2025 India–Pakistan conflict#Aftermath

{{Further| 2025 Pahalgam attack| 2025 India–Pakistan crisis}}

The Kashmir conflict, ongoing since 1947, has fuelled multiple wars and skirmishes between India and Pakistan over the disputed region.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|title=Kashmir: Why India and Pakistan fight over it|work=BBC News|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224045738/https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286|url-status=live}}

On 22 April 2025, a terrorist attack by five armed terrorists near Pahalgam in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir killed 26 civilians, mostly Hindu tourists.{{cite news |last=Bhat |first=Danish Manzoor |date=23 April 2025 |title=Kashmir Massacre: Trump, Putin, Iran, Israel Condemn Jihadist Attack on Hindu Tourists |url=https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |work=Newsweek |quote="Witnesses reported the assailants shouted Islamic slogans and specifically targeted people who appeared to be Hindu." |archive-date=1 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501211503/https://www.newsweek.com/kashmir-massacre-trump-putin-iran-israel-condemn-jihadist-attack-hindu-tourists-2062760 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=30 April 2025 |title=Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire |url=https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |work=AP News |quote="Indian survivors of Kashmir attack say gunmen asked if they were Hindus and opened fire" |archive-date=4 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504002813/https://apnews.com/article/kashmir-attack-india-pakistan-victims-a5492962cd86174262cb73b85c04c51a |url-status=live }} The Resistance Front, an offshoot of Pakistan-based, UN-designated, terrorist group Lashkar-e-Taiba,{{cite web |title=LASHKAR-E-TAYYIBA |url=https://main.un.org/securitycouncil/en/sanctions/1267/aq_sanctions_list/summaries/entity/lashkar-e-tayyiba |website=un.org}}{{cite news |last1=Masood |first1=Salman |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Kumar |first3=Hari |date=6 May 2025 |title=India Strikes Pakistan Two Weeks After Kashmir Terrorist Attack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/india-pakistan-attacks.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507005820/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/india-pakistan-attacks.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last=Winchell |first=Sean P. |year=2003 |title=Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |volume=16 |pages=374–388 |doi=10.1080/713830449 |s2cid=154924792 |ref={{sfnref|Winchell, Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government|2003}} |number=3}}{{cite news |author=Ashley J. Tellis |date=11 March 2010 |title=Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Mujahidein in Pakistan |url=http://carnegieendowment.org/files/0311_testimony_tellis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411035030/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/0311%5Ftestimony%5Ftellis%2Epdf |archive-date=11 April 2010 |access-date=20 January 2014 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |quote=The group's earliest operations were focused on the Kunar and Paktia provinces in Afghanistan, where LeT had set up several training camps in support of the jihad against the Soviet occupation.}} initially claimed responsibility for the attack, which it later retracted.{{cite news |date=1 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan are bracing for a military clash |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/01/india-and-pakistan-are-bracing-for-a-military-clash |url-access=limited |access-date=8 May 2025 |quote=The Resistance Front...claimed the recent attack (only to deny responsibility later, saying it had been hacked) |agency=The Economist}} India announced a series of retaliatory measures against Pakistan, including the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty, prompting responsive measures and leading to a diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes.{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=24 April 2025 |title=A tourist massacre in Kashmir is escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. Here's what we know |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/24/india/pahalgam-india-pakistan-attack-explainer-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Peshimam |first1=Gibran Naiyyar |last2=Greenfield |first2= Charlotte |date=5 May 2025 |title=Pakistan tests missile, India orders drills amid Kashmir standoff |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-tests-missile-amid-india-standoff-moodys-warns-economic-cost-2025-05-05/ |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=Reuters }}{{cite web |title=Live: J&K Govt Officer Killed in Rajouri Shelling, Indian Army Says Pakistan's 'Blatant Escalation' Continues |url=https://thewire.in/security/live-india-pakistan-military-action |website=The Wire |language=en}}

On 30 April, Pakistan claimed that a military strike by India was imminent.{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims 'credible intelligence' India is planning an imminent military strike |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75dgz5pq2no |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |date=30 April 2025 |title=Pakistan claims it has 'credible intelligence' India will strike within 36 hours |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/29/asia/kashmir-pakistan-india-tension-military-intl-hnk |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}

{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2025|some=Some|section}}

On 7 May 2025, India announced that it had launched missile and air strikes, codenamed Operation Sindoor,{{Efn|name=sind}} targeting nine sites across Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and Pakistan's Punjab province.{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India says it has launched strikes on Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwyneele13qt |work=BBC News |quote=A dramatic overnight operation on Tuesday, in which India said it launched missile and air strikes on nine sites across Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Pakistan said only six locations were hit and claimed to have shot down five Indian fighter jets and a drone - a claim India has not confirmed.}}{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor targets 9 locations: Links to LeT and JeM, how they've attacked India in the past |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/operation-sindoor-9-locations-let-and-jem-attacked-india-past-9988359/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |quote=}}{{Cite web |title=Ooeration Sindoor: Media Brief DGMO |url=https://www.cgiistanbul.gov.in/content/BRIEF-MEDIA-DGMO.pdf |website=Director General of Military Operations (India) |publisher=Consulate General of India, Istanbul}} The targets in Pakistan-administered Kashmir were targeted by Indian Army's artillery regiment using precision long-range Excalibur rounds and loitering munitions, while the Indian Air Force provided air defence.{{citation |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |title=Artillery's firepower reverberates during Operation Sindoor |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 May 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/artillerys-firepower-reverberates-during-operation-sindoor/article69615205.ece}} The Israeli press mentioned Indo-Israeli SkyStriker loitering munitions.{{Cite news |last=Amit |first=Hagai |title=Israeli Kamikaze Drones Take Center Stage in India-Pakistan Conflict |newspaper=Haaretz |date=10 May 2025 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2025-05-10/ty-article/.premium/israeli-kamikaze-drones-take-center-stage-in-india-pakistan-conflict/00000196-b944-d1bb-a5d6-bff41e5b0000}}

The attacks on targets in Pakistani Punjab were carried out by the Indian Air Force. According to sources cited by India Today, Rafale jets were employed, equipped with SCALP missiles and AASM Hammer bombs.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Rafale jets hit Pak terror camps with Scalp missiles, Hammer bombs: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07 |work=India Today |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507004344/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rafale-jets-pak-terror-camps-operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-retaliation-2720674-2025-05-07 |url-status=live }} According to a working paper written by Christopher Clary for Stimson Center, BrahMos cruise missiles might have also been used.{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Clary |title=Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025 |publisher=Stimson Center |date=28 May 2025 |url=https://www.stimson.org/2025/four-days-in-may-the-india-pakistan-crisis-of-2025/}}

The Indian government described the strikes as "focused, measured, and non-escalatory".{{cite web|last=Hadid|first=Diaa|title=Tensions escalate as Pakistan calls India's operation 'an act of war'|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/05/07/nx-s1-5389777/tensions-escalate-as-pakistan-calls-indias-operation-an-act-of-war|website=NPR|date=7 May 2025}} Indian military spokespeople said that the missile strikes targeted infrastructure linked to the terrorist groups Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) and Hizbul Mujahideen (HuM),{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India launches attack on 9 sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-launches-attack-9-sites-pakistan-pakistan-occupied-jammu-kashmir-2025-05-06/ |work=Reuters}}{{Cite web |last=Shahid |first=Kunwar Khuldune |date=31 May 2025 |title=Pakistan and the Latest Reincarnation of Lashkar-e-Taiba |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/pakistan-and-the-latest-reincarnation-of-lashkar-e-taiba/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US |quote=However, mosques and madrassas associated with the LeT, JeM, and HM, openly function, which include some of the buildings hit by Indian strikes this month. Masjid Abbas in Kotli and Masjid Bilal in Muzaffarabad are both affiliated withthe JeM, while the LeT-linked Shawai Nalla camp was also targeted. ... The LeT’s Shawai Nalla camp was one of the few sites dedicated to militant training in the region.}} and that no Pakistani military facilities were targeted,{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Indian strikes on Pakistan, PoK hit headquarters of Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-pok-lashkar-e-taiba-jaish-e-muhammad-9987644/ |newspaper=The Indian Express }} with the locations selected to avoid damage to civilian infrastructure. The missile strikes targeted locations including Subhan Allah Mosque in Bahawalpur (near Ahmedpur East) and Markaz-e-Taiba in Muridke, part of the headquarters of JeM and the headquarters of LeT respectively and alleged by India to be their terrorist training camps.{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=انڈیا نے چھ مئی کی شب پاکستان اور اس کے زیرِ انتظام کشمیر میں کن مقامات کو نشانہ بنایا؟ |trans-title=What locations did India target in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on the night of May 6? |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c5yly8pg7rgo |website=BBC Urdu |language=ur}}{{#tag:ref|Sources mentioning headquarters:{{Cite web |last=Gillani |first=Waqar |date=11 May 2025 |title=On ground |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/1309943-on-ground |website=The News International |language=en |quote=The strikes, described by Islamabad as unwarranted, unprovoked and a blatant violation of international boundaries without any evidence and intimation, mainly hit mosques and seminaries associated with the accused groups. ... The deadliest attacks targeted mosques and seminaries linked to Jaish-i-Muhammad once led by Masood Azhar, Jamaat-ud-Dawah once led by Hafiz Saeed and the Harkat-ul Mujahdeen.}}|name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}} Other sites claimed to have been targetted by India included Abbas Mosque (associated with the JeM) in Kotli District, Shawai Nala camp (associated with the LeT) and Syedna Bilal Mosque (associated with the JeM) in Muzaffarabad, a site in Gulpur, Kotli District (alleged by the Indian government to be a LeT and HuM camp);{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India Avenges Pahalgam Attack |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/05/07/operation-sindoor-india-avenges-pahalgam-attack/ |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US |agency=Press Trust of India}}{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Not just 9, but there are 21 'well-known' terror camps in Pakistan, PoK; govt shares full list |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250515061830/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-full-list-of-21-well-known-terror-camps-in-pakistan-pok-shared-by-govt-11746601567104.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=mint |language=en}}{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |author-link=Shishir Gupta |date=7 May 2025 |title=Why India attacked 9 terror camps under Operation Sindoor? Significance explained |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250507042049/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/why-india-attacked-9-terror-camps-under-operation-sindoor-significance-explained-101746587101415.html |archive-date=7 May 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}} Markaz Ahl-e-Hadith in Barnala, Bhimber District (alleged by the Indian government to be associated with the LeT); a site in Mehmona Joya, Kotli Loharan West, Sialkot District (alleged by the Indian government to be a HuM camp); and a site in Tera Katlan in Sarjal, Shakargarh Tehsil, Sialkot District (alleged by the Indian government to be a JeM camp).{{Cite news |title=Transcript of Special Briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 07, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250510234544/https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39474/Transcript_of_Special_Briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_07_2025 |archive-date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |language=en-US}} India later showed satellite images purportedly showing damage at the targetted sites.{{Cite web |title=Satellite Pics Show 'Before-After' Comparison Of Pak Terror Camps, Airfields |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/satellite-pics-show-before-after-comparison-of-pakistani-terror-camps-airfields-operation-sindoor-india-pakistan-tensions-india-pakistan-ceasefire-8391306 |access-date= |website=NDTV |language=en}}

According to a Pakistani security source, approximately 125 Indian and Pakistani fighter jets engaged in the aerial dogfight after the Indian air strikes on 7 May, exchanging long-range missile fire in a confrontation that lasted over an hour.{{cite news |last1=El-Fekki |first1=Amira |title=India-Pakistan: 125 Jets Clash in One of Largest Dogfights in Recent History |work=Newsweek |date=8 May 2025 |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-pakistan-125-jets-clash-one-largest-dogfights-recent-history-2069570}} According to The Daily Telegraph, neither Pakistani nor Indian aircraft crossed the border, engaging instead in a "stand-off" conflict at a distance of more than 100km at times.{{cite news |last1=Barker |first1=Memphis |title=China helped Pakistan shoot down Indian planes, report says |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 May 2025 |via=Yahoo News |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-helped-pakistan-shoot-down-142036091.html }} Pakistan claimed that during the dogfight it had downed five Indian aircraft including three Rafales, one MiG-29, one SU-30MKI and a Heron unmanned aerial vehicle. On 15 May, Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif claimed that Pakistan shot down six Indian fighter jets, the sixth being a Mirage 2000.{{cite news |last=Khurram |first=Shahjahan |date=16 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Air Force shot down six Indian fighter jets, says PM Sharif |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2600890/pakistan |newspaper=Arab News}} On 28 May, he again said that six Indian fighter jets were downed but said that four of these were Rafale, one MiG-29 and one "another plane".{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=India can't block our water, we're taking measures, says Shehbaz |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1316196-india-can-t-block-our-water-we-re-taking-measures-says-shehbaz |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=The News International |language=en |quote=He detailed Pakistan's military response, describing the downing of six Indian fighter jets, including four Rafales, and significant damage to Indian military installations. |agency=Associated Press of Pakistan}}{{Cite web |last=Latif |first=Aamir |date=28 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shot down 6 Indian jets, including 4 French-made Rafale during conflict: Premier Sharif |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-shot-down-6-indian-jets-including-4-french-made-rafale-during-conflict-premier-sharif/3582409 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency}}{{Cite web |last=Zeynalova |first=Laman |date=28 May 2025 |title=Presidents of Azerbaijan and Türkiye, Prime Minister of Pakistan attend concert dedicated to Independence Day in Lachin |url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/4050102.html |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=Trend.az |language=en |quote=Ladies and gentlemen, we had to respond in defence of Pakistan and within no time our formidable Air Force downed six Indian planes, four Rafale French-made planes, one MiG-29 and another plane and then a drone and we conveyed a message to India that Pakistan is a very peace-loving country, wants to promote peace and prosperity in the region but if come to the point of attacking Pakistan then we will respond with fullest might.}} On 6 June, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) said that No. 15 Squadron, also known as the Cobras, was responsible for shooting down six Indian Air Force (IAF) fighter jets. Operating out of PAF Base Minhas in Kamra with J-10C multirole fighters equipped with PL-15 beyond-visual-range missiles, the squadron claimed to have downed three Rafales, a MiG-29, a Mirage-2000, and a Su-30MKI. According to Dawn, the Cobras deployed 18 out of the 20 aircraft assigned to the squadron for the intercept operation on 7 May.{{cite news|last=Sajjad Syed|first=Baqir|title=Air force credits Cobras with 'six IAF kills'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1915722/|newspaper=Dawn|date=6 June 2025 |access-date=11 June 2025}}

A French intelligence official told CNN that an Indian Rafale was downed by Pakistan, though the French military did not comment.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=French official says Pakistan downed Rafale jet as officials examine possible further losses |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506235624/https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk |archive-date=6 May 2025 |work=CNN News |quote=A high-ranking French intelligence official told CNN today that one Rafale fighter jet operated by the Indian Air Force was downed by Pakistan, in what would mark the first time that one of the sophisticated French-made warplanes has been lost in combat. Dassault Aviation, the French manufacturer of the jet, has not responded to CNN's requests for comment. The French military has not officially commented on the incident.}} According to a working paper written by Christopher Clary for Stimson Center, there was credible evidence that up to four Indian aircraft may indeed have been shot down during the encounter. Reuters reported that unnamed Indian government sources said that three fighter jets had crashed in India due to unknown causes.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Three fighter jets crashed in India's Jammu and Kashmir, local govt sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/three-fighter-jets-crashed-indias-jammu-kashmir-local-govt-sources-say-2025-05-07 |work=Reuters}} On 8 May, an unnamed US official told Reuters that he assessed with "high confidence" that Pakistani J-10 aircraft had shot down at least two Indian fighter jets; a second official assessed one of the downed jets to be a Dassault Rafale.{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Saeed |last2=Ali |first2=Idrees |date=8 May 2025 |title=Exclusive: Pakistan's Chinese-made jet brought down two Indian fighter aircraft, US officials say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/pakistans-chinese-made-jet-brought-down-two-indian-fighter-aircraft-us-officials-2025-05-08/ |location= Islamabad/Washington |work=Reuters}} The Washington Post later said that it had identified 3 crash sites in India from 7 May, identifying two of them as belonging to an Indian Dassault Rafale and Dassault Mirage 2000.{{Cite news |date=9 May 2025 |title=At least two Indian jets appear to have crashed during Pakistan strikes, visuals show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/fighter-jets-india-pakistan-attack/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}} On 9 May, local government sources in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir told Reuters that three fighter jets crashed in India on 7 May with three pilots being hospitalized.{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=What has happened in India and Pakistan as they fight over Kashmir killings |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/what-happened-indias-attack-pakistan-over-kashmir-tourists-killings-2025-05-07/ |website=Reuters}} On 11 May, while responding to a question on whether the force suffered losses, the Indian Airforce said that "losses are a part of combat" but declined to provide information on whether any losses had occurred.{{cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Indian air force says losses are part of combat but all pilots back home |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indian-air-force-says-losses-are-part-combat-all-pilots-back-home-2025-05-11/ |work=Reuters}}

