yorkshire

There are several ways of defining Yorkshire, including the historic county and the group of four modern ceremonial counties. The county boundaries were reasonably stable between 1182, when it ceded western areas to the new county of Lancashire,{{cite web|url=http://www.highsheriffs.com/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm|title=High Sheriff – Lancashire County History |website=highsheriffs.com|access-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185947/http://www.highsheriffs.com/Lancashire/LancashireHistory.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}} and 1889 when administrative counties were created, which saw some adjustments to the boundaries with County Durham, Lancashire and Lincolnshire.Local Government Act 1888 After 1889 there were occasional adjustments to accommodate urban areas which were developing across county boundaries, such as in 1934 when Dore and Totley were transferred from Derbyshire to Yorkshire on being absorbed into the borough of Sheffield.{{cite web |title=Sheffield Ancient Parish / Civil Parish |url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10467767#tab02 |website=A Vision of Britain through Time |publisher=GB Historical GIS / University of Portsmouth |access-date=8 March 2024}}

More significant changes in 1974 saw the historic county divided between several counties. The majority of the area was split between North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, which all kept the Yorkshire name. A large part of the east of the county went to the new county of Humberside, and an area in the north-east went to the new county of Cleveland. Some more rural areas at the edges of the historic county were transferred to County Durham, Cumbria, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, whilst South Yorkshire also included areas which had been in Nottinghamshire.{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1972|year=1972|chapter=70|access-date=8 March 2024|mode=cs1}}

File:YorkshireCounties.png

Cleveland and Humberside were both abolished in 1996, since when there have been four ceremonial counties with Yorkshire in their names: East Riding of Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, which together cover most of the historic county.{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Local Government Changes for England (Miscellaneous Provision) Regulations 1995|year=1995|number=1748|access-date=6 March 2024|mode=cs1}}

There is a region called Yorkshire and the Humber which covers a similar area to the combined area of the four Yorkshire ceremonial counties, the exceptions being that the region excludes the parts of North Yorkshire which had been in Cleveland, but includes North East Lincolnshire and North Lincolnshire (which had been in Humberside). Until 2009 some government powers in the region were devolved to the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly; since 2009 the region has been used primarily for presentation of statistics.

Yorkshire is so named as it is the shire (administrative area or county) of the city of York, or York's Shire. The word "York" is believed to have originated from the Brittonic word Eburākon, which means "place of yew trees". This theory is supported by the fact that yew trees were once abundant in the area around York, and that the city was known for its skilled bow makers who used yew wood to make their bows. This became Eboracum to the Romans, Eorfowic to the Angles and then, most famously, Jorvik to the Vikings.{{cite web |url=https://www.bing.com/search?q=york+comes+from+yew&form=ANNTH1&refig=5ADA55C39AB94579AEECED54DCEBD0CC&pc=ASTS | title=York comes from yew }}{{cite web |url=https://letslearnslang.com/etymology-of-the-name-york/#:~:text=One%20theory%20suggests%20that%20the%20name%20York%20comes,who%20used%20yew%20wood%20to%20make%20their%20bows. | title=Etymology of the Name York: What Does it Reveal? – Lets Learn Slang | date=29 May 2023 }}

{{Main|History of Yorkshire}}

Early inhabitants of what became Yorkshire were Hen Ogledd Brythonic Celts (old north British Celts), who formed separate tribes, the Brigantes (known to be in the north and western areas of now Yorkshire) and the Parisi (present-day East Riding). The Brigantes controlled territory that later became all of Northern England and more territory than most Celtic tribes on the island of Great Britain. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county.{{cite web |url=http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/brigantes/ |publisher=Roman-Britain.co.uk |title=The Brigantes |access-date=25 November 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125143203/http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/brigantes/ |url-status=live }}Ptolemy, Geographia [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/1*.html 2.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306192126/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/1%2A.html |date=6 March 2022 }}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html 2.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306192154/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2%2A.html |date=6 March 2022 }}

The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul (known today as Paris, France).{{cite web|url=http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/parisi/|publisher=Roman-Britain.co.uk|title=The Parisii|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125143205/http://www.roman-britain.co.uk/tribes/parisi/|url-status=live}} Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber Estuary.

File:Constantine York Minster.jpg outside York Minster.]]

Although the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a client state of Rome for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs Cartimandua and her husband Venutius. The capital was between the north and west ridings Isurium Brigantum (near Aldborough) civitas under Roman rule. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain.{{cite web|url=http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/his_brigantian_uprising.htm|publisher=Romans-In-Britain.org.uk|title=Romans in Britain|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017195232/http://romans-in-britain.org.uk/his_brigantian_uprising.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007|url-status=dead}}

Queen Cartimandua left Venutius for his armour bearer, Vellocatus, setting off a chain of events that changed control of the region. Cartimandua's good relationship with the Romans enabled her to keep control of the kingdom; however, her former husband staged rebellions against her and her Roman allies.{{cite news|url=http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb/Cartimandua.htm |publisher=West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service |title=Cartimandua |year=2007 |access-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009031721/http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb%2FCartimandua.htm |archive-date=9 October 2007 |url-status=dead }} At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.{{cite web| url=http://www.shadowdrake.com/brigit5.html| publisher=House Shadow Drake| title=The Brigantes| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021090013/http://www.shadowdrake.com/brigit5.html| archive-date=21 October 2006| url-status=dead }}

The fortified city of Eboracum (now York) was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint capital of all Roman Britain.{{cite web| url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm| publisher=VanderBilt.edu| title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)| access-date=24 October 2007| archive-date=2 March 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302180601/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm| url-status=live}} The emperor Septimius Severus ruled the Roman Empire from Eboracum for the two years before his death.{{cite web| url=http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm| publisher=York Roman Festival| title=Roman York – a brief introduction to York's Roman History| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008234045/http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm| archive-date=8 October 2007| url-status=bot: unknown}}

Another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Eboracum during a visit in 306 AD. Thereafter his son Constantine the Great, who became renowned for his acceptance of Christianity, was proclaimed emperor in the city.{{cite web| url=http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/york/roman.htm| publisher=Britain Express| title=Roman York| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-date=14 October 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014053119/http://britainexpress.com/cities/york/roman.htm| url-status=live}} In the early 5th century, Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline.

After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the kingdoms of Deira to the east (domain of settlements near Malton on Derwent), Ebrauc (domain of York) around the north and Elmet to the west. The latter two were successors of land south-west and north-east of the former Brigantia capital.

Angles (hailing from southern Denmark and northern Germany, probably along with Swedish Geats{{cite web |title=Beowulf and other Viking ancestors |url=https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2014/05/06/episode-42-beowulf-and-other-viking-ancestors/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=History of English podcast|date=29 September 2016 }}) consolidated (merging Ebrauc) under Deira, with York as capital. This in turn was grouped with Bernicia, another former Celtic-Brigantes kingdom that was north of the River Tees and had come to be headed by Bamburgh, to form Northumbria.{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Ebrauc|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224200/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Elmet|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|url-status=live}} Elmet had remained independent from the Germanic Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King Edwin of Northumbria expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region to his Deira region. The Celts never went away, but were assimilated. This explains the existence of many Celtic placenames in Yorkshire today, such as Kingston upon Hull and Pen-y-ghent.{{cite web |title=What's in a Dales name? |url=https://www.dalesdiscoveries.com/more-inspiration/53-whats-in-a-dales-name |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Dales Discoveries}}

As well as the Angles and Geats, other settlers included Frisians (thought to have founded Fryston and Frizinghall{{cite web |title=Settlers in Northumbria |url=https://www.wilcuma.org.uk/northumbria/settlers-in-northumbria/ |access-date=5 July 2022|website=Wilcuma}}), Danes, Franks and Huns.{{cite web |title=Were there Huns in Anglo-Saxon England? Some thoughts on Bede, Priscus & Attila |url=https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/07/were-there-huns-in-anglo-saxon-england.html#fn3 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=caitlyngreen.org}}

At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea and from Edinburgh down to Hallamshire in the south.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=The Anglo-Saxons|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=17 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017151323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|url-status=dead}}

{{Main|Jórvík|l1=Kingdom of Jórvík}}Scandinavian York (also referred to as Jórvík) or Danish/Norwegian York is a term used by historians for the south of Northumbria (modern-day Yorkshire) during the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to York, the city controlled by these kings.

Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by England between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived Kingdom of Dublin throughout this period.File:EricBloodaxeCoin.png

An army of Danish Vikings, the Great Heathen Army{{cite web |url=http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm|publisher=Jorvik-Viking-Centre.co.uk|title=What Happened to Them?|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204846/http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm |archive-date = 12 October 2007}} as its enemies often referred to it, invaded Northumbrian territory in 866 AD. The Danes conquered and assumed what is now York and renamed it Jórvík, making it the capital city of a new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of Yorkshire extending further West.{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Viking Kingdom of York|date=15 April 2000|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=25 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225081026/http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|url-status=live}}

The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England that afterwards became known as the Danelaw; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the Kingdom of Jórvík that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking advantage of the vast trading network of the Viking nations, and established commercial ties with the British Isles, North-West Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Viking Times|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818202555/http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead}}

Founded by the Dane Halfdan Ragnarsson in 875,{{cite web|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.net|title=Part Two – Jorvik and the Viking Age (866 AD – 1066 AD)|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029182047/http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|archive-date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead}} ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years. Eric Bloodaxe, an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Eric Bloodaxe|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|url-status=live}} and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.

After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The Kingdom of Wessex was now in its ascendancy and established its dominance over the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within Northumbria, which retained a certain amount of autonomy as an almost-independent earldom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex Kings of England were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Late Saxon Times|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623102237/http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|archive-date=23 June 2008|url-status=dead}}

File:Doomsday Book - Counties of England - 1086.png

In the weeks leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was distracted by pushing back efforts to reinstate the kingdom of Jorvik and Danelaw. His brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, having won the Battle of Fulford. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively.

Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army south, where William the Conqueror was landing. The King was defeated in what is now known as the Battle of Hastings, which led to the Norman conquest of England.

The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could.{{cite web| url=http://allabout1066.net/north_east_1069.htm| publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site| title=Resistance in the North East – 1069| access-date=3 October 2008| archive-date=26 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026043408/http://www.allabout1066.net/north_east_1069.htm| url-status=usurped}} What followed was the Harrying of the North ordered by William. From York to Durham, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were scorched. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered.{{cite web| url=http://allabout1066.net/harrying.htm| publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site| title=Harrying of the North| access-date=24 October 2007| archive-date=24 October 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024202922/http://www.allabout1066.net/harrying.htm| url-status=usurped}} During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. Orderic Vitalis estimated that "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.{{cite web|url=http://allabout1066.net/orderics_reaction.htm|publisher=The Norman Conquest School Site|title=Orderic's reaction|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=26 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026043414/http://www.allabout1066.net/orderics_reaction.htm|url-status=usurped}}

File:YorkMinsterWest.jpg

In the centuries following, many abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners increased their revenues and established new towns such as Barnsley, Doncaster, Hull, Leeds, Scarborough and Sheffield, among others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only Bridlington, Pocklington, and York continued at a prominent level.{{cite web| url=http://www.localhistories.org/yorkshire.html| publisher=LocalHistories.org| title=Yorkshire| access-date=24 October 2007| archive-date=15 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915105318/http://www.localhistories.org/Yorkshire.html| url-status=live}}

In the early 12th century, people of Yorkshire had to contend with the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton with the Scots. Representing the Kingdom of England led by Archbishop Thurstan of York, soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.{{cite web| url=http://www.britainexpress.com/History/battles/standard.htm| publisher=Britain Express| title=The Battle of the Standard| access-date=25 October 2007| archive-date=30 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155253/http://www.britainexpress.com/History/battles/standard.htm| url-status=live}}

The population of Yorkshire boomed until it was hit by the Great Famine of 1315. It did not help that after the English defeat in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scottish army rampaged throughout northern England, and Yorkshire was no exception. During The Great Raid of 1322, they raided and pillaged from the suburbs of York, even as far as East Riding and the Humber. Some, like Richmond, had to bribe the Scots to spare the town. The Black Death then reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the population.

{{Further|House of York|Wars of the Roses}}

File:King Richard III from NPG.jpg grew up at Middleham.{{cite web|url=http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|publisher=RichardIII.com|title=Middleham Castle|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813160526/http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|archive-date=13 August 2007|url-status=dead }}]]

When King Richard II was overthrown in 1399, antagonism between the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of civil wars, commonly known as the Wars of the Roses. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at Wakefield and Towton, the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.{{cite book | last = Gravett | first = Christopher | author-link = Christopher Gravett | title = Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle | publisher = Osprey Publishing | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-UlMBQYccEMC&q=towton+bloodiest | isbn = 978-0-415-09378-1 | year = 1999 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Richard III was the last Yorkist king.

Henry Tudor, sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He then became King Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars.{{cite web|url=http://metamedia.stanford.edu/projects/MichaelShanks/1877|publisher=Stanford.edu|title=Yorkists|access-date=24 October 2007}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to form the Tudor Rose of England.{{efn|Though the Wars of the Roses were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet. The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of Bolton, the Latimers of Danby and Snape, as well as the Mowbrays of Thirsk and Burton in Lonsdale. Yet some fought for the Lancastrians, such as the Percies, the Cliffords of Skipton, Ros of Helmsley, Greystock of Henderskelfe, Stafford of Holderness, and Talbot of Sheffield.}}{{cite book| last =Hey | first = David | title =History of Yorkshire: County of the Broad Acres|publisher=Carnegie Publishing| isbn = 1-85936-122-6| year =2005}} This rivalry between the royal houses of York and Lancaster has passed into popular culture as a rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, particularly in sport (for example the Roses Match played in County Cricket), although the House of Lancaster was based in York and the House of York in London.

