date=March 5, 2021}} Ancient carved burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region.{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC&q=limestone+urns+of+south+cotabato&pg=PA397 |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-2035-5 |location=Honolulu}} The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik, in Quezon province, are thought to initially have rock covers and were sarcophagi. They are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes where beams have been placed.{{Cite news |first= |date=September 20, 2012 |title=Remains of 1,000-Year Old Village Unearthed in Philippines |work=Daily News |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/remains-1-000-year-old-village-unearthed-philippines-article-1.1163639}} Stone grave marks are carved with okir motifs to aid the dead.{{Cite journal |last=Baradas |first=David B. |date=1968 |title=Some Implications of the Okir Motif in Lanao and Sulu Art |journal=Asian Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=129–168 |s2cid=27892222}} Mountainsides are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon; the Kabayan Mummies are an example.{{Cite web |title=Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2070/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} Marble carvings are centered in Romblon, and most (primarily Buddhist statues and related works) are exported.{{Cite news |last=Torres |first=Sophia |date=June 5, 2014 |title=Romblon: The Country's Marble Capital is also an Island Haven |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/364312/lifestyle/travel/romblon-the-country-s-marble-capital-is-also-an-island-haven/ |access-date=February 6, 2022}} With the arrival of Christianity, stone carvings became widespread; most are church facades or statues, or statues and other crafts for personal altars.{{Cite book |last=Reyes |first=Raquel A. G. |title=Art, Trade, and Cultural Mediation in Asia, 1600–1950 |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Pivot |isbn=978-1-137-57236-3 |editor-last=Reyes |editor-first=Raquel A. G. |location=London |pages=43–74 |chapter=Paradise in Stone: Representations of New World Plants and Animals on Spanish Colonial Churches in the Philippines |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-57237-0_3|s2cid=192379096 }} A notable stone carving is the facade of Miagao Church.{{Cite web |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}
Ivory carving has been practiced in the Philippines for a millennium; its oldest known ivory artifact is the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated to the ninth to 12th centuries.{{Cite web |title=Butuan Ivory Seal |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726160152/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Seal.html |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Museum}} Ivory religious carvings (locally known as garing) became widespread after ivory was imported to the Philippines from Asia, where carvings focused on Christian themes such as the Madonna and child, the Christ child, and the Sorrowful Mother.{{Cite web |last=Intramuros Administration |title=Rebultong Garing: Religious Images in Ivory |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/IAVB14K_MpGtJg |access-date=January 30, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130214920/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/IAVB14K_MpGtJg |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |website=Google Arts & Culture |type=Photo slideshow}} Many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver designs. The Filipino ivory trade has boomed because of the demand for carvings,{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Esmond |last2=Martin |first2=Chryssee |last3=Vigne |first3=Lucy |date=2011 |title=The Importance of Ivory in Philippine Culture |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/133/1332550947.pdf |journal=Pachyderm |volume=50 |pages=56–67}} but the government has cracked down on the illegal trade. In 2013, the Philippines was the first country to destroy its ivory stock; the ivory trade has decimated the world's elephant and rhinoceros populations.{{Cite web |last=Christy |first=Bryan |date=June 19, 2013 |title=In Global First, Philippines to Destroy its Ivory Stock |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/6/130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114133118/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/6/130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |website=National Geographic}} Horns of dead carabaos have substituted for ivory in the country for centuries.{{Cite book |last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&q=carabao+horn+carvings&pg=PA83 |title=The Maranaws: Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=Rex Book Store |isbn=971-23-2174-6 |location=Manila}}
File:Miagao Church Facade Closeup.JPG|Stone carvings at the facade of Miagao Church, World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Museu de Cultures del Món 23.jpg|Various ancient carved limestone burial urns
File:Bas-relief work of artist Joseph Bergaño.jpg|Bas relief at Panay Church (1770s)
File:Romblon island 089col.jpg|Carved marbles from Romblon
File:Head of the Virgin Mary from the Philippines, 18th-19th century, carved ivory with inlaid glass eyes.JPG|Virgin Mary ivory head with inlaid glass eyes (18-19th century)
File:Visayan tenegre horn hilt closeup.JPG|Visayan tenegre buffalo horn hilt
File:Christ Child, Philippines, c. 1580-1640 AD, ivory, gold, paint - Peabody Essex Museum - Salem, MA - DSC05210.jpg|Ivory carving of Christ Child with gold paint (1580–1640)
File:RedSealofButuan.jpg|Stamp of the Butuan Ivory Seal (9th-12th century)
File:Our Lady of La Naval de Manila.jpg|Our Lady of La Naval de Manila, the oldest Christian statue in the Philippines made of ivory (1593 or 1596)
File:Filipino triptych, Museo de América.jpg|An ivory triptych (17th century)
File:Philippines mother-of-pearl 19th C - La divina pastora (Holy Virgin as shepherdess) IMG 9386 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg|Mother-of-pearl relief (19th century)
File:Basilica Del Santo Niño - Bas Relief 1.jpg|One of the carvings at the Basilica del Santo Niño
File:Customs of the World; illustration of a Bagoba Wellcome M0005579.jpg|Teeth filing is present in some ethnic groups in the country
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (25066044671).jpg|A likha portraying a god, one of only two likha that survived Spanish persecution and destruction
File:Helmet MET 36.25.98 004mar2015.jpg|Moro helmet, exterior made of carved carabao horn (18th century)
= Folk performing arts =
Folk dances, plays, and dramas are performed. Each ethnic group has its own heritage, and Filipino folk performing arts also have Spanish and American influences. Some dances are related to those in neighboring Austronesian and other Asian countries.{{Cite book |url=https://repository.museumsiam.org/handle/6622252777/473 |title=The Folk Performing Arts in ASEAN |date=2016 |publisher=Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre |isbn=978-616-7154-36-7 |editor-last=Duangwises |editor-first=Narupon |location=Bangkok |editor-last2=Skar |editor-first2=Lowell D. |via=Museum Siam Digital Repository}} Folk performing arts include the banga, manmanok, ragragsakan, tarektek, uyaoy (or uyauy),{{Cite web |title=Cordillera |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Cynthia/philippine_dances_cordillera.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805152547/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Cynthia/philippine_dances_cordillera.htm |archive-date=August 5, 2013 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |publisher=seasite.niu.edu}} pangalay, asik, singkil, sagayan, kapa malong malong,{{Cite web |title=Muslim Mindanao |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/cynthia/dances/muslim_mindanao_dances.htm |website=seasite.niu.edu}} binaylan, sugod uno, dugso, kinugsik kugsik, siring, pagdiwata, maglalatik, tinikling, subli, cariñosa, kuratsa, and pandanggo sa ilaw.{{Cite journal |last=Santos |first=Monica Fides Amada |date=2019 |title=Philippine Folk Dances: A Story of a Nation |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/view/6884 |journal=Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–38}}{{Cite book |last=Snodgrass |first=Mary Ellen |title=The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham}}{{Cite book |title=CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art |date=1994 |publisher=Cultural Center of the Philippines |volume=5: Philippine Dance |location=Manila}}{{cite web|url=http://www.sinfonia.or.jp/~infortec/hotspots/boracay/singkil.htm|title=Hot Spots Filipino Cultural Dance – Singkil|publisher=Sinfonia.or.jp|access-date=February 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429212901/http://www.sinfonia.or.jp/~infortec/hotspots/boracay/singkil.htm|archive-date=April 29, 2007|url-status=live}} Folk dramas and plays are based on popular epics such as Hinilawod,{{Cite news |last=Lolarga |first=Elizabeth |date=February 25, 2013 |title=Filipino Epic 'Labaw Donggon' Comes to Life |work=Yahoo! News |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/blogs/the-inbox/filipino-epic-labaw-donggon-comes-life-111820526.html}} and the Senakulo is a popular drama with Hispanic groups.{{Citation |last=Fernandez |first=D. G. |title=The Emergence of Modern Drama in the Philippines (1898–1912) |date=1977 |series=Philippine Studies Working Paper No. 1 |mode=cs1}}{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Natividad Crame |title=Classical Forms of Theater in Asia |date=2005 |publisher=University of Santo Tomas Publishing House |isbn=971-506-341-1 |location=Manila}}
File:Tinikling.jpg|Tinikling
File:Folklore of the popular heritage of the State of the Philippines 15.jpg|Singkil royal dance
File:Passionplayjf1974 04.JPG|Senakulo in Bulacan
File:Kaamulan Festival - Courtship dance.jpg|Lumad courtship dance
= Folk (oral) literature =
{{Main|Philippine mythology}}
Folk (oral) literature includes the epics, songs, myths, and other oral literature of Filipino ethnic groups. The country's poetry is rich in metaphors.{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan de |url=http://bvpb.mcu.es/es/consulta/registro.cmd?control=CCPB000336658-8 |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=San Lucar |first2=Pedro de |date=1754 |publisher=Imprenta de la Compañía de Jesús |location=Manila |pages=324, 440 |language=es}} Tanaga poetry has a 7777 syllable count, and its rhyme forms range from dual rhymes to none. Awit poetry has 12-syllable quatrains, with rhyming similar to the Pasyon{{Cite book |last=Gonzalez |first=N. V. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jqpau85TzkQC&pg=PA243 |title=Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty-One Stories |date=2008 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-971-542-567-4 |location=Quezon City |page=243}}{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GdP6NNzCMoC&pg=PA52 |title=The Canon in Southeast Asian Literatures: Literatures of Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam |date=2000 |publisher=Curzon Press |isbn=0-7007-1090-6 |editor-last=Smyth |editor-first=David |location=Richmond, Surrey |page=52}} chanted in the pabasa.{{Cite news |last=Pazzibugan |first=Dona |date=April 7, 2009 |title='Pabasa' is for Meditating, Not Loud Wailing |work=Inquirer.net |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090407-198285/Pabasa-is-for-meditating-not-loud-wailing |url-status=dead |access-date=June 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118175409/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090407-198285/Pabasa-is-for-meditating-not-loud-wailing |archive-date=November 18, 2011}} Another awit is the 1838 Florante at Laura.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EqbeRzdDrsC&pg=PA160 |title=South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide |date=1989 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-1267-0 |editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=Patricia |location=Honolulu |page=160 |editor-last2=Milner |editor-first2=Anthony}} Dalit poetry contains four lines of eight syllables each.{{Cite book |last=Castro |first=Christi-Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaZnkbiJbbYC&q=philippine+dalit&pg=PA32 |title=Musical Renderings of the Philippine Nation |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974640-8 |location=Oxford |page=32}} Ambahan poetry consists of seven-syllable lines with rhythmic end syllables, often chanted and sometimes written on bamboo.{{Cite web |last=Postma |first=Antoon |date=1981 |title=Introduction to Ambahan |url=http://mangyan.org/content/introduction-ambahan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108080251/http://www.mangyan.org/content/introduction-ambahan |archive-date=January 8, 2018 |access-date=October 23, 2017 |website=Mangyan Heritage Center}} Balagtasan is a debate in verse.{{Cite web |last=De Leon |first=Mylah |date=2013 |title=The Timeless Art of Balagtasan |url=http://asianjournal.com/lifestyle/the-timeless-art-of-balagtasan/ |website=Asian Journal}} Other poems include A la juventud filipina,{{Cite book |last1=Ongsotto |first1=Rebecca Ramilo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITLRpPrrcykC&pg=PA124 |title=Philippine History Module-Based Learning |last2=Ongsotto |first2=Reena R. |date=2002 |publisher=Rex Book Store |isbn=971-23-3449-X |location=Manila |page=124}} and Ako'y may alaga.{{Citation |last=Par |first=Sabrina |title=Mga Tula at Awit |date=2013 |url=http://www.slideshare.net/SabrinaPar/mga-tula-at-awit |trans-title=Poems and Songs |type=Slide deck |access-date=December 25, 2016 |mode=cs1 |via=SlideShare}}{{Cite book |last=Blanco |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA60 |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=2009 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25519-7 |location=Berkeley |page=60}}
Epic poems include the 17-cycle, 72,000-line Darangen of the Maranao{{Cite web |last=Escueta |first=Carla Michaela E. |date=n.d. |title=Darangen, the Maranao Epic |url=https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/darangen-the-maranao-epic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226163043/https://ichcourier.ichcap.org/article/darangen-the-maranao-epic/ |archive-date=December 26, 2019 |access-date=November 27, 2019 |website=ICH Courier Online}} and the Hinilawod.Felix Laureano,Recuerdos de Filipinas, Barcelona: 1795, A. Lóopez Robert, impresor, Calle Conde de Asalto (currently called "Carrer Nou de la Rambla"), 63, p. 106. Others include Biag ni Lam-Ang, Ibalon, Hudhud, Alim, the Ulalim cycle, Lumalindaw, Kudaman, the Agyu Cycle, Tulelangan, Gumao of Dumalinao, Ag Tubig Nog Keboklagan, Keg Sumba Neg Sandayo, and Tudbulul.{{Cite book |last=Eugenio |first=Damiana L. |title=Philippine Folk Literature: The Epics |date=2001 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=9789715422949 |location=Quezon City}} Filipino Sign Language is used to pass on oral literature to the hearing-impaired.{{Cite news |last=Martinez |first=Liza |date=December 1, 2012 |title=Primer on Filipino Sign Language |work=Inquirer.net |department=Opinion |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/41909/primer-on-filipino-sign-language |access-date=February 9, 2017}} Folk literature is documented by scholars in manuscripts, tapes, and video recordings.{{Cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Outline of Philippine Mythology |date=1969 |publisher=Centro Escolar University Research and Development Center |location=Manila}}{{Cite web |last=Barrientos |first=Giselle |date=April 5, 2019 |title=The Aswang Project is Working on a Philippine Mythology Reference Book |url=https://www.scoutmag.ph/culture/the-aswang-project-is-working-on-an-ultimate-philippine-mythology-reference-book-giselleb-20190405 |website=Scout}}
File:Pasyon, pabasa.jpg|Pabasa during the Pasyon
File:The rotation of Visayan Philippine bakunawa.png|Bakunawa, a deity from the Visayas and Bicol, in a divination-rotation chart as explained in Signosan (1919)
File:Manananggal.jpg|A manananggal drawing, as depicted in folk stories
File:Buraq sculpture from Mindanao Philippines.jpg|A buraq sculpture, as depicted in folk stories
File:Mariang Makiling statue at the University of the Philippines in Los Baños.jpg|Sculpture depicting Makiling, the protector-goddess of Mount Makiling
File:Banaue Rice Terraces and its statue friend.JPG|A hogang, fern-trunk statue, of a god protecting boundaries in Ifugao
File:Kaamulan Festival - Tableau Presentation.jpg|Performance at the Kaamulan, depicting gods and heroes from the people's ancient religions
= Folk graphic and plastic arts =
These are tattooing, folk writing, and folk drawing and painting.
