:Turkic languages
{{Short description|Language family of Eurasia}}
{{About|the language family|the journal|Turkic Languages (journal){{!}}Turkic Languages (journal)}}
{{Distinguish|Turkish language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Turkic
| region = Eurasia
| familycolor = Altaic
| protoname = Proto-Turkic
| family = One of the world's primary language families
| child1 = Common Turkic
| child2 = Oghuric
| iso5 = trk
| glotto = turk1311
| glottorefname = Turkic
| map = Turkic Languages distribution map.png
| mapcaption = The distribution of the Turkic languages
| glottoname =
| notes =
| ethnicity = Turkic peoples
| speakers = {{c.|200 million}}
| date = 2020
}}
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35{{cite web|url= http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf |author=Dybo A.V. |title=ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ТЮРКСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ И ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ КОНТАКТЫ РАННИХ ТЮРКОВ |trans-title=Chronology of Turkish Languages and Linguistic Contacts of Early Turks |year=2007 |page=766 |access-date=2020-04-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050311224856/http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf |archive-date=2005-03-11 |language=ru}} documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia. The Turkic languages originated in a region of East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China, where Proto-Turkic is thought to have been spoken,{{cite book|title=Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223|first=Juha|last=Janhunen|author-link=Juha Janhunen|editor1=Martine Irma Robbeets|editor2=Hubert Cuyckens|page=223|chapter=Personal pronouns in Core Altaic|date=2013| publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=9789027205995|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA223|url-status=live}} from where they expanded to Central Asia and farther west during the first millennium.{{cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|author-link=Kenneth Katzner|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd.|date=March 2002|isbn=978-0-415-25004-7}} They are characterized as a dialect continuum.{{Cite book|last=Grenoble|first=L.A.|title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union|publisher=Springer|year=2003|isbn=9781402012983|pages=10}}
Turkic languages are spoken by some 200 million people.{{cite book |last=Rybatzki |first=Volker |chapter=Altaic Languages: Tungusic, Mongolic, Turkic |editor1=Martine Robbeets |editor2=Alexander Savelyev |title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages |year=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0003
}} The Turkic language with the greatest number of speakers is Turkish, spoken mainly in Anatolia and the Balkans; its native speakers account for about 38% of all Turkic speakers, followed by Uzbek.
Characteristic features such as vowel harmony, agglutination, subject-object-verb order, and lack of grammatical gender, are almost universal within the Turkic family.
There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility, upon moderate exposure, among the various Oghuz languages, which include Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Chaharmahali Turkic, Gagauz, and Balkan Gagauz Turkish, as well as Oghuz-influenced Crimean Tatar.{{cite web|publisher=UCLA International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|access-date=2007-04-26|date=February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67|archive-date=11 October 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} Other Turkic languages demonstrate varying amounts of mutual intelligibility within their subgroups as well. Although methods of classification vary, the Turkic languages are usually considered to be divided into two branches: Oghur, of which the only surviving member is Chuvash, and Common Turkic, which includes all other Turkic languages.
Turkic languages show many similarities with the Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic languages. These similarities have led some linguists (including Talât Tekin) to propose an Altaic language family, though this proposal is widely rejected by historical linguists.{{Cite journal |last=Vovin |first=Alexander |date=2005 |title=The end of the Altaic controversy: In memory of Gerhard Doerfer |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=71–132 |jstor=41928378}}{{Cite journal |last1=Georg |first1=Stefan |last2=Michalove |first2=Peter A. |last3=Ramer |first3=Alexis Manaster |last4=Sidwell |first4=Paul J. |date=1999 |title=Telling general linguists about Altaic |journal=Journal of Linguistics |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=65–98 |doi=10.1017/S0022226798007312 |jstor=4176504|s2cid=144613877 }} Similarities with the Uralic languages even caused these families to be regarded as one for a long time under the Ural-Altaic hypothesis.Sinor, 1988, p.710George van DRIEM: Handbuch der Orientalistik. Volume 1 Part 10. BRILL 2001. Page 336M. A. Castrén, Nordische Reisen und Forschungen. V, St.-Petersburg, 1849 However, there has not been sufficient evidence to conclude the existence of either of these macrofamilies. The shared characteristics between the languages are attributed presently to extensive prehistoric language contact.
Characteristics
{{See also|Altaic languages}}
Turkic languages are null-subject languages, have vowel harmony (with the notable exception of Uzbek due to strong Persian-Tajik influence), converbs, extensive agglutination by means of suffixes and postpositions, and lack of grammatical articles, noun classes, and grammatical gender. Subject–object–verb word order is universal within the family. In terms of the level of vowel harmony in the Turkic language family, Tuvan is characterized as almost fully harmonic whereas Uzbek is the least harmonic or not harmonic at all. Taking into account the documented historico-linguistic development of Turkic languages overall, both inscriptional and textual, the family provides over one millennium of documented stages as well as scenarios in the linguistic evolution of vowel harmony which, in turn, demonstrates harmony evolution along a confidently definable trajectory{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=si_KlRbL1XoC&dq=10+vowels+uzbek&pg=PA391|title=Artificial Life 8|page=391|isbn=9780262692816 |last1=Standish |first1=Russell K. |last2=Bedau |first2=Mark |last3=Abbass |first3=Hussein A. |date=25 August 2023 |publisher=MIT Press }} Though vowel harmony is a common characteristic of major language families spoken in Inner Eurasia (Mongolic, Tungusic, Uralic and Turkic), the type of harmony found in them differs from each other, specifically, Uralic and Turkic have a shared type of vowel harmony (called palatal vowel harmony) whereas Mongolic and Tungusic represent a different type.