The English Reformation began under Henry VIII and the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 led to a popular uprising known as Pilgrimage of Grace, started in Yorkshire as a protest. Some Catholics in Yorkshire continued to practise their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of Elizabeth I. One such person was a York woman named Margaret Clitherow who was later canonised.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04059b.htm|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|title=St. Margaret Clitherow|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=11 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011194024/http://newadvent.org/cathen/04059b.htm|url-status=live}}

File:Eboracum Atlas.jpg

During the English Civil War, which started in 1642, Yorkshire had divided loyalties; Hull (full name Kingston upon Hull) famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter a few months before fighting began, while the North Riding of Yorkshire in particular was strongly royalist.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage8.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Seeds of the English Civil War|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=25 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725101042/http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage8.shtml|url-status=live}}{{cite web| title = Historic Cleveland – Timeline| url = http://www.historic-cleveland.co.uk/timeline/timelineIndex.php| publisher = Historic-Cleveland.co.uk| access-date = 25 November 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071130064734/http://historic-cleveland.co.uk/timeline/timelineIndex.php| archive-date = 30 November 2007| url-status = dead }} York was the base for Royalists, and from there they captured Leeds and Wakefield only to have them recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the Battle of Adwalton Moor meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they won the Battle of Marston Moor and with it control of all of the North of England.{{cite web|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1644-york-march-marston-moor.htm|publisher=British-Civil-Wars.co.uk|title=The York March and Marston Moor|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228033814/http://british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1644-york-march-marston-moor.htm|archive-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead}}

In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool-industry-centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into prominence in the West Riding of Yorkshire.{{cite web|url=http://www.num.org.uk/?p=history&c=num|publisher=NUM.org.uk|title=History of the NUM: 1 – Towards A National Union|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080419080240/http://www.num.org.uk/?p=history&c=num|archive-date=19 April 2008|url-status=dead}} The wool textile industry, which had previously been a cottage industry, centred on the old market towns moved to the West Riding where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the Pennines. The developing textile industry helped Wakefield and Halifax grow.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog13a.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=William Hirst – Leeds woollen industry pioneer|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=30 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630051913/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog13a.shtml|url-status=live}}

File:Leeds Dark Arches June 2013-TJBlackwell.webm under Leeds railway station.]]

The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the Industrial Revolution continuing with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially in Sheffield, Rotherham and Middlesbrough). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding. This saw bouts of cholera in both 1832 and 1848.{{cite web|url=http://www.thoresby.org.uk/history.htm|publisher=Thoresby.org.uk|title=The Historical Society for Leeds and District|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=29 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229103015/http://www.thoresby.org.uk/history.htm|url-status=live}} However, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern sewers and water supplies. Several Yorkshire railway networks were introduced as railways spread across the country to reach remote areas.{{cite web|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/|publisher=NRM.org.uk|title=National Railway Museum, York|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=25 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225213233/http://nrm.org.uk/|url-status=live}}

File:Number 4468 Mallard in York.jpg Class A4 4468 Mallard built in Doncaster is the current confirmed record holder as the fastest steam locomotive at {{convert|203|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on 3 July 1938.]]

Canals and turnpike roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the spa towns of Harrogate and Scarborough flourished, due to people believing mineral water had curative properties.{{cite web|url=http://www.great-britain.co.uk/regions/yorkshire/harrogat.htm|publisher=Great-British.co.uk|title=Harrogate, Yorkshire Spa town|access-date=25 November 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122243/http://www.great-britain.co.uk/regions/yorkshire/harrogat.htm|url-status=live}}

When elected county councils were established in 1889, rather than have a single Yorkshire County Council, each of the three ridings was made an administrative county with its own county council, and the eight larger towns and cities of Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield and York were made county boroughs, independent from the county councils.{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1888|year=1888|chapter=41|access-date=9 March 2024|mode=cs1}}

During the Second World War, Yorkshire became an important base for RAF Bomber Command and brought the county and its productive industries into the cutting edge of the war, and thus in the targets of Luftwaffe bombers during the Battle of Britain.{{cite book | first= Bruce Barrymore |last=Halpenny |author-link=Bruce Barrymore Halpenny| title = Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4 | year = 1982 | publisher = PSL | isbn = 978-0-85059-532-1 }}

From the late 20th century onwards there have been a number of significant reforms of the local government structures covering Yorkshire, notably in 1968, 1974, 1986, 1996 and 2023, discussed in the governance section below. For most administrative purposes the county had been divided since the Middle Ages; the last county-wide administrative role was the Sheriff of Yorkshire. The sheriff had been a powerful position in the Middle Ages but gradually lost most of its functions, and by the twentieth century was a largely ceremonial role. It was abolished as part of the 1974 reforms to local government, which established instead high sheriffs for each modern county.

{{Main|Topographical areas of Yorkshire|List of places in Yorkshire}}

Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the River Tees, the eastern boundary was the North Sea coast and the southern boundary was the Humber Estuary and Rivers Don and Sheaf. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the Pennine Hills to again meet the River Tees.

{{main|Geology of Yorkshire}}

File:Yorksgeology.jpg

In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major topographical areas and the geological period in which they were formed. The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The North York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands.{{cite web|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/|publisher=Genuki.org|title=Yorkshire Geology|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=18 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018033105/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/|url-status=live}}

File:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg

Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire the many rivers flow into the River Ouse which reaches the North Sea via the Humber Estuary.{{cite book | year = 1992 | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1-871890-16-7 |author1=British Canoe Union, Yorkshire |author2=Humberside Region, Access and Recreation Committees |author3=prepared by Mike Twiggs |author4=David Taylor |name-list-style=amp }} The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Next, draining Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which the Swale joins east of Boroughbridge. Near Great Ouseburn the Ure is joined by the small Ouse Gill Beck, and below the confluence the river is known as the Ouse. The River Nidd rises on the edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York and the Ouse. The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood. The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the main river at Goole. Further north and east the River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the Vale of Pickering then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.

In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby. To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull.

The western Pennines are drained by the River Ribble which flows westwards, eventually reaching the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.

{{multiple image

| header = Features of Yorkshire

| perrow = 2

| total_width = 300

| image1 = Upper Nidderdale.JPG

| caption1 = Nidderdale,
Yorkshire Dales

| image2 = Sea on the rocks - geograph.org.uk - 386067.jpg

| caption2 = Cliffs at Whitby

| image3 = Ilkley Moor - geograph.org.uk - 1332313.jpg

| caption3 = Ilkley Moor

| image4 = Kilnsea's Mudflats - geograph.org.uk - 914562.jpg

| caption4 = Kilnsea,
Humber Estuary

}}

The countryside of Yorkshire has been called "God's Own County" by its inhabitants.{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Liam |date=1 August 2006 |title=What's so special about Yorkshire? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5234444.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112075709/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5234444.stm |archive-date=12 January 2008 |access-date=15 July 2008 |publisher=BBC}}{{cite news |date=2 June 2006 |title=God's own County |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/02/travelnews.shortbreaks.unitedkingdom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002154228/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/02/travelnews.shortbreaks.unitedkingdom |archive-date=2 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2007 |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London}} Yorkshire includes the North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales National Parks, and part of the Peak District National Park. Nidderdale and the Howardian Hills are designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty,{{cite web |url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/ |title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty |access-date=3 May 2008 |publisher=Natural England |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223034302/http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/ |archive-date=23 December 2008 |url-status=dead }} as is the North Pennines (a part of which lies within the county). Spurn Point, Flamborough Head and the coastal North York Moors are designated Heritage Coast areas,{{cite web |url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/heritage_coasts/index.asp |title=Heritage Coasts |access-date=3 May 2008 |publisher=Natural England |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042855/http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/heritage_coasts/index.asp |archive-date=25 June 2008 |url-status=dead }} and are noted for their scenic views with rugged cliffs{{cite web|url=http://www.britaingallery.com/england_yorkshire_and_humberside.php|publisher=BritainGallery|title=Yorkshire and Humberside: the North East|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808174914/http://www.britaingallery.com/england_yorkshire_and_humberside.php|archive-date=8 August 2007|url-status=dead}} such as the jet cliffs at Whitby, the limestone cliffs at Filey and the chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head.{{cite web|url=http://www.fileybay.com/fbi/walking.html|publisher=FileyBay.com|title=A Filey Walk|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=8 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808112105/http://www.fileybay.com/fbi/walking.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/countryside/coast/north-yorkshire.htm|publisher=Britain Express|title=North Yorkshire Heritage Coast|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=7 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807170839/http://www.britainexpress.com/countryside/coast/north-yorkshire.htm|url-status=live}} Moor House – Upper Teesdale, most of which is part of the former North Riding of Yorkshire, is one of England's largest national nature reserves.{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1007241.aspx|title=Moor House-Upper Teesdale NNR|publisher=Natural England|access-date=16 July 2009|archive-date=3 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003212918/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1007241.aspx|url-status=live}} At High Force on the border with County Durham, the River Tees plunges {{convert|22|m|ft}} over the Whin Sill (an intrusion of igneous rock). High Force is not, as is sometimes claimed, the highest waterfall in England (Hardraw Force in Wensleydale, also in Yorkshire, has a {{convert|30|m|ft}} drop for example). However, High Force is unusual in being on a major river and carries a greater volume of water than any higher waterfall in England.{{cite web|url=https://blog.gooutdoors.co.uk/15-waterfalls-visit-in-the-uk|publisher=Go Outdoors|title=15 Waterfalls to Visit in the UK|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612194426/https://blog.gooutdoors.co.uk/15-waterfalls-visit-in-the-uk/|url-status=live}}

File:Medical Heritage Library (IA b29287236).pdf

The highest mountains in Yorkshire all lie in the Pennines on the western side of the county, with millstone grit and limestone forming the underlying geology and producing distinctive layered hills. The county top is the remote Mickle Fell{{cite web|url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&rf=2711|publisher=hill-bagging.co.uk|title=15 Mickle Fell|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612194412/http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&rf=2711|url-status=live}} (height {{convert|788|metre}} above sea level) in the North Pennines southwest of Teesdale, which is also the highest point in the North Riding. The highest point in the West Riding is Whernside (height {{convert|736|metre}}) near to Ingleton in the Yorkshire Dales. Together with nearby Ingleborough (height {{convert|723|metre}}) and Pen-y-Ghent (height {{convert|694|metre}}), Whernside forms a trio of very prominent and popular summits (the Yorkshire Three Peaks) which can be climbed in a challenging single day's walk. The highest point in the Yorkshire part of the Peak District is Black Hill (height {{convert|582|metre}}) on the border with historic Cheshire (which also forms the historic county top of that county). The hill ranges along the eastern side of Yorkshire are lower than those of the west. The highest point of the North York Moors is Urra Moor (height {{convert|454|metre}}). The highest point of the Yorkshire Wolds, a range of low chalk downlands east of York, is Bishop Wilton Wold (height {{convert|246|metre}}), which is also the highest point of the East Riding. The view from Sutton Bank at the southeastern edge of the North York Moors near Thirsk encompasses a vast expanse of the Yorkshire lowlands with the Pennines forming a backdrop. It was called the "finest view in England" by local author and veterinary surgeon James Herriot in his 1979 guidebook James Herriot's Yorkshire.{{cite book |last1=Herriot |first1=James |year=1979 |title=James Herriot's Yorkshire |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-43970-9}}

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds runs nature reserves such as the one at Bempton Cliffs with coastal wildlife such as the northern gannet, Atlantic puffin and razorbill.{{cite web|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/b/bemptoncliffs/about.asp|publisher=RSPB.org.uk|title=About Bempton Cliffs|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=20 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120173512/http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/b/bemptoncliffs/about.asp|url-status=live}} Spurn Point is a narrow {{convert|3|mi|km|adj=on}} long sand spit. It is a national nature reserve owned by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.{{cite web|url=http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/ecolodge/25/spurn.htm|publisher=Spurn Point|title=A cyclic coastal landform|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017005437/http://fortunecity.com/greenfield/ecolodge/25/spurn.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007|url-status=dead}} There are seaside resorts in Yorkshire with sandy beaches; Scarborough is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the spa town-era in the 17th century,{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4791651.stm|work=BBC News|title=In pictures: Scarborough|access-date=24 October 2007|date=20 August 2006|archive-date=1 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201100659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4791651.stm|url-status=live}} while Whitby has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4755033.stm|work=BBC News|title=Report rates the best UK beaches|access-date=24 October 2007|date=9 May 2006|archive-date=1 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201070833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4755033.stm|url-status=live}}

There are eight officially designated cities in Yorkshire: Bradford, Doncaster, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Ripon, Sheffield, Wakefield, and York. City status is formally held by the administrative territory rather than the urban area.

{{OSM Location map

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| zoom = 7

| float = right

| nolabels = 1

| width = 460

| height = 290

| title = Yorkshire Towns and Cities

| caption = (Note that all cities/historic capitals also appear in bold.)
12px The five largest settlements across the four ceremonial counties of Yorkshire as of the 2021 UK census, of which four are cities.  – Red.
12px The other four Yorkshire cities, and the two settlements which had capital status during historic Roman, Parisi or Viking rule (York, Brough).  – Purple.
12px The two newest towns across the four Yorkshire ceremonial counties, granted town status in 2016 (Eastfield) and 2022 (Sherburn in Elmet) respectively, and the new planned urban settlement of Waverley.  – Green.
12px The most recent settlement in Yorkshire to be downgraded from town status following a scandal (in 2016),{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-33568763 |title = Residents vote to scrap Brierley Town Council |access-date = 11 February 2025 |website = BBC News |date = 17 July 2015 }} albeit the two contiguous villages still function in the same manner as a growing urban settlement.  – Orange.

| auto-caption = 14

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| label1 = Leeds

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| mark-title1 = Leeds

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| label2 = Sheffield

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| mark-title2 = Sheffield

| label3 = Bradford

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|53.7952645|-1.7516005}}

| mark-title3 = Bradford

| label4 = Kingston upon Hull

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|53.7461223|-0.3381515}}

| mark-title4 = Kingston upon Hull

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| label5 = Middlesbrough

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| mark-title5 = Middlesbrough

| label6 = York (Eboracum/Jorvik)

| shape-color6 = purple

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|53.9600498|-1.0827971}}

| mark-title6 = York

| label-pos6 = right

| label7 = Doncaster (Danum)

| shape-color7 = purple

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| mark-title7 = Doncaster

| label-pos7 = right

| label8 = Wakefield

| shape-color8 = purple

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| mark-title8 = Wakefield

| label9 = Ripon

| shape-color9 = purple

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York is considered to have been a city since time immemorial. The other cities were formally awarded city status by the monarch; in the cases of Ripon and Wakefield following the creation of new Church of England dioceses, and in the other cases following significant urban growth.{{cite book |title=City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002 |author=Beckett, John |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2017 |isbn=978-1351951265 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzErDwAAQBAJ |access-date=27 September 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815232836/https://books.google.com/books?id=dzErDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }} Middlesbrough is the largest built-up area in Yorkshire not to be a city. The largest built-up areas at the 2021 census were as follows:

{{Largest cities

| country = Yorkshire

| stat_ref = 2021 Census{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2257a/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|title=Figure 1: Explore population characteristics of individual BUAs|access-date=7 August 2021}}

| list_by_pop =

| kind = built-up areas

| div_name =

| div_link = Yorkshire{{!}}County

|city_1 = Leeds

|div_1 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_1 = 536,280

|img_1 = Park Row - Leeds.jpg

|city_2 = Sheffield

|div_2 = South Yorkshire{{!}}South

|pop_2 = 500,535

|img_2 = A view of Charles Street, from Pinstone Street, Sheffield - geograph.org.uk - 1236310.jpg

|city_3 = Bradford

|div_3 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_3 = 333,950

|img_3 = Woolexchangebradford.jpg

|city_4 = Kingston upon Hull

|div_4 = East Riding of Yorkshire{{!}}East

|pop_4 = 270,810

|img_4 = Weeping Window, Hull City of Culture 2017 P1140160.jpg

|city_5 = Middlesbrough

|div_5 = North Yorkshire{{!}}North

|pop_5 = 148,215

|city_6 = York

|div_6 = North Yorkshire{{!}}North

|pop_6 = 141,685

|city_7 = Huddersfield

|div_7 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_7 = 141,675

|city_8 = Wakefield

|div_8 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_8 = 97,870

|city_9 = Halifax, West Yorkshire{{!}}Halifax

|div_9 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_9 = 88,115

|city_10 = Doncaster

|div_10 = South Yorkshire{{!}}South

|pop_10 = 87,455

|city_11 = Rotherham

|div_11 = South Yorkshire{{!}}South

|pop_11 = 71,535

|city_12 = Harrogate

|div_12 = North Yorkshire{{!}}North

|pop_12 = 75,515

|city_13 = Barnsley

|div_13 = South Yorkshire{{!}}South

|pop_13 = 71,405

|city_14 = Dewsbury

|div_14 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_14 = 63,720

|city_15 = Scarborough, North Yorkshire{{!}}Scarborough

|div_15 = North Yorkshire{{!}}North

|pop_15 = 59,505

|city_16 = Keighley

|div_16 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_16 = 48,750

|city_17 = Castleford

|div_17 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_17 = 45,355

|city_18 = Batley

|div_18 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_18 = 44,500

|city_19 = Redcar

|div_19 = North Yorkshire{{!}}North

|pop_19 = 37,660

|city_20 = Pudsey

|div_20 = West Yorkshire{{!}}West

|pop_20 = 34,850

}}

{{further|History of local government in Yorkshire}}

There is no single Yorkshire-wide administrative body today. The area of the four ceremonial counties is administered by sixteen different local authorities, being nine metropolitan boroughs covering South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire and seven unitary authorities covering East Riding and North Yorkshire (one of which, Stockton-on-Tees, straddles the ceremonial boundary between North Yorkshire and County Durham).{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=9 March 2024}} Most of the authorities are grouped into combined authorities, each led by a directly elected mayor. The combined authorities for West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and Tees Valley are already operating. A new York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority was established in February 2024 with its first mayor due to be elected in May 2024, and proposals for establishing a combined authority covering Hull and East Riding are being considered.{{cite web |title=Hull and East Riding devolution proposal |url=https://www.heydevolution.com/ |access-date=9 March 2024}}

Administrative hierarchy covering the four ceremonial counties as at March 2024:

The areas from the historic county that are not covered by the four ceremonial counties are now administered as parts of County Durham, Westmorland and Furness, Lancashire and Greater Manchester.

{{further|Ridings of Yorkshire|Wapentakes of Yorkshire}}

File:Yorkshire Administrative Map 1832.png

Historically, Yorkshire was divided into three ridings. The term 'riding' is of Viking origin and derives from Threthingr (equivalent to third-ing). The three ridings in Yorkshire were named the East Riding, West Riding, and North Riding.{{cite web |url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/index.html |title=GENUKI: Yorkshire Genealogy |first=Colin |last=Hinson |work=genuki.org.uk |year=2011 |access-date=29 June 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629173734/http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/index.html |url-status=live }} Each riding was divided into smaller areas called wapentakes with more local functions. York was made a county corporate in 1396,{{cite book |title=A History of the County of York |date=1961 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=69–75 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp69-75 |access-date=18 February 2024}} as was Hull in 1440, making them independent from the ridings. York's corporate territory was enlarged in 1449 to also include an adjoining rural area known as the Ainsty.{{cite book |title=A History of the County of York |date=1961 |publisher=Victoria County History |location=London |pages=75–79 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/yorks/city-of-york/pp75-79 |access-date=18 February 2024}} Hull's corporate territory covered both the town and adjoining areas, which were sometimes together known as Hullshire.

The Sheriff of Yorkshire was the most senior official position within the county in the Middle Ages. In 1547 a separate post of Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire was created, taking some of the functions previously held by the sheriff. The single lieutenancy was split in 1660 into separate posts for the East Riding, North Riding and West Riding. For the purposes of lieutenancy, York was deemed part of the West Riding, and Hull was deemed part of the East Riding.{{cite book |title=The Statutes at Large |date=1798 |page=426 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Imy3W_M5mtIC&pg=PA426 |access-date=18 February 2024 |chapter=Milita Act 1796 (37 Geo. 3 c. 3)|publisher=M. Baskett }}{{cite book |title=Militia Act |date=1882 |page=21 |publisher=Sweet & Maxwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4pCAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA21 |access-date=18 February 2024}}

Elected county councils were established in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, taking over administrative functions previously performed by magistrates at the quarter sessions. The quarter sessions for Yorkshire were held separately for each riding.{{cite web |title=North Riding of Yorkshire Quarter Sessions |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/0b3b266f-d15c-499c-a4ac-5874771d2b3f |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=9 March 2024}} As such, three county councils were established rather than one for the whole county: East Riding County Council based in Beverley, North Riding County Council based in Northallerton, and West Riding County Council based in Wakefield. Each riding was classed as an administrative county, but provision was made that the entire county of Yorkshire should continue to be one county for the purposes of shrievalty, allowing the Sheriff of Yorkshire to continue to serve the whole county. Certain towns and cities were deemed large enough to provide their own county-level services and so they were made county boroughs, independent from the county councils. There were initially eight county boroughs in Yorkshire, being Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield, and York.Hampton, W., Local Government and Urban Politics, (1991) Other county boroughs were subsequently created at Rotherham (1902), Barnsley (1913), Dewsbury (1913), Wakefield (1915) and Doncaster (1927).

More significant reviews of local government began to be considered following the Local Government Act 1958. The North Eastern General Review was held from 1962 to 1963, and led to the creation of the County Borough of Teesside in 1968, which covered the abolished county borough of Middlesbrough and several neighbours, including Stockton-on-Tees and Billingham, which had been in County Durham.{{cite news |title=Commission See Tees-Side As County Borough 12 Local Authorities into One|newspaper=The Times |date=21 November 1963 |page=8 }} Teesside was deemed part of the North Riding for ceremonial purposes, although as a county borough it was independent from North Riding County Council.

Almost as soon as Teesside had been created work began on a far more significant overhaul of local government, culminating in the Local Government Act 1972, which took effect on 1 April 1974. The county boroughs and the administrative counties of the ridings were abolished, as were the lower tier municipal boroughs, urban districts and rural districts. A new set of counties and districts was put in place instead. Most of Yorkshire was split between North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Humberside and Cleveland. Some peripheral rural areas were transferred to other counties, notably the Startforth area which went to County Durham, the Sedbergh area which went to Cumbria, the Forest of Bowland area which went to Lancashire, and Saddleworth which went to Greater Manchester. Some of the changes were unpopular, particularly in Humberside.{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/local-government/local-government-structure/local-government-structure-$366613.htm |publisher=Politics.co.uk |title=Local Government Structure |access-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211094339/http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/local-government/local-government-structure/local-government-structure-%24366613.htm |archive-date=11 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}

In 1986 the county councils for the metropolitan counties of South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire were abolished, with the metropolitan boroughs in those counties taking over county-level functions.{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1985|year=1985|chapter=51|access-date=9 March 2024|mode=cs1}} Humberside and Cleveland were both abolished in 1996 with new unitary authorities established to cover those areas. At the same time York was enlarged and also made a unitary authority, independent from North Yorkshire County Council.HMSO, Aspects of Britain: Local Government, (1996) The current ceremonial county boundaries were adopted at the time of the 1996 reforms, with a new ceremonial county called East Riding of Yorkshire created covering the parts of the abolished Humberside north of the Humber, whilst the parts of Cleveland south of the River Tees were added to North Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes.

From the 1990s there were attempts to establish a regional tier of local government; a Yorkshire and the Humber region was designated in 1994, covering North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and Humberside. Between 1998 and 2009 there was a Yorkshire and Humber Assembly comprising members of the region's local authorities and other stakeholders. Since 2009 the region has been primarily used for presentation of statistics rather than administration.

In 2014 the first combined authorities started to be established in Yorkshire, with South Yorkshire (which initially branded itself the "Sheffield City Region") and West Yorkshire having Yorkshire's first combined authorities. In 2018, eighteen of the twenty-two local councils in the Yorkshire and Humber region voted to create instead a much larger combined authority, which they proposed calling "One Yorkshire" which would have covered the region except North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. The plan included provision for a directly elected mayor for the area, and the scheme's supporters estimated that it could create up to 200,000 jobs.{{cite web |last1=Services |first1=Web |title=One Yorkshire devolution |url=https://www.york.gov.uk/council/one-yorkshire-devolution/1 |website=City of York Council |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814052250/https://www.york.gov.uk/council/one-yorkshire-devolution/1 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Before we have Indyref 2, we need a vote on Yorkshire devolution |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/independent-yorkshire-devolution-north-england |website=prospectmagazine |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507061932/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/independent-yorkshire-devolution-north-england |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=One Yorkshire |url=https://oneyorkshire.org/ |website=One Yorkshire |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807211514/https://oneyorkshire.org/ |url-status=live }} The One Yorkshire proposal was ultimately rejected by the government in 2019, which preferred to continue with rolling out smaller combined authorities for parts of Yorkshire instead.{{cite news |title=Government rejects 'One Yorkshire' devolution deal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-47214592 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=BBC News |date=12 February 2019}}

The districts of North Yorkshire were abolished in 2023, with North Yorkshire County Council taking over their functions to become a unitary authority, and rebranding itself North Yorkshire Council.{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The North Yorkshire (Structural Changes) Order 2022|year=2022|number=328|access-date=9 March 2024|mode=cs1}}

File:Bridgewater Place from Call Lane.jpg in Leeds]]

The City of Leeds is Yorkshire's largest city and the leading centre of trade and commerce. Leeds is also one of the UK's larger financial centres. Leeds's traditional industries were mixed, service-based industries, textile manufacturing and coal mining being examples. Tourism is also significant and a growing sector in the city. In 2015, the value of tourism was in excess of £7 billion.

Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and Huddersfield once were centres of wool milling. Areas such as Bradford, Dewsbury and Keighley have suffered a decline in their economy since.

Sheffield once had heavy industries, such as coal mining and the steel industry. Since the decline of such industries Sheffield has attracted tertiary and administrative businesses including more retail trade, Meadowhall being an example.

Coal mining was extremely active in the south of the county during the 19th century and for most of the 20th century, particularly around Barnsley and Wakefield. As late as the 1970s, the number of miners working in the area was still in six figures.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/miners/miners_state_of_the_industry.shtml |title=BBC – Bradford and West Yorkshire – A Sense of Place – Coal mining in West Yorkshire: The end of an era |access-date=16 November 2011 |archive-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410225328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/sense_of_place/miners/miners_state_of_the_industry.shtml |url-status=live }} The industry was placed under threat on 6 March 1984 when the National Coal Board announced the closure of 20 pits nationwide (some of them in South Yorkshire). By March 2004, a mere three coalpits remained open in the area.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3514549.stm |title=Watching the pits disappear |work=BBC News |location=London |access-date=16 November 2011 |date=5 March 2004 |archive-date=16 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216012105/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3514549.stm |url-status=live }} Three years later, the only remaining coal pit in the region was Maltby Colliery near Rotherham.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6400421.stm |title=Jobs safeguarded as coal pit sold |work=BBC News |location=London |access-date=16 November 2011 |date=27 February 2007 |archive-date=3 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303172839/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/south_yorkshire/6400421.stm |url-status=live }} Maltby Colliery closed in 2013.{{cite news |date=6 April 2013 |title=Miners march to mark closure of Maltby Colliery |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-22051348 |access-date=13 June 2022}}

File:Shambles shopper 8686.jpg

North Yorkshire has an established tourist industry, supported by the presence of two national parks (Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors), Harrogate, York and Scarborough.

Tourism is a huge part of the economy of York with a value of over £765 million to the city and supporting 24,000 jobs in 2019.{{cite web|url=https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/York%20Tourism%20Recovery%20Marketing%20Strategy%20Webres%20(1).pdf|title=York Marketing Strategy 13 August 2020|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020093919/https://www.visityork.org/dbimgs/York%20Tourism%20Recovery%20Marketing%20Strategy%20Webres%20(1).pdf|url-status=dead}} Harrogate draws numerous visitors because of its conference facilities. In 2016 such events alone attracted 300,000 visitors to Harrogate.{{cite web|url=https://www.harrogateconventioncentre.co.uk/about/our-story|title=WE'VE BEEN EVOLVING FOR ALMOST TWO HUNDRED YEARS.|work=Convention Centre|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228125554/https://www.harrogateconventioncentre.co.uk/about/our-story|url-status=live}}

Kingston upon Hull is Yorkshire's largest port and has a large manufacturing base, its fishing industry has, however, declined somewhat in recent years. Businesses in Hull are Aunt Bessie's, Birds Eye, Seven Seas, Fenner, Rank Organisation, William Jackson Food Group, Reckitt and Sons, KCOM Group and SGS Europe.

File:Conference Centre, Harrogate, Yorkshire, England.jpg

Harrogate and Knaresborough both have small legal and financial sectors. Harrogate is a European conference and exhibition destination with both the Great Yorkshire Showground and Harrogate International Centre in the town. Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate is a notable company from Harrogate.