Pakistan confirmed strikes on six of the sites targetted by India, denying the strikes at Barnala and Gulpur in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, but said these were civilian areas including mosques and residential areas and were not terrorist facilities.{{Cite web |last=Roy-Chaudhury |first=Rahul |date=15 May 2025 |title=India–Pakistan drone and missile conflict: differing and disputed narratives |publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies |url=https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250515193358/https://www.iiss.org/online-analysis/online-analysis/2025/05/indiapakistan-drone-and-missile-conflict-differing-and-disputed-narratives/ |archive-date=15 May 2025}} The Pakistani government condemned them as an "act of war" that resulted in civilian casualties. Shehbaz Sharif convened a meeting of the National Security Council to coordinate retaliatory strikes. The NSC declared that Pakistan "reserves the right to respond, in self-defence, at a time, place, and manner of its choosing."{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=6 May 2025 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk |website=CNN |language=en}} Sharif gave the Pakistani army, under Asim Munir, the right to respond in any way needed.{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |date=10 May 2025 |title=Who is Gen Asim Munir, the army chief leading Pakistan's military amid India crisis? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/10/who-is-gen-asim-munir-army-chief-leading-pakistan-military-over-india-crisis |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

According to India, Pakistani cross-border artillery shelling and small arms firing increased following the Indian attacks,{{cite news |last1=Marsi |first1=Federica |last2=Quillen |first2=Stephen |date=6 May 2025 |title=Heavy cross-border shelling as Pakistan says India attack 'ignited inferno' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/6/india-pakistan-fighting-live-india-fires-missiles-into-pakistan?update=3692532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506235849/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/6/india-pakistan-fighting-live-india-fires-missiles-into-pakistan?update=3692532 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}} including in the regions of Poonch, Rajouri, Kupwara, Baramulla, Uri and Akhnoor, located in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.{{Cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Shelling by Pakistani troops in J&K's Kupwara, Baramulla, Uri and Akhnoor areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-jks-kupwara/article69551087.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}} Pakistani shelling of Poonch town and its vicinity killed at least 11 people and damaged an Islamic school along with numerous homes. According to The News Minute, the casualties included a Sikh ragi.Nidhi Suresh, Anmol Pritam, [https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/poonchs-forgotten-victims-apathy-after-india-pak-ceasefire Poonch's forgotten victims: Apathy after India-Pak ceasefire], The News Minute, 20 May 2025. Pakistan said that the Neelum–Jhelum Hydropower Plant had been damaged by Indian shelling following the initial Indian strikes.{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=9 May 2025 |title=Wapda takes stock of damage to Neelum-Jhelum dam |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909582 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}

On 8 May, India said that Pakistan had launched drone and missile strikes on several Indian cities, including Amritsar, and that India negated these strikes by the S-400 missile system at Adampur Air Force Station, marking India's first combat use of the missile system.{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=IAF's S-400 Sudarshan Chakra: Missile shield that foiled Pak's escalatory bid |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/operation-sindoor-iafs-s-400-sudarshan-chakra-missile-shield-that-foiled-paks-escalatory-bid-2721572-2025-05-08 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}} Pakistan denied launching drone and missile strikes on India. Pakistani Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar claimed that the Indian Army had intentionally carried out a false flag attack on the Indian city of Amritsar, blaming it on Pakistan in order to generate domestic support.{{Cite web |title=Pakistan reserves right to respond to Indian aggression: DPM |url=https://radio.gov.pk/08-05-2025/pakistan-reserves-right-to-respond-to-indian-airspace-violation |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250513164431/https://radio.gov.pk/08-05-2025/pakistan-reserves-right-to-respond-to-indian-airspace-violation |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Radio Pakistan |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India dropped projectiles in Amritsar: Dar |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909468 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}} The Pakistani military spokesperson also claimed that Indian drones headed towards Nankana Sahib were brought down. The claim was denied by India and described as false by Indian media.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan's doublespeak: It targets Poonch gurdwara, but falsely claims Indian attack on Nankana Sahib |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/pakistans-doublespeak-it-targets-poonch-gurdwara-but-falsely-claims-indian-attack-on-nankana-sahib-13886915.html |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}} Indian foreign secretary Vikram Misri dismissed these as a "deranged fantasy" and an attempt by Pakistan to hide its own actions.{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan's Claim That India Would Attack Its Own Cities a 'Deranged Fantasy': FS |url=https://thewire.in/security/pakistan-claim-india-attack-own-cities-deranged-fantasy |website=The Wire}}

The Indian Armed Forces said that in response to the Pakistani attack, they had carried out SEAD/DEAD operations, neutralizing Pakistani air defence systems in Lahore. Pakistani authorities said that several Indian drones intruded in Pakistani airspace, and 12 Indian drones were shot down. As per Pakistan, these drones were sent into nine different locations including the cities of Karachi and Lahore, and one of the drones struck a Pakistani military facility near Lahore.{{Cite web |author1=Alex Nitzberg |author2=Greg Norman |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shoots down more than two dozen drones launched by India |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/pakistan-shoots-down-more-than-two-dozen-drones-launched-india |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/8/india-pakistan-live-heavy-shelling-along-line-of-control-dividing-kashmir |title=Pakistan says it shot down Indian drones |work=Al Jazeera |date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508014903/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/8/india-pakistan-live-heavy-shelling-along-line-of-control-dividing-kashmir |url-status=live}} The Pakistani military later claimed to have shot down 25 Israeli-made Harop loitering munitions in its territory. India admitted to one being taken down.{{Cite web |last=Rickett |first=Oscar |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shoots down Israeli-made drones launched by India |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/pakistan-shoots-down-israeli-made-drones-launched-india |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Pakistan military says it shot down 25 Israeli-made drones launched by India |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/pakistan-military-says-it-shot-down-25-israeli-made-drones-launched-by-india/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Times of Israel |language=en-US}} A drone also landed near the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium complex before the start of a Pakistan Super League match, prompting the Pakistan Cricket Board to postpone the game.{{cite news |author=Naimat Khan |title=Pakistan postpones PSL match after Indian drone shot down near Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium |url=https://arab.news/mkqrs |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=Arab News |date=8 May 2025}}{{cite news |author1=Mike Peter |author2=Matthew Henry |title=PSL 2025: Plan to stage rest of season in UAE is abandoned |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cz703xnx1wpo |access-date=9 May 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=9 May 2025}}

Later that day, India said that Pakistan had launched airstrikes directed in and around Jammu district including the airport and the university. All of the eight Pakistani missiles were claimed to have been intercepted by the S-400 missile system. Reportedly, multiple explosions were heard in Jammu along with an explosion in Jaisalmer,{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Haq Nawaz |last2=Noack |first2=Rick |last3=Irfan |first3=Shams |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan says it downed Indian drones as India claims to strike Lahore |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/08/india-pakistan-attack-response/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=8 missiles targeted at Jammu intercepted, blackouts from Punjab to Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/missiles-targeted-jammu-blackout-punjab-rajasthan-9991390/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} where drones and fighter jets were also reported.{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Air Force pilot captured in Jaisalmer after ejecting from fighter jet |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pakistan-air-force-pilot-captured-in-jaisalmer-after-ejecting-from-fighter-jet/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Tribune |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508185655/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/pakistan-air-force-pilot-captured-in-jaisalmer-after-ejecting-from-fighter-jet/ |url-status=dead }} India later said that, these attacks involved 300-400 Turkish-Asisguard Songar drones targeting 36 sites, including civilian and military infrastructure.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pak targeted 36 places with 300-400 'Turkish' drones: India on May 8 attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pakistan-india-may-8-attack-turkish-drone-used-400-drones-civilian-planes-radar-india-36-drones-operation-sindoor-2722309-2025-05-09 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}} India also reported cross border firing by heavy calibre artillery guns along the Line of Control (LoC).{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=FACT CHECK: Was Qari Mohammad Iqbal, who was killed in Pakistan shelling in Poonch, an LeT 'terrorist'? |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/05/09/fact-check-was-qari-mohammad-iqbal-killed-in-pakistan-shelling-in-poonch-an-let-terrorist-false-claim.html |website=The Week (India) |language=}}

Reports termed this conflict as the "first drone war" between the "nuclear-armed neighbours" of South Asia;{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan: The first drone war between nuclear-armed neighbours |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy6w6507wqo |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}

The Pakistan Army claimed to have neutralised 77 Indian drones since 6 May.{{cite news|last1=Ibrahim|first1=Muhammad|title=Pakistan says India sending drones to detect location of weapons system, 77 shot down|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2600099/|work=Arab News|date=9 May 2025|access-date=2 June 2025}}

Exchanges of fire had stopped in the early morning.{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Anupreeta |date=9 May 2025 |title=Here is the latest. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/05/09/world/india-pakistan-kashmir/here-is-the-latest |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} However, clashes restarted after "13 hours of relative calm". Exchanges of artillery fire began in Kashmir, including in, Kupwara, Poonch, Uri, and Samba along the LoC.{{Cite web |last1=Uras |first1=Umut |last2=Adler |first2=Nils |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan says 'no de-escalation' with India as sides trade attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/9/live-india-pakistan-tensions-surge-as-both-sides-trade-attack-claims |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} According to the Indian Army, drones were reportedly sighted in 26 locations across a wide area from Baramulla in the north to Bhuj in the south, with at least one armed drone in Punjab; however, Pakistani officials dismissed the Indian accusations as "baseless and misleading", denying any offensive actions.{{cite news|last1=Ahmed|first1=Aftab|last2=Greenfield|first2=Charlotte|last3=Patel|first3=Shivam|title=Blasts rock Indian Kashmir, Amritsar as Pakistan conflict escalates|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/blasts-rock-indian-kashmir-amritsar-pakistan-conflict-escalates-2025-05-09/|work=Reuters|date=9 May 2025|access-date=3 June 2025}} India claimed that a Pakistani army post along the LoC was destroyed.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Fitting reply: Army shares 1st visual of destroying Pak military post along LoC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-pakistan-drone-missile-attacks-jammu-kashmir-rajasthan-punjab-s-400-shot-down-indian-army-operation-sindoor-2721911-2025-05-09 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}

During a press briefing, Pakistan once again denied carrying out missile and drone strikes on Indian military installations and proposed a neutral third-party investigation into the 2025 Pahalgam attack, which it claimed was ignored by India.{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=9 May 2025 |title=Tri Services Joint Press Conference - 9 May 2025 {{!}} ISPR |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=ax0FBm8jazs |website=YouTube |publisher=ISPR Official |language=en |format=video}}{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=DG ISPR challenges Delhi to produce evidence of Pakistan's missile, drone attacks in India |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544936/p |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}} On 9 May, reports indicated that India had repositioned its Western Fleet, including an aircraft carrier, destroyers, frigates and anti-submarine warfare ships, in the northern Arabian Sea. According to an Indian defence source cited by The Daily Telegraph, the fleet was brought within operational range of Karachi, Pakistan's largest port city and the headquarters of the Pakistan Navy.{{Cite news|last=Lateef|first=Samaan|date=9 May 2025|title=Pakistan and India slide towards all-out war after new wave of strikes|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/05/09/india-sends-warships-towards-pakistan-after-more-clashes/|access-date=25 May 2025|issn=0307-1235}}

On 10 May, India accused Pakistan of launching missile attacks on air bases in Punjab in the early hours, including the Pathankot military airfield. According the The Indian Express, a Fatah-II long-range missile was intercepted near the Sirsa Air Force Station shortly after midnight.

At 1:45 am, Pakistan Army spokesman made a unscheduled broadcast claiming that India fired ballistic missiles from Adampur that fell into its own territory,[https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-armys-spokesman-claims-india-fired-ballistic-missiles-that-fell-into-2025-05-09/ Pakistan Army's spokesman claims India fired ballistic missiles that fell into Indian territory], Reuters, 9 May 2025 saying that they struck Adampur and Amritsar, and later (around 3:20 am) added that India had targeted Afghanistan with missile and drone strikes.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India has fired missiles at Afghanistan and used drones: DG ISPR (03:21am) |url=https://www.dawn.com/live/pakistan-india-tensions |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Yousaf |first=Kamran |date=10 May 2025 |title=India goes ballistic, hits own people |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545048/i |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}{{cite news |title=Nur Khan, Murid and Shorkot bases targeted with air-launched missiles |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/1310137-india-launched-missiles-at-three-airbases-dg-ispr |work=The News International |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025}} India denied the allegations, calling the claims "ludicrous" and "frivolous".{{Cite web |last=Kant |first=Rishi |date=10 May 2025 |title=India-Pak conflict: Foreign Secy Vikram Misri tears into Pak's lies, says India responded with restraint and resolve |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/india-pak-conflict-foreign-secy-vikram-misri-tears-into-paks-lies-says-india-responded-with-restraint-and-resolve/122970 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Ministry Rejects Pakistan Claims of Indian Attacks on Afghan Soil |url=https://tolonews.com/afghanistan-194253/ |website=Tolo News}} The Taliban government of Afghanistan also denied Pakistani claims of Indian attacks on Afghanistan.{{cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Pakistan accuses India of drone strikes in Afghanistan |url=https://amu.tv/173194/ |website=Amu TV}} It was termed a "bizarre and unsubstantiated claim" by Clary.