History
{{See also|Proto-Turkic language|Old Turkic|Turkic peoples|Turkic migration}}
=Pre-history=
The homeland of the Turkic peoples and their language is suggested to be somewhere between the Transcaspian steppe and Northeastern Asia (Manchuria),{{Cite journal |last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Valeev |first4=Albert |last5=Litvinov |first5=Sergei |last6=Valiev |first6=Ruslan |last7=Akhmetova |first7=Vita |last8=Balanovska |first8=Elena |last9=Balanovsky |first9=Oleg |display-authors=3 |date=2015-04-21 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e1005068 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |quote=The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia, |doi-access=free }} with genetic evidence pointing to the region near South Siberia and Mongolia as the "Inner Asian Homeland" of the Turkic ethnicity.{{Cite journal |last1=Yunusbayev |first1=Bayazit |last2=Metspalu |first2=Mait |last3=Metspalu |first3=Ene |last4=Valeev |first4=Albert |last5=Litvinov |first5=Sergei |last6=Valiev |first6=Ruslan |last7=Akhmetova |first7=Vita |last8=Balanovska |first8=Elena |last9=Balanovsky |first9=Oleg |display-authors=3 |date=2015-04-21 |title=The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e1005068 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068 |issn=1553-7390 |pmc=4405460 |pmid=25898006 |quote="Thus, our study provides the first genetic evidence supporting one of the previously hypothesized IAHs to be near Mongolia and South Siberia." |doi-access=free }} Similarly several linguists, including Juha Janhunen, Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs, suggest that modern-day Mongolia is the homeland of the early Turkic language.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203 |title=Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134828692 |language=en |page=203 |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=48iKiprsRMwC&pg=PA203 |url-status=live }} Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence, Turkologist Peter Benjamin Golden locates the Proto-Turkic Urheimat in the southern, taiga-steppe zone of the Sayan-Altay region.Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011). "Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks". [https://www.academia.edu/9609971 Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026130626/https://www.academia.edu/9609971/Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes |date=26 October 2020 }}. Bucureşti: Ed. Acad. Române. pp. 35–37.
Extensive contact took place between Proto-Turks and Proto-Mongols approximately during the first millennium BC; the shared cultural tradition between the two Eurasian nomadic groups is called the "Turco-Mongol" tradition. The two groups shared a similar religion system, Tengrism, and there exists a multitude of evident loanwords between Turkic languages and Mongolic languages. Although the loans were bidirectional, today Turkic loanwords constitute the largest foreign component in Mongolian vocabulary.{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=Larry V. |date=1980 |title=Turkic Loanwords in Mongol, I: The Treatment of Non-initial S, Z, Š, Č |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=36–59 |jstor=41927278}}
Italian historian and philologist Igor de Rachewiltz noted a significant distinction of the Chuvash language from other Turkic languages. According to him, the Chuvash language does not share certain common characteristics with Turkic languages to such a degree that some scholars consider it an independent Chuvash family similar to Uralic and Turkic languages. Turkic classification of Chuvash was seen as a compromise solution for the classification purposes.Rachewiltz, Igor de. [http://сувары.рф/node/754 Introduction to Altaic philology: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu] / by Igor de Rachewiltz and Volker Rybatzki; with the collaboration of Hung Chin-fu. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental Studies = Handbuch der Orientalistik. Section 8, Central Asia; 20). — Leiden; Boston, 2010. — P. 7.
Some lexical and extensive typological similarities between Turkic and the nearby Tungusic and Mongolic families, as well as the Korean and Japonic families has in more recent years been instead attributed to prehistoric contact amongst the group, sometimes referred to as the Northeast Asian sprachbund. A more recent (circa first millennium BC) contact between "core Altaic" (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) is distinguished from this, due to the existence of definitive common words that appear to have been mostly borrowed from Turkic into Mongolic, and later from Mongolic into Tungusic, as Turkic borrowings into Mongolic significantly outnumber Mongolic borrowings into Turkic, and Turkic and Tungusic do not share any words that do not also exist in Mongolic.
File:Kuli Chur inscription.jpg Kul-chur inscription with the Old Turkic alphabet ({{c.|8th century}}). Töv Province, Mongolia]]
Turkic languages also show some Chinese loanwords that point to early contact during the time of Proto-Turkic.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76|title=The Turkic Languages|last1=Johanson|first1=Lars|last2=Johanson|first2=Éva Ágnes Csató|date=2015-04-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136825279|language=en|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=15 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124027/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&q=turkic+mongolian+related&pg=PA76|url-status=live}}
=Early written records=
File:Irk bitig 07.jpg ("Book of Divination") from Dunhuang, written in Old Uyghur language with the Orkhon script, is an important literary source for early Turko-Mongol mythology.]]
The first established records of the Turkic languages are the eighth century AD Orkhon inscriptions by the Göktürks, recording the Old Turkic language, which were discovered in 1889 in the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia. The Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Divânü Lügati't-Türk), written during the 11th century AD by Kaşgarlı Mahmud of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, constitutes an early linguistic treatment of the family. The Compendium is the first comprehensive dictionary of the Turkic languages and also includes the first known map of the Turkic speakers' geographical distribution. It mainly pertains to the Southwestern branch of the family.{{cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=March 2000|isbn=978-0-521-65169-1}}
The Codex Cumanicus (12th–13th centuries AD) concerning the Northwestern branch is another early linguistic manual, between the Kipchak language and Latin, used by the Catholic missionaries sent to the Western Cumans inhabiting a region corresponding to present-day Hungary and Romania. The earliest records of the language spoken by Volga Bulgars, debatably the parent or a distant relative of Chuvash language, are dated to the 13th–14th centuries AD.{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3 |title=The Turkic Languages |year=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781003243809 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |doi=10.4324/9781003243809 |quote="Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another." |editor-last2=Csató |editor-first2=Éva Á}}{{Cite journal |last=Agyagási |first=K. |date=2020 |title=A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820 |journal=University of Debrecen |language=en |volume=3 |pages=9 |quote="Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch. The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508"}}
=Geographical expansion and development=
File:Yuntai Uyghur east wall.jpg Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur language with Old Uyghur alphabet on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass]]
With the Turkic expansion during the Early Middle Ages (c. 6th–11th centuries AD), Turkic languages, in the course of just a few centuries, spread across Central Asia, from Siberia to the Mediterranean. Various terminologies from the Turkic languages have passed into Persian, Urdu, Ukrainian, Russian,{{Cite journal|last=Poppe|first=Nicolas J.|title=A Survey of Studies of Turkic Loan-Words in the Russian Language|date=1966|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=11|issue=4|pages=287–310|jstor=41926932|issn=0008-9192|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128225545/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926932|url-status=live}} Chinese, Mongolian, Hungarian and to a lesser extent, Arabic.{{cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=October 2004|isbn=978-0-19-517726-8}}{{Verify source|date=May 2018}}
The geographical distribution of Turkic-speaking peoples across Eurasia since the Ottoman era ranges from the North-East of Siberia to Turkey in the West.[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 Turkic Language tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010 |date=14 September 2012 }} entries provide the information on the Turkic-speaking regions. (See picture in the box on the right above.)