== Folk writing (calligraphy) ==
The Philippines has a number of indigenous scripts collectively known as suyat, each of which has its own calligraphy. Since 16th-century Spanish colonization, ethnolinguistic groups have used the scripts in a variety of media. By the end of the colonial era, only four suyat scripts survived and continue to be used: the Hanunó'o and Buhid scripts and those of the Tagbanwa and Palawan peoples. All four were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme as Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, {{Proper name|Buid}}, Tagbanua and Pala’wan) in 1999.{{Cite web |title=Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala'wan) |url=https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/517 |url-status=live |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628103241/https://en.unesco.org/memoryoftheworld/registry/517 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |website=UNESCO}}
Artists and cultural experts have also revived extinct suyat scripts, including the Visayan badlit script, the iniskaya script of the Eskaya people, the baybayin script of the Tagalog people, the sambali script of the Sambal people, the basahan script of the Bicolano people, the sulat pangasinan script of the Pangasinense people, and the kur-itan (or kurdita) script of the Ilocano people.{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2018 |title=House Panel Approves Baybayin as National Writing System |work=SunStar |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1602707/Manila/Local-News/House-panel-approves-Baybayin-as-national-writing-system}}{{Cite news |date=April 25, 2018 |title=5 Things to Know About PH's Pre-Hispanic Writing System |work=ABS-CBN News |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/25/18/5-things-to-know-about-phs-pre-hispanic-writing-system}}{{Cite book |last=Marcilla y Martin |first=Cipriano |title=Estudio de los antiguos alfabetos Filipinos |date=1895 |publisher=Tipo-Litografia del Asilo de Huérfanos |location=Malabon |language=es}}{{Cite web |last=Morrow |first=Paul |date=April 7, 2011 |title=Baybayin Styles & Their Sources |url=http://paulmorrow.ca/baychart.htm |website=paulmorrow.ca}}{{Cite news |last=Rosero |first=Michael Wilson I. |date=April 26, 2018 |title=The Baybayin Bill and the Never Ending Search for 'Filipino-ness' |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/04/26/baybayin-bill.html |url-status=dead |access-date=June 4, 2018 |archive-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505193720/http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/04/26/baybayin-bill.html }} Spanish{{Cite news |last=Afinidad-Bernardo |first=Deni Rose M. |date=June 1, 2018 |title=Watch: How to Ace in Script Lettering |work=Philstar Global |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2018/06/01/1820721/watch-how-ace-script-lettering}} and Arabic Jawi scripts are also used.{{Cite journal |last=Abubakar |first=Carmen A. |date=2013 |title=Surat Sug: Jawi Tradition in Southern Philippines |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6251094 |journal=Cuaderno Internacional de Estudios Humanísticos y Literatura |volume=19 |pages= 31–37 |via=Dialnet}}{{Cite journal |last=Millie |first=Julian |date=2001 |title=The Poem of Bidasari in the Maranao Language |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=157 |issue=2 |pages=403–406 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003814 |doi-access=free}} Suyat-based calligraphy has become increasingly popular.{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2019 |title=The Revival of Baybayin – an Ancient Philippines Script Ripped up by Colonisation |work=The National |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/the-revival-of-baybayin-an-ancient-philippines-script-ripped-up-by-colonisation-1.892860 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422120216/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/the-revival-of-baybayin-an-ancient-philippines-script-ripped-up-by-colonisation-1.892860 |archive-date=April 22, 2022}}{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2019 |title=Beyond ABCs: Ancient Philippine Script Revival Kicks up Debate |work=Gulf News |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/beyond-abcs-ancient-philippine-script-revival-kicks-up-debate-1.1564555376902}} Philippine Braille is used by the visually impaired.{{Cite book |url=http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064 |title=World Braille Usage |date=2013 |publisher=Perkins |isbn=978-0-8444-9564-4 |edition=3rd |location=Watertown, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908010540/http://www.pharmabraille.com/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=122064 |archive-date=September 8, 2014 |url-status=dead}}
File:Ancient Philippine Script Monreal Stone (24558270153).jpg|One of the Monreal Stones of Ticao written in the baybayin script
File:Ilokano baybayin prayer.gif|Amami, a fragment of a prayer written in kur-itan or kurdita, the first to use the krus-kudlit
File:Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna.jpg|Laguna Copperplate Inscription written in the kawi script, precursor to baybayin (900 CE), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Surat guhit (basahan).jpg|Basahan (surat bikol) script sample
File:Bayi, a bamboo bow from Mindoro.jpg|Hanunó'o calligraphy written on bamboo
File:Buhid script sample.svg|Buhid script sample
File:Jawiscript arabic.gif|Jawi script, used in the Sulu archipelago
File:"Maradika" Qur'an of Bayang, Lanao del Sur.jpg|The Koran of Bayang, written in the kirim script on paper, a National Cultural Treasure; kirim is used in mainland Muslim Mindanao
File:Eskayascript.gif|Eskaya script sample
File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg|Pages of the Doctrina Christiana, an early Christian book in Spanish, Tagalog in Latin script and in Baybayin (1593)
File:Philippine passport (2016 edition) Baybayin.jpg|Indigenous script in the country's passport
File:Guhit kalingking.jpg|Tagbanwa calligraphy on bamboo
== Folk drawing and painting ==
Folk drawing has been known for thousands of years. The oldest folk drawings are rock drawings and engravings which include the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal, created during the Neolithic (6000 to 2000 BC). The drawings have been interpreted as religious, with infant drawings to relieve sickness in children.{{Cite web |title=The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs |url=http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/ |access-date=September 3, 2014 |website=Artes de las Islas Filipinas}} Another petroglyph is in Alab (Bontoc), dated as not later than 1500 BC and containing fertility symbols such as the pudenda. Ancient petrographs are also found; those in Peñablanca and Singnapan are drawn with charcoal, and those in Anda (Bohol) are drawn with red hematite.{{Cite web |title=Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} Recently discovered petrographs in Monreal (Ticao) include drawings of monkeys, human faces, worms (or snakes), plants, dragonflies, and birds.{{Cite news |last=Tantiangco |first=Aya |date=October 26, 2016 |title=Officials Call for Protection, Preservation of Newly Discovered Cave Art in Monreal, Masbate |language=en |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/586490/lifestyle/artandculture/officials-call-for-protection-preservation-of-cave-art-in-monreal-masbate/ |access-date=February 6, 2022}}
Evidence indicates that indigenous Filipinos have been painting and glazing pottery for thousands of years. Pigments used for painting range from gold, yellow, reddish-purple, green, white, and blue-green to blue.{{Cite web |title=The Ceramic Age |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/prehistory-of-the-philippines/the-ceramic-age/ |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304032047/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/prehistory-of-the-philippines/the-ceramic-age/ |url-status=dead }} Statues and other creations have also been painted with a variety of colors. Painting on skin is practiced, especially by the Yakan people.{{Cite web |last=Bramhall |first=Donna |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Meeting the Yakan People in Zamboanga City |url=http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/125827-yakan-tribe-wedding-zamboanga-sulu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320194026/http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/125827-yakan-tribe-wedding-zamboanga-sulu |archive-date=March 20, 2016 |website=Rappler}}
Tattooing was introduced by the Austronesian peoples thousands of years ago, and it developed into cultural symbols in a number of ethnic groups.{{Cite book |last=Wilcken |first=Lane |title=Filipino Tattoos: Ancient to Modern |date=2010 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |location=Atglen, Pennsylvania}}{{Cite journal |last1=Ragragio |first1=Andrea Malaya M. |last2=Paluga |first2=Myfel D. |date=2019 |title=An Ethnography of Pantaron Manobo Tattooing (Pangotoeb): Towards a Heuristic Schema in Understanding Manobo Indigenous Tattoos |journal=Southeast Asian Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=259–294 |doi=10.20495/seas.8.2_259 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Demeterio |first=F. P. A. III |date=2017 |title=The Fading Batek: Problematizing the Decline of Traditional Tattoos in the Philippine Cordillera Region |url=https://fslmjournals.taylors.edu.my/the-fading-batek-problematizing-the-decline-of-traditional-tattoos-in-the-philippine-cordillera-region/ |journal=SEARCH: The Journal of the South East Asia Research Centre for Communication and Humanities |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=55–82}} It was first documented the 16th century, with the bravest Pintados (people of central and eastern Visayas) the most tattooed. Similar tattooed peoples were the Bicolanos of Camarines and the Tagalogs of Marinduque.{{Cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13280/13280.txt |title=The Philippine Islands, 1493–1803 |date=1903 |publisher=Arthur H. Clark Company |editor-last=Blair |editor-first=Emma Helen |volume=2: 1521–1569 |location=Cleveland, Ohio |page=126 |editor-last2=Robertson |editor-first2=James Alexander |via=Project Gutenberg}}{{Cite book |last1=Steiger |first1=G. Nye |title=A History of the Orient |last2=Beyer |first2=H. Otley |last3=Benitez |first3=Conrado |date=1929 |publisher=Ginn and Company |location=Boston |pages=143–144}}{{Cite book |last=Pangan |first=John Kingsley |url=https://archive.org/details/ChurchOfTheFarEastPreview |title=Church of the Far East |year=2016 |publisher=St. Paul's Philippines |location=Makati City |pages=9 |via=Archive.org}} Tattooed people in Mindanao include the Manobo, whose tattoo tradition is known as pang-o-túb.{{Cite book |last=Garvan |first=John M. |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AHC5611.0001.001 |title=The Manóbos of Mindanáo |date=1931 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington |via=University of Michigan Library}}{{Cite news |date=August 28, 2012 |title=Pang-o-Tub: The Tattooing Tradition of the Manobo |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/271561/newstv/reeltime/pang-o-tub-the-tattooing-tradition-of-the-manobo/ |access-date=February 6, 2022}} The T'boli also tattoo their skin in the belief that the tattoos glow after death, guiding the soul in its journey to the afterlife.{{Citation |last1=Talavera |first1=Jezia |title=The T'boli: Songs, Stories and Society |date=2013 |last2=Manalo |first2=Faith |last3=Baybay |first3=Amy |last4=Saludario |first4=Dayra |last5=Dizon |first5=Rosario |last6=Mauro |first6=Bea |last7=Porquerino |first7=Ana |last8=Novela |first8=Ardo |last9=Yakit |first9=France |last10=Banares |first10=Aubrey |last11=Francisco |first11=Marie |last12=Inocencio |first12=Rizzabel |last13=Rongavilla |first13=Conrad |last14=Cruz |first14=Tina |mode=cs1}} The best-known tattooed people may have been the Igorot people of highland Luzon. Only Tinglayan in Kalinga has traditional tattoo artists crafting batok; they were headed by master tattooist and Kalinga matriarch Whang-od.{{Cite web |last=Redfern |first=Corinne |date=April 19, 2018 |title=Whang-Od: The Last Tattoo Artist |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/whang-od-the-last-tattoo-artist |website=Tatler}}{{Cite news |last=Malanes |first=Maurice |date=September 10, 2013 |title=Skin as Archive of History, Culture, Identity |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/485029/skin-as-archive-of-history-culture-identity}} Traditional tattooing has experienced a revival after centuries of decline.{{Cite news |last=Lowe |first=Aya |date=May 27, 2014 |title=Reviving Filipino Tribal Tattoo Art |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27539510}}
File:Angono Petroglyphs1.jpg|A portion of the Angono Petroglyphs (6000-2000 BC), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Yakan.jpg|Filipino American dancers wearing traditional Yakan facial paintings called tanyak tanyak
File:Kutkut.jpg|Painting made with the Waray people's [https://fdeasis.com/12.html kut-kut] technique, developed in Samar
File:St Joseph, Philippines, 17th century AD, gilt and painted ivory - Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas - Madrid, Spain - DSC07947.JPG|Painted ivory statue of St. Joseph (17th century)
File:Visayans 1.png|Pintados recorded in the Boxer Codex (c. 1590)
File:Whang-od tattooing.jpg|Whang-od applying a Kalinga tattoo
File:Bontoc.jpg|Tattooed Bontoc warrior
File:A LUZON NEGRITO WITH SPEAR.jpg|Aeta man with body scarification
= {{anchor|Ornament}}Ornaments =
== Glass art ==
Glass art is found in places such as Pinagbayanan.{{Cite journal |last=Cruz |first=Melodina Sy |date=2014 |title=Looking Through the Glass: Analysis of Glass Vessel Shards from Pinagbayanan Site, San Juan, Batangas, Philippines |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/asp/article/view/4366 |journal=Hukay: Journal for Archaeological Research in Asia and the Pacific |volume=19 |pages=24–60}} Stained glass has been a feature of many churches since Spanish colonization. European craftspeople initially produced stained glass, with Filipinos beginning to join the craft during the 20th century.{{Cite news |last=Perez |first=Leila Bernice |date=January 26, 2014 |title=A Glass of its Own |work=Philstar Global |department=Starweek Magazine |url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/starweek-magazine/2014/01/26/1282920/glass-its-own}} The Manila Cathedral contains a number of stained-glass windows.{{Cite web |last=Cañete |first=Reuben |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Dissecting the Stained Glass Windows at the Manila Cathedral |url=https://bluprint.onemega.com/galo-ocampo-manila-cathedral/ |website=BluPrint}} {{Better source needed|date=December 2022|reason=Source (Craftsy) is commercial.}} Other glass art includes chandeliers and sculptures.{{Cite news |date=May 17, 2014 |title=Ramon Orlina: A Treasured Philippine Artist |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2014/05/17/weekly/the-sunday-times/a-treasured-philippine-artist/97255/}}