At 2:09 am, Pakistan's Nur Khan airbase in Rawalpindi,{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Saeed |last2=Shahzad |first2=Asif |last3=Patel |first3=Shivam |last4=Peshimam |first4=Gibran Naiyyer |date=14 May 2025 |title=How India and Pakistan pulled back from the brink with US-brokered ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/how-india-pakistan-pulled-back-brink-with-us-brokered-ceasefire-2025-05-13/ |newspaper=Reuters}} considered a strategic target by India,Amir Daftari, [https://www.newsweek.com/satellite-images-damage-pakistan-air-base-nur-khan-india-strike-2070833 Satellite Images Reveal Damage to Pakistan Air Base After Indian Strike], Newsweek, 12 May 2025.{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |title=Indian strikes on Pakistan damaged six airfields, Post analysis finds |date=14 May 2025 |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |last2=Hill |first2=Evan |last3=Javaid |first3=Maham |last4=Noack |first4=Rick |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515233533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-strikes-conflict-damage/ |archive-date=15 May 2025 }} was hit by an Indian missile. India said the next morning that it had launched attacks on Pakistan's air bases in response to the drone and missile attacks along India's western sector. It described them as precision attacks on identified military targets. It said Pakistan Air Force bases at Rafiqui, Murid, Chaklala, and Rahim Yar Khan Airport as having been targeted. The strikes also targeted military sites in Sukkur and Chunian, a radar installation in Pasrur, the Sialkot aviation base,{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Saikat Kumar |title="Swift, Calibrated Response": Indian Fighter Jets Bomb Pak Air Force Bases |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-hit-targets-at-multiple-pak-bases-governments-special-briefing-8377773 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}} and other air bases at Skardu, Sargodha, Jacobabad, and Bholari.{{Cite web |title=Transcript of Special briefing by MOD on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39491/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_by_MOD_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |website=Ministry of External Affairs of India}}

Around 3:20 am, Pakistan denied initiating hostilities, instead alleging that India had first fired air-to-surface missiles using fighter jets at military bases — Nur Khan, Rafiqui, and Murid. Pakistan said that all Pakistan Air Force (PAF) assets at targeted bases remained safe. Pakistani media reported that Sheikh Zayed International Airport in Rahim Yar Khan was targeted and suffered structural damage.{{cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=India targets Sheikh Zayed International airport in Rahim Yar Khan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545081/i |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=The Express Tribune}} The airport was named after Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and is regarded as a symbol of Pak-UAE friendship. Although commercial flights have been suspended since 2023, the airport was occasionally used by members of the House of Nahyan via the Royal Lounge, which was among the facilities destroyed in the attack.{{cite news|title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184/|work=Dawn|date=11 May 2025|access-date=12 June 2025}} The Pakistan military later confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during the Indian air strikes including 5 deaths at Bholari and one at Sargodha; Chief Minister of Sindh, Murad Ali Shah, also later said that nine personnel injured in Indian attacks {{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=CM Sindh announces compensation for martyrs, injured in Indian attacks |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1911205 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}

{{anchor|Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos}}

Shortly after the Indian missile strikes, Pakistan launched a retaliatory operation, codenamed Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos.{{efn|name=marsoos}} It claimed to have struck and caused major damage to 26 military targets, including 15 air bases of Suratgarh, Sirsa, Naliya, Adampur, Bhatinda, Barnala, Halwara, Awantipur, Srinagar, Jammu, Udhampur, Mamoon, Ambala and Pathankot.{{cite news|title=Pakistan never requested ceasefire: DG ISPR briefs nation on military response to Indian aggression|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545242/|work=The Express Tribune|date=11 May 2025|access-date=16 June 2025}}{{Cite web |title=26 Indian military targets hit during "Operation Bunyan-un-Marsoos": Pakistan |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/26_indian_military_targets_hit_during_operation_bunyan_un_marsoos_pakistan-3551763 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Azerbaijan State News Agency |language=en}} It further said that the BrahMos storage facilities at Beas and Nagrota were destroyed, and that two S-400 systems at Adampur and Bhuj were neutralised by the Pakistan Air Force.{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Marka-e-Haq - 22 April 2025 to 10 May 2025 The conduct of Pakistan Armed Forces Operation "Bunyanum Marsoos", on 10 May 2025 as part of the military conflict Marka-e-Haq, was in response to Indian military's dastardly attacks that began on the night of 6 & 7 May 2025, resulting in the loss of innocent civilian lives, including women, children, and the elderly. |url=https://ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=7283 |website=Inter-Services Public Relations}} Pakistan said that military logistics and support sites such as the Field Supply Depot in Uri and Radar Station in Poonch were targeted, and command headquarters such as 10 Brigade and 80 Brigade at KG Top and Nowshera, as well as proxy training and intelligence fusion facilities in Rajouri and Nowshera, were destroyed. Pakistan further said that Indian military elements across the LoC, including headquarters, logistic bases, artillery positions, and posts, were heavily damaged. It said that its drones flew over major Indian cities and sensitive political and military sites, including New Delhi. Additionally, Pakistan reported a spike in terrorism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan, which it claimed was sponsored by India. Pakistani state media said that Pakistan launched a cyberattack as a part of the operation, targeting Indian military satellites and government websites.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan state media claims Indian websites hacked as part of 'Bunyan Marsoos' |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3699325 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan army claims Indian counterparts hit by cyber attack |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3699410 |website=Al Jazeera}} Pakistan shut down its air space later in the day.

The Prime Minister of Pakistan Shehbaz Sharif later said in his speech on the Independence Day of Azerbaijan that the operation had already been initially planned for 4:30 am in the morning but India attacked before that time. In an earlier speech, he had said that the Army Chief called him at 2:30 am to inform him about the Indian airstrikes and sought permission to strike back. The Army Chief is said to have called back later in the night informing him about "befitting response" and adding, "we are being requested for a ceasefire". PM Sharif said he told him to go ahead and accept the offer.Umar Bacha, Imtiaz Ali [https://www.dawn.com/news/1911376 We won the war but seek peace: PM Shehbaz invites India to live as 'peaceful neighbour'], Dawn, 16 May 2025.

India denied damage to its airbases, including Sirsa and Suratgarh Air Force Stations, and rejected claims regarding the destruction of its S-400 and BrahMos systems calling it a "malicious misinformation campaign".{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=MEA rejects Pakistan's claim of damage to S-400 defense system: 'Malicious misinformation campaign' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-rejects-pakistans-claim-of-damage-to-s-400-defence-system-malicious-misinformation-campaign-101746855611996.html |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}} It released time-stamped images of the targets as evidence, and reported minor damage to its airbases in Udhampur, Pathankot, Adampur and Bhuj; the death of an Indian Air Force soldier at Udhampur was also confirmed.{{Cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Agnes |last2=Robles |first2=Pablo |last3=Mashal |first3=Mujib |date=14 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan Talked Big, but Satellite Imagery Shows Limited Damage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-attack-damage-satellite-images.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514142122/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/05/14/world/asia/india-pakistan-attack-damage-satellite-images.html |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor LIVE: India releases time-stamped images of undamaged air bases to debunk Pak propaganda |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindoor-pahalgam-attack-india-pakistan-live-updates-may-10-2025/article69559875.ece |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Transcript of Special briefing on OPERATION SINDOOR (May 10, 2025) |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/39486/Transcript_of_Special_briefing_on_OPERATION_SINDOOR_May_10_2025 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}} That the extent of damage to the Indian airstrips was minimal was further confirmed through commercial imagery obtained by The New York Times. The Indian Army released images of what it said were debris of a Baykar YIHA III loitering munition destroyed by the air defence units. It said the drones were used to target civilians areas in Amritsar at around 5 am.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Army releases photos of Pakistani drone debris after neutralizing threat over Amritsar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-releases-photos-of-pakistani-drone-debris-after-neutralizing-threat-over-amritsar-2722598-2025-05-10 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}{{cite tweet |number=1921052654454579395 |user=ANI |title=Pakistan launched Byker YIHA III Kamikaze drones in Amritsar, Punjab endangering the residential areas of Punjab... |author=Asian News International |author-link=Asian News International |date=10 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025}} India later said that over 600 Pakistani loitering munitions, the Baykar YIHA, and UCAVs, the Asisguard Songar, were shot down and several missiles were intercepted.{{Cite news |date=17 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: Over 600 Pakistan drones killed by Army air defence units |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sindoor-over-600-pakistan-drones-killed-by-army-air-defence-units/articleshow/121221694.cms |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}

Concurrently with the missile strikes, heavy fighting took place at the LoC near Sialkot and Rajouri.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Chief minister of India-administered Kashmir reports death of district official |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3699333 |website=Al Jazeera}} India's military said that Pakistan's retaliatory shelling targeted civilian areas killing at least five people, with drones targeting a Hindu temple in Jammu.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Five killed by Pakistani shelling in Jammu region: Reports |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3699418 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{Cite web |author1=Esha Mitra |author2=Aditi Sangal |author3=Rhea Mogul |author4=Sophia Saifi |date=10 May 2025 |title=India's military says Hindu temple targeted by Pakistan's strikes |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25#cmahx3gdj000g356o4twnd19h |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}} Analyst Michael Kugelman posited that the two countries were now "effectively at war";{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan have not declared war, but 'effectively at war': Analyst |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3699323 |website=Al Jazeera}} but neither side had mobilized ground forces, according to a former Indian diplomat.{{cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title='Situation is difficult' but no ground forces mobilised yet: Analyst |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3699432 |website=Al Jazeera}}

At 6:55 am, PTV News reported that prime minister Shehbaz Sharif had called a meeting of the National Command Authority, responsible for the country's nuclear weapons command and control through its secretariat - the Strategic Plans Division.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=No meeting of National Command Authority scheduled: defence minister |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40361994 |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=Business Recorder |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan PM calls meeting of body that oversees nuclear arsenal, says Pakistan military |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/pakistan-pm-calls-meeting-body-that-oversees-nuclear-arsenal-says-pakistan-2025-05-10/ |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}} Pakistan's Minister of Defence Khwaja Asif later denied that such a meeting took place or was scheduled.{{Cite news |last1=Anis |first1=Muhammad |last2=Achakzai |first2=Jamila |date=11 May 2025 |title=Relieved PM showers praise on armed forces after US-brokered Pakistan-India ceasefire |url=https://e.thenews.com.pk/static_pages/5-11-2025/karachi/thenews.pdf |work=The News International |pages=9}}

A ceasefire began at 17:00 (IST)/16:30 (PKT). It was first announced by US President Donald Trump on social media,{{Cite web |last1=Vernon |first1=Hayden |last2=Fulton |first2=Adam |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan and India agree 'immediate ceasefire' – Kashmir crisis live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/may/10/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-attacked-by-indian-missiles-live-updates |work=The Guardian}} prior to the official statements by the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers. After the ceasefire, there were reports of explosions in the cities of Srinagar and Jammu according to authorities, residents and Reuters witnesses. Both sides claimed victory after the ceasefire.{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Baloch |first2=Shah Meer |last3=Hassan |first3=Aakash |date=11 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan both claim victory after ceasefire declared |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/11/india-and-pakistan-both-claim-victory-after-ceasefire-declared |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Pakistani prime minister Shehbaz Sharif designated 16 May to be celebrated as Youm-e-Tashakur ('Day of Gratitude') in honour of its armed forces.{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Govt denies May 16 holiday rumours over Youm-e-Tashakur |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2546046/no-public-holiday-on-may-16-for-youm-e-tashakur-government-confirms |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}

A fragile ceasefire was achieved around midday on Saturday, 10 May, with the intervention of the United States. The US grew concerned with the possibility of the conflict turning nuclear, and the Secretary of State Marco Rubio started making calls from 4:00 PKT. He spoke to Pakistan's Army chief Asim Munir, National Security Advisor Asim Malik and prime minister Shehbaz Sharif. United States Vice President J. D. Vance was in touch with the Indian authorities, including prime minister Narendra Modi. Interventions were also made by Saudi Arabia, Iran, the UAE and the UK. The Indian and Pakistani heads of military operations spoke on phone at 2:30 pm for the first time since the conflict broke out.{{cite news |first1=Shah Meer |last1=Baloch |first2=Hannah |last2=Ellis-Petersen |title=From missiles to ceasefire: how India and Pakistan pulled back from the brink |newspaper=The Guardian |date=12 May 2025 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/12/how-india-and-pakistan-conflict-turned-from-brink-of-war-to-ceasefire-in-days}}

According to the information given to India's parliamentary panel on foreign affairs, Pakistan's Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) attempted to make contact with his Indian counterpart at 9:15 am IST on 10 May. Another message was sent through diplomatic channels at around noon. In the interim, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio called Indian foreign minister at 11:30 am and indicated Pakistan's willingness to agree to a ceasefire. A conversation between the two DGMO's took place at 1:15 pm IST in which Pakistan indicated its willingness to cease hostilities. Another conversation followed at 3:30 pm, at which an understanding was reached between the two sides.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/call-for-pause-in-indo-pakistan-hostilities-was-bilateral-no-trump-role-foreign-secretary-vikram-misri-to-parliamentary-committee/articleshow/121278433.cms Call for pause in Indo-Pakistan hostilities was bilateral, no Trump role: Foreign secretary Vikram Misri to parliamentary committee], The Times of India, 21 May 2025.Shishir Gupta, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-was-ready-for-round-ii-pak-begged-us-for-intervention-after-operation-sindoor-101747540885978.html View: India was ready for round II, Pakistan begged US for intervention on May 10], Hindustan Times, 18 May 2025. Indian foreign minister S. Jaishankar said in Europe that India fired back in self-defence and, once Pakistan relented, "we were able to stop firing".[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/astonished-jaishankar-rejects-nuclear-war-india-pakistan-10029882/ ‘Astonished by the question’: Jaishankar rejects nuclear war fears over India-Pak clash], The Indian Express, 26 May 2025.

Foreign Secretary of India Vikram Misri and the Pakistani Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar{{cite Q|Q134428349|url-status=live}}{{cite Q|Q134428303|url-status=live}} stated that both militaries agreed to a full ceasefire and that hostilities would end as of 5:00 p.m. IST/4:30 pm PKT (11:30 GMT).{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Military leaders agree to stop all fighting between India and Pakistan|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700172|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Ceasefire agreement with India not partial: Pakistani foreign minister|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700170|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}

Dar stated that 36 countries helped broker the truce.{{cite Q|Q134428688|url-status=live}} However, an Indian official told Agence France Presse that the ceasefire was negotiated bilaterally in the sense that "stoppage of firing and military action between India and Pakistan was worked out directly between the two countries".{{cite Q|Q134428571|url-status=live}} United States Secretary of State Marco Rubio declared that both nations would discuss "a broad set of issues at a neutral site" and that he and Vice President JD Vance had extensively corresponded with senior officials on both sides.{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=US's Rubio says India, Pakistan agreed 'to start talks at a neutral site'|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700142|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}} Hours later, following ceasefire violations, Indian officials had not yet voiced readiness for talks.{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Still unclear if India has agreed to talks with Pakistan|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700643|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}} US president Donald Trump made a post on social media about the ceasefire around late noon IST/PKT, prior to the official announcements by the Indian and Pakistani foreign ministers.{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Trump says India, Pakistan agree to 'full and immediate ceasefire'|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700114|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}} Pakistani Prime Minister Sharif stated that Trump had played a "pivotal and paramount role" in facilitating the truce along with representatives of Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, the UK, UN, and China.{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=PM Sharif says Kashmir dispute with India will be resolved|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700630|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}} Thanking the heads of India and Pakistan, President Trump vowed to enhance trade "substantially" with both nations.{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title=Trump promises to increase trade with India, Pakistan|url=https://aje.io/hbng1z?update=3700924|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}}

Following the agreement, Pakistan reopened its airspace to commercial flights.{{cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Pakistan opens airspace to all flights|url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700206|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=10 May 2025}}{{cite web |title=Foreign Secy Says 'Criticising Govt Hallmark of Democracy', But BJP Handles Have Missed the Memo |url=https://thewire.in/government/foreign-secy-says-criticising-govt-hallmark-of-democracy-but-bjp-handles-have-missed-the-memo |website=The Wire |language=en}} Military hotlines between the two states were activated.{{cite Q|Q134435918|url-status=live}}

10 May: Minutes after the ceasefire announcement, loud explosions were heard and projectiles were seen in the sky over the cities of Srinagar and Jammu in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.{{Cite web |last1=Magee |first1=Caolán |last2=Stepansky |first2=Joseph |title=Explosions heard, drones spotted after India, Pakistan agree to ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/10/india-pakistan-live-pakistan-airbases-targeted-as-blasts-rock-north-india |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of violating ceasefire hours after reaching deal |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-pakistan-missiles-air-bases-1de0ca13c13899f0bd3530b4808d45ad |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}} Late on 10 May, Misri stated that there had been violations of the ceasefire agreement, citing cross-border firing and sightings of Pakistani drones over Srinagar and Punjab, and called on Pakistani authorities to "address [the] violations".{{cite news |last1=Peshimam |first1=Gibran Naiyyar |last2=Patel |first2=Shivam |last3=Greenfield |first3=Charlotte |last4=Ahmed |first4=Aftab |date=10 May 2025 |title=Explosions reported after India and Pakistan agree to ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-targeted-by-indian-missiles-2025-05-10/ |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=Reuters |location=Islamabad/New Delhi}} Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Omar Abdullah also reported explosions in Srinagar, expressing concern over the apparent collapse of the ceasefire.{{Cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=Mashal |first2=Mujib |last3=Nauman |first3=Qasim |date=10 May 2025 |title=Trump Announces Cease-Fire Between India and Pakistan: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/05/10/world/pakistan-india-kashmir |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |title=India-Pakistan live: Pakistan and India accuse each other of violating ceasefire deal - as Trump talks of trade boost for both countries |url=https://news.sky.com/story/india-pakistan-live-dozens-killed-as-india-launches-missile-strikes-on-pakistan-controlled-territory-13363087 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=Sky News |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Mukhtar |date=10 May 2025 |title=Live updates: Blasts heard in India-administered Kashmir hours after ceasefire announcement |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25 |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}} Pakistani Information Minister Atta Tarar denied Indian claims that Pakistan had violated the ceasefire, calling reports by the Indian media as "baseless".{{Cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Maya |last2=Vernon |first2=Hayden |last3=Fulton |first3=Adam |date=10 May 2025 |title=India says it will respond to 'violations' of Kashmir ceasefire by Pakistan – live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2025/may/10/pakistan-says-three-air-bases-attacked-by-indian-missiles-live-updates?page=with:block-681f988d8f08e7a81f17bdf9#block-681f988d8f08e7a81f17bdf9 |access-date=10 May 2025 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Pakistan later also accused India of committing ceasefire violations in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. By 11 May, reports suggested that "serious violations" of the truce had ceased,{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title='Serious, complicated' discussions ahead as truce holds|url=https://aje.io/hbng1z?update=3701010|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}} and that the situation had stabilized in many cities on the Indian side of the LoC.{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title=Calm returns to cities in Indian-administered Kashmir: Reports|url=https://aje.io/hbng1z?update=3700947|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}} Businesses reopened in Srinagar as calm returned.{{cite web|date=11 May 2025|title=Shops in Srinagar reopen amid a cautious calm|url=https://aje.io/hbng1z?update=3701019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=11 May 2025}}{{cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Aditi |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |last4=Mitra |first4=Esha |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Legge |first6=James |last7=Tanno |first7=Sophie |last8=Edwards |first8=Christian |last9=Vogt |first9=Adrienne |title=India-Pakistan truce appears to hold despite accusations of violations |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25 |website=CNN |language=en |date=10 May 2025}} In India, Gujarat Minister of State Harsh Sanghavi announced that a blackout would be implemented in the Kutch district after drones were spotted in the sky.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Blackout in India's Kutch district after drones spotted |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700512 |website=Al Jazeera}} In Pakistan, civilians in Peshawar heard anti-aircraft gunfire after drones were spotted in the sky.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Anti-aircraft gunfire after drone spotted over Pakistan's Peshawar: Report |url=https://aje.io/pw1um1?update=3700507 |website=Al Jazeera}}