PD Ports owns and operates Teesport, between Middlesbrough and Redcar. The company also operates the Hull Container Terminal at the Port of Hull and owns a short river port in Howdendyke (near Howden).{{cite web| title = Our Locations| url = http://www.pdports.co.uk/en/our-locations/| access-date = 5 January 2013| work = www.pdports.co.uk| archive-date = 20 November 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121120141702/http://www.pdports.co.uk/en/our-locations/| url-status = live}}

Other businesses in the two counties are Plaxton (Scarborough), McCains (Scarborough), Ebuyer (Howden) and Skipton Building Society (Skipton).

Yorkshire has a large base of primary and secondary schools operated by both local authorities and private bodies, and a dozen universities, along with a wide range of colleges and further education facilities. Five universities are based in Leeds, two in Sheffield, two in York, and one each in Bradford, Hull, Middlesbrough and Huddersfield. The largest universities by enrolment are Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Leeds, each with over 31,000 students, followed by Leeds Beckett University, and the most recent to attain university status is the Leeds Arts University. There are also branches of institutions headquartered in other parts of England, such as the Open University and Britain's first for-profit university (since 2012), the University of Law. The tertiary sector is in active cooperation with industry, and a number of spin-off companies have been launched.

File:A1(M) and M62 interchange.jpg, West Yorkshire]]

The oldest road in Yorkshire, called the Great North Road, is now known as the A1.{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.org/motorway/a1nrccintro.htm |publisher=The Motorway Archive |title=Region: North East – Trunk Road A1 in the North Riding of Yorkshire |access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017013308/http://www.iht.org/motorway/a1nrccintro.htm |archive-date=17 October 2007|url-status=dead}} This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the main route from London to Edinburgh.{{cn|date=September 2024}} Another important road is the more easterly A19 road which starts in Doncaster and ends just north of Newcastle upon Tyne at Seaton Burn. The M62 motorway crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards Greater Manchester and Merseyside.{{cite web|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/2786.aspx|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|title=M62 Liverpool to Hull|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121171006/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/2786.aspx|archive-date=21 November 2008|url-status=dead}} The M1 carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999, about {{convert|8|mi|km}} was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1.{{cn|date=September 2024}} The East Coast Main Line rail link between London and Scotland runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the Trans Pennine rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds.{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=1437&parent_id=1183|publisher=Yorkshire Forward|title=East Coast Mainline Upgrade Could Create 2000 New Jobs|access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061111004250/http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=1437&parent_id=1183 |archive-date = 11 November 2006}}

Before the advent of rail transport, the seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, which is the longest canal in England. Mainland Europe (the Netherlands and Belgium) can be reached from Hull via regular ferry services from P&O Ferries.{{cite web|url=http://www.boozecruise.com/ferry_port/hull.asp|publisher=BoozeCruise.com|title=Hull Ferry Port Information|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=19 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819114546/http://www.boozecruise.com/ferry_port/hull.asp|url-status=bot: unknown}} Yorkshire also has air transport services from Leeds Bradford Airport. This airport has experienced significant and rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until the present day.{{cite web |url=http://www.airports-worldwide.com/uk/uk_leeds.html |publisher=Airports-Worldwide.com |title=Leeds Bradford International Airport |access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-date=14 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114102330/http://www.airports-worldwide.com/uk/uk_leeds.html |url-status=live }} From 2005 until 2022, South Yorkshire was served by Doncaster Sheffield Airport in Finningley.{{cite web |url=http://www.robinhoodairport.com/page_history_of_the_airport_5.html |publisher=RobinHoodAirport.com |title=History of the Airport |access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070723010136/http://www.robinhoodairport.com/page_history_of_the_airport_5.html |archive-date=23 July 2007 |url-status=dead}} Sheffield City Airport opened in 1997 after years of Sheffield having no airport, due to a council decision in the 1960s not to develop one because of the city's good rail links with London and the development of airports in other nearby areas. The newly opened airport never managed to compete with larger airports such as Leeds Bradford Airport and East Midlands Airport and attracted only a few scheduled flights, while the runway was too short to support low cost carriers. The opening of Doncaster Sheffield Airport effectively made the airport redundant and it officially closed in April 2008. The Doncaster Sheffield Airport has since closed and left South Yorkshire without an airport.

The average amount of time people spend on public transport in Yorkshire on a weekday is 77 minutes. 26.6% of public transport users travel for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 16 minutes, while 24.9% of passengers wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transport is 7 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.{{cite web|title=Yorkshire Public Transportation Statistics|publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_United_Kingdom_Yorkshire-2109|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=1 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901064032/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_United_Kingdom_Yorkshire-2109|url-status=live}} 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=16 October 2017 }}.

{{see also|York City Walls}}

Throughout Yorkshire many castles were built during the Norman-Breton period, particularly after the Harrying of the North. These included Bowes Castle, Pickering Castle, Richmond Castle, Skipton Castle, York Castle and others.{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/castles/index.htm|title=Castles in Yorkshire|publisher=Britain Express|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=16 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016030853/http://britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/castles/index.htm|url-status=live}} Later medieval castles at Helmsley, Middleham and Scarborough were built as a means of defence against the invading Scots.{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4694|title=About Yorkshire|publisher=English Heritage|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=3 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100203123536/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4694|url-status=live}} Middleham is notable because Richard III of England spent his childhood there. The remains of these castles, some being English Heritage sites, are popular tourist destinations.

File:England1 144.jpg]]

There are stately homes in Yorkshire that carry the name "castle" in a similar way to the non-distinctive use of chateau in French. The most notable examples are Allerton Castle and Castle Howard, both linked to the Howard family.{{cite web|url=http://www.northernlifestyle.com/pdf/northside/nside_aug06.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527221321/http://www.northernlifestyle.com/pdf/northside/nside_aug06.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2008|title=Northside, August 2006|publisher=NorthernLifestyle.com|access-date=24 October 2007}}
{{cite book | last =Saumarez Smith | first =Charles | title =The Building of Castle Howard | publisher =University of Chicago Press | year =1990 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxoU2x-vHDkC&q=howard+recusant+%22duke+of+norfolk%22&pg=PA10 | isbn =0-226-76403-6 | access-date =23 November 2020 | archive-date =17 August 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210817180249/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxoU2x-vHDkC&q=howard+recusant+%22duke+of+norfolk%22&pg=PA10 | url-status =live }}
{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/Castle_Howard.htm|title=Castle Howard|publisher=Britain Express|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=16 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016071633/http://britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/Castle_Howard.htm|url-status=live}} Castle Howard and the Earl of Harewood's residence, Harewood House, are included amongst the nine Treasure Houses of England.{{cite web|url=http://www.treasurehouses.co.uk|title=Welcome to The Treasure Houses of England|publisher=TreasureHouses.co.uk|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=18 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018044432/http://www.treasurehouses.co.uk/|url-status=live}}

Large estates with significant buildings were constructed at Brodsworth Hall, Temple Newsam, Wentworth Woodhouse (the largest fronted private home in Europe), and Wentworth Castle. There are properties which are conserved and managed by the National Trust, such as Nunnington Hall, Ormesby Hall, the Rievaulx Terrace & Temples and Studley Royal Park.{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-yorkshire_ne.htm|title=Yorkshire & the North East|publisher=National Trust|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022022645/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-yorkshire_ne.htm|archive-date=22 October 2007|url-status=dead}}

Buildings built for industry during the Victorian era are found throughout the region; West Yorkshire has various cotton mills, the Leeds Corn Exchange and the Halifax Piece Hall.{{cite web|url=http://www.thepiecehall.co.uk/|title=The Piece Hall – Halifax|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021131355/http://www.thepiecehall.co.uk/|url-status=live}}

File:County Hall and Bond Street (geograph 5830551).jpg]]

There are various buildings built for local authorities:

• Grade I listed; Leeds Town Hall, Sheffield Town Hall, Wakefield County Hall and York Guildhall
• Grade II* listed; Middlesbrough Town Hall, Leeds Civic Hall, Hull Guildhall, Hull City Hall and Sheffield City Hall.

File:St Georges Doncaster.jpg in Doncaster was built in 1858 and is Grade I listed]]

Religious architecture includes extant cathedrals as well as the ruins of monasteries and abbeys. Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII; these include Bolton Abbey, Fountains Abbey, Gisborough Priory, Rievaulx Abbey, St Mary's Abbey and Whitby Abbey among others.{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesman.co.uk/activities/minsters_abbeys.htm|title=Yorkshire Abbeys – Yorkshire Minsters – Yorkshire Cathedrals|publisher=Dalesman.co.uk|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=31 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831194027/http://www.dalesman.co.uk/activities/minsters_abbeys.htm|url-status=dead}} Notable religious buildings of historic origin still in use include York Minster, the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe, Beverley Minster, Bradford Cathedral, Rotherham Minster and Ripon Cathedral.

{{Main|Culture of Yorkshire}}

{{See also|Yorkshire dialect and accent}}

The culture of the people of Yorkshire is an accumulated product of a number of different civilisations who have influenced its history, including; the Celts (Brigantes and Parisii), Romans, Angles, Norse Vikings, and Normans amongst others.{{cite book |chapter=Northern Britons |first= Christopher A. |last=Snyder|title= The Britons |year= 2003 |pages= 198–224 |doi=10.1002/9780470758366.ch10|isbn= 9780470758366 }} The western part of the historic North Riding had an additional infusion of Breton culture due to the Honour of Richmond being occupied by Alain Le Roux, grandson of Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany.{{cite web |url=http://everything2.com/e2node/Earl%2520of%2520Richmond |publisher=Everything.com |title=Earl of Richmond |access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306192130/https://everything2.com/title/Earl%2520of%2520Richmond |url-status=live }} The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture, and it is sometimes suggested they identify more strongly with their county than they do with their country.{{cite web |url=http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=11797&speeches=1 |publisher=Conservatives.com |title=He's a shrewd, straight-talking Yorkshireman – not English, mind you, Yorkshire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617065152/http://conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=11797&speeches=1 |archive-date=17 June 2007 |access-date=7 May 2015}} Yorkshire people have their own Yorkshire dialects and accents and are, or rather were, known as Broad Yorkshire or Tykes, with its roots in Old English and Old Norse.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/voices2005/pete_2.shtml |title=Tyke: It's all the Vikings' fault (sort of) |access-date=14 February 2017 |last=Keane |first=Peter |work=BBC Bradford and West Yorkshire |publisher=BBC |archive-date=27 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327015740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/voices2005/pete_2.shtml |url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/voices2005/glossary/glossary.shtml |title=North Yorkshire > Voices > Glossary |author= |year=2015 |work=BBC News |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131140007/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/voices2005/glossary/glossary.shtml |url-status=live }}

The British Library provides a four minute long voice recording made in 1955, by a "female housekeeper", Miss Madge Dibnahon, on its web site and an example of the Yorkshire dialect used at that time, in an unstated location. "Much of her speech remains part of the local dialect to this day", according to the Library.{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/if-homes-had-ears/articles/technology-and-gender|title=Technology and gender|website=The British Library|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212121/https://www.bl.uk/if-homes-had-ears/articles/technology-and-gender|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/yorkshire-dialect-miss-dibnah-methods-for-baking|title=Yorkshire dialect: Miss Dibnah explains the different methods for baking white bread, brown bread and spice bread|website=The British Library|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209174951/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/yorkshire-dialect-miss-dibnah-methods-for-baking|url-status=live}} Due to the large size of Yorkshire, spoken dialects vary between areas. In fact, the dialect in North Yorkshire and Humberside/East Yorkshire is "quite different [than in West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire] and has a much stronger Scandinavian influence".{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkshiredialectsociety.org.uk/yorkshire-dialect-explanation/|title=Yorkshire dialect – an explanation|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184536/https://www.yorkshiredialectsociety.org.uk/yorkshire-dialect-explanation/|url-status=live}}

One report explains the geographic difference in detail:

This distinction was first recognised formally at the turn of the 19th / 20th centuries, when linguists drew an isophone diagonally across the county from the northwest to the southeast, separating these two broadly distinguishable ways of speaking. It can be extended westwards through Lancashire to the estuary of the River Lune, and is sometimes called the Humber-Lune Line. Strictly speaking, the dialects spoken south and west of this isophone are Midland dialects, whereas the dialects spoken north and east of it are truly Northern. It is possible that the Midland form moved up into the region with people gravitating towards the manufacturing districts of the West Riding during the Industrial Revolution.

