timeline of programming languages

|Jacquard loom (concept)

|Joseph Marie Jacquard

|style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"|

|BAB L1

|Charles Babbage

|Jacquard {{cite web|author1=Christopher Hollings|author2= Ursula Martin |author3=Adrian Rice|url=https://blogs.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/adalovelace/2018/07/26/ada-lovelace-and-the-analytical-engine/|website=bodleian.ox.ac.uk|title=Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine |date=26 July 2018|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}

|Begriffsschrift {{cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Alan N.|author-link1=Alan N. Shapiro|last2= |chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Decoding_Digital_Culture_with_Science_Fi/pyMMEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1879+Begriffsschrift+history+of+programming+language&pg=PA20&printsec=frontcover|title=Decoding Digital Culture with Science Fiction Hyper-Modernism, Hyperreality, and Posthumanism|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Decoding_Digital_Culture_with_Science_Fi/pyMMEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|page=20|publication-place=|publisher=transcript Verlag|publication-date=2024 |isbn=9783839472422|issn=|url-status=|access-date=|quote=logic that enabled the invention of the digital-binary computer by Alan Turing" - "began with Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift}}

|Gottlob Frege

|style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

|Plankalkül

|Konrad Zuse

|rowspan=3 style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| ENIAC coding system

| John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert and Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing.

| ENIAC Short Code

| Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing

| ARC/Birkbeck Assembler

| Kathleen Booth

| ENIAC Short Code{{cite web |title=ARC - Assembler for Booth |url=https://hopl.info/showlanguage.prx?exp=4929 |website=hopl.info |access-date=11 October 2022}}

| Plankalkül (year of publication)

| Konrad Zuse

|

| EDSAC Initial Orders

| David Wheeler

| ENIAC coding system

| John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt

| ENIAC Short Code

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| Short Code (for UNIVAC I)

| William F. Schmitt

| Short Code

| Superplan

| Heinz Rutishauser

| Plankalkül

| Edward A. Voorhees, Karl Balke

|style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| Arthur Burks

| Short Code

| Corrado Böhm

| CPC Coding scheme

| Konrad Zuse

| Plankalkül

| Fritz Bauer

|rowspan=2 style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| Betty Holberton

| Short Code (for UNIVAC II)

| Albert B. Tonik,[http://purl.umn.edu/104288 UNIVAC conference], Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 171-page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers, including Albert B. Tonik, involved with the Univac computer, held on 17–18 May 1990. J. R. Logan

| Short Code (for UNIVAC I)

| Grace Hopper

| Short Code

| Alick Glennie

| CPC Coding scheme

| Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation Kateryna Yushchenko

| MESM

| Milly Koss

| SORT/MERGE

| RAND/SDC

|rowspan=4 style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| Speedcoding

| John W. Backus

| Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman

| Laning and Zierler system

| Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind

| Tony Brooker

| Glennie Autocode

| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC

|rowspan=2|A-0

| Team led by Charles Katz

| H G Kahrimanian

|rowspan=2 style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon

| FORTRAN (concept)

| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM

| Speedcoding

| Address programming language

| Kateryna Yushchenko

| Operator programming – Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov & Kateryna Yushchenko & MESM

| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC

| A-0

| M. Grems, R. Porter

|

| SHARE

| FORTRAN, A-2

| University of Freiburg

| {{n/a}}

| IBM

|

| Sequentielle Formelübersetzung

| Fritz Bauer, Karl Samelson

| Boehm

| Team led by Alan Perlis

| Laning and Zierler

| LISP (concept)

| John McCarthy

| IPL

| COMTRAN

| Bob Bemer

| FLOW-MATIC

| Charles Leonard Hamblin

| style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| John W. Backus at IBM

| FORTRAN

| Victor Yngve

| style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| UNICODE

| Remington Rand UNIVAC

| MATH-MATIC

| FORTRAN II

| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM

| FORTRAN I

| ACM/GAMM

| FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung

| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon

| IPL I

| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon

| IPL II

| APT

| Douglas T. Ross

|

| Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick

| style="border: 1px light grey; text-align: center;"| none (unique language)