12 May: Indian media claimed that "suspected Pakistani drones" were detected and engaged in the Samba district of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. Blackouts were imposed in several border towns including Amritsar as a precautionary measure.{{Cite web |title=Pakistan violates ceasefire again: Drones shot down near J&K's Samba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pakistan-violates-ceasefire-again-drones-shot-down-near-jks-samba/articleshow/121116596.cms|access-date=12 May 2025 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=12 May 2025 }}Arun Sharma, Amrita Nayak Dutta, [https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-samba-blackout-drones-9998816/ Blackout in Jammu's Samba, 'small number of suspected drones being engaged'], The Indian Express, 12 May 2025. After midnight, the Indian Army said, "no drone activity has been detected recently, and the ceasefire situation prevails."{{cite news |title=Ceasefire prevails, situation calm: Army sources after drones spotted over J&K |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pakistan-drone-sightings-ceasefire-update-operation-sindoor-jammu-kashmir-rajasthan-punjab-2723814-2025-05-13 |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=India Today}}

On 7 May 2025, India launched missile and air strikes on nine alleged "militant camps" in both Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The strikes, lasted just 25 minutes between 01:05 and 01:30 India time (19:35 and 20:00 GMT on Tuesday).{{cite news |title=Indian air strikes - how will Pakistan respond? Four key questions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd020710v1ko |access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=BBC}}{{cite news |title=Can India and Pakistan control a new cycle of escalation? |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/07/can-india-and-pakistan-control-a-new-cycle-of-escalation |access-date=7 May 2025 |agency=The Economist }}

Satellite images released after launching the strikes showed the extent of damage in Pakistan.{{cite news |title=Satellite images show impact on mosques and buildings in Pakistan after Indian strikes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/satellite-images-india-pakistan-strikes-b2746940.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |agency=The Independent}} Indian jets have previously bombed Pakistani territory following militant attacks on its soil but Wednesday's operation is the deepest India has struck inside its neighbor since the Indo-Pakistan war of 1971, the biggest of several wars between the two countries.{{cite news |last1=Saifi |first1=Sophia |last2=Taylor |first2=Jerome |last3=Adkin |first3=Ross |last4=Mogul |first4=Rhea |last5=Regan |first5=Helen |date=6 May 2025 |title=India strikes deep inside Pakistan, Pakistan claims 5 Indian jets shot down, in major escalation |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/06/asia/india-pakistan-kashmir-conflict-hnk-intl |access-date=9 May 2025 |agency=CNN}}

On 7 May, Indian and Pakistani fighter jets battled for over an hour.{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Amelia |date=8 May 2025 |title=Massive Dogfight Reported Between India And Pakistan |url=https://www.avweb.com/aviation-news/massive-dogfight-reported-between-india-and-pakistan/ |website=AVweb}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=CNN: The air battle between Pakistan and India has become one of the "largest and longest in modern aviation history" |url=https://babel.ua/en/news/117794-cnn-the-air-battle-between-pakistan-and-india-has-become-one-of-the-largest-and-longest-in-modern-aviation-history |website=babel.ua}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan's security official claims 125 IAF, PAF fighter jets battled for over an hour in 'longest dogfight' of aviation history |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/05/08/pakistan-s-security-official-claims-125-iaf-paf-fighter-jets-battled-for-over-an-hour-in-longest-dogfight-of-aviation-history.html |website=The Week}} Pakistan claimed that three Dassault Rafales, one MiG-29, one Su-30MKI fighter jet, and one Israeli-manufactured IAI Heron UAV belonging to the Indian Air Force were shot down.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Shows Evidence of Indian Su-30MKI and Rafale Takedown in Dogfight |url=https://en.defence-ua.com/events/pakistan_shows_evidence_of_indian_su_30mki_and_rafale_takedown_in_dogfight-14463.html |website=Defense Express}}{{cite web |last1=Guliyev |first1=Aghakazim |date=16 May 2025 |title=PM Sharif: Pakistan downed six Indian jets in recent stand-off |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/pm-sharif-pakistan-downed-six-indian-jets-in-recent-stand-off |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=Caliber.Az}} If true, would first time that a French-origin Dassault Rafale has been lost in combat, reportedly having been shot down by the Chinese-origin Chengdu J-10.{{Cite web |last1=Mogul |first1=Rhea |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Iyer |first3=Aishwarya S. |last4=Sangal |first4=Aditi |last5=Hammond |first5=Elise |last6=Powell |first6=Tori B. |last7=Yeung |first7=Jessie |last8=Harvey |first8=Lex |last9=Radford |first9=Antoinette |date=6 May 2025 |title=May 7, 2025 India launches attacks on Pakistan after Kashmir massacre |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-attack-kashmir-tourists-intl-hnk#cmadq2i4j00003b6tu7krhsys |website=CNN}} This, along with the performance of Chinese-origin PL-15E missiles in the combat, reportedly gained global attention.{{Cite news |last=Lateef |first=Samaan |date=13 May 2025 |title=India confirms Chinese missiles used by Pakistan in strikes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/05/13/india-says-chinese-missiles-used-by-pakistan-in-strikes/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{Cite news |last1=Hepher |first1=Tim |last2=Stone |first2=Mike |date=9 May 2025 |title=Global militaries study in India-Pakistan fighter jet battle |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/global-militaries-study-india-pakistan-fighter-jet-battle-2025-05-08/ |work=Reuters}}

Indian military claimed that Pakistan jets were prevented from entering the Indian airspace and that "a few" of their fighter jets have been intercepted and the wreckages were outside Indian borders. The exact numbers were not revealed.{{Cite web |last1=Sangal |first1=Aditi |last2=Mogul |first2=Rhea |last3=Saifi |first3=Sophia |last4=Mitra |first4=Esha |last5=Stambaugh |first5=Alex |last6=Legge |first6=James |last7=Tanno |first7=Sophie |last8=Edwards |first8=Christian |last9=Vogt |first9=Adrienne |date=10 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan truce appears to hold despite accusations of violations |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-10-25#cmajr7evd00003b6n4uyzidtg |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}} Pakistani military claimed one of its aircraft suffered minor damage in a confrontation with India.{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Pakistan's military admits one of its aircraft suffered 'minor damage' in confrontation with India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistans-military-admits-one-of-its-aircraft-suffered-minor-damage-in-confrontation-with-india/article69566276.ece |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}} On 12 May 2025, the Indian military showed the supposed wreckage of what it claimed to be a Mirage III or Mirage 5, claiming its interception.{{Cite web |title="The Pakistani Mirage": India Says Destroyed Enemy In The Sky |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sky-remains-ours-india-confirms-pakistani-mirage-destroyed-in-op-sindoor-8393779 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=NDTV |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=India downed Pakistani Mirage Jet during Operation Sindoor, Army shares proof |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-downed-pakistani-mirage-jet-during-operation-sindoor-army-shares-proof-watch-9060787 |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=WION |language=en}}

On claimed jet losses, the Indian Air Force said "losses are a part of combat" without additional details, adding that all pilots were back home. According to France 24, India's refusal to confirm or deny the loss of the jets gave further credence to the downing claims.{{Cite web |date=14 May 2025 |title=Chinese weapons pass combat test in India-Pakistan clash – with flying colours |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20250514-chinese-weapons-pass-combat-test-in-india-pakistan-clash-%E2%80%93-with-flying-colours |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=France 24 |language=en}} Defence analyst Michael Clarke told Al Jazeera that if India had lost a Rafale jet, "that would certainly be embarrassing."{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |title=Did Pakistan shoot down five Indian fighter jets? What we know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/did-pakistan-shoot-down-five-indian-fighter-jets-what-we-know#:~:text=What%20has%20Pakistan%20claimed?,a%20drone,%20and%20many%20quadcopters |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} He added that if the aircraft had come down within Indian territory, India would likely try to keep it as an unconfirmed rumour for as long as possible, and that its general statement on "inevitable losses" might be the closest it comes to confirmation. On 31 May 2025, India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan admitted that India lost jets, but dismissed Pakistan's claim of downing six fighter jets.{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=India finally admits it lost fighter jets in clash with Pakistan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-pakistan-war-rafale-fighter-jet-downed-b2761216.html |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Sudhi Ranjan |last2=Tandon |first2=Naman |date=31 May 2025 |title=India Confirms It Lost Fighter Jets in Recent Pakistan Conflict |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict?embedded-checkout=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601054134/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-31/india-confirms-it-lost-fighter-jets-in-recent-pakistan-conflict |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=Bloomberg}} According to him, this resulted in corrections in India's warfighting tactics during the Armed Forces' further strikes on 7, 8 and 10 May.{{Cite news |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=Raju |last2=Kok |first2=Xinghui |last3=Kok |first3=Xinghui |date=31 May 2025 |title=India says changed tactics worked well in conflict with Pakistan |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/india-says-changed-tactics-worked-well-conflict-with-pakistan-2025-05-31/ |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=Reuters |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=31 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: CDS Anil Chauhan says India suffered initial losses in the air, declines to give details |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-sindoor-cds-anil-chauhan-says-india-suffered-initial-losses-in-the-air-declines-to-give-details/article69641180.ece |access-date=31 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}

According to Pakistan, the Pakistan Air Force intercepted and destroyed 84 Israeli-made Harop drones, sent by India.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Number of Indian drones downed by Pakistan reaches 77: security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544893/n |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}} The Pakistan Air Force reiterated its earlier claims of downing five Indian fighter jets, including Rafale aircraft, and added purported crash locations, a description of interception of combat formations and flight data, as well as what they said was a Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) transcript of the pilot's final communications.{{Cite web |last=Yousaf |first=Kamran |date=10 May 2025 |title=India goes ballistic, hits own people |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545048/i |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}

In press releases by Press Information Bureau, the Indian government claimed that during the first strikes on terror camps the Indian Air Force had "bypassed and jammed Pakistan's Chinese-supplied air defence systems" and the operation was conducted without the loss of any Indian asset.{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Operation SINDOOR: The Rise of Aatmanirbhar Innovation in National Security |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516170223/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128746 |archive-date=16 May 2025 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=Press Information Bureau}} Additionally, India said its air defense systems successfully intercepted and shot down hundreds of drones and loitering munitions launched by Pakistan.{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: India’s Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128748 |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=Press Information Bureau}}{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: Forging One Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2129453#:~:text=These%20units%20were%20instrumental%20in,both%20military%20and%20civilian%20infrastructure. |access-date=18 May 2025 |agency=Press Information Bureau}}

On 8 May 2025, as a retaliation of Indian strikes, Pakistan claimed to target several Indian military bases. In response, on 9 and 10 May, the Indian Armed Forces carried out multiple air-strike operations, but this time with an expanded scope to target Pakistani military installations.{{cite news |title=What We Know About How the 4-Day India-Pakistan Clashes Unfolded | work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-what-we-know.html?login=email&auth=login-email |access-date=12 May 2025 |agency=The New York Times | last1=Mashal | first1=Mujib | date=11 May 2025}} As per Indian media reports, the Indian air strikes were planned by India's Chief of the Air Staff Amar Preet Singh while National Security Advisor Ajit Doval granted the final clearance.{{Cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=Inside India's Air Blitz: NSA Doval Cleared It, IAF Chief AP Singh Delivered It |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/india-strike-pakistan-nur-khan-airbase-masterplan-by-iaf-chief-air-chief-marshal-ap-singh-article-151623953 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title='We should go for the kill': IAF chief Amar Preet Singh led India's bold mission to strike Pakistan's Nur Khan base |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/we-should-go-for-the-kill-iaf-chief-amar-preet-singh-led-india-s-bold-mission-to-strike-pakistan-s-nur-khan-base-13022226.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}} These strikes were reportedly conducted by Indian Air Force's Sukhoi Su-30 MKI fighter jets armed with BrahMos missiles.{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/en/national-news/operation-sindoor-sukhoi-30mkis-triumphant-strike-on-three-pakistani-airbases-19596021|title=Operation Sindoor: Sukhoi-30MKI's Triumphant Strike on Three Pakistani Airbases|date=14 May 2025|website=Patrika News|accessdate=15 May 2025}} The use of BrahMos was later confirmed by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi.{{Cite web |title="BrahMos Gave Pak Sleepless Nights": PM's Sharp Response To Shehbaz Sharif |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-brahmos-missile-pak-pm-shehbaz-sharif-pm-modi-in-kanpour-brahmos-gave-pakistan-sleepless-nights-8546401 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530150946/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-brahmos-missile-pak-pm-shehbaz-sharif-pm-modi-in-kanpour-brahmos-gave-pakistan-sleepless-nights-8546401#pfrom=home-ndtv_topscroll |archive-date=30 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}

The New York Times and The Washington Post analysed before and after satellite images of six military airbases of Pakistan that showed major damages that were inflicted during the air strikes. India managed to cause damage deep inside the Pakistani side, targeting airfields and more defense systems, and also striking near one of Pakistan's crucial strategic headquarters. Indian missiles and drones barraged on six major Pakistani Air Bases and other facilities.

• PAF Base Nur Khan, which is just 10 kilometers away from capital of Pakistan, Islamabad, was a strategic target in the air strikes. According to an eye-witness and two Pakistani security officials, the attack on Nur Khan air base saw at least two missile strikes as well as drone attacks. The barrage took out two roofs and hit the hangar of a refueling plane, according to one of the officials, who visited the base the next day. According to William Goodhind, a geospatial analyst at Contested Ground, two mobile control centers at the Nur Khan airbase were damaged. Videos recorded from a parking lot nearby which "showed smoke billowing from the damaged area".
• PAF Base Bholari, located less than {{Convert|100|mi|km}} from Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, and host of a Saab 2000 Erieye AEW&CS squadron, was also a target of India's Air Strikes. An apparent missile strike resulted in {{Convert|60|ft|abbr=on}}-wide hole on an aircraft hangar. Debris was scattered around the hangar in the pavement while the wall appeared to have collapsed on a nearby building.
• PAF Base Shahbaz, which operates multiple variants of F-16 Fighting Falcon and AW139, was also attacked. This resulted in a {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}}-wide crater in an aircraft hangar as well as damage to its Air Traffic Control tower.
• At PAF Base Mushaf, formerly known as Sargodha airbase, located in Punjab Province, the Indian military claimed to have used precision weapons to strike two sections of the runway. Later satellite imagery showed a crater on the runway.
• On 10 May, Pakistan issued a NOTAM declaring the runway at Rahim Yar Khan Airport non-operational for a week until 18 May due to a "Work in Progress" (WIP).{{Cite web |title=(A0327/25 NOTAMN |url=https://caapakistan.com.pk/upload/Notams/A0327-25.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250513093620/https://caapakistan.com.pk/upload/Notams/A0327-25.txt |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=caapakistan.com.pk}}{{Cite web |title=Notices to Airmen (NOTAMS) |url=https://caapakistan.com.pk/notams/notamview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250513093156/https://caapakistan.com.pk/notams/notamview.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=caapakistan.com.pk}} Satellite imagery taken after the Indian strike showed a crater on the runway that was not present in earlier images.{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Following India's airstrike, Pakistan declares Rahim Yar Khan airbase's sole runway non-operational for a week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/india-airstrike-pakistan-rahim-yar-khan-airbase-runway-closed-9996249/ |access-date=14 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}} As per Pakistani sources, the airport's Royal Lounge was damaged in the attack and a {{Convert|100|ft|abbr=on}}-wide crater was created in the apron area.{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Rahim Yar Khan's Sheikh Zayed airport damaged by Indian strike |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910184 |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}
• Sukkur Airport was also affected in the strikes as a hangar collapsed and an apparent radar site was destroyed.