Though distinct accents remain, dialect has declined heavily in everyday use. Some have argued the dialect was a fully fledged language in its own right.{{cite book |last=Kellett |first=Arnold |title=The Yorkshire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore |publisher=Smith Settle |date=January 1994 |isbn=1-85825-016-1}} The county has also produced a set of Yorkshire colloquialisms,{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Yorkshire-Dialect/ |title=Yorkshire Dialect |last=Castelow |first=Ellen |date=21 April 2016 |website=Historic UK |access-date=14 February 2017 |quote=Nah then,'ow do? – Nobbut middlin'. |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215195546/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/Yorkshire-Dialect/ |url-status=live }} which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's traditions is the Long Sword dance. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at ("On Ilkley Moor without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.{{cite web|url=http://www.dksnakes.co.uk/national_anthem.htm |publisher=DKSnakes.co.uk |title=The National Anthem of Yorkshire 'God's own county' |access-date=24 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065527/http://www.dksnakes.co.uk/national_anthem.htm|archive-date=12 September 2007|url-status=dead}}

File:Painting of Brontë sisters.png

Although the first Professor of English Literature at Leeds University, F. W. Moorman, claimed the first extant work of English literature, Beowulf, was written in Yorkshire,{{cite book |first=F. W. |last=Moorman |chapter=English Place Names and the Teutonic Sagas |editor-first=Oliver |editor-last=Elton |title=English Association Essays and Studies |volume=5 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |date=1914 |page=75f}} this view does not have common acceptance today. However, when Yorkshire formed the southern part of the kingdom of Northumbria there were several notable poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, including Alcuin, Cædmon and Wilfrid.{{cite web|url=http://www.whitby-yorkshire.co.uk/abbey/abbey.htm|publisher=Whitby-Abbey.co.uk|title=Whitby Abbey|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=31 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031093633/http://www.whitby-yorkshire.co.uk/abbey/abbey.htm|url-status=live}} The most esteemed literary family from the county are the three Brontë sisters, with part of the county around Haworth being nicknamed Brontë Country in their honour.{{cite web|url=http://www.brontefamily.org/history.html|publisher=BronteFamily.org|title=Biography of Family|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=28 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228225658/http://www.brontefamily.org/history.html|url-status=live}} Their novels, written in the mid-19th century, caused a sensation when they were first published, yet were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature.{{cite web|url=http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lit/history.htm|publisher=UniversalTeacher.org.uk|title=A brief history of English literature|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315154021/http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lit/history.htm|url-status=dead}} Among the most celebrated novels written by the sisters are Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights. Wuthering Heights was almost a source used to depict life in Yorkshire, illustrating the type of people that reside there in its characters, and emphasising the use of the stormy Yorkshire moors. Nowadays, the parsonage which was their former home is now a museum in their honour.{{cite web|url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/VenueListing.aspx?venue=5646|title=Bronte Parsonage events and listings|publisher=digyorkshire.com|access-date=18 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228060000/http://www.digyorkshire.com/VenueListing.aspx?venue=5646|archive-date=28 February 2010|url-status=dead}} Bram Stoker authored Dracula while living in Whitby{{cite web|url=http://www.dracula-in-whitby.com/bram-stoker.html|publisher=Dracula-in-Whitby.com|title=Bram Stoker and Whitby|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028103605/http://www.dracula-in-whitby.com/bram-stoker.html|archive-date=28 October 2007|url-status=usurped}} and it includes several elements of local folklore including the beaching of the Russian ship Dmitri, which became the basis of Demeter in the book.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/07/21/coast05walks_stagesix.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Coast: Point 6 – Stoker|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=3 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203210204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/07/21/coast05walks_stagesix.shtml|url-status=live}}

The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued into the 20th and 21st centuries, with authors such as J. B. Priestley,{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpriestley.htm|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk|title=J. B. Priestley|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514055015/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpriestley.htm|archive-date=14 May 2011|url-status=dead}} Alan Bennett, Stan Barstow, Dame Margaret Drabble, Winifred Holtby (South Riding, The Crowded Street), A. S. Byatt, Joanne Harris, Barbara Taylor Bradford,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/oct/13/books.britishidentity|newspaper=The Guardian|title=The 50 greatest Yorkshire people?|access-date=25 October 2007|location=London|first=Martin|last=Wainwright|date=19 October 2005|archive-date=27 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827200607/http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1590846,00.html|url-status=live}} Marina Lewycka and Sunjeev Sahota being prominent examples. Taylor Bradford is noted for A Woman of Substance which was one of the top-ten best selling novels in history.{{cite web|url=http://thebookshow.skyarts.co.uk/authors/5394/barbara_taylorbradford.html|publisher=The Book Show|title=Barbara Taylor-Bradford: The best-selling author on the latest in the Ravenscar saga|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115075552/http://thebookshow.skyarts.co.uk/authors/5394/barbara_taylorbradford.html|archive-date=15 November 2007|url-status=dead}} Another well-known author was children's writer Arthur Ransome, who penned the Swallows and Amazons series. James Herriot, the best selling author of over 60 million copies of books about his experiences of some 50 years as a veterinarian in Thirsk, North Yorkshire, the town which he refers to as Darrowby in his books{{cite web|url=http://www.hello-yorkshire.co.uk/thirsk/tourist-information|publisher=Hello Yorkshire|title=Thirsk Tourist Information|access-date=8 June 2009|archive-date=28 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128004603/http://www.hello-yorkshire.co.uk/thirsk/tourist-information|url-status=live}} (although born in Sunderland), has been admired for his easy reading style and interesting characters.{{cite news | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DF1238F937A15751C0A963958260 | work=The New York Times | title=James Herriot, 78, writer, Dies; Animal Stories Charmed People | date=24 February 1995 | access-date=6 April 2010 | first=Mary B. W. | last=Tabor | archive-date=6 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306192128/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/24/obituaries/james-herriot-78-writer-dies-animal-stories-charmed-people.html | url-status=live }}

Poets include Ted Hughes, W. H. Auden, William Empson, Simon Armitage, David Miedzianik and Andrew Marvell.{{cite web|url=http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/marvbio.htm|publisher=Luminarium.org|title=The Life of Andrew Marvell (1621–1678)|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=4 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904021446/http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/marvbio.htm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/marvel05.html|publisher=TheOtherPages.org|title=Poets' Corner – Andrew Marvell – Selected Works IV|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=12 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212151201/http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/marvel05.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.simonarmitage.com/biography.html|title=Simon Armitage Biography|access-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113034616/http://www.simonarmitage.com/biography.html|archive-date=13 January 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://freespace.virgin.net/david.mied/|title=The Poetry of David Miedzianik|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010083520/http://freespace.virgin.net/david.mied/|archive-date=10 October 2006|url-status=dead}}

Three well known sculptors emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth, and Leeds-raised land artist Andy Goldsworthy. Some of their works are available for public viewing at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park.{{cite web|url=http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/outandabout/yorkshire-sculpture/yorkshire-sculpture-park.asp|publisher=Haworth-Village.org.uk|title=Visiting Yorkshire Sculpture Park – Bretton Hall|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=13 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013214316/http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/outandabout/yorkshire-sculpture/yorkshire-sculpture-park.asp|url-status=live}} There are several art galleries in Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as Ferens Art Gallery, Leeds Art Gallery, Millennium Galleries and York Art Gallery.{{cite web|url=http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/art-galleries/|publisher=My-Yorkshire.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Art Galleries|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716030005/http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/art-galleries/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/Venues.aspx?Menu=2465|title=List of art galleries in Yorkshire|publisher=digyorkshire.com|access-date=18 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805172413/http://www.digyorkshire.com/Venues.aspx?Menu=2465|archive-date=5 August 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.redraggallery.co.uk/counties/Yorkshire-art-galleries.asp|publisher=RedRagGallery.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Art Gallery and Galleries|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=12 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012234801/http://www.redraggallery.co.uk/counties/Yorkshire-art-galleries.asp|url-status=live}} Some of the better known local painters are William Etty and David Hockney;{{cite web|url=http://www.artchive.com/artchive/H/hockney.html|publisher=Artchive.com|title=David Hockney|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=20 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020030026/http://www.artchive.com/artchive/H/hockney.html|url-status=live}} many works by the latter are housed at Salts Mill 1853 Gallery in Saltaire.{{cite web|url=http://www.visitbradford.com/thedms-search.asp?dms=13&campaign=0&feature=1&venue=1580799&easi=true|title=1853 Gallery|work=Visit Bradford|access-date=28 May 2008|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717221908/http://www.visitbradford.com/thedms-search.asp?dms=13&campaign=0&feature=1&venue=1580799&easi=true|url-status=live}}

File:Sunday roast-02.jpg.]]

The traditional cuisine of Yorkshire, in common with the North of England in general, is known for using rich-tasting ingredients, especially with regard to sweet dishes, which were affordable for the majority of people.{{cite book |publisher=Amanda Persey|title=Favourite Yorkshire Recipes|id={{ASIN|1898435111|country=uk}}}} There are several dishes which originated in Yorkshire or are heavily associated with it. Yorkshire pudding, a savoury batter dish, is by far the best known of Yorkshire foods, and is eaten throughout England. It is commonly served with roast beef and vegetables to form part of the Sunday roast but is traditionally served as a starter dish filled with onion gravy within Yorkshire.{{cite web|url=http://www.inpursuitofperfection.net/uncategorized/the-ultimate-yorkshire-pudding-recipe|publisher=inpursuitofperfection|title=The Ultimate Yorkshire Pudding recipe|access-date=7 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223062513/http://www.inpursuitofperfection.net/uncategorized/the-ultimate-yorkshire-pudding-recipe|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead}} Yorkshire pudding is the base for toad in the hole, a dish containing sausage.{{cite web|url=http://britishfood.about.com/od/regionalenglishrecipes/r/toadinhole.htm|publisher=about.com|title=Individual Toad in the Hole Recipe|access-date=7 August 2012|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118161351/http://britishfood.about.com/od/regionalenglishrecipes/r/toadinhole.htm|url-status=live}}

Other foods associated with the county include Yorkshire curd tart, a curd tart recipe with rosewater;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/yorkshire_curd_tart_23874|publisher=BBC|title=Yorkshire curd tart|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231032109/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/yorkshire_curd_tart_23874|url-status=live}} parkin, a sweet ginger cake which is different from standard ginger cakes in that it includes oatmeal and treacle;{{cite web |url=http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html|publisher=AboutFood.com|title= Right good food from the Ridings|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607194557/http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html |archive-date = 7 June 2007}} and Wensleydale cheese, a cheese made with milk from Wensleydale and often eaten as an accompaniment to sweet foods.{{cite web|url=http://www.wensleydale.org/pick-of-the-dales/selected.asp?ID=6 |publisher=Wensleydale.org |title=Yorkshire Recipes: Ginger Beer |access-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009023533/http://www.wensleydale.org/pick-of-the-dales/selected.asp?ID=6 |archive-date=9 October 2007 }} The beverage ginger beer, flavoured with ginger, came from Yorkshire and has existed since the mid-18th century. Liquorice sweet was first created by George Dunhill from Pontefract, who in the 1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar.{{cite web|url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/Documents/culture-museums/museums/liquorice-in-pontefract.pdf|publisher=Wakefield Council|title=Liquorice in Pontefract|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205121530/http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/Documents/culture-museums/museums/liquorice-in-pontefract.pdf|url-status=live}} Yorkshire and in particular the city of York played a prominent role in the confectionery industry, with chocolate factories owned by companies such as Rowntree's, Terry's and Thorntons inventing many of Britain's most popular sweets.{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/localnews/Safeguard-for-chocolate-heritage-.3217104.jp |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509195406/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/around-yorkshire/local-stories/safeguard_for_chocolate_heritage_1_2470358|archive-date=2012-05-09|newspaper=Yorkshire Post|title=Safeguard for chocolate heritage|date=20 September 2007| access-date=25 October 2007}}{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/media/factsheets/Chocolate.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Chocolate is to York what mustard is to Norwich|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131165503/http://www.visityork.org/media/factsheets/Chocolate.asp|archive-date=31 January 2008|url-status=dead}} Another traditional Yorkshire food is pikelets, which are similar to crumpets but much thinner.{{cite web|url=http://www.seymour-recipes.com/recipes/Bread/breadmachine/Yorkshire_pikelets.htm|publisher=Seymour-Recipes.com|title=Yorkshire Pikelets|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112003627/http://www.seymour-recipes.com/recipes/Bread/breadmachine/Yorkshire_pikelets.htm|archive-date=12 January 2009|url-status=dead}} The Rhubarb Triangle is a location within Yorkshire which supplies most of the rhubarb to locals.

In recent years curries have become popular in the county, largely due to the immigration and successful integration of Asian families. There are many famous curry empires with their origins in Yorkshire, including the 850-seater Aakash restaurant in Cleckheaton, which has been described as "the world's largest curry house".{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/New-owner-for-world39s-largest.1833967.jp|title=New owner for world's largest curry house|last=Roberts|first=John|date=20 October 2006|work=Yorkshire Post|access-date=22 March 2009}}

{{see also|List of breweries in England}}

Yorkshire has a number of breweries including Black Sheep, Copper Dragon, Cropton Brewery, John Smith's, Samuel Smith Old Brewery, Kelham Island Brewery, Theakstons, Timothy Taylor, Wharfedale Brewery, Harrogate Brewery and Leeds Brewery.{{cite web

|url=http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/county/S59

|title=Breweries in the Historic County of Yorkshire

|publisher=quaffale.org.uk

|access-date=3 May 2009

|archive-date=23 November 2008

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123042851/http://www.quaffale.org.uk/php/county/S59

|url-status=live

}}

{{cite web

|url=http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/about/

|title=About Leeds Brewery

|publisher=leedsbrewery.co.uk

|access-date=7 August 2012

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723124905/http://www.leedsbrewery.co.uk/about/

|archive-date=23 July 2012 }}

The beer style most associated with the county is bitter.{{cite web

|url=http://www.sallyhoward.net/article.php?id=24&category=food

|title=Yorkshire Beer Guide – Sally Howard freelance writer

|publisher=sallyhoward.net

|access-date=3 May 2009

|archive-date=24 July 2011

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724052705/http://www.sallyhoward.net/article.php?id=24&category=food

|url-status=live

}} As elsewhere in the North of England, when served through a handpump, a sparkler is used giving a tighter, more solid head.

{{cite web

|url=http://www.roosters.co.uk/faq.htm

|title=Roosters brewery – Frequently asked questions

|publisher=roosters.co.uk

|access-date=3 May 2009

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080612055702/http://www.roosters.co.uk/faq.htm |archive-date = 12 June 2008}}

Brewing has taken place on a large scale since at least the 12th century, for example at the now derelict Fountains Abbey which at its height produced 60 barrels of strong ale every ten days.{{cite web |url=http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/st-albans-abbey-beer.htm |title=beer, by holy orders – St Albans Ale |publisher=Beer-pages.com |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716000300/http://www.beer-pages.com/protz/features/st-albans-abbey-beer.htm |url-status=dead }} Most current Yorkshire breweries date from the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th century.