| The CODASYL Committee

| FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT

| Jules Schwartz at SDC

| ALGOL 58

| Steve Russell

| IPL

| Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, Robert M. Graham

| ALGOL 58

| Calvin Mooers

|

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| ALGOL 60

|

| ALGOL 58

| COBOL 61 (implementation)

| The CODASYL Committee

| FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN

| SAKO

| Leon Łukaszewicz, et al., Polish Academy of Sciences{{Cite journal |last=Łukaszewicz |first=Leon |date=1961-01-01 |title=SAKO—An automatic coding system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0066413861800086 |journal=Annual Review in Automatic Programming |language=en |volume=2 |pages=161–176 |doi=10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80008-6 |issn=0066-4138|url-access=subscription }}

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| COMIT (implementation)

| Victor Yngve

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| GPSS

| Geoffrey Gordon, IBM

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| FORTRAN IV

| IBM

| FORTRAN II

| APL (concept)

| Kenneth E. Iverson

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Simula (concept)

| Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly)

| ALGOL 60

| SNOBOL

| Ralph Griswold, et al.

| FORTRAN II, COMIT

| Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept)

| Barron, Christopher Strachey, et al.

| ALGOL 60

| SNOBOL3

| Griswold, et al.

| SNOBOL

| ALGOL 68 (concept)

| Adriaan van Wijngaarden, et al.

| ALGOL 60

| JOSS I

| Cliff Shaw, RAND

| ALGOL 58

| MIMIC

| H. E. Petersen, et al.

| MIDAS

| COWSEL

| Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone

| CPL, LISP

| PL/I (concept)

| IBM

| ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN

| Basic Assembly Language

| IBM

| Assembly language

| BASIC

| John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College

| FORTRAN II, JOSS

| IBM RPG

| IBM

| FARGO

| Mark-IV

| Informatics

|

| Speakeasy-2

| Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory

| Speakeasy

| TRAC (implementation)

| Calvin Mooers

|

| P′′

| Corrado Böhm

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| IITRAN

|

|

| RPG II

| IBM

| FARGO, RPG

| MAD/I (concept)

| University of Michigan

| MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I

| TELCOMP

| BBN

| JOSS

| Atlas Autocode

| Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester University

| ALGOL 60, Autocode

| PL360 (concept)

| Niklaus Wirth

| ALGOL 60, ESPOL

| JOSS II

| Chuck Baker, RAND

| JOSS I

| ALGOL W

| Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare

| ALGOL 60

| FORTRAN 66

| John Backus and his team

| FORTRAN IV

| ISWIM (concept)

| Peter J. Landin

| LISP

| CORAL 66

| I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths

| ALGOL 60

| APL (implementation){{cite web|last=Smillie|first=Keith|url=http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/iverson_9147499.cfm |title=Kenneth E. Iverson – A.M. Turing Award Winner |publisher=ACM}}

| Kenneth E. Iverson

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| BCPL

| Martin Richards

| CPL

| MUMPS

| Massachusetts General Hospital

| FORTRAN, TELCOMP

| Simula 67 (implementation)

| Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral

| ALGOL 60

| Interlisp

| D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy

| Lisp

| EXAPT

| Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin

| APT

| SNOBOL4

| Ralph Griswold, et al.

| SNOBOL3

| XPL

| William M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California, Santa Cruz
J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University

| PL/I

| ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard)

| Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al.

| ALGOL 60

| POP-1

| Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone

| COWSEL

| DIBOL-8

| DEC

| DIBOL

| Forth (concept)

| Moore

|

| Logo

| Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, Cynthia Solomon

| LISP

| MAPPER

| Unisys

| CRT RPS

| REFAL (implementation)

| Valentin Turchin

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| TTM (implementation)

| Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of Technology

| GAP, GPM

| PILOT

| John Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San Francisco

| Computest

| PL360 (implementation)

| Niklaus Wirth

| ALGOL 60, ESPOL

| PL/S (as Basic Systems Language)

| IBM

| Assembly language

| PL/I (implementation)

| IBM

| ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN

| B

| Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie

| Fortran{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY6q5dv_B-o | title=Ken Thompson interviewed by Brian Kernighan at VCF East 2019 | website=YouTube | date=6 May 2019 }}

| Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL)

| Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University

|

| SETL

| Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences

| ALGOL 60

| TUTOR

| Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

|

| Edinburgh IMP

| Edinburgh University

| ALGOL 60, Autocode, Atlas Autocode

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| Forth (implementation)

| Charles H. Moore

|

| POP-2

| Robin Popplestone

| POP-1

| SAIL

| Dan Swinehart, Bob Sproull

| ALGOL 60

| Pascal

| Niklaus Wirth, Kathleen Jensen

| ALGOL 60, ALGOL W

| BLISS

| Wulf, Russell, Habermann at Carnegie Mellon University

| ALGOL

| KRL

| Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford University

| KM, FRL (MIT)

| Compiler Description Language (CDL)

| Cornelis H.A. Koster at University of Nijmegen

|

| Smalltalk-72

| Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Xerox PARC

| Simula 67

| PL/M

| Gary Kildall at Digital Research

| PL/I, ALGOL, XPL

| C

| Dennis Ritchie

| B, BCPL, ALGOL 68

| INTERCAL

| Don Woods, James M. Lyon

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Prolog

| Alain Colmerauer

| 2-level W-Grammar

| Structured Query language (SQL)

| IBM

| ALPHA, Quel (Ingres)

| SASL

| David Turner at University of St Andrews

| ISWIM

| COMAL

| Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt

| Pascal, BASIC

| ML

| Robin Milner

|

| LIS

| Jean Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull

| Pascal, Sue

| Speakeasy-3

| Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory

| Speakeasy-2

| CLU

| Barbara Liskov

| ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula

| GRASS

| Thomas A. DeFanti

| BASIC

| BASIC FOUR

| MAI BASIC Four Inc.

| Business BASIC

| PROSE modeling language

| CDC 6600 Cybernet Services

| SLANG, FORTRAN

| sed

| Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs

| ed

| ABC

| Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens

| SETL

| PROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version

| CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services

| SLANG, FORTRAN

| Scheme

| Gerald Jay Sussman, Guy L. Steele Jr.

| LISP

| Altair BASIC

| Bill Gates, Paul Allen

| BASIC

| Modula

| Niklaus Wirth

| Pascal

| Smalltalk-76

| Xerox PARC

| Smalltalk-72

| Mesa

| Xerox PARC

| ALGOL

| Ratfor

| Brian Kernighan

| C, FORTRAN

| S

| John Chambers at Bell Labs

| APL, PPL, Scheme

| SAS

| SAS Institute

|

| Integer BASIC

| Steve Wozniak

| BASIC

| FP

| John Backus

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Bourne Shell (sh)

| Stephen R. Bourne

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Commodore BASIC

| Jack Tramiel

| BASIC

| IDL

| David Stern of Research Systems Inc

| Fortran

| Standard MUMPS

|

| MUMPS

| Icon (concept)

| Ralph Griswold

| SNOBOL

| Euclid

| Butler Lampson at Xerox PARC, Ric Holt and James Cordy at University of Toronto

|

| Applesoft BASIC

| Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland

| BASIC

| RAPT

| Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone

| APT

| C shell

| Bill Joy

| C

| RPG III

| IBM

| FARGO, RPG, RPG II

| HAL/S

| designed by Intermetrics for NASA

| XPL

| Applesoft II BASIC

| Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland

| Applesoft BASIC

| MATLAB

| Cleve Moler at the University of New Mexico

| Fortran

| SMALL

| Nevil Brownlee at the University of Auckland

| Algol60

| VisiCalc

| Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorp

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)

| Texas Instruments

| BASIC

| Modula-2

| Niklaus Wirth

| Modula, Mesa

| REXX

| Mike Cowlishaw at IBM

| PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2

| AWK

| Alfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian Kernighan

| C, SNOBOL

| Icon (implementation)

| Ralph Griswold

| SNOBOL

| Vulcan dBase-II

| Wayne Ratliff

| RETRIEVE

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815)

| Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull

| ALGOL 68, Green

| C with classes

| Bjarne Stroustrup{{Cite web|url=https://isocpp.org/tour|title=Tour : Standard C++|website=isocpp.org}}