File:Aringay Church's stained glass window of Jeremiah.jpg|Jeremiah at Aringay church
File:San Sebastian Church Stained Glass.jpg|San Sebastian Church window, part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Zadkiel memorial stained glass, Mainside Protestant Chapel.jpg|Zadkiel at Samar church
File:CCPjf0156 10.JPG|Cultural Center of the Philippines chandelier
== {{anchor|Accessory-making}}Accessories ==
Accessories are generally worn with clothing, and some are accessories for houses, altars, and other objects. Of the Philippines' over 100 ethnic groups, the most accessorized may be the Kalinga people.{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Jesus T. |date=n.d. |title=Peoples of the Philippines: Kalinga |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/glimpses-peoples-of-the-philippines/kalinga/ |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308194020/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/glimpses-peoples-of-the-philippines/kalinga/ |url-status=dead }} The Gaddang people also use many accessories.{{Cite journal |last=Garra |first=Angela C. |date=2016 |title=Indigenous Garments and Accessories of the G'addang in Barangay Ngileb: Documentation on Production |url=http://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/view/125 |journal=Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=63–71 |doi=10.23969/sampurasun.v2i01.125 |doi-access=free}} The best-known accessory is the lingling-o, a pendant or amulet used from Batanes in the north to Palawan in the south.{{Cite news |last=Zafra |first=Jessica |author-link=Jessica Zafra |date=April 26, 2008 |title=Art Exhibit: Philippines' 'Gold of Ancestors' |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/art-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249 |url-status=live |access-date=December 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101135332/http://www.newsweek.com/art-exhibit-philippines-gold-ancestors-86249 |archive-date=January 1, 2018}}{{Cite web |title=Ling-ling O |url=http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Lingling-o.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227123406/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Lingling-o.html |archive-date=December 27, 2017 |access-date=December 27, 2017 |website=National Museum}} The oldest known lingling-o has been dated to 500 BC and is made of nephrite. Shells have also traditionally been used for accessories.{{Cite report |url=http://oneocean.org/download/db_files/philippine_shell_industry.pdf |title=The Philippine Shell Industry with Special Focus on Mactan Cebu |last=Floren |first=Adonis S. |date=2003 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |url-status=dead |via=oneocean.org |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509081156/https://oneocean.org/download/db_files/philippine_shell_industry.pdf }}
Gold is crafted by Filipino ethnic groups, and the country's best-known goldsmiths came from Butuan. Regalia, jewelry, ceremonial weapons, tooth ornamentation, and ritualistic and funerary objects made of high-quality gold have been found at a number of sites, and the archipelago's gold culture flourished between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Some gold-crafting techniques were lost in colonization, but techniques influenced by other cultures have been adopted by Filipino goldsmiths.{{Cite web |title=Philippine Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms |url=https://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/philippine-gold-treasures-forgotten-kingdoms |website=Asia Society|date=July 24, 2017 }}{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Ken |date=September 24, 2015 |title=Review: 'Philippine Gold: Treasures of Forgotten Kingdoms' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/arts/design/review-philippine-gold-treasures-of-forgotten-kingdoms.html}}
File:Filippine, luzon del nord, gaddang, copricapo suklong, xix secolo.jpg|Accessory of the Gaddang people
File:Earring from Kalinga in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8411.1.JPG|A lingling-o of the Kalinga people
File:Earring from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8372.1.JPG|Ilongot earring
File:MET 12 176 18 d1.jpeg|Filipino gold and coral necklace (17th-18th c.)
File:Jewelry and clothing ornaments.jpg|Gold jewelries (12th-15th century)
File:Filippine, luzon del nord, tinggian, cintura akusan, XIX-XX secolo.jpg|Itneg accessory
File:Hair ornament from Ilongot in northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art I.JPG|Ilongot hair ornament
File:Belt from Bontoc, northern Luzon, Honolulu Museum of Art 8426.1.JPG|Bontoc belt
File:Necklace from Northern Luzon, Ilongot, brass, mother-of-pearl and beads, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG|Mother-of-pearl necklace
File:Pectoral, Northern Luzon, Ifugao, brass, thread and glass beads, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Ifugao pectoral accessory
File:3 necklaces from the Philippines, 12th-15th century, gold, semi-precious stone and glass, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg|Necklaces made of gold, semi-precious stones, and glass (12th-15th century)
File:MET 12 176 20 d2.jpeg|Necklace made of gold and coral (17th–19th century)
== {{anchor|Ornamental metal crafts}}Metal ornaments ==
Ornamental metal crafts are metal-based products used to beautify something else, metal or non-metal, and those made by the Maranao in Tugaya are valued. Metal crafts by the Moro people decorate a variety of objects, and are inscribed with the okir motif.{{Cite news |last=Sablad |first=Jo Ann |date=August 21, 2018 |title=The Crafts of Maranaos |work=SunStar |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/1759171/Cagayan-De-Oro/Lifestyle/The-crafts-of-Maranaos}} Metal crafts also decorate religious objects such as altars, Christian statues, and vestments. Apalit, in Pampanga, is a center of the craft.{{Cite web |last=Tobias |first=Maricris Jan |date=n.d. |title=National Living Treasures: Eduardo Mutuc |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-eduardo-mutuc/ |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |archive-date=January 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121140550/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/gamaba/national-living-treasures-eduardo-mutuc/ |url-status=dead }} Gold has been used in a number of ornaments, and most which survive are human accessories with elaborate, ancient designs.
File:Our Lady of Manaoag 1.JPG|Our Lady of Manaoag with metal headpiece, part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Jaw harp handle, Mindanao, Maranao, horn with brass studs, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Maranao kubing jaw harp with okir motif
File:Image of golden Garuda of Palawan.jpg|Golden garuda ornament from Palawan
File:Retablo of Holy Cross Parish, Nabua, Camarines Sur.jpg|Nabua Church retablo
File:Santa Monica Parish Church3351jf 05.JPG|Santa Monica Church chandelier, part of a National Cultural Treasure
File:Armadura kurab-a-kulang, Joló, Filipinas, Museo del Ejército de Toledo.JPG|Indigenous armor from Sulu, made of metal, carabao horn, and silver
File:J472ChurchSMalolosCfvfjr.JPG|Wrought iron at Malolos Church
File:Belt from Northern Luzon, the Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art 8366.1.JPG|Northern Luzon metal belt
= Pottery (ceramic) arts =
{{Main|Earthenware ceramics in the Philippines|Philippine ceramics}}
Pottery (ceramics, clay, and folk clay sculpture) has been part of Filipino culture for about 3,500 years.{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2012 |title=Philippine Pottery |url=http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/webliography/subject/philippine_pottery.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120155800/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/webliography/subject/philippine_pottery.asp |archive-date=November 20, 2012 |website=De La Salle University}} Notable artifacts include the Manunggul Jar (890–710 BCE){{Cite web |title=Manunggul Jar |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Manunggul.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717143726/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Manunggul.html |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Museum}} and Maitum anthropomorphic pottery (5 BC-225 AD).{{Cite web |title=Anthropomorphic Pots |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050557/http://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Archaeo/Pots.html |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Museum}} High-fired pottery was first made around 1,000 years ago, leading to a ceramic age in the Philippines. Ceramics were traded, and pottery and fragments from the Arab world (possibly Egypt) and East Asia have been found. Specific jars were also traded directly to Japan.{{Cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=September 13, 2012 |title=More on the Mysterious Luzon Jars |work=Inquirer.net |department=Opinion |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/36656/more-on-the-mysterious-luzon-jars}} Before colonization during the 16th century, foreign porcelain was popular in a number of communities; according to oral tradition from Cebu, indigenous porcelain was produced at the time of Cebu's early rulers.{{Cite journal |last=Ouano-Savellon |first=Romola |date=2014 |title="Aginid Bayok Sa Atong Tawarik": Archaic Cebuano and Historicity in a Folk Narrative |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=42 |issue=3/4 |pages=189–220 |jstor=44512020}} The earliest known indigenous porcelain has been dated to the 1900s, however; porcelain found at Filipino archaeological sites was labeled "imported", which has become a subject of controversy. Filipinos worked as porcelain artisans in Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, re-introducing the craft in the Philippines. All but one porcelain artifact from the era survived World War II.{{Cite journal |last=De Ayala |first=Fernando Zobel |date=1961 |title=The First Philippine Porcelain |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/2803 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |jstor=42719652}} Notable folk clay art includes The Triumph of Science over Death (1890){{Cite book |last=Reyes |first=Raquel A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tjWD-ngC4C&q=triumph+of+science+over+death+jose+rizal&pg=PA181 |title=Love, Passion and Patriotism: Sexuality and the Philippine Propaganda Movement, 1882–1892 |date=2008 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-356-5 |location=Singapore}} and Mother's Revenge (1894),{{Cite web |title=Mother's Revenge |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Mothers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706134012/https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Mothers.html |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=National Museum}} and popular pottery includes the tapayan and palayok. Pottery-making has received recent media attention.{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2019 |title=5 Places to Get Good Pottery in the Philippines |url=https://www.pepper.ph/5-places-get-good-pottery-philippines/ |website=Pepper}}{{Cite news |last=Gloria |first=Gaby |date=October 10, 2018 |title=7 Local Places to Shop for Ceramic Tableware |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/life/style/2018/10/19/ceramic-tableware.html |url-status=dead |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706165802/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/style/2018/10/19/ceramic-tableware.html }}
File:Jar, Republic of the Philippines, ceramic, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Philippine ceramic (100-1400 CE)
File:Calatagan Pot, 14th-15th Centuries AD (32154714093).jpg|Calatagan Pot with suyat calligraphy (14th-15th century)
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (25041268432).jpg|Burial pots, with the right having wave designs
File:Intramuros Pot Shard (32928448906).jpg|The Intramuros Pot Shard, with a script on it
File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|Manunggul Jar from Palawan (890–710 BC), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery - 24532486603.jpg|Burial jar top of one of the Maitum anthropomorphic pottery from Sarangani (5 BC-370 AD)
File:Mindanao Burial Jar.jpg|Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jar No. 13 (5 BC-370 AD), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Pottery houses for rice anito (spirits) among the Itneg people (1922, Philippines).jpg|Itneg pottery house for an anito (c. 1922)
File:La venganza de la madre (The Mother's Revenge).jpg|The Mother's Revenge (1894), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (25041403662).jpg|Multiple clay heads used as toppings for burial jars, each with a unique face
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (24791553049).jpg|An ancient mini-jar and a goblet
File:Mindanao Burial Pottery (32927714626).jpg|An ancient burial jar head
File:Butuan National Museum - pottery 2 - Butuan, Filippine.jpg|Porcelain found in the Philippines
File:Jar, made in China and collected in the Philippines, 11th century, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Porcelain jar found in the Philippines (11th century)
File:Porcelain, Palawan, 15th Century (24517982393).jpg|Porcelain found in Palawan (15th century)
File:Porcelain, Broken Reef, 11-12th Century (25051523851).jpg|Porcelain found in the Philippines (11th-12th century)
= {{anchor|Other artistic expressions of traditional culture}}Other traditional arts =
Other traditional arts, including non-ornamental metal crafts, martial arts, supernatural healing arts, medicinal arts, and constellation traditions, cannot be specifically categorized.