The New York Times commented that India appeared to have had a clear edge is in its targeting of Pakistan's military facilities and airfields.

India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan said during an interview with Reuters that IAF "flew all types of aircraft with all types of ordinances on the 10th". He also said that all most of the strikes had achieved pinpoint accuracy with "some even to a metre to whatever was our selected mean point of impact".

Some reports claimed that India's missile-drone strikes on several Pakistani airbases, especially Nur Khan,{{Cite web |last1=Iyer |first1=Aishwarya S. |last2=Saifi |first2=Sophia |last3=Mogul |first3=Rhea |last4=Regan |first4=Helen |last5=Yeung |first5=Jessie |last6=Tanno |first6=Sophie |last7=Hammond |first7=Elise |last8=Sangal |first8=Aditi |date=9 May 2025 |title=May 9, 2025 - India-Pakistan news |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/india-pakistan-operation-sindoor-05-09-25-intl-hnk#cmahesoy300053b6q3n4af1hg |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=India and Pakistan accuse each other of 'violations' after ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt?page=4 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}} prompted US intervention for ceasefire agreement. The base is reportedly a strategic asset for PAF as "one of the central transport hubs" and "home to the air refueling capability" (No. 10 Squadron). The facility was also just over a mile from the headquarters of Strategic Plans Division responsible for Pakistan's nuclear arsenal which includes over 170 warheads. The New York Times also cited a former American official who stated, "Pakistan's deepest fear is of its nuclear command authority being decapitated" and that the Indian missile strikes were interpreted to be a warning for India's capability to do the same.{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E. |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=10 May 2025 |title=Reluctant at First, Trump Officials Intervened in South Asia as Nuclear Fears Grew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513094455/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/10/us/politics/trump-india-pakistan-nuclear.html |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Nur khan base attack prompted US intervention: NYT |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544711/i |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513111149/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544711/indian-attack-on-nur-khan-base-prompted-us-intervention-nyt |archive-date=13 May 2025 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Turning point in conflict: India's missile strike at Nur Khan base may have exposed Pakistan's deepest fears |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/turning-point-in-conflict-india-s-missile-strike-at-nur-khan-base-may-have-exposed-pakistan-s-deepest-fears-13020198.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}} According to Christopher Clary, an associate professor at the University at Albany, "So, an attack on the facility may have been perceived as more dangerous than India intended – and the two sides should not conclude that it is possible to have a conflict without it going nuclear". On 14 May, Reuters reported that Indian strikes on Nur Khan Airbase had alarmed US officials, due to the bases proximity to Pakistan's Strategic Plans Division.

However, unlike the claims of multiple reports, India denied that it had struck the Kirana Hills Site.{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=12 May 2025 |title=Claims Swirls As India And Pakistan Assess Results Of Latest Conflict |url=https://www.twz.com/air/claims-swirls-as-india-and-pakistan-assess-results-of-latest-conflict |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title='Didn't know what is there, didn't hit': Air Marshal denies rumours of action at Pakistan's Kirana Hills - 'Didn't know what is there, didn't hit': Air Marshal denies rumours of action at Pakistan's Kirana Hills BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/didnt-know-what-is-there-didnt-hit-air-marshal-denies-rumours-of-action-at-pakistans-kirana-hills-475919-2025-05-12 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}} The International Atomic Energy Agency also affirmed after investigations, following social media rumours, that there had been no radiation leak or release from any nuclear facility in Pakistan.{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=No radiation leak from Pakistan's nuclear facility after India standoff: UN watchdog |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/pakistan-india-nuclear-radiation-leak-iaea-debunked-b2751369.html |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}} Also, both India's Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan and Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Sahir Shamshad Mirza confirmed that there were no time during the conflict in which any of the nations had considered to use any nuclear weapons.

India said that 21 civilians and 8 military and paramilitary personnel had died in the conflict.{{cite news |title=India-Pakistan ceasefire appears to hold after accusations of violations |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg9d913v20o |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=BBC |date=13 May 2025 |quote=while India's army reported at least 21 civilians deaths from Pakistani shelling.}}{{cite news |title=We lost 5 soldiers in Operation Sindoor,' says DGMO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/we-lost-5-soldiers-in-operation-sindoor-says-dgmo/articleshow/121081158.cms |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=13 May 2025}}{{Cite web |last=Palnitkar |first=Vaibhav |date=14 May 2025 |title=Sunil martyred responding to Pakistani attack: 5 soldiers fired in turns, 'war was inevitable this time,' says brother |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/originals/news/pakistan-jammu-border-firing-army-rifleman-sunil-kumar-kashmir-loc-135024112.html |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=BSF constable Deepak Chingakham's mortal remains to reach Imphal on Tuesday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bsf-constable-deepak-chingakham-s-mortal-remains-to-reach-imphal-on-tuesday-101747069767659.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250514023425/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bsf-constable-deepak-chingakham-s-mortal-remains-to-reach-imphal-on-tuesday-101747069767659.html |archive-date=14 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}} Majority of the deaths and injuries were from mortar shelling by Pakistan in the Jammu region of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir particularly its Poonch district,{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Indian army says 3 civilians killed in shelling by Pakistani troops in Indian-controlled Kashmir |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/article/indian-army-says-3-civilians-killed-in-shelling-by-pakistani-troops-in-indian-controlled-kashmir/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=CTV News |agency=Associated Press}}{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistan shelling kills 15 civilians, injures 43 in J&K after Indian military strikes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-shelling-kills-15-civilians-injures-43-in-jk-after-indian-military-strikes/articleshow/120964566.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor highlights: 12 civilians and one soldier killed in Pak shelling in J&K's Poonch; Govt calls all-party meet today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-terror-attack-operation-sindoor-launch-live-updates-may-7-2025/article69543511.ece |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}} where Indian media sources said that a gurudwara, a school and several houses were damaged in the attacks, leaving 14 civilians and 2 Indian soldiers dead.{{Cite web |last=Wani |first=Fayaz |date=7 May 2025 |title=J&K's Poonch witnesses heaviest shelling after 1971 War; CM asks officials to prepare evacuation plan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/07/jks-poonch-witnesses-heaviest-shelling-after-1971-war-cm-asks-officials-to-prepare-evacuation-plan |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Poonch: 12 killed after schools, gurudwara and houses targeted by Pakistan Army |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/poonch-12-killed-after-schools-gurudwara-and-houses-targeted-by-pakistan-army/3836276/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |newspaper=The Financial Express }} Pakistani shelling hit in and near the Christ School compound, a Carmelites of Mary Immaculate congregation Catholic school in Poonch, killing two students and damaging the nearby convent of the Congregation of Mother of Carmel.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan hits Christian Convent, kills students in Poonch Shelling |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1280087 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Daiji World |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=3 students killed in Pakistan shelling, Poonch school opens with tears — and a prayer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pakistan-shelling-poonch-school-opens-with-killed-students-10016590/ |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}{{cite web |last1=Akkara |first1=Anto |title=Catholic School Hit, 3 Students Killed in India-Pakistan Conflict; Pope Hails Ceasefire |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/catholic-school-hit-3-students-killed-in-india-pakistan-conflict-pope-hails-ceasefire |website=National Catholic Register |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en |date=12 May 2025}} A Pakistani loitering munition resulted in the death of a civilian in the Firozpur district of Punjab, the only Indian death outside Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Gaurav Sagar |date=13 May 2025 |title=Pakistan drone attack victim from Punjab's Ferozepur succumbs to injuries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pakistan-drone-attack-victim-from-punjab-s-ferozepur-succumbs-to-injuries-101747118140011.html |website=Hindustan Times}} An Indian Air Force soldier was killed following Pakistan's airstrike on Udhampur Air Force Station,{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/i-love-you-iaf-martyr-sergeant-surendra-mogas-wife-clutches-his-uniform-as-family-bids-final-goodbye/articleshow/121095633.cms|title='I love you': IAF martyr Sergeant Surendra Moga's wife clutches his uniform as family bids final goodbye|work=Times of India|date=12 May 2025 }} and a deputy commissioner was killed during Pakistani shelling in Rajouri.{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jammu-and-kashmir/jammu-and-kashmir-cm-omar-abdullah-condoles-death-of-rajouri-officer-by-pakistan-shelling/article69559896.ece|title=J&K CM Omar Abdullah condoles the death of Rajouri officer by Pakistan shelling|work=The Hindu|date=10 May 2025}} Pakistan claimed that around 25–50 Indian soldiers were killed.{{cite news |title=Pakistan army contradicts govt numbers on Indian soldiers killed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cwy3jnl3nvwt?post=asset%3A67255f18-07d3-46f1-8cb0-55af0a30486b#post |access-date=10 May 2025 |agency=BBC}}

Pakistan said that 40 civilians and 13 military personnel were killed during the conflict from Indian air strikes and cross-border shelling (the latter in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir).{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Number of personnel martyred in response to Indian aggression rises to 13: ISPR |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545851/toll-of-personnel-martyred-in-indian-aggression-rises-to-13-ispr |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250515014610/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545851/toll-of-personnel-martyred-in-indian-aggression-rises-to-13-ispr |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en-US}}{{cite news |title=Pakistan says over 50 killed in last week's India clashes |url=https://www.dw.com/en/pakistan-says-over-50-killed-in-last-weeks-india-clashes/a-72528430 |access-date=13 May 2025 |publisher=DW |date=13 May 2025}}{{cite web |date=13 May 2025 |title=40 civilians, 11 troops martyred in Indian aggression: ISPR |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2545545/40-civilians-11-troops-martyred-in-indian-aggression-ispr |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune}} The initial Indian airstrikes on 9 May killed at least 21 civilians according to Pakistan. Indian loitering munitions killed a civlian near the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, two others in Daharki and Jabbi Kasran and a Pakistan Army soldier in Lahore.{{Cite web |last=Asghar |first=Mohammad |date=9 May 2025 |title=Poor vendor from Lahore falls victim to Indian drone |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909625 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Indian 'kamikaze drones' intercepted |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909566 |access-date=7 June 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}{{Cite news |title=Minister Visits Martyred Soldiers Residence |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/minister-visits-martyred-soldiers-residence-1978661.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250515032541/https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/minister-visits-martyred-soldiers-residence-1978661.html |archive-date=15 May 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025 |work=UrduPoint |language=en-US}} The Pakistan military confirmed that six of its airmen were killed during Indian air strikes on 10 May, including 5 deaths at PAF Base Bholari and one at PAF Base Mushaf. India claimed that at least 100 militants had been killed in the missile strikes,{{Cite news |date=8 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor LIVE: At least 100 terrorists killed in strikes, says Rajnath Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-may-8-2025/article69551791.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508090631/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pahalgam-attack-operation-sindoor-live-updates-may-8-2025/article69551791.ece |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} and that Pakistan lost 35 to 40 personnel in the conflict.

Masjid Syedna Bilal in Muzaffarabad and Masjid-e-Abbas in Kotli (identified by India as Markaz Abbas) both in Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir were damaged in the Indian strikes and killed 5 civilians according to Pakistan.{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistan downs five Indian fighter jets in retaliation for India's missile attack: security sources |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544343/indian-missile-strikes-hit-muzaffarabad-kotli-and-bahawalpur-amid-escalating-tensions |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India strikes Pakistan over Kashmir tourist killings |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/multiple-loud-explosions-heard-pakistani-kashmir-reuters-witness-2025-05-06/ |work=Reuters}} The Markaz-e-Taiba, a complex which includes a school, a college and a medical clinic, was hit in Muridke. It was established by Lashkar-e-Taiba's co-founder Hafiz Saeed and serves as its headquarters, and that of its front organisation the Jamaat-ud-Dawa.{{#tag:ref||name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}}{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Devastation among locals after India strikes Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c62g2d3xlj2o |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=BBC News}}{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title='It felt like the sky turned red', says witness to India strike in Pakistan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd7v7pdr095o |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} Al-Jazeera noted this site as the most significant among the others hit by India.{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Abid |title=Inside Muridke: Did India hit a 'terror base' or a mosque? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/5/8/inside-muridke-did-india-hit-a-terror-base-or-a-mosque |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Dawn reported that that at least 3 civilians were killed in the Indian strike.{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Deaths and destruction in Bahawalpur, Muridke after Indian strikes |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1909295 |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}

Bahawalpur's Jamia Masjid Subhan Allah, the headquarters of Jaish-e-Mohammed, was also one of the targets in the Indian strikes.{{#tag:ref||name="camps"|group=lower-alpha}} Indian media reports claimed that Jaish leader Abdul Rauf Azhar was killed in the strike, though this remains unconfirmed and his brother Masood did not name him among the deceased family members.{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=India Claims Strike on Terror Leader Behind Daniel Pearl's Killing in Major Anti-Terror Operation |url=https://themedialine.org/headlines/india-claims-strike-on-terror-leader-behind-daniel-pearls-killing-in-major-anti-terror-operation/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Media Line |language=en-US}}

According to The New York Times, India's role was "assertive" and "aggressive", and possibly established a new level of deterrence with Pakistan. The Times noted that in its initial strikes, India struck targets deeper inside enemy territory than it had struck in previous decades and had hit close enough to locations affiliated with "terrorist activities" that India could claim victory against these groups.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/world/asia/india-pakistan-war-analysis.html|title=India-Pakistan conflict ends with fragile truce|work=The New York Times|access-date=11 May 2025 |date=11 May 2025 |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib }} At the end of the conflict, it published high-resolution before and after satellite images, which showed India's edge in targeting of Pakistan's military facilities and airfields. It reported that India felt frustrated after Donald Trump public claims of mediating a cease-fire, presenting both countries as equals and downplaying the terrorist attack that triggered the conflict, and that India had hoped any U.S. involvement would remain discreet, and Trump's portrayal of both countries on equal terms was seen by Indian officials as politically sensitive and diplomatically frustrating.{{Cite news |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |date=13 May 2025 |title=As Trump Crows Over Ending a Conflict, India's Leaders Feel Betrayed |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/13/world/asia/trump-india-pakistan-ceasefire.html |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} According to the paper, the result of the conflict was "little more than a draw". Noting that despite India damaging sensitive Pakistani airbases, hangars and runways, it lost aircraft in aerial duels. It opined that the conflict had been a strategic setback for India, which found itself equated with Pakistan, a smaller, weaker country that Indian officials call a rogue sponsor of terrorism. It added that diplomatically, India appeared powerless to resolve the conflict and that the spectre of nuclear war limited what India could achieve militarily.{{cite news |last1=Mashal |first1=Mujib |last2=Travelli |first2=Alex |date=18 May 2025 |title=Why There's No Battlefield Solution to India's Perpetual Pakistan Problem |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/18/world/asia/india-pakistan-conflict.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The New York Times}}

According to The Washington Post, Pakistan's celebration that "ceasefire with India reestablished deterrence", "may be clouding a clearheaded assessment" and the "regional status quo had been upended" with more aggressive strikes by India, including a strike at Pakistan's military headquarters.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/12/india-pakistan-ceasefire-kashmir-conflict/|title=India-Pakistan ceasefire holds. But the battle lines have changed |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=13 May 2025 |date=12 May 2025 }} The Post said that , according to analysts, the alleged losses of Indian aircraft would constitute a humiliation of the Indian military.{{Cite news |last1=Masih |first1=Niha |last2=Noack |first2=Rick |last3=Mehrotra |first3=Karishma |last4=Irfan |first4=Shams |date=9 May 2025 |title=Fog of war thickens as India and Pakistan trade blame and accusations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/09/india-pakistan-misinformation-attacks/ |access-date=18 May 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}

According to the French newspaper Le Monde, this military operation against Pakistan revealed weaknesses in the Indian Air Force, and that the success of the Pakistan Air Force had to do with the superior training and combat experience of most of the pilots as they had been fighting continuous counterterrorism air campaigns in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, whereas India had largely remained at peace.{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Military operation in Pakistan reveals weaknesses of India's air force |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/05/08/military-operation-in-pakistan-reveals-weaknesses-of-india-s-air-force_6741047_4.html |website=Le Monde}} It said that the major military confrontation "produced no winners."{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=After the ceasefire, lessons from the worst India-Pakistan clash in 20 years |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/05/11/after-the-ceasefire-lessons-from-the-worst-india-pakistan-clash-in-20-years_6741140_4.html |website=Le Monde}}

According to Al Jazeera, analysts contend that neither side emerged with a definite upper hand, and both nations made certain strategic gains even as they each also suffered losses.{{cite web |title=What did India and Pakistan gained in latest clash |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/14/what-did-india-and-pakistan-gain-and-lose-in-their-military-standoff |work=Al Jazeera |quote=However, analysts say neither side can truly claim to have emerged from the post-April 22 crisis with a definite upper hand. Instead, they say, both India and Pakistan can claim strategic gains even as they each also suffered losses.}} Al Jazeera further reported that analysts noted that Pakistan's gains included internationalising the Kashmir issue and the downing of aircraft, while India's gains involved highlighting alleged Pakistan-based terrorism and demonstrating further military reach across the border.