| C, Simula 67

| Applesoft III

| Apple Computer

| Applesoft II BASIC

| Apple III Microsoft BASIC

| Microsoft

| Microsoft BASIC

| CBASIC

| Gordon Eubanks

| BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research

| Smalltalk-80

| Adele Goldberg at Xerox PARC

| Smalltalk-76

| TI Extended BASIC

| Texas Instruments

| TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)

| BBC BASIC

| Acorn Computers, Sophie Wilson

| BASIC

| IBM BASICA

| Microsoft

| BASIC

| Speakeasy-IV

| Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation

| Speakeasy-3

| Draco

| Chris Gray

| Pascal, C, ALGOL 68

| PostScript

| Warnock

| InterPress

|Turing

|Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto

|Euclid

| GW-BASIC

| Microsoft

| IBM BASICA

| Turbo Pascal

| Hejlsberg at Borland

| Pascal

| Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A)

| Jean Ichbiah at Alsys

| Ada 80, Green

| Objective-C

| Brad Cox

| Smalltalk, C

| C++{{cite web|url = http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention|title = Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ: When was C++ invented?|first = Bjarne|last = Stroustrup|website = stroustrup.com|date = 7 March 2010|access-date = 15 February 2023|archive-date = 6 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206214150/http://www.stroustrup.com/bs_faq.html#invention|url-status = live}}

| Bjarne Stroustrup

| C with Classes

| True BASIC

| John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College

| BASIC

| occam

| David May

| EPL

| ABAP

| SAP AG

| COBOL

| KornShell (ksh)

| David Korn

| sh

|Clascal

| Apple Computer

| Pascal

| CLIPPER

| Nantucket

| dBase

| Common Lisp

| Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others

| LISP

| Coq

| INRIA

|

| RPL

| Hewlett-Packard

| Forth, Lisp

| Standard ML

|

| ML

| Redcode

| Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones

|

| OPL

| Psion

| BASIC

| PARADOX

| Borland

| dBase

| QuickBASIC

| Microsoft

| BASIC

| Clarion

| Bruce Barrington

|

| CorVision

| Cortex

| INFORM

| Eiffel

| Bertrand Meyer

| Simula 67, Ada

| GFA BASIC

| Frank Ostrowski

| BASIC

| Informix-4GL

| Informix

|

| LabVIEW

| National Instruments

|

| Miranda

| David Turner at University of Kent

| SASL

| Object Pascal

| Apple Computer

| Pascal

| PROMAL

|

| C

| Erlang

| Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson

| PLEX, Prolog

| Ada ISO 8652:1987

| ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged

| Ada 83

| Self (concept)

| Sun Microsystems Inc.

| Smalltalk

| occam 2

| David May and INMOS

| occam

| HyperTalk

| Apple Computer

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Clean

| Software Technology Research Group of Radboud University Nijmegen

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Perl

| Larry Wall

| C, sed, awk, sh

| Oberon

| Niklaus Wirth

| Modula-2

| Turbo Basic

| Robert 'Bob' Zale

| BASIC/Z

| Mathematica (Wolfram Language)

| Wolfram Research

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Octave

|

| MATLAB

| Tcl

| John Ousterhout

| Awk, Lisp

| STOS BASIC

| François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos

| BASIC

| Actor

| Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group

| Forth, Smalltalk

| Object REXX

| Simon C. Nash

| REXX, Smalltalk

| SPARK

| Bernard A. Carré

| Ada

| A+

| Arthur Whitney

| APL, A

| Hamilton C shell

| Nicole Hamilton

| C shell

|C90

|C90 ISO/IEC 9899:1990

|C

| Turbo Pascal OOP

| Anders Hejlsberg at Borland

| Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal

| Modula-3

| Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti

| Modula-2

| PowerBASIC

| Robert 'Bob' Zale

| Turbo Basic

| VisSim

| Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions

|

| LPC

| Lars Pensjö

|

| Bash

| Brian Fox

| Bourne shell, C shell, KornShell

| Magik

| Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd

| Smalltalk

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| Sather

| Steve Omohundro

| Eiffel

| AMOS BASIC

| François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos

| STOS BASIC

| AMPL

| Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories

|

| Object Oberon

| H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer

| Oberon

| J

| Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software

| APL, FP

| Haskell

|

| Miranda, Clean

| EuLisp

|

| Common Lisp, Scheme

| Z shell (zsh)