For centuries, the Turkic-speaking peoples have migrated extensively and intermingled continuously, and their languages have been influenced mutually and through contact with the surrounding languages, especially the Iranian, Slavic, and Mongolic languages.{{Cite book |author=Johanson |first=Lars |url=https://www.academia.edu/84611709 |title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map |publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul |year=2001 |isbn=91-86884-10-7 |location=Stockholm |publication-date=2001 |access-date=July 17, 2024}}
This has obscured the historical developments within each language and/or language group, and as a result, there exist several systems to classify the Turkic languages. The modern genetic classification schemes for Turkic are still largely indebted to Samoilovich (1922).{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}
The Turkic languages may be divided into six branches:Lars Johanson, The History of Turkic. In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds), The Turkic Languages, London, New York: Routledge, 81–125, 1998.[http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html Classification of Turkic languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html |date=8 April 2011 }}
{{tree list}}
- Turkic
- Common Turkic
- Oghuz Turkic (Southwestern)
- Kipchak Turkic (Northwestern)
- Karluk Turkic (Southeastern)
- Siberian Turkic (Northeastern)
- Arghu Turkic
- Oghur Turkic
{{tree list/end}}
In this classification, Oghur Turkic is also referred to as Lir-Turkic, and the other branches are subsumed under the title of Shaz-Turkic or Common Turkic. It is not clear when these two major types of Turkic can be assumed to have diverged.See the main article on Lir-Turkic.
With less certainty, the Southwestern, Northwestern, Southeastern and Oghur groups may further be summarized as West Turkic, the Northeastern, Kyrgyz-Kipchak, and Arghu (Khalaj) groups as East Turkic.{{cite web|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. |author-link=Ethnologue|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees – Turkic|access-date=2007-03-18|year=2005|archive-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151437/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90010|url-status=live}} The reliability of Ethnologue lies mainly in its statistics whereas its framework for the internal classification of Turkic is still based largely on Baskakov (1962) and the collective work in Deny et al. (1959–1964). A more up-to-date alternative to classifying these languages on internal comparative grounds is to be found in the work of Johanson and his co-workers.
Geographically and linguistically, the languages of the Northwestern and Southeastern subgroups belong to the central Turkic languages, while the Northeastern and Khalaj languages are the so-called peripheral languages.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Hruschka, et al. (2014){{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064 |pmid=25532895 |pmc=4291143 |title=Detecting Regular Sound Changes in Linguistics as Events of Concerted Evolution 10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.064 |journal=Current Biology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |year=2015 |last1=Hruschka |first1=Daniel J. |last2=Branford |first2=Simon |last3=Smith |first3=Eric D. |last4=Wilkins |first4=Jon |last5=Meade |first5=Andrew |last6=Pagel |first6=Mark |last7=Bhattacharya |first7=Tanmoy }} use computational phylogenetic methods to calculate a tree of Turkic based on phonological sound changes.
=Schema=
The following isoglosses are traditionally used in the classification of the Turkic languages:{{cite book|last=Самойлович|first=А. Н.|author-link=Alexander Samoylovich|year=1922|script-title=ru:Некоторые дополнения к классификации турецких языков|url=http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/|language=ru|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203843/http://xn--90ax2c.xn--p1ai/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_INFOCOMM15_1000117889/|url-status=dead}}
- Rhotacism (or in some views, zetacism), e.g. in the last consonant of the word for "nine" *tokkuz. This separates the Oghur branch, which exhibits /r/, from the rest of Turkic, which exhibits /z/. In this case, rhotacism refers to the development of *-/r/, *-/z/, and *-/d/ to /r/,*-/k/,*-/kh/ in this branch.Larry Clark, "Chuvash", in The Turkic Languages, eds. Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (London–NY: Routledge, 2006), 434–452. See Antonov and Jacques (2012)Anton Antonov & Guillaume Jacques, [https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate "Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124038/https://www.academia.edu/1495118/Turkic_kumus_silver_and_the_lambdaism_vs_sigmatism_debate |date=15 January 2023 }}, Turkic Languages 15, no. 2 (2012): 151–70. on the debate concerning rhotacism and lambdacism in Turkic.
- Intervocalic *d, e.g. the second consonant in the word for "foot" *hadaq
- Suffix-final -G, e.g. in the suffix *lIG, in e.g. *tāglïg
Additional isoglosses include:
- Preservation of word initial *h, e.g. in the word for "foot" *hadaq. This separates Khalaj as a peripheral language.
- Denasalisation of palatal *ń, e.g. in the word for "moon", *āń
Members
The following table is based mainly upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson.Lars Johanson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 "The classification of the Turkic languages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124026/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |date=15 January 2023 }}, in Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev (eds.), The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages, 2020, Oxford University Press, pp. 105–114{{cite web|url=http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html|title=turcologica|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=8 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html|url-status=live}}
Vocabulary comparison
The following is a brief comparison of cognates among the basic vocabulary across the Turkic language family (about 60 words). Despite being cognates, some of the words may denote a different meaning.
Empty cells do not necessarily imply that a particular language is lacking a word to describe the concept, but rather that the word for the concept in that language may be formed from another stem and is not cognate with the other words in the row or that a loanword is used in its place.