== Non-ornamental metal crafts ==
Non-ornamental metal crafts are metal products with simple, utilitarian designs. The Moro people are known for their metalwork, which is usually decorated with the okir motif.Handbook of the Collection of Musical Instruments in the United States National Museum, Bulletin, Issues 136–138, by Frances Densmore Baguio is also a center for metalwork.{{Cite news |last=Felipe |first=Carlo S. Suerte |date=July 11, 2018 |title=City of Crafts and Folk Arts |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2018/07/11/business/real-estate-and-property/city-of-crafts-and-folk-arts/418139/}} Hispanic metal crafts are common in the lowlands. They include large bells, and Asia's largest bell is at Panay Church.{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2019 |title='Biggest Bell in Asia' Found in Capiz Town |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/photo/287359/biggest-bell-in-asia-found-in-capiz-town/photo/}} Metal deities, notably of gold, are also found.{{Cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth R. |date=June 26, 2019 |title=The Gold Tara of Agusan |work=Inquirer.net |type=Opinion |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/122195/the-gold-tara-of-agusan}}
File:Food jar (gadur), Mindanao, Maranao, brass with silver inlay, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG|Brass gadur
File:Moro cannon or swivel gun (lantaka) from the Sulu Archipelago, brass, Honolulu Museum of Art.jpg|Lantaka guns
File:Betel box from the Philippines, Mindanao, Maranao people, probably 20th century, copper alloy with silver inlay, HAA.JPG|Copper betel nut box with silver inlay
File:Teapot-shaped ewer, Mindanao, Philippines, c. 1800 AD, brass, copper - Spurlock Museum, UIUC - DSC06011.jpg|Ewer from Mindanao (1800)
File:Lantaka Swivel Gun (25172974495).jpg|Detail of a lantaka gun
File:Silver Ciborium (25051473371).jpg|Silver ciborium
File:Largest bell in the Philippines and Asia.JPG|The largest church bell in Asia, housed at Panay Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Manobo Jewel Case.jpg|Manobo jewel case
File:Jar And Cover (Philippines), possibly 19th century (CH 18468101-2).jpg|Bronze jars (19th century)
File:Hinged box, Mindandao, Philippines, c. 1800 AD, brass - Spurlock Museum, UIUC - DSC06016.jpg|Hinged brass box (1800)
File:National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka - Gangsa - Kalinga people in Philippines - Collected in 2008.jpg|Gangsa gongs of the Kalinga people
File:Kulintang 04.jpg|Kulintang gongs of the Maranao people
== {{anchor|Blade arts}}Sword making ==
{{Further|List of Filipino weaponry}}
Filipino bladesmiths have been creating swords and other bladed weapons for centuries. Many swords are made for ceremonies and agriculture, and others are used for warfare. The best-known Filipino sword is the kampilan, a sharp blade with a spikelet one the flat side of the tip and a pommel depicting one of four sacred creatures: a bakunawa (dragon), a buaya (crocodile), a kalaw (hornbill), or a kakatua (cockatoo).{{Cite web |title=Kampilan |url=http://old.blades.free.fr/swords/klewang/kampilan/kampilan.htm |access-date=February 5, 2009 |website=Malay World Edged Weapons}} Other Filipino bladed weapons include the balarao, balasiong, balisong, balisword, bangkung, banyal, barong, batangas, bolo, dahong palay, gunong, gayang, golok, kalis, karambit, panabas, pinutí, pirah, gunong, susuwat, tagan, and utak. A variety of spears (sibat), axes, darts (bagakay), and arrows (pana or busog) are also used.{{Cite magazine |last=Lawrence |first=Marc |date=2009 |title=Filipino Weapons from A to Z |url=https://www.southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/Special-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf |url-status=dead |magazine=Filipino Martial Arts Digest |publisher=Stephen K. Dowd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824080342/http://southbayfmaclub.com/Articles/pdf/Special-Edition_Philippine-Weaponry.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2014 |access-date=July 6, 2020}}
File:Sword from the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art II.JPG|Kampilan sword from Sulu
File:Basih weapons.jpg|Basih weapons
File:Yakan ceremonial sword (panabas).jpg|Yakan ceremonial swords
File:Bagobo kampilan and Ifugao headhunting-axes.jpg|Lumad swords from Mindanao and Igorot axes from Luzon
File:Sword from the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG|Kalis sword from Sulu
File:2016 Singapur, Downtown Core, Muzeum Cywilizacji Azjatyckich, Ekspozycja (060).jpg|Moro swords
File:Krieger 1926 Philippine ethnic weapons Plate 5.png|War, ceremonial, and fishing spears in the Philippines
File:Lumad (Mandaya and T'boli) badao daggers.jpg|Lumad daggers in Mindanao
File:Filipino sword luzon vs visayan swords b.JPG|Swords from Luzon and Visayas
File:Bradlyes mayhem 3 4 5 6.jpg|Various balisongs
File:Visayan swords a ginunting b to c talibong.jpg|Various swords from the Visayas
== Martial arts ==
{{Main|Filipino martial arts}}
Filipino martial arts vary by ethnic group. The best-known is arnis (also known as kali and eskrima) (the country's national sport and martial art), which has weapon-based fighting styles with sticks, knives, bladed and improvised weapons and open-hand techniques. Arnis has changed over time, and was also known as estoque, estocada, and garrote during Spanish colonization. The Spanish recorded it as called paccalicali-t by the Ibanags, didya (or kabaroan) by the Ilocanos, sitbatan or kalirongan by the Pangasinenses, sinawali ("to weave") by the Kapampangans, calis or pananandata ("use of weapons") by the Tagalogs, pagaradman by the Ilonggos, and kaliradman by the Cebuanos.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WE2AQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA223 |title=Diccionario español-ibanag, o sea Tesauro hispano-cagayán sacado de los manuscritos antiguos, y nuevamente corregido y añadido en gran parte por dos religiosos dominicos ministros en aquella provincia |date=1867 |publisher=Imp. de Ramírez y Giraudier |location=Manila |page=223 |language=es}}
Unarmed martial-arts techniques include pangamot (the Bisaya), suntukan (the Tagalogs), sikaran (the Rizal Tagalogs), dumog (the Karay-a), buno (the Igorot people), and yaw-yan. Martial-arts weapons include the baston (or olisi), bangkaw (or tongat), dulo-dulo, and tameng. Edged weapons include the daga (or cuchillo), gunong, punyal and barung (or barong), balisong, karambit (with blades resembling tiger claws), espada, kampilan, ginunting, pinuti, talibong, itak, kalis, kris, golok, sibat, sundang, lagaraw, ginunting, and pinunting. Flexible weapons include latigo, buntot pagi, lubid, sarong, cadena (or tanikala), and tabak-toyok. Projectile weapons include the pana, sibat, sumpit, bagakay, tirador (or pintik or saltik), kana, lantaka, and luthang.{{Cite book |last=Wiley |first=Mark V. |title=Filipino Martial Culture |date=2011 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |location=Boston}}{{Cite book |last=Wiley |first=Mark V. |title=Filipino Martial Arts: Cabales Serrada Escrima |date=1994 |publisher=C.E. Tuttle |isbn=0-8048-1913-0 |location=Rutland, Vermont}}{{Cite book |last=Godhania |first=Krishna |title=Eskrima: Filipino Martial Art |date=2012 |publisher=Crowood Press |edition=Ebook |location=Wiltshire |orig-date=2010}} Related martial arts include kuntaw and silat.Posts Tagged 'master'
A Graceffo, MA Odyssey{{full citation needed|date=February 2022}}{{Cite news |date=2016 |volume=5 |work=FMA Informative |issue=2 |url=https://www.fmainformative.info/Newspaper/2016/FMA_Informative_Newspaper-Vol5No2-2016.pdf |title=FMA Informative Newspaper}}{{pn|date=May 2022}}{{Cite journal |last1=Shapie |first1=Mohamad Nizam Mohamed |last2=Elias |first2=Mohd Shahiid |date=2016 |title=Silat: The Curriculum of Seni Silat Malaysia |journal=Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas |volume=11 |issue=2s |pages=122–125 |doi=10.18002/rama.v11i2s.4202 |doi-access=free|hdl=10612/16565 |hdl-access=free }}
File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Sagayan at 14th AF-AFC 07.JPG|Sagayan, a war dance depicting the martial arts used in the Darangen
File:Mindanao Bangsamoro & Lumad Shields & Knives.jpg|Kalasag, shields used in Filipino warfare
File:Terry Lim's Kali Seminar with Maurice Ruiz and Ben Poon.jpg|Arnis being taught in Australia
File:Zambals 3.png|Sambal warriors specializing in archery and falconry, recorded in the Boxer Codex
File:Peter Siscon sequence grid.png|Suntukan sequence
File:Parangal Dance Co. performing Langka Kuntao at 14th AF-AFC 2.JPG|Kuntaw utilized in dance
File:Baras,Rizaljf5872 02.JPG|Statue depicting the sikaran
File:Grandmaster abaya.gif|Jendo{{Cite news|date=2019-04-28|title=Jendo Applies for POC Membership|work=Philstar Global|url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/04/28/1913167/jendo-applies-poc-membership|access-date=2020-07-25}}
== {{anchor|Culinary arts}}Cuisine ==
Filipino cuisine encompasses the country's more than 100 ethnolinguistic groups. Most mainstream dishes are from the Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Maranao, Pangasinan, Cebuano (or Bisaya), Tagalog, and Waray groups. The style of cooking and the associated foods have evolved over centuries from their Austronesian origins to a mixed cuisine with Indian, Chinese, Spanish, and American influences.{{Cite book |last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&q=%22Philippine+Cuisine%22+influences&pg=PA12 |title=The Philippine Cookbook |date=1985 |publisher=Perigee Books |isbn=0-399-51144-X |location=New York, New York |pages=12–14}}
{{Cite book |last=Civitello |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwtE4v_qS4EC&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PT263 |title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Cavalo and People |date=2011 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-1-118-09875-2 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |page=263 |quote=Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven-thousand-island nation}}
{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8VkaWS6xiMC&q=%22Philippine+Cuisine%22+influences&pg=PA111 |title=Philippines Country Study Guide |publisher=Int'l Business Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4330-3970-6 |page=111 |quote=Throughout the centuries, the islands have incorporated the cuisine of the early Malay settlers, Arab and Chinese traders, and Spanish and American colonizers along with other Oriental and Occidental accent and flavors. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620233651/http://books.google.com/books?id=J8VkaWS6xiMC&lpg=PA111&dq=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&f=false |archive-date=June 20, 2013 |url-status=dead}}
[http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html "Philippine Cuisine."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135618/http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html |date=June 16, 2011}} [http://www.balitapinoy.net/ Balitapinoy.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022526/http://www.balitapinoy.net/ |date=July 23, 2011}}. Accessed July 2011.