| Paul Falstad at Princeton University

| ksh

| SKILL

| T. J. Barnes at Cadence Design Systems

| Franz Lisp

| GNU E

| David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey

| C++

| Oberon-2

| Hanspeter Mössenböck, Niklaus Wirth

| Object Oberon

| Oz

| Gert Smolka and his students

| Prolog

| Q

| Albert Gräf

|

| Python

| Guido van Rossum

| Perl, ABC, C

| Visual Basic

| Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft

| QuickBASIC

| Borland Pascal

|

| Turbo Pascal OOP

| Dylan

| Many people at Apple Computer

| Common Lisp, Scheme

| S-Lang

| John E. Davis

| PostScript

| Self (implementation)

| Sun Microsystems

| Smalltalk

| Amiga E

| Wouter van Oortmerssen

| DEX, C, Modula-2

| Brainfuck

| Urban Müller

| P'′

| LiveCode Transcript

|

| HyperTalk

| AppleScript

| Apple Computer

| HyperTalk

| K

| Arthur Whitney

| APL, Lisp

| Lua

| Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio

| Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++

| R

| Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka

| S

| ZPL

| Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington

| C

| NewtonScript

| Walter Smith

| Self, Dylan

| Euphoria

| Robert Craig

| SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python

| Claire

| Yves Caseau

| Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C, LORE, LAURE

| ANSI Common Lisp

|

| Common Lisp

| RAPID

| ABB

| ARLA

| Pike

| Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University

| LPC, C, μLPC

| ANS Forth

| Elizabeth Rather, et al.

| Forth

| Ada 95

| S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics

| Ada 83

| Borland Delphi

| Anders Hejlsberg at Borland

| Borland Pascal

| ColdFusion (CFML)

| Allaire

|

| Java

| James Gosling at Sun Microsystems

| C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa

| LiveScript

| Brendan Eich at Netscape

| Self, C, Scheme

| Mercury

| Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne

| Prolog, Hope, Haskell

| PHP

| Rasmus Lerdorf

| Perl

| Ruby

| Yukihiro Matsumoto

| Smalltalk, Perl

| JavaScript

| Brendan Eich at Netscape

| LiveScript

| Racket

| Matthew Flatt at Rice University

| Scheme, Lisp

| CSS

| Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos

| SGML

| Curl

| David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT

| Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML

| Lasso

| Blue World Communications

|

| NetRexx

| Mike Cowlishaw

| REXX

| OCaml

| INRIA

| Caml Light, Standard ML

| Perl Data Language (PDL)

| Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller

| APL, Perl

| Pure Data

| Miller Puckette

| Max

| VBScript

| Microsoft

| Visual Basic

| Component Pascal

| Oberon Microsystems

| Oberon-2

| E

| Mark S. Miller

| Joule, Original-E

| Pico

| Free University of Brussels

| Scheme

| Squeak

| Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer

| Smalltalk-80, Self

| ECMAScript

| ECMA TC39-TG1

| JavaScript

| F-Script

| Philippe Mougin

| Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C

| ISLISP

| ISO Standard ISLISP

| Common Lisp

| Tea

| Jorge Nunes

| Java, Scheme, Tcl

| REBOL

| Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies

| Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo

| Logtalk

| Paulo Moura (then at University of Coimbra)

| Prolog

| ActionScript

| Gary Grossman

| ECMAScript

| Standard C++

| ANSI/ISO Standard C++

| C++, Standard C, C

| PureBasic

| Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software

|

| UnrealScript

| Tim Sweeney at Epic Games

| C++, Java

| XSLT (+ XPath)

| W3C, James Clark

| DSSSL

| Xojo (REALbasic at the time)

| Xojo, Andrew Barry

| Visual Basic

| C99

| C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999

| C90

| Gambas

| Benoît Minisini

| Visual Basic, Java

| Game Maker Language (GML)