File:Kate Rusby live.jpg on stage in 2005]]

Yorkshire has a heritage of folk music and folk dance including the Long Sword dance.{{cite book|first=C. J. |last=Sharp|title=Sword Dances of Northern England Together with the Horn Dance of Abbots Bromley |publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year= 2003}} Yorkshire folk song was distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song 'On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at', probably written in the late 19th century, using a Kent folk tune (almost certainly borrowed via a Methodist hymnal),{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem.{{cite book|first=A. |last=Kellett |title=On Ilkla Mooar baht 'at: the Story of the Song|publisher=Smith Settle|year= 1988}} Famous folk performers from the county include the Watersons from Hull, who began recording Yorkshire versions of folk songs from 1965;{{cite book|first=R. |last=Nidel |title=World Music: The Basics|url=https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0 |url-access=registration |location= London|publisher= Routledge|year= 2005|page= [https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/90 90]}} Heather Wood (born 1945) of the Young Tradition; the short-lived electric folk group Mr Fox (1970–72), the Deighton Family; Julie Matthews; Kathryn Roberts; and Kate Rusby. Yorkshire has a flourishing folk music culture, with over forty folk clubs and thirty annual folk music festivals.{{cite web|work=Folk and Roots' |url=http://www.folkandroots.co.uk/Venues_Yorkshire.html |title=Yorkshire based Artists and Groups |access-date=15 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209201537/http://www.folkandroots.co.uk/Venues_Yorkshire.html |archive-date=9 February 2013 }} The 1982 Eurovision Song Contest was held in the Harrogate International Centre. In 2007 the Yorkshire Garland Group was formed to make Yorkshire folk songs accessible online and in schools.{{cite news|title=Folk songs of traditional Yorkshire to be celebrated on group's heritage website|work=Yorkshire Post|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/video/Folk-songs-of-traditional-Yorkshire.3166419.jp|date=1 September 2007|access-date=12 February 2009|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132926/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/video/Folk-songs-of-traditional-Yorkshire.3166419.jp|url-status=live}}

In the field of classical music, Yorkshire has produced some major and minor composers, including Frederick Delius, George Dyson, Philip Wilby, Edward Bairstow, William Baines, Kenneth Leighton, Bernadette Farrell, Eric Fenby, Anne Quigley, Haydn Wood, Arthur Wood, Arnold Cooke, Gavin Bryars, John Casken, and in the area of TV, film and radio music, John Barry and Wally Stott. Opera North is based at the Grand Theatre, Leeds. Leeds is also home to the Leeds International Piano Competition. The Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival takes place annually in November. Huddersfield Choral Society is one of the UK's most celebrated amateur choirs.{{cite web |url=https://yorkshireawards.org/winner/huddersfield-choral-society/ |title=Huddersfield Choral Society |publisher=Yorkshire Awards |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153642/https://yorkshireawards.org/winner/huddersfield-choral-society/ |url-status=usurped }} The National Centre for Early Music is located in York.

The county is home to successful brass bands such as Black Dyke, Brighouse & Rastrick, Carlton Main Frickley, Hammonds Saltaire, and Yorkshire Imperial.

File:Arctic Monkeys Orange RF07.jpg performing on Orange stage at Roskilde Festival in 2007]]

During the 1970s David Bowie, himself of a father from Doncaster in the West Riding of Yorkshire,{{cite episode|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0670006/|title=Episode for 29 November 2003|series=Parkinson|access-date=29 November 2003|archive-date=25 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325142233/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0670006/|url-status=live}} hired three musicians from Hull: Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick Woodmansey; together they recorded Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, an album considered by a magazine article as one of a 100 greatest and most influential of all time.{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/2006/100albums/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201085911/http://www.time.com/time/2006/100albums/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2006|magazine=Time|title=The All-TIME 100 Albums|access-date=25 October 2007|date=2 November 2006}} In the following decade, Def Leppard, from Sheffield, achieved worldwide fame, particularly in America. Their 1983 album Pyromania and 1987 album Hysteria sold 12 and 25 million copies respectively.{{Cite web |title=DEF LEPPARD album sales |url=https://bestsellingalbums.org/artist/3138 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=BestSellingAlbums.org |language=en-US}} Yorkshire had a very strong post-punk scene which went on to achieve widespread acclaim and success, including: the Sisters of Mercy, the Cult, Vardis, Gang of Four, ABC, the Human League, New Model Army, Soft Cell, Chumbawamba, the Wedding Present and the Mission.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/music/raw_talent/gods/2004.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Will the gods come from Leeds?|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=3 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050503232237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/music/raw_talent/gods/2004.shtml|url-status=dead}} Pulp from Sheffield had a massive hit in "Common People" during 1995; the song focuses on working-class northern life.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/commonpeople.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=Common People|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=11 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911215356/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/commonpeople.shtml|url-status=live}} In the 21st century, indie rock and post-punk revival bands from the area gained popularity, including the Kaiser Chiefs, the Cribs and the Arctic Monkeys, the last-named holding the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not.{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5315452.stm|title=Arctic Monkeys win Mercury Prize|access-date=25 October 2007|date=5 September 2006|archive-date=6 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906221402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5315452.stm|url-status=live}}

Influenced by the local post punk scene, but also by national and international extreme metal acts such as Celtic Frost, Candlemass, and Morbid Angel, Yorkshire-based bands Paradise Lost and My Dying Bride laid the foundations of what would become the Gothic Metal genre in the early to mid-1990s.{{cite web|url=https://knotfest.com/grim-northern-misery-how-paradise-lost-and-my-dying-bride-took-british-gothic-metal-mainstream/|title=Grim Northern Misery: How Paradise Lost and My Dying Bride took British gothic metal mainstream|date=23 December 2020|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126190500/https://knotfest.com/grim-northern-misery-how-paradise-lost-and-my-dying-bride-took-british-gothic-metal-mainstream/|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVgpY4awcys| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/VVgpY4awcys| archive-date=28 October 2021|title=OVER THE MADNESS (2007) – A DIRAN NOUBAR FILM| date=24 August 2018|via=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}

Among prominent British television shows filmed in (and based on) Yorkshire are the soap opera Emmerdale and the sitcom Last of the Summer Wine; the latter in particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world, from 1973 until 2010.{{cite web|url=http://www.summer-wine.com/story.htm |publisher=Summer-Wine.com |title=Summer Wine – The Story |access-date=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501132716/http://www.summer-wine.com/story.htm |archive-date=1 May 2008 }} Other notable television series set in Yorkshire include Downton Abbey, All Creatures Great and Small, The Beiderbecke Trilogy, Rising Damp, Open All Hours, Band Of Gold, Dalziel and Pascoe, Fat Friends, Heartbeat, The Syndicate, No Angels, Drifters and The Royal. During the first three series of the sitcom The New Statesman, Alan B'Stard represented as MP the fictional constituency of Haltenprice in North Yorkshire.

Yorkshire has remained a popular location for filming in more recent times.{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirenet.co.uk/yorkshire-attractions/film-and-tv/ |title=Yorkshire on Film and TV |author= |year=2016 |website=Yorkshire Net |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-date=8 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208221327/http://www.yorkshirenet.co.uk/yorkshire-attractions/film-and-tv/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.theknowledgeonline.com/the-knowledge-bulletin/post/2016/02/10/yorkshire-wins-new-funding-to-grow-as-film-hub |title=Yorkshire wins funding to grow film hub |last=Daniels |first=Nia |date=2 October 2016 |website=The Knowledge Online |publisher=Media Business Insight Limited |access-date=10 February 2017 |quote=Yorkshire has been announced by the BFI as the winner of National Lottery funding, aimed at encouraging emerging screen sector hubs |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080026/http://www.theknowledgeonline.com/the-knowledge-bulletin/post/2016/02/10/yorkshire-wins-new-funding-to-grow-as-film-hub |url-status=live }} For example, much of ITV's highly acclaimed Victoria was filmed in the region, at locations such as Harewood House in Leeds and Beverley Minster (the latter being used to depict Westminster Abbey and St James' Palace),{{cite news |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/tvfilm/victoria-itv-cast-locations-and-four-other-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-period-drama-a3330801.html |title=Victoria, ITV: cast, locations, and four other things you need to know about the period drama |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=28 August 2016 |work=London Evening Standard |access-date=10 February 2017 |quote=It was mostly filmed in Yorkshire. Recreating the opulence of royalty was achieved by a mix of locations and studio shoots. |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081357/http://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/tvfilm/victoria-itv-cast-locations-and-four-other-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-period-drama-a3330801.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Sherelle |author-link=Sherelle Jacobs |date=6 October 2016 |title=Victoria: filming locations in Yorkshire and where to stay |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/hotels/articles/victoria-itv-drama-filming-locations-and-where-to-stay/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/hotels/articles/victoria-itv-drama-filming-locations-and-where-to-stay/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=10 February 2017}}{{cbignore}} whilst Channel 5 has programmed numerous Yorkshire-themed documentary series such as Our Yorkshire Farm and The Yorkshire Steam Railway: All Aboard across its schedule.{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/oct/01/yorkshire-lockdown-gold-all-creatures-great-and-small-channel-5-tv-our-farm|title=Yorkshire, Yorkshire, everywhere! How Channel 5 scored lockdown viewing gold|date=1 October 2020|first=Julian |last=Coman|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021133539/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/oct/01/yorkshire-lockdown-gold-all-creatures-great-and-small-channel-5-tv-our-farm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nymr.co.uk/pages/category/the-yorkshire-steam-railway-all-aboard-season-3|title=The Yorkshire Steam Railway: All Aboard: Season 3|date=20 February 2020 |publisher=North York Moors Historical Railway Trust – NYMR|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216145456/https://www.nymr.co.uk/pages/category/the-yorkshire-steam-railway-all-aboard-season-3|url-status=live}}

West Yorkshire has particularly benefited from a great deal of production activity.{{cite web |url=http://www.northlightfilmstudios.co.uk/productions-at-north-light-film-studios/ |title=Productions at North Light Film Studios |author= |year=2017 |website=North Light Film Studios |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075224/http://www.northlightfilmstudios.co.uk/productions-at-north-light-film-studios/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |author= |title=Film & TV |url=http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/film-tv |newspaper=Examiner |location=Huddersfield |date=29 October 2016 |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114171919/http://www.examiner.co.uk/whats-on/film-tv/ |url-status=live }} For example, portions of the BBC television series Happy Valley and Last Tango in Halifax were filmed in the area, in Huddersfield and other cities; in addition to exteriors, some of the studio filming for Happy Valley was done at North Light Film Studios at Brookes Mill, Huddersfield. Although set in the fictional town of Denton, popular ITV detective series A Touch Of Frost was filmed in Yorkshire, mainly in and around Leeds. The BBC's Jamaica Inn and Remember Me and the ITV series Black Work were also filmed at the studios and in nearby West Yorkshire locations.{{cite news |last=Ballinger |first=Lauren |date=5 December 2014 |title=North Light Film Studios – Remember Me filming locations |url=http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/north-light-film-studios---8234505 |newspaper=Examiner |location=Huddersfield |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080248/http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/north-light-film-studios---8234505 |url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/nov/03/sally-wainwright-last-tango-halifax | title=Sally Wainwright: not the same old | work=The Guardian | date=3 November 2013 | access-date=19 January 2014 | last=Rees | first=Caroline | archive-date=3 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203112658/http://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/nov/03/sally-wainwright-last-tango-halifax | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-12-11/last-tango-in-halifax-actress-sarah-lancashire-begins-shooting-new-crime-drama-in-yorkshire | title=Last Tango in Halifax actress Sarah Lancashire begins shooting new crime drama in Yorkshire | work=Radio Times | date=11 December 2013 | access-date=19 January 2014 | last=Bremner | first=Jade | archive-date=9 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209012415/http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2013-12-11/last-tango-in-halifax-actress-sarah-lancashire-begins-shooting-new-crime-drama-in-yorkshire | url-status=dead }}{{cite news | url=http://www.creativeengland.co.uk/index.php/2014/creative-england-provides-filming-location-and-crew-support-to-new-bbc-drama-happy-valley-when-filming-in-yorkshire/ | title=Creative England provides filming location and crew support to new BBC drama Happy Valley when filming in Yorkshire | work=Creative England | date=29 April 2014 | access-date=12 June 2014 | archive-date=30 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530113921/http://www.creativeengland.co.uk/index.php/2014/creative-england-provides-filming-location-and-crew-support-to-new-bbc-drama-happy-valley-when-filming-in-yorkshire/ | url-status=dead }} More recently, many of the exteriors of the BBC series Jericho were filmed at the nearby Rockingstone Quarry, and some interior work was done at North Light Film Studios.{{cite news |last=Gildea |first=Samantha |date=1 February 2016 |title=Jericho filming locations |url=http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/tv/jericho-filming-locations-take-video-10706918 |newspaper=Examiner |location=Huddersfield |access-date=10 February 2017 |archive-date=16 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116054954/http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/tv/jericho-filming-locations-take-video-10706918 |url-status=live }}

Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including Kes, This Sporting Life, Room at the Top, Brassed Off, Mischief Night, Rita, Sue and Bob Too, The Damned United, Four Lions, God's Own Country and Calendar Girls. The Full Monty, a comedy film set in Sheffield, won an Academy Award and was voted the second-best British film of all time by Asian News International.{{cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070724/139/6iho5.html|publisher=Yahoo!|title=Monty Python's 'Life of Brian' tops Best British Movie list|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080105090427/http://in.news.yahoo.com/070724/139/6iho5.html |archive-date = 5 January 2008}}

Yorkshire has a long tradition in the field of sports, with participation in cricket, football, rugby league and horse racing being the most established sporting ventures.{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/football/Yorkshire-clubs-aim-to-cash.4048332.jp|work=Yorkshire Post|title=Yorkshire clubs aim to cash in on jackpot|access-date=3 October 2008|date=3 October 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirerugbyleague.co.uk/newsfront.aspx?sectionid=2270|publisher=YorkshireRugbyLeague.co.uk |title=Rugby League in Yorkshire |access-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822131613/http://www.yorkshirerugbyleague.co.uk/newsfront.aspx?sectionid=2270|archive-date=22 August 2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/cricket/yorkshire.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=Yorkshire County Cricket Club|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=27 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127035102/http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/cricket/yorkshire.php|url-status=live}}{{cite book | last=Ellerington | first=Alison | title=The Kiplingcotes Derby | publisher=Hyperion Books | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-948929-32-8 }}

Yorkshire County Cricket Club represents the historic county in the domestic first class cricket County Championship; with a total of 33 championship titles (including one shared), 13 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club. Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game were born in the county, amongst them:{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesview.fsnet.co.uk/cricket/|publisher=Dalesview.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Win County Championship|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421081836/http://www.dalesview.fsnet.co.uk/cricket/ |archive-date=21 April 2006}}

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}

• Geoffrey Boycott
• Brian Close
• George Hirst
• Len Hutton
• Stanley Jackson
• Ray Illingworth
• Wilfred Rhodes
• Jonny Bairstow
• Joe Root
• Herbert Sutcliffe
• Fred Trueman
• Hedley Verity

{{colend}}

File:Richmondshire Cricket Ground, Richmond - geograph.org.uk - 358586.jpg

The four ECB Premier Leagues in the county are: Bradford, North-Yorkshire-&-South-Durham, Yorkshire North and Yorkshire South. The league winners qualify to take part in a yearly Yorkshire Championship, the highest NYSD club based in Yorkshire qualifies if a Durham side wins.{{cite web |url=https://yccc.production.parallax.dev/news/view/4212/www.tetleysbeer.co.uk |title=ECB Yorkshire Premier League restructure |access-date=30 March 2021 |publisher=yccc.production.parallax.dev |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205845/https://yccc.production.parallax.dev/news/view/4212/www.tetleysbeer.co.uk |url-status=live }}