{{Cite web |last=Morgolis |first=Jason |date=February 6, 2014 |title=Why is it so Hard to Find a Good Filipino Restaurant? |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-06/why-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant#comments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218091921/http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-06/why-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant#comments |archive-date=December 18, 2014 |access-date=December 17, 2014 |website=Public Radio International |quote=Philippine food has Chinese, Malaysian, Spanish and American influences — all cultures that have shaped the Philippines.}} Dishes range the simple, such as fried salted fish and rice, to complex paellas and cocidos for Spanish fiestas. Popular dishes include lechón{{Cite news |date=June 16, 2015 |title=CNN Poll: Philippines Has World's 2nd Best Food |work=Philstar Global |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/06/16/1466440/cnn-poll-philippines-has-worlds-2nd-best-food |url-status=dead |access-date=April 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006040608/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/06/16/1466440/cnn-poll-philippines-has-worlds-2nd-best-food |archive-date=October 6, 2016}} (whole roasted pig), longganisa (Philippine sausage), tapa (cured beef), torta (omelette), adobo (chicken or pork braised in garlic, vinegar, oil and soy sauce, or cooked until dry), kaldereta (meat stewed in tomato sauce), mechado (fatty beef in a soy-tomato sauce), puchero (beef in a banana-and-tomato sauce), afritada (chicken or pork simmered in tomato sauce with vegetables), kare-kare (oxtail and vegetables cooked in peanut sauce), pinakbet (kabocha squash, eggplant, beans, okra, and tomato stew flavored with shrimp paste), crispy pata (deep-fried pig's leg), hamonado (pork sweetened in pineapple sauce), sinigang (meat or seafood in a sour broth), pancit (noodles), and lumpia (fresh or fried spring rolls).{{Cite book |last=Tayag |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQ84MwEACAAJ |title=Linamnam: Eating One's Way Around the Philippines |date=2012 |publisher=Anvil |isbn=978-971-27-2640-8 |location=Manila |via=Google Books}}
File:Philippine Food.jpg|A variety of Filipino food, including kare-kare, pinakbet, dinuguan, and crispy pata
File:Tapsilog in saudi arabia.jpg|Tapsilog, a common Filipino breakfast made of egg, rice, and beef or venison
File:Authentic Kapampangan Sisig.jpg|Sisig, usually served in scorching metal plates
File:Large bibinka.jpg|Bibingka, a popular Christmas rice cake with salted egg and grated coconut toppings
File:Halo halo1.jpg|Halo-halo, a common Filipino dessert or summer snack
File:Chicken Adobo over rice.jpg|Chicken adobo on rice
File:08757jfCuisine of Bulacan foodsfvf 31.jpg|Sinigang, a sour soup with meat and vegetables
File:2144Paang Bundok, La Loma, Quezon City 46.jpg|Lechon, whole roasted pig, stuffed with spices
== {{anchor|Other traditional arts}}Others ==
Shell crafts are common, due to the variety of mollusk shells available. The country's shell industry emphasizes crafts made of capiz shells, which are seen in a variety of products including capiz-shell windows, statues, and lamps. Lantern-making is also a traditional art form which began after the introduction of Christianity, and many lanterns (locally known as parol) are in Filipino streets and in front of houses for the Christmas season (which begins in September and ends in January, the world's longest Christmas season). The Giant Lantern Festival, which also celebrates Christmas, features large lanterns made by Filipino artisans.{{Cite news |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |date=November 6, 2019 |title=12 Giant Lanterns Star in Pampanga's 111-Year-Old Festival |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1186190/12-giant-lanterns-star-in-pampangas-111-year-old-festival}} Pyrotechnics are popular during the New Year celebrations and the Christmas season. The Philippines has hosted the Philippine International Pyromusical Competition, the world's largest pyrotechnic competition (previously known as the World Pyro Olympics) since 2010.{{Cite news |last=SM Supermalls |date=February 28, 2019 |title=Philippines, Belgium Kick Off Int'l Pyromusical Competition in Clark |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/advertorial/life/02/28/19/philippines-belgium-kick-off-intl-pyromusical-competition-in-clark}}
Lacquerware is a less-common art form. Filipino researchers are studying the possibility of turning coconut oil into lacquer.{{Cite book |last=Dela Cruz |first=Lina Depra |url=http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2010/WCECS2010_pp686-690.pdf |title=World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science: WCECS 2010: 20–22 October, 2010, San Francisco, USA |date=2010 |publisher=Newswood Ltd., International Association of Engineers |isbn=978-988-17012-0-6 |location=Hong Kong |chapter=Potential of Virgin Coconut Oil in the Production of Lacquer Enamel Paint}}{{Cite journal |last=Lacuna-Richman |first=Celeste |date=2006 |title=The Use of Non-Wood Forest Products by Migrants in a New Settlement: Experiences of a Visayan Community in Palawan, Philippines |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |at=36 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-36 |pmc=1586005 |pmid=16959026 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |last=Bacus |first=Elisabeth A. |date=1998 |title=Later Prehistory of the Philippines: Colonial Images and Archaeology |journal=Archaeology International |volume=2 |pages=54–56 |doi=10.5334/ai.0216 |doi-access=free}} Paper arts are common in many communities; examples include the taka papier-mâché of Laguna and the pabalat of Bulacan.{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Tomas U. |date=February 3, 2008 |title=Rediscovering Traditional Arts |work=The Varsitarian |url=https://varsitarian.net/circle/20080203/rediscovering_traditional_arts}} A form of leaf-folding art is puni, which uses palm leaves to create forms such as birds and insects.
Bamboo art is also common, with products including kitchen utensils, toys, furniture, and musical instruments such as the Las Piñas Bamboo Organ (the world's only organ made of bamboo).{{Cite news |last=Mangosing |first=Frances |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Google Doodle Celebrates Las Piñas Bamboo Organ 195th Anniversary |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1193856/google-doodle-celebrates-las-pinas-bamboo-organ-195th-anniversary}} In bulakaykay, bamboo is bristled to create large arches. Floristry is popular for festivals, birthdays, and Undas.{{Cite web |last=Sorilla |first=Franz IV |date=January 30, 2020 |title=13 of Metro Manila's Top Florists |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/the-scene/people-parties/best-florists-around-metro-manila-for-valentines-day-2020 |website=Tatler}} Leaf speech (language and meaning) is popular among the Dumagat people, who use leaves to express themselves and send secret messages.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/live/3egcPd_nvAA?feature=share |title=Dayaw Season 7 Episode 1: Being Dumagat (School of Living Traditions in Bulacan) |date=September 19, 2019 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/3egcPd_nvAA |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |url-status=live |via=Youtube |type=Video}}{{cbignore}}
Shamanism and its related healing arts are found throughout the country, with each ethnic group having its unique concepts of shamanism and healing. Philippine shamans are regarded as sacred by their ethnic groups. The introduction of Abrahamic religions (Islam and Christianity) suppressed many shamanitic traditions, with Spanish and American colonizers demeaning native beliefs during the colonial era. Shamans and their practices continue in some parts of the Philippines.{{Cite book |last=Nono |first=Grace |title=Song of the Babaylan: Living Voices, Medicines, Spiritualities of Philippine Ritualist-Oralist-Healers |date=2013 |publisher=Institute of Spirituality in Asia |location=Quezon City}} The art of constellation and cosmic reading and interpretation is a fundamental tradition among all Filipino ethnic groups, and the stars are used to interpret for communities to conduct farming, fishing, festivities, and other important activities. Notable constellations include Balatik and Moroporo.{{Cite book |last=Ambrosio |first=Dante L. |title=Balatik: Etnoastronomiya, Kalangitan at Kabihasnang Pilipino |date=2010 |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |location=Quezon City |language=fil}} Another cosmic reading is the utilization of earthly monuments, such as the Gueday stone calendar of Besao, which locals use to see the arrival of kasilapet (the end of the current agricultural season and the beginning of the next one).{{Cite news |last=See |first=Dexter A. |date=October 5, 2019 |title=Gueday Stone Calendar Declared National Landmark |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/10/05/news/regions/gueday-stone-calendar-declared-national-landmark/626451/}}
File:Bayombong Church Nueva Vizcaya 1.jpg|View from a Capiz-shell window
File:Typical Philippine shell hanging lamp..JPG|Typical shell lamp in the Philippines
File:GLFjf1446 04.JPG|A huge lantern during the Giant Lantern Festival
File:Trio of traditional parols.jpg|Traditional bamboo and paper lanterns, sometimes made with bamboo and capiz shells as well
File:Parol na kayab2.jpg|Traditional leaf lantern
File:Horse taka.jpg|Taka, a type of papier-mâché art in Laguna
File:7474Photos taken 2020 coronavirus pandemic Baliuag, Bulacan 32.jpg|One form of sampaguita garland-making
File:Bamboo Organ, Las Pinas, Manila.jpg|Las Piñas Bamboo Organ (1824), a National Cultural Treasure
Non-traditional arts
Non-traditional arts include dance, music, theater, visual arts, literature, film and broadcast arts, architecture and allied arts, and design. A distinguished artist is inducted as a National Artist of the Philippines.
= Dance =
Dance in the Philippines includes choreography, direction, and performance. Philippine dance is influenced by the country's folk performing arts and its Hispanic traditions; a number of styles also have global influences. Igorot dances such as banga, Moro dances such as pangalay and singkil, Lumad dances such as kuntaw, kadal taho and lawin-lawin, and Hispanic dances such as maglalatik and subli have been incorporated into contemporary Filipino dance. Ballet has been popular since the early 20th century.{{Cite web |last=Villano |first=Alexa |date=April 27, 2019 |title=5 Women Who Pioneered Filipino Folk and Modern Dance |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/226660-women-of-filipino-dance |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427123153/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/226660-women-of-filipino-dance |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=January 14, 2022 |website=Rappler}} Pinoy hip hop music has influenced dances, a number of which have adopted global standards of hip hop and break dances.{{Cite news |date=May 4, 2016 |title=Philippine Hip-Hop Dance Scene |work=The Freeman |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-lifestyle/2016/05/04/1579967/philippine-hip-hop-dance-scene}} Filipinos choreograph traditional and Westernized dances, with some companies focusing on Hispanic and traditional dance.{{Cite journal |last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo G. |date=1983 |title=Contemporary Dance in the Philippines |journal=Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |jstor=40860164}}{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2016 |title=A New Generation of Filipino Contemporary Dance Emerges in "Bagong Sayaw" this September 10–18 |url=http://theaterfansmanila.com/a-new-generation-of-filipino-contemporary-dance-emerges-in-bagong-sayaw-this-september-10-18/ |website=TheaterFansManila.com}}
File:Sinulog5.jpg|Dancers during the Sinulog Festival
File:Filipino Dancers.jpg|Filipinos performing Hispanic dances in an international stage
File:Traditional dance during pamulinawen.jpg|Dancers during the Pamulinawen
File:Filipino folk dancers Pistahan festival.jpg|Performers of Moro dances in an international stage
= Music =
{{Main|Music of the Philippines}}
Musical composition, direction, and performance are central to non-traditional music. The basis of Filipino music is the heritage of the country's many ethnic groups, some of whom have been influenced by other Asian and Western music (primarily Hispanic and American). Philippine folk music includes the chanting of epic poems such as Darangen and Hudhud ni Aliguyon, and singing the Harana serenade. Musical genres include the Manila sound,{{Cite news |last=Lara |first=Tanya T. |date=June 8, 2008 |title=A Little Night of Music for Everyone |work=Philstar |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/travel-and-tourism/2008/06/08/66697/little-night-music-everyonenbsp |access-date=February 6, 2022}} Pinoy reggae,{{Cite news |last=Olivares |first=Rick |date=December 12, 2017 |title=Indio I Singer is Back with His Pinoy Reggae Fusion |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/12/12/17/indio-i-singer-is-back-with-his-pinoy-reggae-fusion}} Pinoy rock,{{Cite news |last=Ansis |first=J. C. |date=July 24, 2015 |title=Pinoy Rock Icons to Hold Grand Gig for Hall of Fame |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2015/05/15/Local-rock-icons-concert-for-Pinoy-Rock-n%E2%80%99-Roll-Hall-of-Fame.html |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707085422/https://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2015/05/15/Local-rock-icons-concert-for-Pinoy-Rock-n%E2%80%99-Roll-Hall-of-Fame.html |url-status=dead }} Pinoy pop,{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Tamar |date=June 29, 2020 |title=Boy Band SB19 Draws Inspiration From K-Pop to Bring Filipino Music to the World |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tamarherman/2020/06/29/boy-band-sb19-hopes-to-bring-filipino-music-to-the-world-utilizing-the-k-pop-method/ |website=Forbes}} Tagonggo,{{Cite book |title=The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-96075-5 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Terry E. |location=London |page=441 |editor-last2=Williams |editor-first2=Sean}} kapanirong,{{Cite book |title=The Maranao Man |date=1980 |publisher=University Research Center, Mindanao State University |location=Marawi City}} kulintang,{{Cite journal |last=Cadar |first=Usopay Hamdag |date=1996 |title=The Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America |journal=Asian Music |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=131–148 |doi=10.2307/834492 |jstor=834492}} kundiman,{{Cite web |title=More than a Love Song |url=http://www.himig.com.ph/features/24-more-than-a-love-song |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028202419/http://www.himig.com.ph/features/24-more-than-a-love-song |archive-date=October 28, 2017 |access-date=October 28, 2017 |website=Himig: The Filipino Music Collection of FHL |publisher=Filipinas Heritage Library}} bisrock,{{Cite news |last=Padayhag |first=Michelle Joy |date=July 20, 2019 |title=BisRock Band Makes Noise in Taiwan; Hopes to Release Album Soon |work=Cebu Daily News Life! |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/246029/bisrock-band-makes-noise-in-taiwan-hopes-to-release-album-soon}} and Pinoy hip hop.
File:One Sound.jpg|Choir music
File:PUPLHS Chorale - Committed Concert 2012.jpg|PUP Chorale
File:Philippine Madrigal Singers (CCP Main Theater, 2016-10-08).jpg|University of the Philippines Madrigal Singers
File:Philippine culture harana 0.jpg|Depiction of harana
= Theater =
Theater has a long history, and includes direction, performance, production design, light and sound design, and playwriting are the focal arts. It is Austronesian in character, evidenced by ritual, mimetic dances. Spanish culture has influenced Filipino theater and drama: the komedya, sinakulo, playlets, and sarswela. Puppetry, such as carrillo, is another theater art.{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2016 |title=Philippines |url=https://wepa.unima.org/en/philippines/ |access-date=July 25, 2020 |website=World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts}} Anglo-American theater has influenced bodabil. Modern, original plays by Filipinos have also influenced the country's theater.{{Citation |title=The History of Philippine Theatre |date=2014 |url=https://aboutphilippines.org/files/History-of-Philippine-theatre.pdf |mode=cs1 |url-status=dead |s2cid=172130051 |access-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106154440/https://aboutphilippines.org/files/History-of-Philippine-theatre.pdf }}{{Cite web |title=The Evolution of Philippine Theatre |url=https://www.solaireresort.com/article/the-evolution-of-philippine-theatre |website=Solaire |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022174155/https://www.solaireresort.com/article/the-evolution-of-philippine-theatre |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |last=Da Silva |first=Sandy |date=August 24, 2019 |title=7 Types of Theater in the Philippines |url=http://theaterfansmanila.com/7-types-of-theater-in-the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625063446/http://theaterfansmanila.com/7-types-of-theater-in-the-philippines/ |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |access-date=June 24, 2020 |website=TheaterFansManila.com}}
File:Sangdugong Panaguinip.jpg|Promotion for the opera, Sangdugong Panaguinip (1902)
File:CCP-Tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino.jpg|Tanghalang Pambansa (National Theater)
File:FEU Auditorium.JPG|FEU's Art-deco style Auditorium
File:Manila Metropolitan Theater or MET.jpg|Manila Metropolitan Theater, a National Cultural Treasure
= Visual arts =
Visual arts include painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, installation art, mixed-media works, illustration, graphic arts, performance art, and imaging.