Also, there may be shifts in the meaning from one language to another, and so the "Common meaning" given is only approximate. In some cases, the form given is found only in some dialects of the language, or a loanword is much more common (e.g. in Turkish, the preferred word for "fire" is the Persian-derived ateş, whereas the native od is dead). Forms are given in native Latin orthographies unless otherwise noted.
| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%"
! !Common meaning !style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Proto-Turkic !style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Old Turkic !style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Turkish !style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Azerbaijani !style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Turkmen !style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tatar !style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Bashkir !style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kazakh !style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kyrgyz !style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Uzbek !style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Uyghur !style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sakha/Yakut !style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Chuvash |
| rowspan=8 {{Vertical header|Relationship|nb=true|va=middle}}
|father, ancestor |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ata, *kañ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ata, apa, qañ |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|baba, ata |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|baba, ata |apa, ata |bowa/ata |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ata |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ata, atay{{efn|Cyrillic: ата, атай}} |ata |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ata, atay{{efn|Cyrillic: ата, атай}} |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ata |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ata |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|ota |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|ata{{efn|UEY: ئاتا}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ağa{{efn|Cyrillic: аҕа}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|atte, aśu, aşşĕ{{efn|Cyrillic: атте, аҫу, ашшӗ}} |
| mother
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ana, *ög |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ana, ög |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ana, anne |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ana |ana, ene |ana/nänä |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ene |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ana, äni{{efn|Cyrillic: ана, әни}} |ana |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ana, inä(y)/asay{{efn|Cyrillic: ана, инә(й)/асай}} |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ana |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ene, ana{{efn|Cyrillic: эне, ана}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|ona, acha |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|ana{{efn|UEY: ئانا}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|iỹe{{efn|IPA {{IPA|/ij̃e/}}. Cyrillic: ийэ. The nasal glide {{IPA|/j̃/}} is not distinguished from oral glide {{IPA|/j/}} in orthography.}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|anne, annü, amăşĕ{{efn|Cyrillic: анне, аннӳ, амӑшӗ}} |
| son
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ogul |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|oğul |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|oğul |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|oğul |oɣul, ohul |oğul |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ogul |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ul{{efn|Cyrillic: ул}} |uvul |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ul |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ul{{efn|Cyrillic: ұл}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|uul{{efn|Cyrillic: уул}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|oʻgʻil |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|oghul{{efn|UEY: ئوغۇل}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|uol{{efn|Cyrillic: уол}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ıvăl, ul{{efn|Cyrillic: ывӑл, ул}} |
| man
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ér, *érkek |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|er |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|erkek |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ər/erkək |erkek |kiši |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|erkek |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ir{{efn|Cyrillic: ир}} |ėr |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ir, irkäk{{efn|Cyrillic: ир, иркәк}} |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|er, erkek{{efn|Cyrillic: ер, еркек}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|er, erkek{{efn|Cyrillic: эр, эркек}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|erkak |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|er{{efn|UEY: ئەر}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|er{{efn|Cyrillic: эр}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ar/arśın{{efn|Cyrillic: ар/арҫын}} |
| girl
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kíŕ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qız |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kız |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qız |qɨz |qïz/qez |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gyz |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qız{{efn|Cyrillic: кыз}} |qɨz |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qıð{{efn|Cyrillic: ҡыҙ}} |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qyz{{efn|Cyrillic: қыз}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qız |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qiz |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qiz{{efn|UEY: قىز}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kııs{{efn|Cyrillic: кыыс}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hĕr{{efn|Cyrillic: хӗр}} |
| person
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kiĺi, *yạlaŋuk |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kişi, yalañuq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kişi |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|şəxs, adam |kiši | |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|kişi |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|keşe{{efn|Cyrillic: кеше}} |kiši |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|keşe |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kisi{{efn|Cyrillic: кісі}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kişi{{efn|Cyrillic: киши}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|kishi |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|kishi{{efn|UEY: كىشى}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kihi{{efn|Cyrillic: киһи}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śın{{efn|Cyrillic: ҫын}} |
| bride
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*gélin |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kelin |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|gelin |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|gəlin |qalɨŋ |gälin |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gelin |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|kilen{{efn|Cyrillic: килен}} |kelin |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kilen |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kelin{{efn|Cyrillic: келін}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kelin{{efn|Cyrillic: келин}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|kelin |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|kelin{{efn|UEY: كەلىن}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kiyiit{{efn|Cyrillic: кийиит}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|kin{{efn|Cyrillic: кин}} |
| mother-in-law
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"| |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"| |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kaynana |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qaynana | |qäynänä |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gaýyn ene |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qayın ana{{efn|Cyrillic: кайын ана}} | |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qäynä{{efn|Cyrillic: ҡәйнә}} |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qaıyn ene{{efn|Cyrillic: қайын ене}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qaynene{{efn|Cyrillic: кайнене}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qaynona |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qeyinana{{efn|UEY: قەيىنانا}} |style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|huńama{{efn|Cyrillic: хунама}} |
| rowspan=16 {{Vertical header|Body parts|nb=true|va=middle}}
|heart |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*yürek |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|yürek |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|yürek |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ürək |jürek |iräg/üräg |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ýürek |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|yöräk{{Efn|Cyrillic: йөрәк}} |üriak, jürek |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|yöräk |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|jürek{{Efn|Cyrillic: жүрек}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|cürök{{Efn|Cyrillic: жүрөк}} |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yurak |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yürek |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|sürex{{efn|Cyrillic: сүрэх}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|çĕre{{efn|Cyrillic: чӗре}} |
| blood
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kiān |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qan |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kan |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qan |qan |qan |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gan |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qan{{Efn|Cyrillic: кан}} |qan |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qan{{efn|Cyrillic: ҡан}} |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qan{{Efn|Cyrillic: қан}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qan |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qon |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qan |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|xaan{{efn|Cyrillic: хаан}} |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|yun |
| head
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*baĺč |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|baš |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|baş |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|baş |baš |baš |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|baş |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|baş |baš |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|baş |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|bas |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|baş |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|bosh |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|bash |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|bas |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|puś/poś |
| hair
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*s(i)ač, *kïl |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|sač, qïl |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|saç, kıl |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|saç, qıl |sač, qɨl |tik/qel |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|saç, gyl |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|çäç, qıl |čač, sač, qɨl |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|säs, qıl |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|shash, qyl |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|çaç, qıl |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|soch, qil |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|sach, qil |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|battax, kıl |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śüś, hul |
| eye
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*göŕ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|köz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|göz |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|göz |köz |gez/göz |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|göz |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|küz |kioź, goz |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|küð |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|köz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|köz |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|koʻz |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|köz |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|xarax, kös |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|kuś/koś |
| eyelash
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kirpik |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kirpik |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kirpik |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|kirpik |kirpik |kirpig |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|kirpik |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|kerfek |kirpik |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kerpek |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kirpik |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kirpik |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|kiprik |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|kirpik |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kılaman, kirbii |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hărpăk |