{{see also|Football in Yorkshire}}

File:Original laws of the game 1863.jpg' drafted for and on behalf of The Football Association by Ebenezer Cobb Morley in 1863]]

Football clubs founded in Yorkshire include, four of which have been league champions:

{{colbegin|colwidth=18em}}

• Barnsley
• Bradford City
• Doncaster Rovers
• Halifax Town
• Harrogate Town
• Huddersfield Town
• Hull City
• Leeds United
• Middlesbrough
• Rotherham United
• Sheffield United
• Sheffield Wednesday
• York City

{{colend}}

Yorkshire is officially recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football,{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033006/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2007|publisher=FIFA|title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history|access-date=25 October 2007}}{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/insidefifa/news/newsid=622007.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027072353/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/insidefifa/news/newsid=622007.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2007|publisher=FIFA|title=FIFA marks Sheffield FC's anniversary|access-date=25 October 2007}} as Sheffield FC founded in 1857 are certified as the oldest association football club in the world.{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffieldfc.com/famous_sons.htm |publisher=SheffieldFC.com |title=Famous sons and daughters |access-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210342/http://www.sheffieldfc.com/famous_sons.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} The world's first inter-club match and local derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground Sandygate Road.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/students/a_z/index.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=The Ultimate A-Z of Sheffield|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220051324/http://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/students/a_z/index.shtml |archive-date=20 February 2007}} The Laws of the Game, used worldwide, were drafted by Ebenezer Cobb Morley from Hull.{{cite book | last=Harvey | first=Adrian | title=Football, the First Hundred Years: The Untold Story of the People's Game | publisher=Routledge | date=January 2005 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC&q=26+december+1860+sheffield+hallam&pg=PA102 | isbn=0-415-35018-2 | access-date=23 November 2020 | archive-date=16 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816223956/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC&q=26+december+1860+sheffield+hallam&pg=PA102 | url-status=live }}

Huddersfield were the first club to win three consecutive league titles.{{cite web|url=http://history-timeline.deepthi.com/sports-history-timeline/sports-timeline-1921-1930.html|title=World Sports History Timeline 1921–1930|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=26 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526054659/http://history-timeline.deepthi.com/sports-history-timeline/sports-timeline-1921-1930.html|url-status=live}} Leeds United reached the 2001 UEFA Champions League semi-finals and had a dominance period in the 1970s. Sheffield Wednesday who have had similar spells of dominance, such as the early 1990s. Middlesbrough won the 2004 League Cup and reach the 2006 UEFA Cup Final.{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm | work=BBC News | title=Boro lift Carling Cup | date=29 February 2004 | access-date=6 April 2010 | archive-date=9 May 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509184258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/league_cup/3507795.stm | url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/history/season=2005/intro.html |title=UEFA Europa League – |publisher=UEFA |access-date=5 August 2011 |archive-date=3 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060703133128/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/UEFACup/history/Season=2005/intro.html |url-status=dead }}

Noted players from Yorkshire who have influenced the game include World Cup-winning goalkeeper Gordon Banks and two-time European Footballer of the Year award winner Kevin Keegan.{{cite web|url=http://www.ifhof.com/hof/banks.asp|publisher=IFHOF.com|title=Gordon Banks|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104083501/http://www.ifhof.com/hof/banks.asp|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.normanphillips.co.uk/kevin_keegan_bio.htm|publisher=Norman Phillips Organisation|title=Kevin Keegan Biography|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422172356/http://normanphillips.co.uk/kevin_keegan_bio.htm|archive-date=22 April 2007|url-status=dead}} Prominent managers include Herbert Chapman, Brian Clough, Bill Nicholson, George Raynor and Don Revie.{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article2437525.ece|work=The Times|title=The top 50 managers of all time|access-date=25 October 2007|date=12 September 2007|location=London|first=Matt|last=Dickinson|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716010209/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article2437525.ece|url-status=dead}}

The Yorkshire football team, controlled by the Yorkshire International Football Association (YIFA), represents Yorkshire in CONIFA matches. The team was founded in 2017, joined CONIFA on 6 January 2018 and plays at various venues throughout Yorkshire.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42187205|title=How Yorkshire has launched its own international team|last=Henson|first=Mike|date=5 December 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220234854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42187205|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=Yorkshire|url=http://www.conifa.org/en/members/yorkshire/|website=Members|publisher=CONIFA|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=31 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531124840/http://www.conifa.org/en/members/yorkshire/|url-status=live}}

{{see also|Yorkshire Rugby Football Union}}

Yorkshire has a long history of rugby union in the county with Leeds Tykes (formerly Yorkshire Carnegie) featuring in the Aviva Premiership for eight seasons between 2001 and 2011 when they were relegated to the Championship. From 2020 the teams has reverted to its amateur status and plays in National League 1. Rotherham Titans also played in the top tier of English rugby in 2000–01 and 2003–04.{{cite web|title=Rotherham relegated as they let Gloucester off|url=https://www.premiershiprugby.com/report/rotherham-relegated-as-they-let-gloucester-off/|access-date=14 March 2021|website=Premiership Rugby|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616072250/https://www.premiershiprugby.com/report/rotherham-relegated-as-they-let-gloucester-off/|url-status=live}}

Many England international players have emerged from Yorkshire including World Cup winners Jason Robinson and Mike Tindall.{{cite web|title=Where are they now: A look at England's 2003 Rugby World Cup winners|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/where-are-they-now-a-look-at-englands-2003-rugby-world-cup-winners/|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.rugbypass.com|date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414053040/https://www.rugbypass.com/news/where-are-they-now-a-look-at-englands-2003-rugby-world-cup-winners/|url-status=live}} Other successful players from the region include Rob Andrew, Tim Rodber, Brian Moore, Danny Care, Rory Underwood and Sir Ian McGeechan.

{{see also|Rugby league in Yorkshire}}

File:Georges hotel huddersfield.jpg

The Rugby Football League and with it the sport of rugby league was founded in 1895 at the George Hotel, Huddersfield, after a North-South schism within the Rugby Football Union.{{cite web|url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=The History of Rugby League|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208130954/http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php|url-status=live}} The top league is the Super League and the most decorated Yorkshire clubs are Huddersfield Giants, Hull FC, Bradford Bulls, Hull Kingston Rovers, Wakefield Trinity, Castleford Tigers and Leeds Rhinos.{{cite web|url=http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/champion.htm |publisher=RLHallofFame.org.uk |title=League Champions |access-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214214410/http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/champion.htm |archive-date=14 December 2007 }} In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into the Rugby Football League Hall of Fame amongst them is Roger Millward, Jonty Parkin and Harold Wagstaff.{{cite web|url=http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/hall.htm |publisher=RLHallofFame.org.uk |title=Rugby League Hall of Fame |access-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011022141/http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/hall.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}

In the area of boxing "Prince" Naseem Hamed from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/4765035.stm|publisher=BBC|title=Naseem Hamed profile|access-date=25 October 2007|date=12 May 2006|archive-date=23 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823005725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/4765035.stm|url-status=live}} in what the BBC describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers". Along with Leeds-born Nicola Adams who in 2012 became the first female athlete to win a boxing gold medal at the Olympics.[http://news.sky.com/story/970741/nicola-adams-makes-olympic-boxing-history Nicola Adams Makes Olympic Boxing History] Sky News, 9 August 2012.

A number of athletes from or associated with Yorkshire took part in the 2012 Summer Olympics as members of Team GB; the Yorkshire Post stated that Yorkshire's athletes alone secured more gold medals than those of Spain.{{cite news | url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/other-sports/olympics/campbell-is-yorkshire-s-last-action-hero-as-hull-fighter-secures-seventh-gold-for-the-white-rose-1-4827280 | work=Yorkshire Post | title=Campbell is Yorkshire's last action hero as Hull fighter secures seventh gold for the White Rose | access-date=15 August 2012 | date=13 August 2012}}

Notable Yorkshire athletes include Jessica Ennis-Hill and the Brownlee brothers, Jonathan and Alistair. Jessica Ennis-Hill is from Sheffield and won gold at the 2012 Olympics in London and silver at the 2016 Olympics in Rio. Triathletes Alastair and Jonny Brownlee have won two golds and a silver and bronze respectively.

File:York Racecourse - geograph.org.uk - 990886.jpg

Yorkshire has nine horseracing courses: in North Yorkshire there are Catterick, Redcar, Ripon, Thirsk and York; in the East Riding of Yorkshire there is Beverley; in West Yorkshire there are Pontefract and Wetherby; while in South Yorkshire there is Doncaster.{{cite web|url=http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/racecourses/ |publisher=My-Yorkshire.co.uk |title=Yorkshire Racecourses |access-date=25 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716025959/http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/racecourses/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}

England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at Kiplingcotes near Market Weighton. Britain's oldest organised fox hunt is the Bilsdale, founded in 1668.{{cite news

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/19/hunting.immigrationpolicy

|title=A short history of the foxhunt

|work=The Guardian

|date=19 November 2004

|access-date=2 November 2008

|location=London

|archive-date=8 January 2014

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108025826/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/nov/19/hunting.immigrationpolicy

|url-status=live

}}{{cite news

|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/422753.stm

|title=Three centuries of hunting foxes

|work=BBC News

|date=16 September 1999

|access-date=2 November 2008

|archive-date=8 October 2007

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008053043/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/422753.stm

|url-status=live

}}

The sport of Knurr and Spell was unique to the region, being one of the most popular sports in the area during the 18th and 19th centuries, before a decline in the 20th century to virtual obscurity.{{cite episode|series=Countryfile|title=Knurr and Spell|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yc523#synopsis|network=BBC One|airdate=30 January 2011|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428141229/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00yc523#synopsis|url-status=live}}{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bradford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9379000/9379408.stm|title=Yorkshire game of 'knurr and spell' rediscovered for TV|date=28 January 2011|access-date=3 February 2011|archive-date=3 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203125639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/bradford/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9379000/9379408.stm|url-status=live}}{{cite web|publisher=Kirklees Council|title=Tolson Museum Top Ten – Knurrs, spell and pommel|last=Holland|first=Isobel|date=April 2010|url=http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/tolson/tolsonTopTen.aspx|access-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324191805/http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/tolson/tolsonTopTen.aspx|archive-date=24 March 2015|url-status=dead}}

File:Tour de Yorkshire 2015 - Day 1 (17154442119).jpg

Yorkshire is considered to be particularly fond of cycling. In 2014 Yorkshire hosted the Grand Départ of the Tour de France. Spectator crowds over the two days were estimated to be of the order of 2.5 million people, making it the highest attended event in the UK.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-28179818|title=Tour de France: Yorkshire stages watched by 2.5m|date=6 July 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=13 October 2014|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020103504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-28179818|url-status=live}} The inaugural Tour de Yorkshire was held from 1–3 May 2015,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29373756|title=Tour de Yorkshire cycle race is confirmed|date=26 September 2014|work=BBC News|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110014020/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-29373756|url-status=live}} with start and finishes in Bridlington, Leeds, Scarborough, Selby, Wakefield and York,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-30574400|title=Tour de Yorkshire bosses reveal start and finish locations|date=22 December 2014|access-date=7 January 2014|work=BBC News|archive-date=22 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222103506/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-30574400|url-status=live}} watched by 1.2 million.{{cite news|title=Tour de Yorkshire: More than 1.2m turn out for cycle race|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-32573339|work=BBC News|date=3 May 2015|access-date=13 May 2015|archive-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508021032/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-32573339|url-status=live}} Yorkshire hosted the 2019 UCI Road World Championships between 22 and 29 September, which were held in Harrogate.{{cite web|url=https://worlds.yorkshire.com/the-races/|title=The Races|first=Pete|last=Wilson|publisher=Yorkshire 2019 UCI Road World Championships|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406014552/https://worlds.yorkshire.com/the-races/|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=dead}} Notable racing cyclists from Yorkshire include Brian Robinson, Lizzie Deignan and Beryl Burton.{{cite news |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/other-sport/sporting-bygones-why-beryl-burton-remains-one-greatest-cyclists-either-gender-676899 |title=Sporting bygones: Why Beryl Burton remains one of the greatest cyclists of either gender |author= |date=23 September 2019 |website=YorkshirePost.co.uk |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812193250/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/other-sport/sporting-bygones-why-beryl-burton-remains-one-greatest-cyclists-either-gender-676899 |url-status=live }}

{{see also|Sheffield Steelers|Elite Ice Hockey League}}

Field Hockey is a popular game in Yorkshire with 58 clubs running 271 organised teams.{{cite web|title=Yorkshire Hockey Association|url=http://www.yorkshireha.org.uk/|access-date=14 March 2021|website=www.yorkshireha.org.uk|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505213031/https://www.yorkshireha.org.uk/|url-status=live}} The largest clubs include City of York HC (16 teams), Doncaster HC, Leeds HC and Sheffield Hallam HC (all 14 teams). The most recent team from Yorkshire to have played in the EH Premier League was Sheffield Hallam who finished in 9th place in 2013–14.{{cite web|title=FixturesLive|url=https://w.fixtureslive.com/staticapi.aspx?a=statzone_comp.ashx?divid=37727|access-date=14 March 2021|website=w.fixtureslive.com|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920141227/https://w.fixtureslive.com/staticapi.aspx?a=statzone_comp.ashx%3Fdivid%3D37727|url-status=live}} England and Great Britain's most capped player of all time Barry Middleton hails from the town of Doncaster.{{cite news|title=Middleton retires from internationals|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/hockey/47850433|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107231655/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/hockey/47850433|url-status=live}} Hockey was formerly organised by the Yorkshire Hockey Association but is now run by Yorkshire & North East Hockey who have run leagues and organised representative teams since September 2021.

Sheffield is home to the Sheffield Sharks who play in the British Basketball League and, from 2021, Leeds Rhinos have featured in the Netball Superleague.

{{Main|Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)}}

File:Wilberforce john rising.jpg, leading abolitionist, was the MP for Yorkshire between 1784 and 1812.]]