== Painting ==
{{Further|List of Filipino painters}}
Folk painting has always been part of Filipino culture.{{cite web|url=http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/|title=The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities|website=www.artesdelasfilipinas.com}} Petroglyphs and petrographs, the earliest known folk drawings and paintings, originated during the Neolithic.{{Cite web |title=Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222223802/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5018/ |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |access-date=December 26, 2019 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} Human figures, frogs, lizards, and other designs were depicted. They may have been primarily symbolic, associated with healing and sympathetic magic.{{Cite web |last=Artes de las Filipinas Research Team |title=The Angono-Binangonan Petroglyphs: Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities |url=http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422174019/http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/152/the-angono-binangonan-petroglyphs |archive-date=April 22, 2018 |access-date=April 19, 2018 |website=Artes de las Filipinas}}
Other Asian and Western cultures influenced the art of painting. From the 16th century to the end of the colonial period, religious paintings were used to spread Catholicism. Most were part of churches, such as ceilings and walls. Non-religious paintings were also known.{{Citation |title=History of Philippine Painting |url=http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/159187-HISTORY-OF-PHILIPPINE-PAINTING |access-date=August 1, 2013 |mode=cs1 |via=WizIQ |archive-date=July 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703035433/http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/159187-HISTORY-OF-PHILIPPINE-PAINTING |url-status=dead }} Notable works include Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga (1692){{Cite book |last=Panlilio |first=Erlinda Enriquez |title=Consuming Passions: Philippine Collectibles |date=2003 |publisher=Anvil |isbn=971-27-1400-4 |editor-last=Laya |editor-first=Jaime C. |location=Pasig City |page=70}} and paintings at Camarin de da Virgen (1720).{{Citation |title=[NCCA Guidelines] |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |access-date=February 24, 2020 |mode=cs1 |archive-date=July 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728135218/http://ncca.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NCCA-Board-Res-No-2017-330-PRECUP-Guidelines.pdf |url-status=dead }} Wealthy, educated Filipinos introduced secular art during the 19th century. The number of watercolour paintings increased, and subjects began to include landscapes, Filipino people and fashion, and government officials. Portraits included self-portraits, Filipino jewelry, and native furniture. Landscape paintings depicted ordinary Filipinos participating in daily life. The paintings, often ornately signed, were made on canvas, wood, and a variety of metals. Watercolours were painted in the Tipos del País{{Citation |title=Philippine Art History |date=November 29, 2012 |url=https://www.slideshare.net/lumaosing/philippine-art-history |type=Slide deck |mode=cs1 |via=SlideShare}} or Letras y figuras style.{{Cite book |last=Blanco |first=John D. |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=2009 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25519-7 |location=Berkeley}}
Notable 19th-century oil paintings include Basi Revolt paintings, Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol (1852), Spoliarium (1884), La Bulaqueña (1895), and The Parisian Life (1892). A notable modern painting is The Progress of Medicine in the Philippines (1953). After World War II, paintings were influenced by the effects of war. Common themes included battle scenes, destruction, and the suffering of the Filipino people.{{Cite web |last=Tantuco |first=Vernise L. |date=August 31, 2017 |title=Look: Here's What Philippine Modern Art Looked Like After World War II |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/180702-philippine-modern-art-leon-gallery |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831093103/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-and-culture/180702-philippine-modern-art-leon-gallery |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |access-date=January 14, 2022 |website=Rappler}} Nationalistic themes included International Rice Research Institute (1962) and the Manila Mural (1968) Twentieth- and 21st-century paintings have showcased native Filipino cultures as part of the spread of nationalism.{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2015 |title=Philippine History Told Through Art |work=Inquirer.net |department=Opinion |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/84213/philippine-history-told-through-art}} Notable paintings during the era include Chickens (1968){{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Sonia |date=April 23, 2020 |title=A Look Back at Anita Magsaysay Ho: Her Life, Art, and Philosophies |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/anita-magsaysay-ho-her-life-art-and-philosophies |website=Tatler}} and Sarimanok series (late 20th century).{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Did You Know: Abdulmari Asia Imao 2nd Death Anniversary |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/854068/did-you-know-abdulmari-asia-imao-2nd-death-anniversary}} Some works have criticized lingering colonial viewpoints such as discrimination against darker-skinned people and the negative effects of colonialism; examples are Filipina: A racial identity crisis (1990s){{Cite magazine |date=2009 |title=Philippines Fiesta! |magazine=beMuse Magazine |publisher=Singapore National Heritage Board}}{{Cite book |last=Henslin |first=James M. |title=Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach |date=2006 |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |edition=6th |location=Needham Heights, Massachusetts}} and The Brown Man's Burden (2003).{{Cite web |last=Caruncho |first=Eric S. |date=April 27, 2019 |title=Elmer Borlongan, by the Book |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/333365/elmer-borlongan-by-the-book/ |website=Lifestyle.inq}} A number of works have protested against state authoritarian rule, human-rights violations, and fascism.{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2020 |title=Filipino Artists Unite to Fight New Anti-Terror Bill |url=https://www.artforum.com/news/filipino-artists-unite-to-fight-new-anti-terror-bill-83228 |website=Artforum}}{{Cite web |last=Gozum |first=Iya |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Dissent Through Art in the Time of Media Clampdown |url=https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/263875-dissent-through-art-media-clampdown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616013507/https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/263875-dissent-through-art-media-clampdown |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |access-date=January 14, 2022 |website=Rappler}}{{Cite web |last=Carpio |first=Audrey |date=July 5, 2020 |title=BenCab and 100 More of CCP's 13 Artist Awardees Issue Statement Against Anti-Terror Law |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/art/07/05/20/bencab-and-100-more-of-ccps-13-artist-awardees-issue-statement-against-anti-terror-law |website=ANCX}}
File:2016 Official Portrait of Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga.jpg|Nuestra Senora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Claveria visit to NC Feb 16 1845.jpg|The visit of Gov.-General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua at Nueva Caceres (1845)
File:Basi Revolt.jpg|Basi Revolt (1807), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Hidalgo's The Assassination of Governor General Bustamante.jpg|The Assassination of Governor Bustamante and His Son (1904), a National Cultural Treasure
File:The Parisian Life by Juan Luna.jpg|The Parisian Life (Interior d'un Cafi) (1892), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Fabian de la Rosa, Women working in a rice field.jpg|Women working in a rice field (1902)
File:Filipino Painting Letras y Figuras 0.jpg|Painting utilizing the Letras y figuras technique (1847)
File:Cleopatra, por Juan Luna (Museo del Prado).jpg|The Death of Cleopatra (1881)
File:Luna damas-romanas.jpg|Las Damas Romanas (1882)
File:Camarin Entrance2.jpg|Entrance of the Camarin de la Virgen (1720–1725), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Ceiling Paintings 10 Nuestra Sra. del Carmen Parish Church, Balilihan, Bohol (100 dpi) (14802959169).jpg|Balilihan Church ceiling
File:'Our Lady of the Rosary', retablo from the Philippines, 19th-20th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts.JPG|Our Lady of the Rosary retablo
== Sculpture ==
Sculpture is popular in the Philippines.{{Cite book |last=Guillermo |first=Alice |title=Sculpture in the Philippines: From Anito to Assemblage, and Other Essays |date=1991 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Manila |location=Manila}} Notable sculptures include Oblation, the Rizal Monument to nationalist José Rizal,{{Cite news |last=Vivas |first=Jules |date=July 6, 2020 |title=The Monumental Rizal |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20200706/281925955297884 |access-date=October 18, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin |via=PressReader}} the Tandang Sora National Shrine commemorating Melchora Aquino,{{Cite news |last=Torrevillas |first=Domini M. |date=January 9, 2015 |title=On Tandang Sora's 203rd birth anniversary |work=Philstar |department=Opinion |url=https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/01/09/1410961/tandang-soras-203rd-birth-anniversary}} the Mactan Shrine to Lapulapu,{{Cite news |last=Dumaboc |first=Fe Marie |date=November 15, 2019 |title=Structures Obstructing Lapu-Lapu Shrine to be Demolished |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1086153}} the People Power Monument,{{Cite news |last=Enriquez |first=Arch Ken |date=February 22, 2020 |title=Monuments and Memorials: A Vessel of Memories |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://business.inquirer.net/291072/monuments-and-memorials-a-vessel-of-memories}} Filipina Comfort Women,{{Cite news |last=See |first=Aie Balagtas |date=December 26, 2017 |title='Comfort Woman' Statue Not an Insult vs Japan' |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/955174/comfort-woman-statue-not-an-insult-vs-japan}} and the Bonifacio Monument commemorating Andres Bonifacio.{{Cite magazine |date=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_oMAQAAMAAJ |magazine=Filipinas |volume=12 |page=20|title = Filipinas Magazine}}{{Cite book |last1=Lopez |first1=Lorna Fe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q89VMcqV3W0C&pg=PA68 |title=The Dynamic Teeners of the 21st Century: A Worktext in Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) for Second Year High School |last2=Pangan |first2=Romulo J. |last3=Beldia |first3=McDonald D. |publisher=Rex Book Store |year=2008 |isbn=978-971-23-4046-8 |edition=Reprint of 1st |location=Manila |page=68 |orig-date=2005}}
File:FvfMuseum6545 03.JPG|Mary and Child
File:20161015 Titopao Rizal Monument Closeup.jpg|Rizal Monument (1913), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Pambansang Bantayog ni Andres Bonifacio (Bonifacio National Monument).jpg|Bonifacio Monument (1933), a National Cultural Treasure
File:FvfMuseumManila6766 13.JPG|Commonwealth statue
== Other visual arts ==
{{See also|Photography in the Philippines}}
Printmaking began in the Philippines after the country's religious orders{{snd}}the Dominicans, Franciscans and Jesuits{{snd}}began printing prayer books and inexpensive religious images (such as the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ, or the saints) to spread Roman Catholicism. Maps were also printed, including the 1734 Velarde map. Printmaking has diversified to include woodblock printing and other forms.{{Cite web |last=Ladrido |first=R. C. |date=July 3, 2018 |title=Tirada: Five Decades of Philippine Printmaking |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/tirada-five-decades-philippine-printmaking |website=Vera Files}} Photography began during the 1840s, and photos were used during the colonial era as media for news, tourism, anthropology and other documentation, and as colonial propaganda.[http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_22_ingles.pdf Guardiola, Juan. The Philippine Imaginary, Sociedad Española de Acción Cultural en el Exterior (SEACEX), Casa Asia and Seacex.es (undated)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093219/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_22_ingles.pdf |date=September 27, 2007}}, retrieved on: August 11, 2007 After independence, photography became popular for personal and commercial use.{{Cite news |date= April 4, 2019 |title=Father of Philippine Photography in the spotlight |work=Manilastandard.net |url=https://manilastandard.net/lifestyle/arts-life/291794/father-of-philippine-photography-in-the-spotlight.html}}
File:La Sagrada Familia folleto 1896.jpg|Religious print used for colonialism in the Philippines, 1896
File:Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas Dedicada al Rey Nuestro Señor por el Mariscal d. Campo D. Fernando Valdes Tamon Cavallº del Orden de Santiago de Govor. Y Capn.jpg|An original copy of the printed Velarde map, 1734
File:Crayon sketch of Leonor Rivera by Rizal.jpg|Leonor Rivera crayon sketch (19th century)
File:Malolos congress.jpg|Malolos Congress photo (1898)
File:Pre-1863 Malolos Church.jpeg|Pre-1863 lithograph photo of Malolos Cathedral
File:The Monkey and The Turtle 3.jpg|Third frame of the Filipino comic, The Monkey and The Turtle (1886)
= New Art Form =
== Kutbayin Art - a fusion of Philippine ancient script [[Baybayin]] and lost art [https://pinasculture.com/kut-kut-printmaking/ Kutkut.] ==
[https://culturalandarts.blogspot.com/2025/02/beyond-mainstream-kutbayin-movement.html The Kutbayin Movement] is a fresh, original art form that reimagines Baybayin, the ancient Filipino script and Kutkut art, into a vibrant, modern medium of expression. Spearheaded by renowned Filipino-American artist [https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/pinoyabroad/dispatch/273379/artist-fred-de-asis-brings-pinoy-culture-to-the-west/story/ Fred DeAsis], this movement is more than just art—it’s a celebration of our heritage, a reconnection to our roots, and a bold step toward shaping the future of Filipino culture.