| ear
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kulkak |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qulqaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kulak |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qulaq |qulaq, qulqaq, qulxaq, qulɣaq |qulaq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gulak |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qolaq |qulax |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qolaq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qulaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qulaq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|quloq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qulaq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kulgaax |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hălha |
| nose
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*burun |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|burun |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|burun |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|burun |burun |burn |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|burun |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|borın |burun |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|moron |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|muryn |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|murun |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|burun |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|burun |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|murun, munnu |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|murun |
| arm
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kol |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qol |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kol |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qol |qol |qol |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gol |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qul |kol |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qul |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qol |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qol |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qoʻl |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qol |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|хol |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hul |
| hand
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*el-ig |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|elig |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|el |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|əl |elig |äl |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|el |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"| | |style="background-color: #f1e9df"| |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|alaqan |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|alaqan |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|ilik |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|ilik |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ilii |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ală |
| finger
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*erŋek, *biarŋak |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|erŋek |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|parmak |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|barmaq |barmaq |burmaq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|barmaq |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|barmaq |barmax |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|barmaq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|barmaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|barmaq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|barmoq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|barmaq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|tarbaq |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|pürne/porńa |
| fingernail
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*dïrŋak |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tïrŋaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|tırnak |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|dırnaq |tɨrŋaq |dïrnaq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|dyrnak |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tırnaq |tɨrnax |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tırnaq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tyrnaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|tırmaq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|tirnoq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|tirnaq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|tıngıraq |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|çĕrne |
| knee
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*dīŕ, *dǖŕ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tiz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|diz |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|diz |tizle- (to press with one's knees) |diz |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|dyz |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tez |tɨz |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|teð |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tize |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|tize |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|tizza |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|tiz |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|tobuk |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|çĕrśi, çĕrkuśśi |
| calf
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*baltïr |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|baltïr |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|baldır |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|baldır |baldɨr |ballïr |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|baldyr |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|baltır |baldɨr |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|baltır |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|baltyr |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|baltır |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|boldir |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|baldir |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ballır |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|pıl |
| foot
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*(h)adak |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|adaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ayak |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ayaq |aδaq |ayaq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|aýak |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ayaq |ajax |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ayaq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|aıaq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|but, ayaq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|oyoq, adoq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|ayaq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ataq |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ura |
| belly
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kạrïn |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qarïn |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|karın |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qarın |qarɨn |qarn |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|garyn |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qarın |qarɨn |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qarın |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qaryn |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qarın |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qorin |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qerin |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|xarın |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hırăm |
| rowspan=5 {{Vertical header|Animals|nb=true|va=middle}}
|horse |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*(h)at |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|at |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|at |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|at |at |at |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|at |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|at |at |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|at |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|at |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|at |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|ot |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|at |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|at |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ut/ot |
| cattle
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*dabar |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ingek, tabar |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|inek, davar, sığır |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|inək, sığır |ingek, ingen; tavar |seğer |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|sygyr |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|sıyır |sɨjɨr |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|hıyır |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|siyr |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|uy, sıyır, inek |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|sigir, inak |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|siyir |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ınax |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ĕne |
| dog
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ït, *köpek |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ït |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|it, köpek |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|it |ɨt |kepäg |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|it |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|et |it´ |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|et |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ıt |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|it, köbök |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|it |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|it |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ıt |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|yıtă |
| fish
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*bālïk |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|balïq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|balık |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|balıq |balɨq |balïq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|balyk |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|balıq |balɨx |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|balıq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|balyq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|balıq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|baliq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|beliq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|balık |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|pulă |
| louse
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*bït |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|bit |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|bit |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|bit |bit |bit |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|bit |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|bet |bit |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|bet |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|bıt |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|bit |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|bit |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|bit |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|bıt |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|pıytă/puťă |
| rowspan=18 {{Vertical header|Other nouns|nb=true|va=middle}}
|house |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*eb, *bark |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|eb, barq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ev, bark |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ev |ev |äv |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|öý |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|öy |üy, üv |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|öy |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|üı |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|üy |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|uy |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|öy |style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śurt |
| tent
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*otag, *gerekü |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|otaɣ, kerekü |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|çadır, otağ |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|çadır; otaq |otaɣ, kerekü |čador |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|çadyr; otag |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|çatır |oda |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|satır |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|shatyr; otau |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|çatır, otoo, otoq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|chodir; oʻtoq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|chadir; otaq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|otuu |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|çatăr |
| way