From 1290, Yorkshire was represented by two members of parliament of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England. After the union with Scotland, two members represented the county in the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. In 1832 the county benefited from the disfranchisement of Grampound by taking an additional two members.{{cite web |url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html |publisher=Election. Demon.co.uk |title=Parliamentary Constituencies in the unreformed House |access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-date=5 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105102205/http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html |url-status=dead }} Yorkshire was represented at this time as one single, large, county constituency. Like other counties, there were also some parliamentary boroughs within Yorkshire, the oldest of which was the City of York, which had existed since the ancient Montfort's Parliament of 1265. After the Reform Act 1832, Yorkshire's political representation in parliament was drawn from its subdivisions, with members of parliament representing each of the three historic Ridings of Yorkshire; East Riding, North Riding, and West Riding constituencies.

For the 1865 general elections and onwards, the West Riding was further divided into Northern, Eastern and Southern parliamentary constituencies, though these only lasted until the major Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.{{cite web |url=http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/820.html|publisher=Revision-Notes.co.uk|title= 1885 Redistribution Act|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012082430/http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/820.html |archive-date = 12 October 2007}} This act saw more localisation of government in the United Kingdom, with the introduction of 26 new parliamentary constituencies within Yorkshire.

With the Representation of the People Act 1918 there was some reshuffling on a local level for the 1918 general election, revised again during the 1950s.{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/images/historical/1918representation.cfm|publisher=Parliament.co.uk|title=Representation of the People Act 1918|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003222/http://www.parliament.uk/about/images/historical/1918representation.cfm |archive-date = 11 March 2007}}

A number of claims have been made for the distinctiveness of Yorkshire, as a geographical, cultural and political entity, and these have been used to demand increased political autonomy. In the early twentieth century, F. W. Moorman, the first professor of English language at Leeds University, claimed Yorkshire was not settled by Angles or Saxons following the end of Roman rule in Britain, but by a different Germanic tribe, the Geats. As a consequence, he claimed, it is possible the first work of English literature, Beowulf, believed to have been composed by Geats, was written in Yorkshire, and this distinctive ethnic and cultural origin is the root of the unique status of Yorkshire today. One of Moorman's students at Leeds University, Herbert Read, was greatly influenced by Moorman's ideas on Yorkshire identity, and claimed that until recent times Yorkshire was effectively an island, cut off from the rest of England by rivers, fens, moors and mountains. This distancing of Yorkshire from England led Read to question whether Yorkshire people were really English at all.{{cite news |first=Herbert |last=Read |title=Review of Frederic Richard Pearson, Yorkshire |newspaper=The Times Literary Supplement |date=31 January 1929 |page=79}} Combined with the suggested ethnic difference from the rest of England, Read quoted Frederic Pearson, who wrote:

{{blockquote|There is something characteristic about the very physiognomy of the Yorkshireman. He is much more of a Dane or a Viking than a Saxon. He is usually a big upstanding man, who looks as if he could take care of himself and those who depend upon him in an emergency. This is indeed the character that his neighbours give him; the southerner may think him a little hard: but if ever our country is let down by its inhabitants, we may be sure that it will not be the fault of Yorkshire.}}

During the premiership of William Pitt the Younger the hypothetical idea of Yorkshire becoming independent was raised in the British parliament in relation to the question whether Ireland should become part of the United Kingdom. This resulted in the publication of an anonymous pamphlet in London in 1799 arguing at length that Yorkshire could never be an independent state as it would always be reliant on the rest of the United Kingdom to provide it with essential resources.Anonymous pamphlet, Thoughts on national independence, suggested by Mr. Pitt's speeches on the Irish union by a member of the honourable society of Lincoln's Inn, (London: Printed Privately, 1799), pp.25–27

Although in the devolution debates in the House of Commons of the late 1960s, which paved the way for the 1979 referendums on the creation of a Scottish parliament and Welsh assembly, parallel devolution for Yorkshire was suggested, this was opposed by the Scottish National Party Member of Parliament for Hamilton, Winifred Ewing. Ewing argued that it was offensive to Scots to argue that an English region had the same status as an 'ancient nation' such as Scotland.Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 14 February 1969, vol. 777, cc1725-76

The relationship between Yorkshire and Scottish devolution was again made in 1975 by Richard Wainwright, MP for Colne Valley, who claimed in a speech in the House of Commons:

{{blockquote|The nationalist movement in Scotland is associated with flags, strange costumes, weird music and extravagant ceremonial. When... people go to Yorkshire and find that we have no time for dressing up, waving flags and playing strange instruments—in other words, we are not a lot of Presbyterians in Yorkshire—they should not assume that we do not have the same feelings underneath the skin. Independence in Yorkshire expresses itself in a markedly increasing determination to establish self-reliance.Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 18 December 1975, vol. 902, cc1832-52}}

Following the local government reforms of 1974, Yorkshire lost its overall sheriff and the ridings lost their lieutenants and administrative counties. Although some government officials{{cite web|url=http://www.aroundsaddleworth.co.uk/Old-Website/White_rose_red3.htm|publisher=AroundSaddleworth.co.uk|title=White Rose or Red|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172415/http://www.aroundsaddleworth.co.uk/Old-Website/White_rose_red3.htm|archive-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead}} and King Charles{{cite web |url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-23-2004-59624.asp |newspaper=The Guardian |title=Elsewhere (reprint of original article) |date=23 September 2004 |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090316081249/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-23-2004-59624.asp |archive-date=16 March 2009 |url-status=dead }} have asserted such reform is not meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such as the Yorkshire Ridings Society who want greater recognition for the historic boundaries.{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshireridings.org/news/the-yorkshire-ridings.html|publisher=Yorkshire Ridings Society|title=About|access-date=3 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805051852/http://www.yorkshireridings.org/news/the-yorkshire-ridings.html|archive-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead}}

In 1998 the Campaign for Yorkshire was established to push for the creation of a Yorkshire regional assembly,{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Hazell |title=The State and the Nations: The First Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom |location=London |publisher=Imprint Academic |date=2000 |page=118}} sometimes dubbed the Yorkshire Parliament.{{cite news |title=Where there's muck |newspaper=The Independent |date=18 March 1999 |page=3}} In its defining statement, the Campaign for Yorkshire made reference to the historical notions that Yorkshire had a distinctive identity:

{{blockquote|Yorkshire and the Humber has distinctive characteristics which make it an ideal test bed for further reform. It has a strong popular identity. The region follows closely the historic boundaries of the three Ridings, and there is no serious debate about boundaries. It possesses strong existing regional partnerships including universities, voluntary and church associations. All this makes it realistic to regard Yorkshire and the Humber as the standard bearer for representative regional government.Campaign for Yorkshire literature, quoted in Robert Hazell, The State and the Nations: The First Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom (London: Imprint Academic, 2000) p.140}}

The Campaign for Yorkshire was led by Jane Thomas as Director{{cite news |title=New Director for Campaign Group |newspaper=Scunthorpe Evening Telegraph |date=13 October 1999 |page=5}} and Paul Jagger as chairman. Jagger claimed in 1999 that Yorkshire had as much right to a regional parliament or assembly as Scotland and Wales because Yorkshire 'has as clear a sense of identity as Scotland or Wales.'{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Wainwright|title=Revolutionary Yorkshiremen edge towards devolution |newspaper=The Guardian |date=18 March 1999 |page=11}} One of those brought into the Campaign for Yorkshire by Jane Thomas was Herbert Read scholar Michael Paraskos, who organised a series of events in 2000 to highlight the distinctiveness of Yorkshire culture. This included a major exhibition of Yorkshire artists.{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Martin |title=Arts: Where There's Muck, There's Art |newspaper=The Independent |date=4 August 2000 |page=9}} Paraskos also founded a Yorkshire Studies degree course at Hull University.{{cite news |first=Robin |last=Yound |title=Ee by gum! Yorkshire gets its own degree |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=8 March 2001}} Interviewed by The Guardian newspaper, Paraskos linked the start of this course to the contemporary devolution debates in Yorkshire, Scotland and Wales, claiming:

{{blockquote|If Yorkshire is arguing for a parliament, there needs to be a cultural argument as well, otherwise why not have a parliament of the north? There is a rediscovery of political and social culture going on in a very similar way to the early assertions of a Scottish identity.{{cite news|first=Joseph |last=Plomin|title=Hull launches degree in Yorkshire studies|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|date= 8 March 2001|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/mar/08/highereducation.uk|access-date=2 October 2022}}}}

In March 2013, the Yorkshire Devolution Movement was founded as an active campaign group by Nigel Sollitt, who had administered the social media group by that name since 2011, Gareth Shanks, a member of the social media group, and Stewart Arnold, former Chair of the Campaign for Yorkshire. In September 2013, the executive committee was joined by Richard Honnoraty and Richard Carter (as an advisor), who had also been involved in the Campaign for Yorkshire. The Movement campaigns for a directly elected parliament for the whole of the traditional county of Yorkshire with powers second to no other devolved administration in the UK.{{cite news |first=Dean |last=Kirby |title=Campaigners want to ditch George Osborne's Yorkshire devolution plans and create Northern Powerhouse |newspaper=The Independent |date=26 August 2015 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/campaigners-want-to-ditch-george-osbornes-yorkshire-devolution-plans-and-create-northern-powerhouse-10473615.html |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=19 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619152528/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/campaigners-want-to-ditch-george-osbornes-yorkshire-devolution-plans-and-create-northern-powerhouse-10473615.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=What we Want |url=https://yorkshiredevolution.co.uk/what-we-want.html |publisher=Yorkshire Devolution Movement |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194235/https://yorkshiredevolution.co.uk/what-we-want.html |url-status=dead }}

In 2014, Richard Carter, Stewart Arnold and Richard Honnoraty, founded Yorkshire First, a political party campaigning for the creation of a Yorkshire parliament by 2050 based on the Scottish Parliament. It was later renamed the Yorkshire Party.{{cite news |first=Grant |last=Woodward |title=The grass roots party putting Yorkshire first |newspaper=Yorkshire Post |date=6 July 2015}} A Social democratic party, it has parish, town, district and county councillors, and stood in 28 constituencies in the 2019 general election. Yorkshire Party candidates have also run for the position of directly elected mayors in Doncaster in 2017 (receiving 3,235 votes, 5.04%) and the Sheffield City Region in 2018 (receiving 22,318 votes, 8.6).

{{Main|Kings of Jórvík|Earl of York|Duke of York|House of York}}

File:TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg remains as the prime symbol of Yorkshire identity]]

When the territory of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the Danish Vikings, they instituted a monarchy based at the settlement of Jórvík, York.{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/rulers_of_jorvik.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Rulers of Jorvik (York)|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024040833/http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/rulers_of_jorvik.html|url-status=live}} The reign of the Viking kings came to an end with the last king Eric Bloodaxe dying in battle in 954 after the invasion and conquest by the Kingdom of England from the south. Jórvík was the last of the independent kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England and thus the local monarchal title became defunct.{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/jorvik_who_ruled_it_and_when.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=Jorvik – who Ruled it and When?|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=19 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219125414/http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/jorvik_who_ruled_it_and_when.html|url-status=live}}

Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the Earl of York title of nobility{{cite web|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/page24.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.talktalk.net|title=Timeline of North East History|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029173256/http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/page24.htm|archive-date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead}} by king of England Edgar the Peaceful in 960. (The earldom covered the general area of Yorkshire and is sometimes referred to as the Earl of Yorkshire.) The title passed through the hands of various nobles, decided upon by the king of England. The last man to hold the title was William le Gros, however the earldom was abolished by Henry II as a result of a troubled period known as The Anarchy.{{cite web|url=http://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/03miHistoryInt2.pdf|publisher=SQA.org.uk|title=Murder in the Cathedral: Crown, Church and People 1154–1173|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527221320/http://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/03miHistoryInt2.pdf|archive-date=27 May 2008|url-status=dead}}

The peerage was recreated by Edward III in 1385, this time in the form of the prestigious title of Duke of York which he gave to his son Edmund of Langley. Edmund founded the House of York; later the title was merged with that of the King of England. Much of the modern-day symbolism of Yorkshire, such as the White Rose of York, is derived from the Yorkists,{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshirehistory.com/yorkshirerose.htm|publisher=YorkshireHistory.com|title=The White Rose of Yorkshire|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=2 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502231315/http://www.yorkshirehistory.com/yorkshirerose.htm|url-status=live}} giving the house a special affinity within the culture of Yorkshire. Especially celebrated is the Yorkist king Richard III who spent much of his life at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire.{{cite web|url=http://www.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk/|publisher=Richard III Society – Yorkshire Branch|title=Why a Yorkshire Branch Site?|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124043401/http://www.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk/|archive-date=24 November 2007|url-status=dead}} Since that time the title has passed through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times. The title of Duke of York is given to the second son of the British monarch.{{cite web|url=http://www.ukdukes.co.uk/the_dukes/the_duke_of_york/|publisher=UKDukes.co.uk|title=The Dukes of the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Duke of York|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319081521/http://www.ukdukes.co.uk/the_dukes/the_duke_of_york/|archive-date=19 March 2008|url-status=dead}}

{{Main listing|List of people from Yorkshire}}

{{Portal bar|Geography||Europe|||United Kingdom|England|Yorkshire}}

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Outline of England
• List of collieries in Yorkshire (1984–2015)
• List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire
• Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire
• Royal Yorkshire Regiment
• Yorkshire Ambulance Service
• Yorkshire and the Humber
• Yorkshire coast fishery
• Yorkshire Forward
• Yorkshire pudding
• Yorkshire Society
• Yorkshire Terrier
• Yorkshire Wolds
• Yorkshire Air Ambulance
• Historic counties of England{{div col end}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Sister project links|Yorkshire|voy=Yorkshire}}

• [https://yorkshireriverangler.com/yorkshire/ Images of Yorkshire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925073105/https://yorkshireriverangler.com/yorkshire/ |date=25 September 2020}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20140521035135/http://www.britannia.com/history/yorkshire/ The History of Yorkshire]
• [http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/ Samples of Yorkshire Dialect]
• [http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/database/search/decade/127 Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275–1295]
• [http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/ Yorkshire]: historical and genealogical information at GENUKI
• [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-ATLAS-00002-00061-00001/64 John Speed's proof map of Yorkshire] made between 1603 and 1611, in Cambridge Digital Library
• [https://www.yorkshire.com Welcome to Yorkshire]

{{Yorkshire}}

{{England counties/1889}}

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Category:Counties of England established in antiquity

Category:Counties of England disestablished in 1974

Category:Articles containing video clips