= Literature =
{{Main|Philippine literature}}
Poetry, fiction, essays, and literary and art criticism are usually influenced by folk literature, which focuses on epics, ethnic mythology, and related stories and traditions. Calligraphy on a variety of media was used to create literary works; an example is Mangyan ambahan poetry.{{Cite web |title=Ambahan |url=http://www.mangyan.org/book/export/html/34 |url-status=dead |website=mangyan.org |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706062358/http://www.mangyan.org/book/export/html/34 }} Colonial literature focused first on Spanish-language works, and then English-language works. From 1593 to 1800, most literature in the Philippines consisted of Spanish-language religious works; examples are Doctrina Christiana (1593){{Cite web |title=Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala |url=https://lccn.loc.gov/48031307 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |via=Library of Congress |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008015939/https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=48031307&searchType=1&permalink=y |archive-date=October 8, 2021}} and a Tagalog rendition of the Pasyon (1704).{{Cite journal |last=Javellana |first=Rene B. |date=1984 |title=The Sources of Gaspar Aquino de Belen's Pasyon |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3836 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=305–321 |jstor=42632713}} Colonial literature was also written in native languages, primarily religious and governmental works promoting colonialism. Non-colonial Filipino literature was written by local authors as well; oral traditions were incorporated into works by Filipino writers, such as the 17th-century manuscript of the ancient Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang.{{Cite journal |last=Manuel |first=E. Arsenio |date=1963 |title=A Survey of Philippine Folk Epics |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=22 |pages=1–76 |doi=10.2307/1177562 |jstor=1177562}} Florante at Laura was published in 1869, combining fiction with Asian and European themes.{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Florante and Laura |url=http://www.studymode.com/essays/Florante-And-Laura-1513803.html |url-access=registration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164713/http://www.studymode.com/essays/Florante-And-Laura-1513803.html |archive-date=March 11, 2014 |access-date=March 11, 2014 |website=StudyMode}}{{Unreliable source?|date=February 2022}}{{Cite web |title=Philippine Heroes – Francisco Baltazar Balagtas y Dela Cruz (1788–1862) |url=http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/francisco_baltazar.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311180141/http://www.etravelpilipinas.com/about_philippines/francisco_baltazar.htm |archive-date=March 11, 2014 |access-date=March 11, 2014 |website=Etravel Pilipinas}} In 1878{{Cite book |last=Fernandez |first=Doreen G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MQiAAAAMAAJ |title=The Iloilo Zarzuela, 1903–1930 |date=1978 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |location=Quezon City |author-link=Doreen Fernandez}} or 1894,{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6YpAQAAIAAJ |title=Hiligaynon Literature: Texts and Contexts |date=1992 |publisher=Aqua-Land Enterprises |isbn=971-636-000-2 |editor-last=Hosillos |editor-first=Lucila |location=Quezon City |page=74}} Ang Babai nga Huaran (the first modern play in any Philippine language) was written in Hiligaynon. Spanish literature evolved into a nationalist stage from 1883 to 1903; Nínay, the first novel written by a Filipino, was published at this time. Literature critical of colonial rulers was published, such as the 1887 Noli Me Tángere and the 1891 El filibusterismo.{{Cite book |last=Mariñas Otero |first=Luis |title=La literatura filipina en castellano |date=1974 |publisher=Editora Nacional |isbn=84-276-1205-2 |location=Madrid |language=es}} The first novel in Cebuano, Maming, was published in 1900.{{Cite journal |last=Cruz-Lucero |first=Rosario |date=2003 |title=The "Nation" in Vicente Sotto's Literary Imagination: A Study of Thirteen Cebuano Stories |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=291–306 |jstor=29792537}} The golden age of Spanish-language literature was from 1903 to 1966, and works in native languages and English were also popular. Banaag at Sikat, a 1906 novel, explores socialism, capitalism, and organized labor.{{Cite book |last=Santos |first=Lope K. |title=Banaag at Sikat |date=1988 |publisher=Bookmark |language=fil}} The first Filipino book written in English, The Child of Sorrow, was published in 1921. Early English literature is characterized by melodrama, figurative language, and an emphasis on local color.{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Postcolonial Studies |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-31192-7 |editor-last=Hawley |editor-first=John C. |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=177}} A later theme was the search for Filipino identity, reconciling Spanish and American influence with the Philippines' Asian heritage.{{Cite book |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30791-1 |editor-last=McFerson |editor-first=Hazel M. |location=Westport, Connecticut |page=99}} Portions of Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag were published in 1966 and 1967, and were combined in a 1986 novel.{{Cite book |last=Reyes |first=Edgar |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/18762880 |title=Sa mga kuko ng liwanac |date=1986 |publisher=De la Salle University Press |isbn=971-11-8042-1 |location=Manila |oclc=18762880}} During the martial-law era, works such as Dekada '70 (1983){{Cite book |last=Bautista |first=Lualhati |title=Dekada '70: Ang Orihinal at Kimpletong Edisyon |date=1988 |publisher=Carmelo & Bauermann Print. Corp |isbn=971-17-9023-8 |location=Mandaluyong |language=fil}} and Luha ng Buwaya (1983) criticizing human-rights violations by those in power were published.{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2008 |title=Amado V. Hernandez: A National Artist |url=http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1762958-amado-hernandez-national-artist/ |url-status=dead |website=Shvoong |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213094856/http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1762958-amado-hernandez-national-artist/ }}{{Cite web |title=Amado V. Hernandez |url=http://www.aijc.com.ph/pccf/mediamuseum/who'who/whos'who-comm-print-hernandez.htm |url-status=dead |website=Media Museum |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=January 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110013457/http://www.aijc.com.ph/pccf/mediamuseum/who%27who/whos%27who-comm-print-hernandez.htm }} Twenty-first-century Filipino literature has explored history, global outlooks, equality, and nationalism. Major works include Smaller and Smaller Circles (2002),Hidalgo (2006), p. 79. Ladlad (2007),{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=Christopher Yap |date=2017 |title=Skeletons in the Closets: Gay Themes in Philippine Fictions in English |journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v9n2.30 |doi-access=free}} Ilustrado (2008),{{Cite web |last=Mars-Jones |first=Adam |date=June 26, 2010 |title=Ilustrado by Miguel Syjuco |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/27/ilustrado-miguel-syjuco-review |website=The Guardian}} and Insurrecto (2018).{{Cite web |last=Aw |first=Tash |date=August 28, 2019 |title=Insurrecto by Gina Apostol Review – Struggles in the Philippines |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/aug/28/insurrecto-gina-apostol-review |website=The Guardian}}
File:Doctrina-cristiana.jpg|Doctrina Christiana, 1593
File:Florante at Laura 1913 cover.png|Florante at Laura, originally published in 1869
File:Noli Me Tangere.jpg|Noli Me Tángere, 1887
File:First page of El filibusterismo manuscript.jpg|El filibusterismo, 1891
= Film and broadcast arts =
{{Main|Cinema of the Philippines}}
{{See also|Lists of Philippine films}}
The film and broadcast arts focus on direction, writing, production design, cinematography, editing, animation, performance, and new media. Filipino cinema began in 1897, with the introduction of moving pictures in Manila. Foreign filmmakers worked in the country until 1919, when filmmaker José Nepomuceno made the first Filipino film, Country Maiden.{{Cite thesis |last=Tofighian |first=Nadi |title=The Role of Jose Nepomuceno in the Philippine Society: What Language Did His Silent Films Speak? |date=2006 |language=en |id={{URN|nbn|se:su:diva-899|urn-access=free}}}} Interest in film as art had begun by the 1930s, with theatre an important influence. Films made during the 1940s were realistic, due to the occupation years of World War II. More artistic, mature films were produced a decade later.{{Cite web |title=Is the Curtain Finally Falling on the Philippine Movie Industry? |url=http://www.philnews.com/2005/wa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404070019/http://www.philnews.com/2005/wa.html |archive-date=April 4, 2009 |access-date=January 25, 2009 |website=PhilNews.com}} The 1960s were a decade of commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action films, and western spin-offs, leading to a golden age during the 1970s and 1980s under dictatorship. These films were overseen by the government, and a number of filmmakers were arrested. One notable film made at that time was Himala, which addressed religious fanaticism. The period after martial law dealt with more serious topics, and independent films were popular. The 1990s saw the emergence of Western-themed films and the continued popularity of films focusing on poverty; examples of the latter include Manila in the Claws of Light, The Flor Contemplacion Story, Oro, Plata, Mata, and Sa Pusod ng Dagat.{{Cite web |title=History of Philippine Cinema |url=http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116092505/http://www.aenet.org/family/filmhistory.htm |archive-date=January 16, 2009 |access-date=January 22, 2009 |website=Philippine Journeys}} Twenty-first-century Filipino films have examined human equality, poverty, self-love, and history.{{Cite web |last=Ramoran-Malasig |first=Carol |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Philippine Cinema is Growing Fast, and is Moving Away from Typical Themes of Poverty and Violence |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/ |website=Forbes}} Notable films include The Blossoming of Maximo Oliveros,{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Nathan |date=September 22, 2006 |title=Floating Above the Slums of Manila on a Current of Love |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/movies/22blos.html}} Caregiver,{{Cite web |last=Buan-Deveza |first=Reyma |date=May 16, 2008 |title=Chito Roño Unleashes a Different Sharon in 'Caregiver' |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/05/15/08/chito-roño-unleashes-different-sharon-caregiver |url-status=dead |website=ABS-CBN News |access-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717054757/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/05/15/08/chito-ro%C3%B1o-unleashes-different-sharon-caregiver }} Kinatay,{{Cite web |last=Villasanta |first=Boy |date=August 10, 2009 |title=Movie Review: "Kinatay," a Dark Movie |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/09/09/movie-review-“kinatay”-dark-movie |url-status=dead |website=ABS-CBN News |access-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-date=July 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717083225/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/08/09/09/movie-review-%E2%80%9Ckinatay%E2%80%9D-dark-movie }} Thy Womb,{{Cite web |last=Lodge |first=Guy |date=September 7, 2012 |title=Thy Womb |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/thy-womb-1117948231/ |website=Variety}} That Thing Called Tadhana,{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Oggs |date=February 7, 2015 |title=Antoinette Jadaone and the Romantic Road to 'That Thing Called Tadhana' |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/movies/83233-that-thing-called-tadhana-antoinette-jadaone/ |access-date=February 5, 2022 |website=Rappler}} The Woman Who Left,{{Cite news |date=September 11, 2016 |title=Philippines Revenge Drama Wins at Venice |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37330945}} and the film version of the novel Smaller and Smaller Circles.{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Oggs |date=December 9, 2017 |title='Smaller and Smaller Circles' Review: Deserves to be Seen |url=https://rappler.com/entertainment/movies/smaller-and-smaller-circles-review-raya-martin-sid-lucero |website=Rappler}}
File:09564jfSM City North EDSAfvf 11.jpg|A cinema inside a Filipino mall
File:Zamboanga (1936), postcard.jpg|A postcard for the film, Zamboanga (1936)
File:Movie Museum of the Philippines 2.jpg|Various decaying old Filipino films. Restoration of some films have been undertaken by the ABS-CBN Film Restoration Project
File:JC Malolos 14.JPG|Eden, a former cinema conserved as part of the Malolos Historic Town Center
= Architecture and allied arts =
Architecture focuses on non-folk architecture and its allied arts, such as interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design.