| Mark Overmars

| Game Maker

| Harbour

| Antonio Linares

| dBase, Clipper

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| Join Java

| G Stewart von Itzstein

| Java

| DarkBASIC

| The Game Creators

|

| C#

| Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA)

| C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2

| Joy

| Manfred von Thun

| FP, Forth

| AspectJ

| Gregor Kiczales, Xerox PARC

| Java, Common Lisp

| D

| Walter Bright, Digital Mars

| C, C++, C#, Java

| Processing

| Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry

| Java, C, C++{{Cite web|url=https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/|title=Arduino Reference|website=www.arduino.cc}}

| Visual Basic .NET

| Microsoft

| Visual Basic

| GDScript (GDS)

| Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio)

| Godot

| Shakespeare Programming Language

| Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström

|

| Io

| Steve Dekorte

| Self, NewtonScript, Lua

| Gosu

| Guidewire Software

| GScript

| Scratch

| Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman

| Logo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E-Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak

| Nix

| Eelco Dolstra

| Miranda/SASL, Haskell

| Nemerle

| University of Wrocław

| C#, ML, MetaHaskell

| Factor

| Slava Pestov

| Joy, Forth, Lisp

| Scala

| Martin Odersky

| Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml

| C++03

| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003

| C++, Standard C, C

| Squirrel

| Alberto Demichelis

| Lua

| Boo

| Rodrigo B. de Oliveira

| Python, C#

| Subtext

| Jonathan Edwards

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Alma-0

| Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| FreeBASIC

| Andre Victor

| QBasic

| Groovy

| James Strachan

| Java

| Little b

| Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology

| Lisp

| Fantom

| Brian Frank, Andy Frank

| C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang

| F#

| Don Syme, Microsoft Research

| OCaml, C#, Haskell

| Haxe

| Nicolas Cannasse

| ActionScript, OCaml, Java

| Oxygene

| RemObjects Software

| Object Pascal, C#

| PWCT

| Mahmoud Samir Fayed

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Seed7

| Thomas Mertes

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| fish

| Thomas Mertes

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

|HolyC

|Terry A. Davis

|C, C++

| Cobra

| Chuck Esterbrook

| Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C

| Windows PowerShell

| Microsoft

| C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL

| OptimJ

| Ateji

| Java

| Fortress

| Guy L. Steele Jr.

| Scala, ML, Haskell

| Vala

| GNOME

| C#

| Ada 2005

| Ada Rapporteur Group

| Ada 95

| Agda

| Ulf Norell

| Coq, Epigram, Haskell

| QB64

| Galleon, QB64Team

| QBasic

| Clojure

| Rich Hickey

| Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang

| LOLCODE

| Adam Lindsay

| {{n/a|none (unique language)}}

| Oberon-07

| Wirth

| Oberon

| Swift (parallel scripting language)

| University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory

|

| Nim

| Andreas Rumpf

| Python, Lisp, Object Pascal

| Genie

| Jamie McCracken

| Python, Boo, D, Object Pascal

| Pure

| Albert Gräf

| Q

| Chapel

| Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc.

| HPF, ZPL

| Go

| Google

| C, Oberon, Limbo, Smalltalk

| CoffeeScript

| Jeremy Ashkenas

| JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Haskell

| Idris

| Edwin Brady

| Haskell, Agda, Coq

| Parasail

| S. Tucker Taft, AdaCore

| Modula, Ada, Pascal, ML

| Whiley

| David J. Pearce

| Java, C, Python

| Dafny

| K. Rustan M. Leino

| Java, Spec#

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| Rust

| Graydon Hoare, Mozilla

| Alef, C++, Camlp4, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo, Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard ML