The Financial Times, noting that both India and Pakistan claimed victory, said the ceasefire gave Islamabad the "diplomatic upper hand", as US intervention bracketed India, the "fifth-biggest economy", with what it sees as a "terrorism-backing rogue state".{{cite news|last1=Schipani|first1=Andres|last2=Jilani|first2=Humza|last3=Reed|first3=John|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8908334e-b7dd-4860-8394-571520081e49|title="How India and Pakistan pulled back from brink of war"|newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 May 2025|access-date=24 May 2025}}

According to Manal Fatima of the Atlantic Council, the war appeared to unify fractured Pakistani political forces domestically and resulted in Pakistan having a diplomatic advantage over India regarding Trump's involvement in ceasefire talks. According to Srujan Palkar—global fellow at the Council—Operation Sindoor "exposed an imbalance in US policy toward South Asia". The expert noted that if the United States was to continue building trust with India, it must put "the onus on the Pakistani establishment to play its part in counterterrorism" as well as consider revoking Pakistan's Major Non-NATO Ally (MNNA) status.{{Cite web |last=Hansberry |first=Cate |date=11 May 2025 |title=Experts react: India and Pakistan have agreed to a shaky cease-fire. Where does the region go from here? |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/experts-react/india-pakistan-cease-fire-experts/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=Atlantic Council |language=en-US}}

According to the Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung, the reported downing of an Indian Rafale jet (made in France) by a Pakistani air-defense system (made in China) raises concerns for Western military technologies.{{Cite news |last=Häsler |first=Georg |date=16 May 2025 |title=Downing of Indian fighter jet offers lessons for West |url=https://www.nzz.ch/english/downing-of-indian-fighter-jet-offers-lessons-for-west-ld.1884492 |access-date=16 May 2025 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829}} It stated that the Operation Sindoor by India "turned into a disaster",{{Cite news |last=Häsler |first=Georg |date=15 May 2025 |title=Chinesisches Kampfflugzeug schiesst einen Rafale-Jet ab – Europa muss daraus lernen |url=https://www.nzz.ch/pro/chinesisches-kampfflugzeug-schiesst-einen-rafale-jet-ab-europa-muss-daraus-lernen-ld.1883873 |access-date=29 May 2025 |work=Neue Zürcher Zeitung |language=de-CH |issn=0376-6829 |quote=Für Indien wirkt die Operation «Sindoor» wie ein einziges Desaster. |trans-quote=For India, Operation Sindour seems like a complete disaster.}} as it failed to take out their targets quickly, unnoticed and without losses, with Indian pilots encountering fierce resistance, and that despite India's claim that Pakistan was behind the Pahalgam attacks and its intention to deliver a punitive response, the operation resulted in heavy losses for India.

According to The Diplomat magazine's Pakistan correspondent Umair Jamal, Pakistan came out "emboldened" after clashes with India. He said that the conflict unified the country, that the Pakistani military has emerged more popular than earlier, and that the political leadership now see the need to strengthen the armed forces. He believed that Pakistan scored a diplomatic win by acting with "restraint" and found the US intervention to have favoured Pakistan more than India.{{Cite web |last=Jamal |first=Umair |date=13 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Comes Out Emboldened After Clashes With India |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/05/pakistan-comes-out-emboldened-after-clashes-with-india/ |website=The Diplomat |id={{ProQuest|3203309053}}}}

In an analysis published by RUSI, Walter Ladwig of King's College London wrote that India had seemingly "largely achieved its stated objectives". He noted that the Indian Airforce had, in the opening days, showed the capability to destroy claimed terror infrastructure, and for the first time since 1971 had penetrated the Pakistani air defence systems to hit forward airbases - showing a capacity for "coercive precision operations". However, he said that the Indian military's initial silence had ceded the narrative space, leading to an undue emphasis on specific platforms. He said that the Indian operation had set new normal regarding responses to terror attacks, changing the use of force against Pakistan proper from an "exception to expectation". He however noted that fringe actors may attempt to use this to provoke confrontations, and emphasised the need for expanding communication channels. He said that Operation Sindoor should not be remembered as a "dogfight between airframes" but as a "calibrated use of force" designed to show resolve, target terrorist infrastructure, and assert military capability.{{cite web |author=Dr. Walter Ladwig |title=Calibrated Force: Operation Sindoor and the Future of Indian Deterrence |url=https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/calibrated-force-operation-sindoor-and-future-indian-deterrence}}

Christopher Clary, a University at Albany professor and expert on India–Pakistan relations, stated to The Washington Post that satellite evidence supports the claim that the Indian military inflicted significant, though not devastating, damage on Pakistan's air force at several eastern bases.

According to John Spencer and Vincent Viola, writing in the Small Wars Journal, Operation Sindoor was more than just a rapid military reaction — it marked a significant strategic turning point. In just four days, India carried out accurate strikes on fortified positions across the border using only domestically developed or assembled systems such as BrahMos missiles, Akashteer air defense units, and loitering munitions, without relying on U.S. platforms or foreign logistics. India didn't just achieve victory — it demonstrated a clear military advantage over a Chinese-supported opponent. The operation highlighted a shift in national defense doctrine toward self-reliance and indigenous capability. As the journal notes, Pakistan, aligned with China in arms and strategy, was unable to counter India's precision offensive, with its Chinese-made air defenses proving ineffective.{{cite web |title=India's Wake-Up Call: Why US Defense Reform Must Match the Speed of Modern War |url=https://smallwarsjournal.com/2025/05/22/indias-wake-up-call-why-us-defense-reform-must-match-the-speed-of-modern-war/ |website=Small Wars Journal |date=22 May 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025}}

American geopolitical analyst Brandon Weichert writing for the The National Interest described the aerial duel between both countries as an unambiguous victory for Pakistan, insofar as western observers had not expected Chinese-made equipment to be able to shoot down the Rafales.{{Cite web |last=Weichert |first=Brandon J. |date=8 May 2025 |title=How Chinese Missiles Routed India's Air Force Over Pakistan |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/how-chinese-missiles-routed-indias-air-force-over-pakistan |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=J. Weichert |first=Brandon |date=9 May 2025 |title=Why Has India's Military Performed So Poorly Against Pakistan? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-has-indias-military-performed-so-poorly-against-pakistan |access-date=12 May 2025 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US}}

Retired Indian Navy officer and analyst C. Uday Bhaskar told Deutsche Welle Urdu that "India and Prime minister Modi had to respond to the 22 April attack because opposition parties and social media users were circulating clips of Modi criticizing former Prime minister Manmohan Singh for not retaliating after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Therefore, Modi had to prove that he could act on India's 'cross-border strike' policy by targeting locations such as Muridke and Bahawalpur in Pakistan's Punjab province." Bhaskar added that "this narrative reinforces the aggressive image of 'India under Modi's leadership,' which follows a hardline and zero-tolerance policy against terrorism. It supports the narrative of Modi as a 'protector of Hindus,' which carries electoral benefits. The upcoming Bihar assembly elections will be a test for this narrative."{{Cite web |last1=Shams |first1=Shamil |last2=Akhter |first2=Javed |last3=Krishnan |first3=Murali |last4=Janjua |first4=Haroon |date=13 May 2025 |title=کشمیر: حالیہ تصادم کے بھارت اور پاکستان کی سیاست پر اثرات |trans-title=Kashmir: The Impact of the Recent Conflict on the Politics of India and Pakistan |url=https://www.dw.com/ur/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%92-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF/a-72524642 |access-date=15 May 2025 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=ur}}

{{See also|2025 India–Pakistan conflict protests}}

Pakistani airspace was closed for 48 hours and all flights were cancelled.{{cite news |title=Flight operations resume at major airports after 8-hour shutdown |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1309165-flight-operations-resume-at-major-airports-after-8-hour-shutdown |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The News International }} In Pakistani Punjab, schools and colleges were closed, and CIE examinations were cancelled in most of Pakistan.{{cite news |title=Educational Institutions Closed, BISE (Inter) Exam Postponed For 7th May |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/educational-institutions-closed-bise-inter-1975382.html |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Urdu Point }}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=PM session exams cancelled for CIE students in Lahore |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2025/05/08/pm-session-exams-cancelled-for-cie-students-in-lahore/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Pakistan Today |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=O/A Level exams suspended in Punjab, AJK for May 9 |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544751/o |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}} In India, at least 25 airports in the north and west were shut down until 10 May.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India closes 25 airports, cancels 300+ flights after missile strikes on terror camps - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/aviation/operation-sindoor-india-missile-strikes-pakistan-25-airports-closed-300-flights-cancelled-19600906.htm |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=CNBC TV18 }} The Indian Air Force took control of Srinagar Airport and civil operations were stopped for an indefinite period.{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=IAF Control Srinagar Airport: Civilian Flights Suspended Amid Operation Sindoor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/iaf-takes-control-of-srinagar-airport-after-operation-sindoor-civilian-flight-operations-suspended-3528343 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}

The 2025 Indian Premier League transferred a match between Punjab Kings and the Mumbai Indians scheduled at Dharamsala on 11 May to Ahmedabad, citing the closure of Kangra Airport and other logistical issues caused by the ongoing tensions.{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/punjab-mumbai-ipl-venue-change-2bcebfa42cf444ca412b6ea33dfe452a |title=Punjab-Mumbai IPL game shifted to Ahmedabad because of India-Pakistan tensions|date=9 May 2025|access-date=9 May 2025|work=AP News}} Similarly, during 2025 Pakistan Super League, a match between Karachi Kings and Peshawar Zalmi could not be played. On 9 May, both the tournaments were postponed because of worsening of the situation.{{cite news |author1=Amlan Chakraborty |title=India suspends IPL for a week, Pakistan postpones games amid conflict |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-moves-t20-league-indias-ipl-awaits-government-advice-2025-05-09 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=Reuters |date=20 May 2025}}

More than 8,000 Twitter accounts were blocked in India.{{cite news |title=Over 8,000 X accounts blocked in India; The Wire says will challenge site blocking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/x-says-it-blocked-8000-accounts-in-india-after-govts-executive-orders/article69554836.ece |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=13 May 2025}} The Indian government also blocked several Pakistani YouTube channels along with six Bangladeshi channels' YouTube accounts under the section 69(A) of Information Technology Act, 2000 citing "threat to the national security or public discipline". This measure received protests from Bangladeshi government.{{cite web|title=ভারতে ৬ টিভির ইউটিউব চ্যানেল বন্ধ: ব্যাখ্যা না পেলে পাল্টা পদক্ষেপ নেবে সরকার|trans-title=6 TV's YouTube channels closed in India: Government to take countermeasures if no explanation is received|url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/731220/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A7%AC-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE|website=Ittefaq|date=10 May 2025|language=bn}} X accounts of Chinese state-run media Xinhua News Agency and Global Times, and Turkish public broadcaster TRT World were also blocked in India.{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-blocks-chinese-turkish-news-agencies-from-x/a-72536227|title=India blocks Chinese, Turkish news agencies from X|first=Mahima|last=Kapoor|work=DW News|date=15 May 2025|access-date=15 May 2025}} The Pakistan Telecommunication Authority blocked 79 Indian YouTube channels and websites citing "anti-Pakistan propaganda" which undermined "national unity".{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Pakistan Blocks Dozens of Indian YouTube Channels, Websites Over 'Anti-Pakistan Propaganda' |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/pakistan-blocks-dozens-of-indian-youtube-channels-websites-over-anti-pakistan-propaganda/ |website=Digital Rights Foundation}}{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=PTA blocks 79 Indian digital platforms for spreading anti Pakistan propaganda |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40361491/pta-blocks-79-indian-digital-platforms-for-spreading-anti-pakistan-propaganda |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Business Recorder |language=en}}

Stock markets in India and Pakistan experienced significant volatility through the week due to escalating geopolitical tensions, but rebounded sharply on 12 May following the ceasefire agreement.{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Stock market today: Nifty50 ends above 24,900; BSE Sensex rallies 3,000 points to cross 82,400 - top 5 reasons for rally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/stock-market-today-nse-nifty50-bse-sensex-may-12-2025-india-pakistan-ceasefire-global-markets-us-china-trade-deal/articleshow/121094342.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Pakistan stock market KSE 100 surges over 9% on India-Pakistan ceasefire; trading halted for an hour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/india-pakistan-ceasefire-impact-pakistan-stock-market-karachi-100-stock-exchange-may-12-2025/articleshow/121098715.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}

In China, a viral parody video mocking India over the reported downing of Rafale jets by Pakistani J-10C aircraft attracted significant attention, amassing millions of likes on Douyin and being reposted by Pakistan's Defence Ministry. The video was widely criticized as "racist and nationalistic", with commentators linking its popularity to rising Chinese nationalist sentiment. While the Chinese public embraced the incident as a win for domestic military tech, the Chinese government maintained diplomatic caution, urging both sides to exercise restraint amid regional tensions.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Chinese J-10C combat claims draw sharp contrast between social media and Beijing |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3309781/j-10cs-deepseek-moment-beijing-muted-china-cheers-fighter-jet-combat-reports?module=perpetual_scroll_1_RM&pgtype=article |access-date=17 May 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=16 May 2025 |title=Nationalist Chinese parody sparks outrage online |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-17/chinese-influencer-video-mocks-downing-of-indian-jets/105296112 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan: Chinese influencer goes viral with mockery of India's fighter jets. |url=https://table.media/en/china/news/chinese-influencer-goes-viral-with-mockery-of-indian-fighter-jets/ |website=table.media.com}}