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*yōl |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|yol |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|yol |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|yol |jol |yol |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ýol |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|yul |jol |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|yul |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|jol |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|col |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yoʻl |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yol |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|suol |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śul |
| bridge
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*köprüg |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|köprüg |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|köprü |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|körpü |köprüg | |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|köpri |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|küper |kiopriu |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|küper |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|köpir |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|köpürö |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|koʻprik |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|kövrük |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kürpe |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|kĕper |
| arrow
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ok |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|oq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ok |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ox |oq |ox/tir |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ok |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|uq |oq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|uq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|oq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|oq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|oʻq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|oq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ox |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|uhă |
| fire
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ōt |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ōt |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|od, ateş (Pers.) |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|od |ot |ot |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ot |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ut |ot |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ut |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ot |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ot |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|oʻt |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|ot |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|uot |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|vut/vot |
| ash
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kül |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kül |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kül |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|kül |kül |kil/kül |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|kül |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|köl |kul |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|köl |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kül |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kül |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|kul |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|kül |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kül |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|kĕl |
| water
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*sub, *sïb |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|sub |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|su |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|su |suv |su |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|suw |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|su |su |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|hıw |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|su |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|suu |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|suv |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|su |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|uu |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|şıv/şu |
| ship, boat
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*gḗmi |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kemi |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|gemi |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|gəmi |kemi | |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gämi |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|köymä |gemi |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kämä |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|keme |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|keme |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|kema |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|keme |style="background-color: #dff1e0"| |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|kimĕ |
| lake
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kȫl |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|köl |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|göl |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|göl |köl |göl/gel |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|köl |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|kül |giol´ |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kül |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|köl |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|köl |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|koʻl |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|köl |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|küöl |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|külĕ |
| sun/day
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*güneĺ, *gün |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kün |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|güneş, gün |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|günəş, gün |kün, qujaš |gin/gün |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gün |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qoyaş, kön |kujaš |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qoyaş, kön |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kün |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kün |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|quyosh, kun |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|quyash, kün |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kün |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hĕvel, kun |
| cloud
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*bulït |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|bulut |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|bulut |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|bulud |bulut |bulut |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|bulut |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|bolıt |bulut |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|bolot |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|{{Not a typo|bult}} |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|bulut |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|bulut |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|bulut |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|bılıt |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|pĕlĕt |
| star
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*yultuŕ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|yultuz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|yıldız |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ulduz |julduz |ulluz |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ýyldyz |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|yoldız |julduz |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|yondoð |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|juldyz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|cıldız |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yulduz |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yultuz |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|sulus |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śăltăr |
| ground, earth
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*toprak |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|topraq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|toprak |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|torpaq |topraq |torpaq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|toprak |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tufraq |topraq, toprax |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tupraq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|topyraq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|topuraq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|tuproq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|tupraq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|toburax |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|tăpra |
| hilltop
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*tepö, *töpö |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|töpü |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|tepe |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|təpə |tepe | |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|depe |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tübä |tebe |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tübä |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|töbe |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|döbö, töbö |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|tepa |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|töpe |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|töbö |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|tüpĕ |
| tree/wood
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ïgač |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|ïɣač |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ağaç |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ağac |jɨɣač |ağaĵ |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|agaç |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ağaç |ahač |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ağas |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ağash |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|baq, daraq, cığaç |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yogʻoch |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yahach |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|mas |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|yıvăś |
| god (Tengri)
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*teŋri, *taŋrï |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|teŋri, burqan |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|tanrı |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|tanrı |teŋri |tarï/Allah/Xoda |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|taňry |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|täñre |Tieńri |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|täñre |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|täŋiri |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|teñir |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|tangri |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|tengri |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|tangara |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|tură/toră |
| sky
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*teŋri, *kȫk |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|kök, teŋri |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|gök |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|göy |kök |gey/göy |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gök |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|kük |kök |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kük |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|kök |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kök |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|koʻk |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|kök |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|küöx |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|kăvak/koak |
| rowspan=7 {{Vertical header|Adjectives|nb=true|va=middle}}
|long |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*uŕïn |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|uzun |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|uzun |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|uzun |uzun |uzun |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|uzyn |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ozın |uzun |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|oðon |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|uzyn |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|uzun |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|uzun |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|uzun |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|uhun |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|vărăm |
| new
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*yaŋï, *yeŋi |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|yaŋï |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|yeni |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|yeni |jaŋɨ |yeŋi |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ýaňy |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|yaña |jɨŋgɨ |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|yañı |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|jaña |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|cañı |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yangi |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yengi |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|saña |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śĕnĕ |