| C11

| C11 ISO/IEC 9899:2011

| C99

| Ceylon

| Gavin King, Red Hat

| Java

| Dart

| Google

| Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go

| C++11

| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011

| C++, Standard C, C

| Kotlin

| JetBrains

| Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu

| Red

| Nenad Rakočević

| Rebol, Scala, Lua

| Opa

| MLstate

| OCaml, Erlang, JavaScript

| Elixir

| José Valim

| Erlang, Ruby, Clojure

| Elm

| Evan Czaplicki

| Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F#

| TypeScript

| Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft

| JavaScript, CoffeeScript

| Julia

| Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan Edelman, MIT

| MATLAB, Lisp, C, Fortran, Mathematica{{cite web

| title = Why We Created Julia

| date = February 2012

| website = Julia website

| url = http://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia

| access-date = 7 February 2013

}} (strictly its Wolfram Language), Python, Perl, R, Ruby, Lua{{cite web|title=Introduction|url=http://julia.readthedocs.org/en/latest/manual/introduction/|website=The Julia Manual|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408134008/http://julia.readthedocs.org/en/latest/manual/introduction/|archive-date=8 April 2016}}

| P

| Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, Microsoft

|

| Ada 2012

| ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012)

| Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007

| P4

| P4 Language Consortium ([https://P4.org P4.org])

| PureScript

| Phil Freeman

| Haskell

| Hopscotch

| Hopscotch Technologies

| Scratch

| Cuneiform

| Jörgen Brandt

| Swift (the parallel scripting language)

| Lean

| Microsoft Research

| ML, Coq, Haskell, Agda

| Hy

| Paul Tagliamonte

| Python, Lisp, Clojure

| Crystal

| Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions

| Ruby, C, Rust, Go, C#, Python

| Hack

| Facebook

| PHP

| Swift

| Apple Inc.

| Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU

| C++14

| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014

| C++11, Standard C, C

| Solidity

| Gavin Wood, Ethereum

| JavaScript, C++, Python

| Raku

| Larry Wall, [https://github.com/rakudo/rakudo/blob/master/CREDITS The Rakudo Team]

| Perl, Haskell, Python, Ruby

| Zig

| Andrew Kelley

| C, C++, LLVM IR, Go, Rust

| Reason

| Jordan Walke

| JavaScript, OCaml{{Citation|title=Simple, fast & type safe code that leverages the JavaScript & OCaml ecosystems: facebook/reason|date=2019-03-24|url=https://github.com/facebook/reason|publisher=Facebook|access-date=2019-03-24}}

| Ring

| Mahmoud Samir Fayed

| Lua, Python, Ruby, C, C#, BASIC, QML, xBase, Supernova{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.github.io/doc1.16/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=The Ring programming language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=23 October 2021 |work=ring-lang.net }}

| C++17

| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2017

| C++14, Standard C, C

| AssemblyScript

| The AssemblyScript Project{{cite web|url=https://github.com/AssemblyScript/working-group|title=AssemblyScript Working Group|author=The AssemblyScript Project|date=2020-04-24|website=GitHub.com|publisher=AssemblyScript Project|access-date=2021-02-10|quote=Daniel Wirtz (@dcodeIO) - Author of AssemblyScript}}

| JavaScript, TypeScript, WebAssembly

| Ballerina

| WSO2, open source{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/ballerina-platform/ballerina-lang|title=The Ballerina Programming Language|date=25 November 2019|website=GitHub}}

| Java, JavaScript, Go, Rust, C#

| Q#

| Microsoft

| C#, F#, Python

| C17

| ISO/IEC 9899:2018

| C11

| Fortran 2018

| ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2150:2018

| Fortran 2008

| Bosque

| Mark Marron, Microsoft

| JavaScript, TypeScript, ML

| V (Vlang)

| Alexander Medvednikov

| C, Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)

| C++20

| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020

| C++17, Standard C, C

| Microsoft Power Fx

| Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, Microsoft

| Excel formulas

| Carbon

| Google

| C++, Rust, Swift, Zig, Kotlin, Haskell

| Mojo

| Modular

| Python, Rust, Cython, C, C++, CUDA, Swift, Zig

| Ada 2023

| ISO/IEC 8652:2023

| Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012

| Fortran 2023

| ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023

| Fortran 2018

| Gleam

| Louis Pilfold, Fly.io

| Erlang, Elixir, Elm, Rust, Go, OCaml, JavaScript

| C++23

| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024

| C++20, Standard C, C

| C23

| ISO/IEC 9899:2024

| C17

! Year

! Name

! Chief developer, company

! Predecessor(s)