The Indian strikes on 7 May sparked protests against it in Pakistan.{{Cite AV media |title=India's Deadly Strikes On Pakistan Spark Protests |date=7 May 2025 |type=News |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pakistan-protest-india-kashmir-strikes/33407511.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |language=en}} Protests and rallies took place in Peshawar and Islamabad,{{Cite web |last=Bashir |first=Ahtesham |date=8 May 2025 |title=Peshawar unites against Indian aggression |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544756/peshawar-unites-against-indian-aggression |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=World leaders express concern over tensions between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/05/08/world-leaders-express-concern-over-rising-tensions-between-india-and-pakistan |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=euronews |language=en}} while political rallies were taken out in Karachi,{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Pakistani parties rally in Karachi to protest India's missile strikes |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2599903/pakistan |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Arab News |language=en}} Lahore (by the Pakistan Markazi Muslim League, a front of the Lashkar-e-Taiba),{{Cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Political offshoot of Hafiz Saeed's banned JuD holds anti-India rally in Lahore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/political-offshoot-of-hafiz-saeeds-banned-jud-holds-anti-india-rally-in-lahore/articleshow/120902309.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |issn=0013-0389}}{{Cite web |title=Anti-India Rally Lahore: Hafiz Saeed's JuD Political Wing PMML Demands His Release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/world/political-offshoot-of-hafiz-saeeds-banned-jud-holds-anti-india-rally-in-lahore-3525365 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}} Muzaffarabad (by the Pasban-e-Hurriyat Jammu and Kashmir),{{Cite web |last=Naqash |first=Tariq |date=26 April 2025 |title=Anti-India rally in Muzaffarabad condemns Pahalgam incident, calls for UN probe |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1906667 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Fear and uncertainty after strikes: BBC in Muzaffarabad |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cjdxd0g21r7o |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} and Mirpur.{{Cite news |last1=ur-Rehman |first1=Zia |last2=Mughal |first2=Jalaluddin |date=6 May 2025 |title=On Pakistan's Side of Kashmir, Locals Fear They'll Be the First to Face India's Ire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/06/world/asia/pakistan-kashmir-india-tension.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |last=Akbar |first=Naveed |date=8 May 2025 |title=Protests erupt in AJK against Indian aggression |url=https://english.aaj.tv/news/330415914/protests-erupt-in-ajk-against-indian-aggression |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Aaj English TV |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=7 May 2025 |title=Protest demonstrations held in Azad Kashmir against Indian aggression - Kashmir Media Service |url=https://kmsnews.org/kms/2025/05/07/protest-demonstrations-held-in-azad-kashmir-against-indian-aggression.html |access-date=8 May 2025 |language=en-US}} British Pakistani protestors demonstrated outside the Indian Embassy in London on 7 and 8 May.{{Cite web |last=Burleigh |first=Charlie Bradley |date=7 May 2025 |title=Protestors descend on Indian Embassy in London as Pakistan hit by missiles |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/2051999/india-pakistan-protest-protestors-descend |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Michael D. |date=8 May 2025 |title=MP warns British streets could erupt amid escalating India-Pakistan conflict |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/mp-warns-british-streets-could-35189115 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Daily Mirror |language=en}}

Members of the Indian diaspora in France gathered in front of the Eiffel Tower to hold a protest against Pakistan after the strikes.{{Cite web |title='We Stand With...': France's STRONG Stand On India After 'Op Sindoor'; Sends Clear Message To Pak? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/international/we-stand-with-frances-strong-stand-on-india-after-op-sindoor-sends-clear-message-to-pak/videoshow/120980382.cms |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}} Calls for a boycott of Turkey and Azerbaijan were raised on India social media due to their public support for Pakistan during the conflict.{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=9 May 2025 |title=Boycott Call On Turkish Airlines And Travel |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/politics/india-news/boycott-call-on-turkish-airlines-and-travel-146052 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=greatandhra.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Here's Why 'Boycott Turkish Airlines' Is Trending On Social Media: 'A Call To Every Proud Indian' |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/heres-why-boycott-turkish-airlines-is-trending-on-social-media-a-call-to-every-proud-indian-aa-9328459.html |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title='Turkey should be banned from tourist lists': Ankara faces backlash for anti-India stance post Op Sindoor |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/operation-sindoor-boycott-turkey-boycott-azerbaijan-baku-tourism-india-pakistan-war-air-strike-terror-camps-475241-2025-05-08 |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=Business Today |language=en}} In Hyderabad, India, the protestors demanded to change the name of the Karachi Bakery,{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hyderabads-karachi-bakery-vandalised-as-protesters-demand-a-name-change-9997022|title=Hyderabad's Karachi Bakery vandalised as protesters demand a name change|date=12 May 2025|accessdate=18 May 2025|author=Nikhila Henry|work=The Indian Express}} while in Hyderabad, Pakistan, the Bombay Bakery (named after Bombay, now Mumbai) was celebrated.{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1193625|title=After India's Karachi Bakery vandalised, Pakistanis are showing love for Hyderabad's Bombay Bakery|date=14 May 2025|accessdate=18 May 2025|work=Dawn Images}}

Ali Khan Mahmudabad, a professor from Ashoka University in India was arrested on Sunday on charges under laws concerning incitement of communal disharmony, subversive activity, and religious insult,{{Cite web |title=Outrage after Indian professor arrested over remarks on military operation |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/18/indian-professor-arrested-over-social-media-post-on-military-operation |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} following social media posts about India’s Operation Sindoor. In his posts, he questioned the use of Muslim women officer Sofiya Qureshi for optics and highlighted issues like mob lynching on Muslims in India during the conflict. The incident sparked condemnation from over 1,200 academics and civil society members, who called it a crackdown on free speech and academic freedom.{{Cite web |date=18 May 2025 |title=Indian professor arrested over social media post about military operation in Pakistan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/india-profession-pakistan-operation-sindoor-b2753211.html |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=19 May 2025 |title=Terminate 'unwarranted' investigation and release Professor Ali Khan Mahmudabad |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2025/05/india-authorities-should-immediately-terminate-unwarranted-investigation-and-release-professor-ali-khan-mahmudabad/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}} He was later granted interim bail by the Supreme Court of India.{{Cite news |date=21 May 2025 |title=Ashoka University professor case hearing updates: Supreme Court grants interim bail to Ali Khan Mahmudabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ashoka-university-professor-ali-khan-mahmudabad-operation-sindoor-sc-plea-hearing-live-updates/article69600201.ece |access-date=27 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} The legal case reached India's highest court, which granted Ali bail but restrained him from further commenting on the 2025 Pahalgam attack as well as Operation Sindoor. A three member Special Investigation Team (SIT) has also been setup to look at the charges against him.{{cite web | title=Ali Khan Mahmudabad versus State of Haryana | website=Supreme Court of India | date=21 May 2025 | url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2025/28254/28254_2025_2_38_61888_Order_21-May-2025.pdf | access-date=1 June 2025}}

The National Cyber Crimes Investigation Agency of Pakistan arrested a senior National Database and Registration Authority official for allegedly sharing anti-army remarks on a WhatsApp work group.{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Senior NADRA Official Arrested for Alleged Anti-Army Remarks in WhatsApp Group Under PECA |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/senior-nadra-official-arrested-for-alleged-anti-army-remarks-in-whatsapp-group-under-peca/ |website=Digital Rights Foundation}}

On 12 May, a day after the ceasefire declaration, a session of the National Assembly of Pakistan was convened to celebrate what was regarded by Pakistani leaders as a victory.{{cite news|title=NA stands united in support of armed forces after Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos|url=https://www.pakistanstatetime.com/news/na-stands-united-in-support-of-armed-forces-after-operation-bunyanummarsoos|work=Pakistan State Time|date=12 May 2025|access-date=11 June 2025}} The government of Pakistan promoted Chief of Army Staff General Asim Munir to the rank of Field Marshal on 20 May 2025 citing his leadership during the conflict. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif described the military operation as a "remarkable success" and commended Munir's "exemplary courage and resolve".{{cite news |date=20 May 2025 |title=Govt elevates COAS Asim Munir as Field Marshal |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/885100 |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=Dunya News}} Air Chief Marshal Zaheer Ahmad Babar was granted a second tenure extension 'in recognition of his operational excellence' during the conflict.{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Air Chief Marshal gets extension after Operation Bunyanum Mursoos success |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2546898/air-chief-marshal-gets-extension-after-operation-bunyanum-mursoos-success |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}

Addressing the nation on the eve of 12th May, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that India has always defeated Pakistan on the battlefield, and Operation Sindoor has added a new dimension.{{cite news |title=Operation SINDOOR: India's Strategic Clarity and Calculated Force |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=2128748#:~:text=He%20established%20a%20new%20national,terrorists%20and%20their%20state%20sponsors. |access-date=14 May 2025 |agency=Press Information Bureau}}{{primary source inline|date=June 2025}} He added that India has only paused military action with Pakistan and will strike if any further 'terrorist attack' occurs. {{cite news |title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addresses the nation |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2128270 |access-date=18 May 2025 |agency=Press Information Bureau}}{{cite news |title=Modi warns India monitoring Pakistan closely |url=https://www.dw.com/en/modi-warns-india-monitoring-pakistan-closely/live-72512591 |access-date=12 May 2025 |agency=DW News}} On 9th June, Lieutenant General Rajiv Ghai, who, as Director General Military Operations (DGMO), played a key role during Operation Sindoor, was promoted as the Deputy Chief of Army Staff (Strategy).{{cite news |title=Lt General Ghai gets reward for Operation Sindoor, promoted as Deputy Chief of Army |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lt-gen-ghai-gets-reward-for-ops-sindoor-promoted-as-deputy-chief-of-army/article69675205.ece |access-date=9 June 2025 |agency=The Hindu}}

There were a number of misinformation campaigns in both countries during the conflict, particularly on social media platform X.{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Usaid |title=Information war: Are India and Pakistan telling the truth about attacks? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/7/information-war-are-india-or-pakistan-telling-the-truth-about-attacks |access-date=26 May 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93g3jk39dko?utm_source=firefox-newtab-en-intl|title=Misleading posts obtaining millions of views on X|date=7 May 2025|access-date=7 May 2025|work=BBC News}}{{cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Kashmir: What's the way out of the India and Pakistan crisis? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyzg8ygeezo |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=BBC}}{{Cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title=Misinformation floods Indian and Pakistani social media as officials keep quiet |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/india/operation-sindoor-fake-news-india-pakistan-strikes-b2747183.html |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}} A rise in online hate speech on social media described as misogynistic, sexist, and promoting gender-related violence against women also saw a surge in both countries during the conflict.{{Cite web |last1=Imran |first1=Sara |last2=Khan |first2=Seerat |last3=Nazar |first3=Maria |date=May 2025 |editor-last=Dad |editor-first=Nighat |editor-link=Nighat Dad |title=Digital Battlegrounds: Gendered Disinformation, TFGBV, and Hate Speech in the Indo-Pak Escalations |url=https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Digital-Battlegrounds-Report.pdf |website=Digital Rights Foundation }}{{cite web |title=Kashmir: The story of a dead Indian teacher who media falsely labelled a terrorist |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c17rw0vy0glo |website=www.bbc.com |access-date=29 May 2025 |date=25 May 2025}}

Sumitra Badrinathan, an assistant political science professor at the American University, stated that misinformation about the rivalry between India and Pakistan often originated from anonymous online accounts, but during the ongoing conflict, misinformations at least on the Indian side had been put out by "previously credible journalists and major media outlets."{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Misinformation warfare intensifies in India and Pakistan as conflict rages on |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3310622/misinformation-warfare-intensifies-india-and-pakistan-conflict-rages |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}} South Asia analyst Michael Kugelman also noted a "very high volume of particularly egregious fake news" in Indian media outlets aligned with the government.{{Cite web |last=Kugelman |first=Michael |date=22 May 2025 |title=Why Disinformation Surged During the India-Pakistan Crisis |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2025/05/14/india-pakistan-crisis-disinformation-media/ |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}} Several Indian broadcast outlets reported unverified claims, including supposed strikes on a Pakistani nuclear base,{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anupreeta |last2=K.B. |first2=Pragati |date=17 May 2025 |title=How the Indian Media Amplified Falsehoods in the Drumbeat of War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/17/world/asia/india-news-media-misinformation.html |access-date=18 May 2025 |work=The New York Times}} downing two Pakistani fighter jets based on AI generated deepfake,{{Cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Pooja |last2=Higgins |first2=Eliot |date=9 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan Conflict: How a Deepfake Video Made it Mainstream |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/rest-of-world/2025/05/09/india-pakistan-conflict-how-a-deepfake-video-made-it-mainstream/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=bellingcat |language=en-GB}} Indian army crossing the international border,{{Cite news |title=India's broadcast media wage war on their audience |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2025/05/15/indias-broadcast-media-wage-war-on-their-audience |access-date=21 May 2025 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}} Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif fleeing to a bunker, Pakistan's Army Chief Asim Munir being deposed in a coup and arrested, capture of Pakistani capital Islamabad, and had also circulated stories such as the Indian Navy attacking Karachi Port, all of which were discredited.

According to the UK Defence Journal and the Washington Examiner, footage from a video game Arma 3 was shared by the official X (Twitter) handle of the Government of Pakistan, with Information Minister Attaullah Tarar praising the military's "timely and nerve-wracking response", as the video showing a jet being targeted went viral on social media during the conflict.{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=George |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistani Govt shares game footage as real military action |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/pakistani-govt-shares-game-footage-as-real-military-action/ |access-date=21 May 2025 |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last=Knox |first=Brady |date=9 May 2025 |title=Pakistan X account posts video game footage claiming to show downing of Indian plane |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/world/3407215/pakistan-x-account-video-game-footage-downing-indian-plane-arma/ |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250511201521/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/world/3407215/pakistan-x-account-video-game-footage-downing-indian-plane-arma/ |archive-date=11 May 2025 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=Washington Examiner}} A Daily Telegraph frontpage showing Pakistani aerial victory in the conflict, shared by Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar in the Senate and by Ikhtiar Wali Khan online, was found to have been AI-generated by fact checkers.{{Cite web |date=15 May 2025 |title=Fact check: Viral Daily Telegraph article praising PAF after India escalation is fake |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1910765/fact-check-viral-daily-telegraph-article-praising-paf-after-india-escalation-is-fake |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Mahalanobish |first=Ankita |date=16 May 2025 |title=Pak deputy PM leads nation in praising air force based on fake Daily Telegraph clipping |url=https://www.altnews.in/pak-deputy-pm-leads-nation-in-praising-air-force-based-on-fake-daily-telegraph-clipping/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}} A CNN infographic purportedly verifying Pakistan's official claims of gains and losses in the conflict was similarly found to have been fabricated.{{Cite web |last=Pujara |first=Diti |date=13 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan Conflict: CNN denies it made viral infographic showing Indian side suffered more losses |url=https://www.altnews.in/india-pakistan-conflict-cnn-denies-it-made-viral-infographic-showing-indian-side-suffered-more-losses/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Alt News |language=en-GB}} False reports of Pakistan capturing Indian pilot Shivangi Singh were also widely circulated on Pakistani social media.