| fat
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*semiŕ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|semiz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|semiz, şişman |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|səmiz |semiz | |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|semiz |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|simez |semiz |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|himeð |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|semiz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|semiz |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|semiz |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|semiz |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|emis |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|samăr |
| full
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*dōlï |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tolu |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dolu |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|dolu |tolu |dolu |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|doly |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|tulı |tolɨ |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tulı |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|toly |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|toluq, tolu, toluu, tolo |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|toʻla |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|toluq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|toloru |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|tulli |
| white
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*āk, *ürüŋ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|āq, ürüŋ |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ak, beyaz (Ar.) |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|ağ |aq |aq |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ak |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|aq |aq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|aq |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|aq |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|aq |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|oq |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|aq |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ürüñ (үрүҥ) |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|şură |
| black
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kara |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qara |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kara, siyah (Pers.) |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qara |qara |qärä |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gara |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qara |qara |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qara |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qara |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qara |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qora |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qara |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|xara |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hura, hora |
| red
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*kïŕïl |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|qïzïl |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|kızıl, kırmızı (Ar.) |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|qızıl |qɨzɨl |qïzïl |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|gyzyl |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|qızıl |qɨzɨl |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qıðıl |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|qyzyl |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|qızıl |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|qizil |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|qizil |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|kıhıl |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|hĕrlĕ |
| rowspan="20" {{Vertical header|Numbers|nb=true|va=middle}}
|1 |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*bīr |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|bir |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|bir |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|bir |bir |bir |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|bir |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ber |bir, bɨr |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ber |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|bir |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|bir |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|bir |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|bir |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|biir |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|pĕrre, pĕr |
| 2
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*éki |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|eki |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|iki |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|iki |ẹki |ikki |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|iki |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|ike |eky |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|ike |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|eki |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|eki |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|ikki |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|ikki |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|ikki |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|ikkĕ, ikĕ, ik |
| 3
|*üč |üč |üç |üç |üč |uǰ, u̇č |üç |öč |üć |ös |üş |üč |uch/u̇č |üch/üç |üs |viśśĕ, viśĕ, viś |
| 4
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*dȫrt |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|tört |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|dört |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|dörd |tört |derd/dörd |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|dört |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|dürt |dört |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|dürt |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|tört |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|tört |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|toʻrt |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|tört |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|tüört |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|tăvattă, tăvată, tăvat |
| 5
|*bēĺ(k) |béš |beş |beş |béš | |bäş |beş |beš |biš |bes |beş |besh/beş |besh/beş |bies |pillĕk, pilĕk |
| 6
|*altï |altï |altı |altı |altï |altï |alty (altï) |altï |altï |altï |alty |altı |olti (ålti) |altä |alta |ulttă, ultă, ult |
| 7
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*yéti |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|yeti |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|yedi |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|yeddi |jeti |yeddi |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ýedi |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|cide |jedi |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|yete |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|jeti |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|ceti |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yetti |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yetti |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|sette |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śiççĕ, śiçĕ, śiç |
| 8
|*sekiŕ |säkiz |sekiz |səkkiz |sek(k)iz, sik(k)iz |sӓkkiz |sekiz |sigez |sekiz |higeð |segiz |segiz |säkkiz |säkkiz |aɣïs |sakkăr, sakăr |
| 9
|*tokuŕ |toquz |dokuz |doqquz |toquz |doġġuz |dokuz |tugïz |toɣuz |tuɣïð |toğyz |toğuz |to’qqiz |toqquz |toɣus |tăxxăr, tăxăr |
| 10
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*ōn |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|on |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|on |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|on |on |on |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|on |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|un |on |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|un |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|on |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|on |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|oʻn |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|on |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|uon |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|vunnă, vună, vun |
| 20
|*yẹgirmi |yigirmi/yégirmi |yirmi |iyirmi |yigirmi, yigirme |igirmi, iyirmi |yigrimi |yegerme |yigirmi |yegerme |jiyirma |cıyırma |yigirmä |yigirmä |süürbe |śirĕm |
| 30
|*otuŕ |otuz |otuz |otuz |otuz |ottiz |otuz (otuð) |otuz |otuz |utïð |otyz |otuz |o’ttiz |ottuz |otut |vătăr |
| 40
|*kïrk |qïrq |kırk |qırx |qïrq |ġèrḫ (ɢərx) |kyrk (kïrk) |qırq (qïrq) |kïrx |qïrq |qyryq |qırq |qirq |qirq |tüört uon |xĕrĕx |
| 50
|*ellig |älig |elli |ǝlli (älli) |el(l)ig |älli, ẹlli |elli |ille | | |elu |elüü | | | |allă, ală, al |
| 60
|*altmïĺ |altmïš |altmış |altmış (altmïš) |altmïš |altmïš |altmyş (altmïš) |altmïš |altïmïš |altïmïš |alpys |altımış |oltmish (åltmiš) |altmiš |alta uon |ultmăl |
| 70
|*yẹtmiĺ |yētmiš/s |yetmiş |yetmiş |yetmiš |yetmiš |ýetmiş (yetmiš) |ǰitmeš |yetmiš/s |yetmeš |jetpis |cetimiş |yetmiš |yätmiš |sette uon |śitmĕl |
| 80
|*sekiŕ ōn |säkiz on |seksen |sǝksǝn (säksän) |seksün |sӓɣsen |segsen |seksen |seksen, seksan |hikhen |seksen |seksen |sakson (säksån) |säksän |aɣïs uon |sakăr vunnă, sakăr vun |
| 90
|*dokuŕ ōn |toquz on |doksan |doxsan |toqsan | |togsan |tuksan |toksan, toxsan |tukhan |toqsan |toqson |to'qson (tȯksån) |toqsan |toɣus uon |tăxăr vunnă, tăxăr vun |
| 100
|style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|*yǖŕ |style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|yüz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|yüz |style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|yüz |jüz |iz/yüz |style="background-color: #ece0f0"|ýüz |style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|yöz |jiz, juz, jüz |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|yöð |style="background-color: #f1e9df"|jüz |style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|cüz |style="background-color: #f0f1df"|yuz |style="background-color: #e8f1df"|yüz |style="background-color: #dff1e0"|süüs |style="background-color: #dff1ed"|śĕr |
| 1000
|*bïŋ |bïŋ |bin |min |miŋ, men |min |müň (müŋ) |meŋ |min, bin |meŋ |myñ |miñ |ming (miŋ) |miŋ |tïhïïnča |pin |
| !Common meaning
!style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Proto-Turkic !style="background-color: #d1ebeb"|Old Turkic !style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Turkish !style="background-color: #e4e0f0"|Azerbaijani !style="background-color: #ece0f0"|Turkmen !style="background-color: #f1dfe5"|Tatar !style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Bashkir !style="background-color: #f1e9df"|Kazakh !style="background-color: #d6e1ec"|Kyrgyz !style="background-color: #f0f1df"|Uzbek !style="background-color: #e8f1df"|Uyghur !style="background-color: #dff1e0"|Sakha/Yakut !style="background-color: #dff1ed"|Chuvash |
|---|
Azerbaijani "ǝ" and "ä": IPA /æ/
Azerbaijani "q": IPA /g/, word-final "q": IPA /x/
Turkish and Azerbaijani "ı", Karakhanid "ɨ", Turkmen "y", and Sakha "ï": IPA /ɯ/
Turkmen "ň", Karakhanid "ŋ": IPA /ŋ/
Turkish and Azerbaijani "y",Turkmen "ý" and "j" in other languages: IPA /j/
All "ş" and "š" letters: IPA /ʃ/
All "ç" and "č" letters: IPA /t͡ʃ/
Kyrgyz "c": IPA /d͡ʒ/
Kazakh "j": IPA /ʒ/
Other possible relations
The Turkic language family is currently regarded as one of the world's primary language families. Turkic is one of the main members of the controversial Altaic language family, but Altaic currently lacks support from a majority of linguists. None of the theories linking Turkic languages to other families have a wide degree of acceptance at present. Shared features with languages grouped together as Altaic have been interpreted by most mainstream linguists to be the result of a sprachbund.{{Cite journal |last=Janhunen |first=Juha A. |date=2023-01-17 |title=The Unity and Diversity of Altaic |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356 |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356 |issn=2333-9683|hdl=10138/355895 |s2cid=256126714 |hdl-access=free }}
= Rejected or controversial theories =
= Korean =
The possibility of a genetic relation between Turkic and Korean, independently from Altaic, is suggested by some linguists.{{Cite journal |last=Sibata |first=Takesi |date=1979 |title=Some syntactic similarities between Turkish, Korean, and Japanese |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=23 |issue=3/4 |pages=293–296 |issn=0008-9192 |jstor=41927271}}SOME STAR NAMES IN MODERN TURKIC LANGUAGES-I – Yong-Sŏng LI – Academy of Korean Studies Grant funded by the Korean Government (MEST) (AKS-2010-AGC-2101) – Seoul National University 2014{{Cite journal |last=Choi |first=Han-Woo |date=1996 |title=A comparative study of Korean and Turkic: Is Korean Altaic? |url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CHOI/choi1996.pdf |journal=International Journal of Central Asian Studies |volume=1 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212190618/http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CHOI/choi1996.pdf |url-status=live }} The linguist Kabak (2004) of the University of Würzburg states that Turkic and Korean share similar phonology as well as morphology. Li Yong-Sŏng (2014) suggest that there are several cognates between Turkic and Old Korean. He states that these supposed cognates can be useful to reconstruct the early Turkic language. According to him, words related to nature, earth and ruling but especially to the sky and stars seem to be cognates.