== {{anchor|Non-folk architecture}}Architecture ==
{{Main|Architecture of the Philippines}}
Filipino architecture is influenced by the folk architecture of its ethnic groups, including the bahay kubo, bahay na bato, torogan, idjang, payyo, and shrines and mosques.{{Cite web |last=Noche |first=Manuel C. |date=n.d. |title=History of Philippine Architecture |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |archive-date=November 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103132221/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |url-status=dead }} Western Baroque architecture was introduced by the Spanish during the 16th century; examples are the Manila Cathedral and Boljoon Church. It evolved into Earthquake Baroque, used to build Binondo Church, Daraga Church and the World Heritage Sites of Paoay Church, Miagao Church, San Agustin Church, and Santa Maria Church.{{Cite web |last=Ichimura |first=Anri |date=April 10, 2020 |title='Earthquake' Baroque Churches in the Philippines |url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/earthquake-baroque-churches-in-the-philippines-a00304-20200410 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=Esquire}}{{Cite web |date=February 22, 1999 |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-185-eng-2 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=UNESCO Multimedia Archives}} Throughout the colonial era, a variety of architectural styles were introduced; a Gothic Revival example is San Sebastian Church, Asia's only all-steel church. Beaux-Arts architecture became popular among the wealthy, and an example is the Lopez Heritage House. Art Deco is popular in some Filipino communities, and the city of Sariaya is considered the country's Art Deco capital.{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2020 |title=This Book Toasts Art Deco Style in the PH, from Cinemas to Cemeteries, in 500+ Archival Images |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/books/06/23/20/this-book-toasts-the-art-deco-style-in-the-ph-from-cinemas-to-cemeteries-in-500-archival-images |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=ANCX}} Italian and Italian-Spanish architecture is seen in Fort Santiago and the Ruins. An example of Stick-built construction is Silliman Hall. Many official buildings have neoclassical architecture; examples include the Baguio Cathedral, Manila Central Post Office, and the National Museum of Fine Arts. After independence, Brutalism was employed during the martial-law era. After the restoration of democracy, indigenous architecture revived during the late 20th and 21st centuries; these buildings have become bases for Filipino nationalism. Modern architecture is popular, and examples include Saint Andrew the Apostle Church and the Manila Hotel. Culturally-important buildings have been demolished despite preservation laws, and cultural workers and architects are attempting to prevent further demolition.{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Bambi |date=April 15, 2020 |title=Opinion: How Important is the Preservation and Restoration of Historic Landmarks in the Philippines? |url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/culture/arts/opinion-how-important-is-the-preservation-and-restoration-of-historic-landmarks |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=Tatler}}
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Paoay Church 001.jpg|Earthquake baroque Paoay Church (c. 1694), World Heritage Site and a National Cultural Treasure
File:Basílica de San Sebastián, (Agustinos Recoletos) Manila, Filipinas..jpg|Gothic revival San Sebastian Church (c. 1891), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Gov. Natalio Enriquez House.JPG|Art Deco Natalio Enriquez Ancestral House (c. 1931)
File:Cotabato City Hall.jpg|Neo-vernacular Cotabato City Hall (20th century)
File:The Ruin.jpg|Italian-style The Ruins (mansion) (c. 1990s)
File:400 Year old Beauty.jpg|Renaissance revival University of Santo Tomas Main Building (1927), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Dupax del Sur Church.jpg|Baroque Dupax Church (1776), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Capul Church, Northern Samar.JPG|Fortress-style Capul Church (1781), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Facade of Immaculate Conception Church in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.jpg|Barn-style Jasaan Church (1887), a [National Cultural Treasure
File:Sulu Provincial Capitol building.JPG|Moorish-style Sulu Provincial Capitol building
File:Coconut Palace Court.jpg|Neo-vernacular Coconut Palace (1978)
File:Villa Lizares (Lizares Mansion).jpg|Spanish-American Lizares Mansion (1937)
File:Riverside View Of Philippine Post Office - panoramio.jpg|Neoclassical Manila Central Post Office (1928)
File:Negros Occidental High School.jpg|Gabaldon-style Negros Occidental High School (1927)
File:Seng Guan Temple.jpg|Buddhist Seng Guan Temple (20th century)
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Molo Church Full DSC 2279.jpg|Neo-gothic feminist Molo Church
File:Allan Jay Quesada - Bastion de San Diego in Intramuros - afternoon exterior DSC 0053.jpg|Bastion-style Baluarte de San Diego (1587)
== {{anchor|Architecturally allied arts}}Allied arts ==
Allied arts of architecture include interior design, landscape architecture, and urban design. Interior design has been influenced by indigenous Filipino culture, Hispanic, American and Japanese styles, modern design, the avant-garde, tropical design, neo-vernacular, international style, and sustainable design. Interior spaces, expressive of culture, values and aspirations, have been extensively researched by Filipino scholars.{{Cite book |last1=Oliveros |first1=Edith |title=Interior Design in the Philippines: A Retrospect of Spaces and Culture |last2=Baltazar-Florendo |first2=Raquel |date=2013 |publisher=University of Santo Tomas Publishing House |location=Manila}} Common interior design styles have been Tropical, Filipino, Japanese, Mediterranean, Chinese, Moorish, Victorian and Baroque, and Avant Garde Industrial, Tech and Trendy, Metallic Glam, Rustic Luxe, Eclectic Elegance, Organic Opulence, Design Deconstructed, and Funk Art have become popular.{{Cite news |date=September 30, 2016 |title=Evolution of Interior Design |work=Manilastandard.net |url=https://manilastandard.net/lifestyle/weekend-living/217607/evolution-of-interior-design.html |access-date=February 5, 2022}} Landscape architecture initially mirrored a client's opulence, but presently emphasizes ecosystems and sustainability.{{Cite news |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Landscape Architects Shift Emphasis to the Ecosystem |work=BusinessMirror |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2020/02/23/landscape-architects-shift-emphasis-to-the-ecosystem/ |access-date=July 24, 2020}} Urban planning is a key economic and cultural issue because of the country's large population and problems with infrastructure such as transportation. Urban planners have proposed raising some urban areas, especially in congested and flood-prone Metro Manila.{{Cite news |last=Palma |first=Ragene Andrea L. |date=November 22, 2017 |title=Urban Planning and Why it Matters |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://business.inquirer.net/241168/urban-planning-matters |access-date=February 5, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2018 |title=9 Urban Planners and Architects Illustrate Their Ideal Edsa |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/12/11/edsa.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=CNN Philippines Life |archive-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706110343/https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/12/11/edsa.html |url-status=dead }}
File:Betis Church, Betis 11.JPG|Interior of Betis Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Sschurch5.jpg|Interior of San Sebastian Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:San Agustin 01.jpg|Interior of San Agustin Church, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Walled City of Manila, detail from Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734).jpg|Urban design for Intramuros, 1734
File:Interior of Balay Negrense, Silay City, Negros Occidental, Philippines.jpg|Balay Negrense interior
File:Puerto Princesa International Airport.jpg|Puerto Princesa International Airport interior
File:Interior of Dapitan Church, Zamboanga del Norte.jpg|Dapitan Church interior
File:Wright Park in front of the Mansion House, Baguio City.jpg|Wright Park in front of the Baguio Mansion
File:Relief Map of Mindanao by Jose Rizal in Dapitan City.jpg|Dapitan's Mindanao relief map (c. 1892), a National Cultural Treasure
File:Casa Manila Courtyard (34126888952).jpg|Casa Manila courtyard
File:View from the pathway at Paco Park.JPG|Paco Park, a National Cultural Treasure
File:Plaza Moriones, Fort Santiago.jpg|Plaza Moriones, Intramuros
= Design =
Design encompasses industrial and fashion design.
== Industrial design ==
Industrial design has been a factor in improving the Philippine economy. Many artistic creations are through research and development, which attracts customers. The packaging of food and other products and the aesthetics of gadgets are examples of industrial design with the aesthetics of mass-produced vehicles, kitchen equipment and utensils, and furniture.{{Cite book |last=El-Haggar |first=Salah |title=Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management: Cradle-to-Cradle for Sustainable Development |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-055014-5 |location=Amsterdam}}{{Cite report |title=Taking the Right Road to Inclusive Growth: Industrial Upgrading and Diversification in the Philippines |last=Usui |first=Norio |date=2012 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |location=Mandaluyong City |isbn=978-92-9092-619-1 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11540/908}} Design Week has been held during the third week of March and October since 2011.{{Citation |title=Proclamation No. 277, s. 2011 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/10/20/proclamation-no-277-s-2011/ |access-date=February 5, 2022 |via=Official Gazette |mode=cs1}}
File:GoldenhillsJewelryjf4740 04.JPG|Various jewelries
File:TACCRAFT3.JPG|Earth-tone bags
File:Angel ornament playing a violin by THE BLUESMITH COMPANY Philippines 01.JPG|Angel ornament made of capiz shell, silver, and metal
File:3-votive candle holders in cherry blossom design by THE BLUESMITH COMPANY Philippines 13.JPG|Candle holder inspired by the Philippine cherry blossom, balayong{{Cite web|last=Rey|first=Aika|date=April 15, 2019|title=In Photos: Where to Find 'Cherry Blossoms' in the Philippines|url=https://rappler.com/nation/photos-where-to-find-cherry-blossoms-philippines-april-2019|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Rappler}}
File:BarasChurchjf6149 13.JPG|Rattan rocking chair
== Fashion design ==
{{Further|Fashion and clothing in the Philippines}}
Fashion is one of the Philippines' oldest artistic crafts, and each ethnic group has an individual fashion sense. Indigenous fashion uses materials created with the traditional arts, such as weaving and the ornamental arts. Unlike industrial design (which is intended for objects and structures), fashion design is a bodily package. Filipino fashion is based on indigenous fashion and aesthetics introduced by other Asian peoples and the West through trade and colonization. Ilustrado fashion was prevalent during the last years of the Hispanic era, and many people wore Hispanized outfits; this slowly changed as American culture was imported.{{Cite journal |last=Roces |first=Mina |date=2013 |title=Dress, Status, and Identity in the Philippines: Pineapple Fiber Cloth and Ilustrado Fashion |journal=Fashion Theory |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=341–372 |doi=10.2752/175174113X13597248661828|s2cid=192934902 }} Budget-friendly choices prevail in modern Filipino fashion, although expensive fashions are available for the wealthy.{{Cite journal |last=Isla |first=Veronica L. |date=2013 |title=Investigating Second-Hand Fashion Trade and Consumption in the Philippines: Expanding Existing Discourses |journal=Journal of Consumer Culture |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=221–240 |doi=10.1177/1469540513480167|s2cid=145065600 }} Outfits using indigenous Filipino textiles, without cultural appropriation, have become popular in the country.{{Cite web |last=Neri |first=Hershey |date=June 30, 2019 |title=How to Wear Philippine Indigenous Textiles Responsibly, According to a Textile Expert |url=https://metro.style/fashion/style-inspirations/cultural-appropriation-indigenous-textiles/8035 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=Metro.Style}}
File:Naturales 4.png|Tagalog royal fashion (1590)
File:Visayans 4.png|Visayan royal fashion (1590)
File:Pia Alonzo Wurtzbach in Philippine Terno 2.jpg|Contemporary fashion
{{anchor|Conservation of the Filipino arts}}Preservation
{{Main|Heritage management in the Philippines}}
{{See also|List of museums in the Philippines}}
{{multiple image|direction=vertical
|image1=04762jfNational Museum of the Philippines Ermita Manilafvf 07.jpg|caption1=Neoclassical National Museum of Fine Arts (c. 1926)
|image2=Senate Hall of the National Museum of the Philippines.JPG|caption2=Senate Hall of the National Museum of the Philippines, where most presentations are held
}}
Museums protect and conserve Philippine arts. A number of museums in the country possess works of art which have been declared National Treasures, particularly the National Museum of the Philippines in Manila. Other notable museums include the Ayala Museum, Negros Museum, Museo Sugbo, Lopez Museum, and Metropolitan Museum of Manila. University museums also hold a large collection of art.{{Cite news |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Museums are Important Vessels of History and Culture |work=Philippine Information Agency |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1022179 |url-status=dead |access-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626160311/https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1022179 }} The best-known libraries and archives are the National Library of the Philippines and the National Archives of the Philippines.{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2018 |title=Dayaw Features Cultural Filipino Dances and Artists |url=https://lorenlegarda.com.ph/dayaw-features-cultural-filipino-dances-and-artists/ |access-date=July 24, 2020 |website=Loren Legarda}} Organizations, groups, and universities also preserve the arts, especially the performing and craft arts.
Heritage management in the Philippines includes preservation measures by private and public institutions and organizations, and laws such as the National Cultural Heritage Act have aided the conservation of Filipino art. The act established the Philippine Registry of Cultural Property, the country's repository of its cultural heritage.{{Citation |title=Republic Act No. 10066 |url=https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/19278 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |mode=cs1 |via=Supreme Court E-Library}} The National Commission for Culture and the Arts, established by law in 1992, is the cultural arm of the Philippine government, and a Philippine Department of Culture has been proposed.{{Cite news |last=Arayata |first=Ma. Cristina |date=February 6, 2019 |title=NRCP Backs Creation of Department of Culture |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1061155 |access-date=July 24, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Bersales |first=Jobers Reynes |date=March 5, 2020 |title=The Department of Culture Inches Forward |work=Cebu Daily News |department=Opinion |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/292103/the-department-of-culture-inches-forward |access-date=July 24, 2020}}
Artistic freedom
{{Excerpt|Mass media in the Philippines#Freedom of the press|paragraphs=1-2}}
= Censorship =
{{Main|Censorship in the Philippines}}
{{See also|Filipino Freethinkers#March against art censorship}}
In 2011, Cultural Center of the Philippines took down the group exhibit Kulo (Boil), following pressure from religious leaders and politicians to remove the multimedia installation "Poleteismo" by Mideo Cruz. The installation prompted public debate on art and censorship{{Cite web |last1=Placino |first1=Maria Portia Olenka |last2=Legaspi-Ramirez |first2=Maria Eileen |date=November 18, 2020 |title=Poleteismo |url=https://epa.culturalcenter.gov.ph/3/82/2273/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art}} and its subsequent removal sparked protests from democracy and freedom of expression advocates.{{Cite web |last=Ashley |first=Lee |date=October 24, 2011 |title=Closure of "Kulo" Ignites Censorship Debate in the Philippines |url=https://artasiapacific.com/news/closure-of-kulo-ignites-censorship-debate-in-the-philippines |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ArtAsiaPacific}}
See also
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
- Baroque Churches of the Philippines
- Culture of the Philippines
- Filipino cartoon and animation
- List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in the Philippines
- List of Memory of the World Documentary Heritage in the Philippines
- List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
- Literature of the Philippines
- Philippine comics
{{Div col end}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
{{Commons category|Art of the Philippines}}
- [https://ncca.gov.ph/ National Commission for Culture and the Arts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810143149/https://ncca.gov.ph/ |date=August 10, 2020 }}
- [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/philippine_dances.htm Dances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511174322/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/philippine_dances.htm |date=May 11, 2012 }}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120155800/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/library/webliography/subject/philippine_pottery.asp Pottery]
- [https://www.artdependence.com/articles/five-classics-of-modern-philippine-art/ Five Classics of Modern Philippine Art]
{{Philippines topics}}
{{Asia topic|Art of}}
{{Asian topic|| art}}
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