The linguist Choi suggested already in 1996 a close relationship between Turkic and Korean regardless of any Altaic connections:
{{Blockquote|text=In addition, the fact that the morphological elements are not easily borrowed between languages, added to the fact that the common morphological elements between Korean and Turkic are not less numerous than between Turkic and other Altaic languages, strengthens the possibility that there is a close genetic affinity between Korean and Turkic.|sign=Choi Han-Woo|source=A Comparative Study of Korean and Turkic (Hoseo University)}}
Many historians also point out a close non-linguistic relationship between Turkic peoples and Koreans.{{Cite journal |last=Babayar |first=Gaybullah |date=2004 |title=On the ancient relations between the Turkic and Korean peoples |url=http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/15_779-2047-1-PB.pdf |journal=Journal of Turkic Civilization Studies |issue=1 |pages=151–155 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713025335/http://journals.manas.edu.kg/mjtc/oldarchives/2004/15_779-2047-1-PB.pdf |url-status=dead }} Especially close were the relations between the Göktürks and Goguryeo.{{Cite journal |last=Tae-Don |first=Noh |date=2016 |title=Relations between ancient Korea and Turkey: An examination of contacts between Koguryŏ and the Turkic Khaganate |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646472 |journal=Seoul Journal of Korean Studies |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=361–369 |doi=10.1353/seo.2016.0017 |hdl=10371/164838 |s2cid=151445857 |issn=2331-4826 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424183833/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/646472 |url-status=live }}
= Uralic =
Some linguists suggested a relation to Uralic languages, especially to the Ugric languages. This view is rejected and seen as obsolete by mainstream linguists. Similarities are because of language contact and borrowings mostly from Turkic into Ugric languages. Stachowski (2015) states that any relation between Turkic and Uralic must be a contact one.{{Cite journal |last=Stachowski |first=Marek |date=2015 |title=Turkic pronouns against a Uralic background |url=https://www.academia.edu/12022061 |journal=Iran and the Caucasus |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=79–86 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20150106 |issn=1609-8498 |access-date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124081956/https://www.academia.edu/12022061 |url-status=live }}
See also
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. {{in lang|ru}}
- Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. {{in lang|ru}}
- Baskakov, N. A. (1962, 1969). Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. {{in lang|ru}}
- Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. {{ISBN|3-447-05212-0}}
- Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
- Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 2022. The Turkic Languages. Second edition. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-73856-9}}.
- Johanson, Lars. 2022. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 83–120.[http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063746/http://www.turkiclanguages.com/www/classification.html |date=8 April 2011 }}
- Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 sept. 2007.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623115154/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80003/Turkic-languages |date=23 June 2008 }}
- Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-14198-2}}
- Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
- Savelyev, Alexander and Martine Robbeets. (2019). lexibank/savelyevturkic: Turkic Basic Vocabulary Database (Version v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. {{doi|10.5281/zenodo.3556518}}
- Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
- Schönig, Claus. "The Internal Division of Modern Turkic and Its Historical Implications". In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 52, no. 1, 1999, pp. 63–95. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103004444/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43391369 |date=3 January 2023 }}. Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.
- Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-13153-1}}
- Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
{{refend}}
External links
{{wiktionary|Appendix:Turkic Swadesh lists}}
- [http://www.mediafire.com/view/6iami4gg48peq66/Turkic_Languages_Verb_Comparison.pdf Turkic Languages Verb Comparison]
- [https://gokturkanitlari.appspot.com/ Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002180329/http://gokturkanitlari.appspot.com/ |date=2 October 2017 }}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210511132136/http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_turkic.html Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan]
- [http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/turk/turklm.htm Map of Turkic languages] by Goethe University Frankfurt
- [http://www.turkiclanguages.com/ Classification of Turkic Languages] by Lars Johanson
- [https://turkdilleri.com/en/charts/number-of-speakers-and-groupping Grouping chart of Turkic Languages]
- [http://dict.yulghun.com/ Online Uyghur–English Dictionary]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517093328/http://www.tdk.org.tr/lehceler/Default.aspx Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary]
- [https://pauctle.com Pauctle.com] dictionaries of various Turkic Languages and games for learning words by Pamukkale University
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710073607/http://www.gaspirali.com/ksozluk/ A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages] Open Project
- [http://turkic-languages.scienceontheweb.net/ The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112121251/http://turkic-languages.scienceontheweb.net/ |date=12 January 2014 }} with illustrations.
- [https://zenodo.org/record/3556954 Turkic basic vocabularies] at Zenodo
- [https://altaica.ru/e_index.php Monumenta Altaica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626060818/https://altaica.ru/e_index.php |date=26 June 2022 }} (Grammar and other sources by Russian Academy of Sciences)
- [https://turkic-interlingua.org/ Turkic Interlingua] (NLP project for Turkic languages)
- [https://turkic.elegantlexicon.com/ Turkic Database] at Elegant Lexicon (Comprehensive lexical database for Turkic languages)
- [http://www.turklang.net/en/ TurkLang Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622162427/http://www.turklang.net/en/ |date=22 June 2022 }}: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132543/http://www.e-zerde.kz/zerde/index.php/ru/struktura-4/struktura-6 Astana, Kazakhstan, 2013], [http://www.turklang.itu.edu.tr/ Istanbul, Turkey, 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171316/http://www.turklang.itu.edu.tr/ |date=24 February 2021 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133912/http://turklang.antat.ru/ Kazan, Tatarstan, 2015]
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