Deutsche Welle fact-checked several false claims on social media during the conflict. A video with over 5 million views, allegedly showing Indian missile strikes, was in fact footage of Iranian missiles hitting Israel published by DD India in October 2024. Another claim by a pro-Pakistan user that a French-made Rafale fighter, used by the Indian Air Force, was shot down in Pakistan, near Bahawalpur. The picture, in fact, was not a Rafale but a Pakistani Mirage 5 that crashed on a training mission in southeastern Pakistan three weeks before the conflict. Another viral video from a June 2024 crash of a Sukhoi Su-30MKI of the Indian Air Force in Nashik, Maharashtra was falsely shared as that of a Rafale jet shot down by Pakistan near the Line of Control.{{Cite web |title=Fact check: Fake news spreading after India strikes Pakistan |date=7 May 2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/fact-check-kashmir-conflict-out-of-context-old-videos-computer-game-footage-disinformation/a-72465246 |access-date=21 May 2025 |website=DW |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Ijaz |first=Raza |date=16 May 2025 |title=Video does not show Rafale jet shot down by Pakistan near LoC |url=https://www.sochfactcheck.com/video-does-not-show-rafale-jet-shot-down-by-pakistan-near-loc/ |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Soch Fact Check |language=en-GB}}

{{see also|Self-defence in international law}}

The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) stated that the casualties of the Indian air strikes were "a grave violation of international human rights law and could constitute crimes against humanity".{{cite Q|Q134434236|url-status=live}}

In The Hindu, legal journalist Aaratrika Bhaumik argued that for military self-defence to be legal under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, military actions have to "immediately" be reported to the UN Security Council (UNSC). Bhaumik interpreted the Indian foreign minister's 8 May briefing of 13 of the 15 UNSC member states to be "apparent adherence" to the Article 51 requirement and stated that the International Court of Justice (ICJ) interpreted Article 51 to only be valid in the case of defence against attacks by non-state actors if a state were responsible for the attacks. O. P. Jindal Global University legal scholar Prabhash Ranjan interpreted the foreign minister to have avoided references to international law and to have attributed the attack to Pakistan as a state. He viewed the foreign minister's legal argument to be based on a contested Indian view of the right to defence against non-state actors presented at a February 2021 Arria formula meeting. Ranjan viewed the Indian military strikes of 7 May 2025 to have satisfied the principles of military necessity and proportionality.{{cite Q|Q134429389|url-status=live}}{{POV statement|date=May 2025}}

• {{Flag|India}}: The Indian government claimed that the operation was a necessary response to terrorism, citing the Pahalgam attack. Prime Minister Narendra Modi cancelled his planned trip to Croatia, the Netherlands and Norway in light of the actions.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PM Modi Cancels Europe Tour After India Strikes At Terror Bases In Pakistan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/operation-sindoor-pm-narendra-modi-cancels-europe-tour-after-india-strikes-at-terror-bases-in-pakistan-8351800 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=NDTV}} Opposition parties urged Pakistan to stop its support for terrorism.{{cite news |last1=Sultan |first1=Parvez |date=7 May 2025 |title=India's left parties back Operation Sindoor, urge Pakistan to dismantle terror network from within |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/07/indias-left-parties-back-operation-sindoor-urge-pakistan-to-dismantle-terror-network-from-within |access-date=7 May 2025 |newspaper=The New Indian Express}}{{cite web |date=8 May 2025 |title='We Stand United': Political Parties Hail Operation Sindoor in All-Party Meet |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/operation-sindoor-all-party-meeting-india-pakistan-briefing |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}{{cite web |title=How global media covered PM's Op Sindoor speech: India's 'new normal' on terror |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-operation-sindoor-speech-world-media-coverage-2723849-2025-05-13 |website=India Today |access-date=13 May 2025 |language=en-in |date=13 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Pakistan}}: Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif called the Indian strikes a "cowardly attack" on civilians, and the Pakistani military threatened retaliatory strikes at a time and place of its choosing.{{cite news |date=6 May 2025 |title=India fires missiles on Pakistan |url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-india-missiles-border-tensions-21a2859557179f2b32d6b8d5628ac853 |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=AP News |quote="India fired missiles at Pakistan early Wednesday, in what it said was retaliation for last month's massacre of Indian tourists." |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506211711/https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-india-missiles-border-tensions-21a2859557179f2b32d6b8d5628ac853 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Lamb |first1=Kate |last2=Yerushalmy |first2=Jonathan |date=7 May 2025 |title=India-Pakistan crisis: what we know so far |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/07/india-pakistan-kashmir-attack-missile-strikes-what-we-know-so-far |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Local leaders react to Indian missile attacks, vow strong retaliation |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544487/p |access-date=7 May 2025 |newspaper=The Express Tribune}} After the strikes on 6 May protests erupted nationwide against the attacks including the cities of Hyderabad, Karachi, Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore and Rawalpindi.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LHShbq14Cc |title=Thousands of Pakistanis fill streets to protest India's May 6 attacks |publisher=TRT World |language=en |access-date=8 May 2025 |via=YouTube}}{{cite web |title=Politicians united against Indian aggression |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544609/p |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=8 May 2025 |language=en |date=8 May 2025}}{{Cite news |last1=Baloch |first1=Shah Meer |last2=Ellis-Petersen |first2=Hannah |date=8 May 2025 |title='There will be war': fear and defiance across border after Indian airstrikes in Pakistan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/may/08/india-pakistan-airstrikes-fear-and-defiance-across-border |access-date=9 May 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Many Pakistani celebrities, including Humayun Saeed, Hadiqa Kiani, Hania Aamir, and others urged peace.{{cite web |title=Pakistani celebrities slam Bollywood's callous celebration of civilian casualties |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1193602 |website=Images |language=en |date=8 May 2025}}{{cite web |title=Ali Zafar urges 'dialogue' to resolve India-Pakistan conflict |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544706/w |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |date=8 May 2025}}

• {{Flag|European Union}}: European Union Foreign Policy Chief Kaja Kallas stated that "The announced ceasefire between India and Pakistan is a vital step toward de-escalation. All efforts must be made to ensure it is respected.{{Cite web|title=Kaja Kallas welcomes stoppage of military actions between India and Pakistan|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/kaja-kallas-welcomes-stoppage-of-military-actions-between-india-and-pakistan/#:~:text=Brussels%20%5BBelgium%5D,%20May%2010%20(ANI):%20The%20European%20Union,Kaja%20Kallas%20emphasising%20the%20importance%20of%20maintaining%20peace.|access-date=2025-05-11|website=The Tribune|language=en}} The EU remains committed to peace, stability, and counter-terrorism in the region."{{Cite web|title=Gymnich: press remarks by High Representative Kaja Kallas after the meeting|url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/gymnich-press-remarks-high-representative-kaja-kallas-after-meeting_en|access-date=11 May 2025|website=EEAS|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Kaja Kallas welcomes stoppage of military actions between India and Pakistan|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/World/20250510/4315182.html|access-date=11 May 2025|website=news.webindia123.com}}
• {{Flag|United Nations}}: Secretary-General António Guterres called for military restraint and said that "the world cannot afford a military confrontation between India and Pakistan".{{cite press release |title=UN Secretary-General urges military restraint from India, Pakistan |date=6 May 2025 |work=United Nations |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1162986 |access-date=6 May 2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506225619/https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1162986 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=UN chief urges restraint over India's missile attacks on Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544460/u |access-date=7 May 2025 |newspaper=The Express Tribune |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507050819/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2544460/un-chief-urges-restraint-after-indias-missile-attacks-on-pakistan |url-status=live }}

• {{Flag|Afghanistan}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (IEA–MoFA) released a statement expressing their concern over the escalating tensions between India and Pakistan, additionally reaffirming their belief that security and stability serve the collective interests of all countries in the region. Afghanistan urges both sides to exercise restraint and resolve their issues through dialogue and diplomacy.{{Cite web |title=Foreign Minister Engages in Telephonic Conversation with His Pakistani Counterpart – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan |url=https://mfa.gov.af/en/18660 |access-date=10 May 2025 |language=en-US}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Algeria}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed deep concern about the recent escalation of armed exchanges between India and Pakistan, urged both sides to maintain self‑restraint and calm, to return immediately to dialogue in a spirit of responsibility, and warned that political and diplomatic means must prevail over the use of force.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=بيان وزارة الشؤون الخارجية - الهند وباكستان 07/05/2025 |trans-title=Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs – India and Pakistan 07/05/2025 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.dz/ar/announcements/statement-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-india-and-pakistan-07052025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Government of Algeria |language=ar}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2025}} Foreign Minister Ahmed Attaf said Algeria welcomed the ceasefire deal and commended the mediation efforts that made it possible by putting communication and diplomacy ahead of conflict and stress.{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Algeria Welcomes Pakistan-India Ceasefire Agreement |url=https://al24news.dz/en/algeria-welcomes-pakistan-india-ceasefire-agreement/ |work=AL24 News |access-date=17 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Armenia}}: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Ani Badalyan stated that Armenia appreciates India and Pakistan's ceasefire deal. She hoped that the ceasefire would last and that regional peace could be attained, adding that communication is essential.{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Armenia welcomes ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan: Foreign Ministry |url=https://www.1lurer.am/en/2025/05/11/Armenia-welcomes-ceasefire-agreement-between-India-and-Pakistan-Foreign-Ministry/1311308 |work=1lurer.am |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Australia}}: Foreign Minister Penny Wong welcomed the ceasefire, emphasizing the significance of de-escalation and counter-terrorism operations for regional peace and stability. She called on Pakistani Finance Minister Ishaq Dar and Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar to uphold the terms of the truce.{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Australia welcomes India-Pakistan understanding; calls for de-escalation, counter-terrorism efforts for regional peace |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/australia-welcomes-india-pakistan-understanding-calls-for-de-escalation-counter-terrorism-efforts-for-regional-peace/ |work=The Tribune |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs praised the announcement of the ceasefire, expressing optimism that it would help bring about long-term peace and stability in the area by lowering tensions. It urged the parties to have fruitful discussions in order to settle unresolved matters and foster trust between them.{{Cite web |title=No:193/25, Statement on the Ceasefire reached between India and Pakistan |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/news/no19325 |website=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Bahrain}}: In a statement released by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bahrain welcomed the ceasefire and reaffirmed its commitment to promoting communication and understanding between parties as crucial means of settling disputes and preserving stability, peace, and prosperity in the region and the larger international community.{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Bahrain welcomes US announcement of ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/BahrainwelcomesUSannouncementofceasefireagreementbetweenIndiaandPakistan.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDicYLO%2FHsMFe%2FoULSFWC8jE%3D |work=Bahrain News Agency |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Bangladesh}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an official statement, said it is closely observing the situation. Additionally, it has urged both nations to exercise restraint and maintain calm.{{cite news |title=Bangladesh urges calm as tensions rise between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/380608/bangladesh-urges-calm-as-tensions-rise-between |access-date=7 May 2025 |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune }} Chief Adviser Muhammad Yunus said "I most sincerely commend Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi of India and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif of Pakistan for agreeing to a ceasefire with immediate effect and to engage in talks.{{Cite web|date=2025-05-11|title=भारत-पाकिस्तान सीजफायरसंदर्भात बांगलादेशची पहिली प्रतिक्रिया, काय म्हणाले मोहम्मद युनूस?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/international/bangladeshs-first-reaction-to-the-india-pakistan-ceasefire-what-did-mohammad-yunus-say-a-a653/|access-date=2025-05-11|website=Lokmat|language=mr}}{{Cite web|date=2025-05-10|title=Yunus welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire, lauds US mediation|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/yunus-welcomes-india-pakistan-ceasefire-lauds-us-mediation-1139156|access-date=2025-05-11|website=The Business Standard|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Yunus lauds Modi, Sharif for ceasefire|url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/yunus-lauds-modi-sharif-for-ceasefire|access-date=2025-05-11|website=The Financial Express|language=en}} Bangladesh will continue to support our two neighbours to resolve differences through diplomacy."{{Cite web|title=Yunus praises Modi, Shehbaz for agreeing to ceasefire|url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/6264a4513e05|access-date=11 May 2025|website=bdnews24.com|language=en}}
• {{Flag|Brazil}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the ceasefire and urged both India and Pakistan to work towards lasting peace through dialogue and mutual confidence.{{cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Ceasefire between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/ceasefire-between-india-and-pakistan |access-date=11 May 2025 |issue=Press Release No. 196 |agency=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)}}{{Primary source inline|date=May 2025}} The Government also welcomed the ceasefire agreement and says it is committed to promoting peace, stability, and dialogue as the only way to resolve conflicts. It also encourages the parties to keep up their diplomatic efforts in order to achieve lasting peace and the welfare of their peoples, South Asia, and the world.{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Ceasefire between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/ceasefire-between-india-and-pakistan#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20Brazil%20welcomes,the%20parties%20on%2012%20May. |website=gov.br |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|China}}: A Foreign Ministry Spokesperson said that China found India's military operation early in the morning regrettable. The spokesperson expressed concern about the ongoing situation and urged both sides to act in the larger interest of peace and stability, to remain calm, exercise restraint, and refrain from taking actions that might further complicate the situation.{{cite news |title=How world leaders react to Indian strikes in Pakistan after Kashmir attack |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/reactions-indian-strikes-pakistan-after-kashmir-attack-2025-05-06/ |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Reuters}}{{cite news |title=How World Leaders Reacted To Indian Strikes On Terror Camps In Pakistan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/how-world-leaders-reacted-to-indian-strikes-on-terror-camps-in-pakistan-8349407 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=NDTV |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507012527/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/how-world-leaders-reacted-to-indian-strikes-on-terror-camps-in-pakistan-8349407 |url-status=live }}{{cite news|date=7 May 2025|title=China 'concerned' over India strikes on Pakistan, urges restraint|work=Channel News|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/east-asia/china-concerned-india-pakistan-military-strikes-urge-restraint-5113841|access-date=7 May 2025|archive-date=7 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507045117/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/east-asia/china-concerned-india-pakistan-military-strikes-urge-restraint-5113841|url-status=live}}
• {{Flag|Egypt}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs hailed the ceasefire accord as a step in the right direction toward South Asian stability. Cairo conveyed optimism that all parties would uphold the agreement, foster trust between them, and strive for their respective peoples' peace and prosperity.{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Egypt welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire deal |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/egypt-welcomes-india-pakistan-ceasefire-deal/ |work=Egypt Independent |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|France}}: Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot stated on Twitter that he welcomes India and Pakistan's ceasefire, calling it a prudent move. "France emphasizes the need to continue the fight against terrorist groups and encourages the parties to ensure a lasting ceasefire," he added.{{Cite tweet |number=1921222037416157415 |user=jnbarrot |title=Je salue le cessez-le-feu annoncé ce jour entre l'Inde et le Pakistan, qui est le choix de la responsabilité. La France encourage les parties à assurer un cessez-le-feu durable et souligne la nécessité de poursuivre la lutte contre les groupes terroristes. |date=10 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Germany}}: The foreign office issued a statement online, urging that "Escalation must be prevented and civilians protected."{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/6/india-pakistan-fighting-live-india-fires-missiles-into-pakistan?update=3692618 |title=India-Pakistan live: India strikes Pakistan, Pakistan-administered Kashmir |work=Al Jazeera |date=6 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |author1=Marsi, Federica |author2=Quillen, Stephen |archive-date=7 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507004340/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2025/5/6/india-pakistan-fighting-live-india-fires-missiles-into-pakistan?update=3692618 |url-status=live }} It also hailed the ceasefire accord, calling it a first, critical step toward ending the spiral of escalation as well as stressing the importance of discussion.{{Cite tweet |number=1921209479556743262 |user=GermanyDiplo |title=The ceasefire agreed between #India and #Pakistan is a first, important step out of the escalation spiral. Dialogue is key. The German government has been in contact with both sides in the past days. |date=10 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Greece}}: Foreign Minister Giorgos Gerapetritis praised the ceasefire deal and emphasized the significance of sustaining the momentum toward de-escalation through measures aimed at fostering confidence. He emphasized the pressing need for moderation and communication in light of the region's increased instability.{{Cite news |date=13 May 2025 |title=Greek FM Gerapetritis Urges De-escalation in Calls with India and Pakistan |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/05/13/gerapetritis-india-pakistan/ |work=Greek City Times |access-date=15 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Guyana}}: President Irfaan Ali praised the ceasefire agreement, urging all parties concerned to honor it and let peace to grow in the region.{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=President Ali welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire, urges respect for peace terms |url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2025/05/11/president-ali-welcomes-india-pakistan-ceasefire-urges-respect-for-peace-terms/ |work=Guyana Chronicle |access-date=15 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Indonesia}}: The Minister of Foreign Affairs promptly released a statement stating that Jakarta would closely monitor the course of the crisis between India and Pakistan. The ministry's statement said, "We urge both parties to exercise restraint and prioritize dialogue in resolving the crisis."{{Cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Indonesia Urges Restraint in India-Pakistan Conflict |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/news/indonesia-urges-restraint-in-indiapakistan-conflict |work=Jakarta Globe |access-date=12 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Iran}}: Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi during a visit to Islamabad urged both India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and avoid further escalation.{{cite news |date=5 May 2025 |title=Iran's foreign minister urges restraint in India, Pakistan standoff |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/irans-foreign-minister-arrives-islamabad-amid-india-pakistan-standoff-2025-05-05/ |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=Reuters}} Foreign Ministry Spokesman Esmail Baqaei praised the ceasefire announcement. He emphasized how crucial it is that both nations make use of this chance to guarantee a lowering of tensions and the long-term viability of regional peace.{{Cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Iran Welcomes ceasefire between India and Pakistan |url=https://en.mfa.gov.ir/portal/newsview/766171/Iran-Welcomes-ceasefire-between-India-and160-Pakistan |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran) |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Iraq}}: The Foreign Ministry welcomed the ceasefire agreement, describing it as a positive gesture that represents both parties' commitment to communication and diplomacy as a way of conflict resolution.{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Iraq welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/11052025 |work=Rudaw Media Network |access-date=15 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Israel}}: Ambassador to India Reuven Azar said that Israel supports India's right for self-defence. He added that "terrorists should know there's no place to hide from their heinous crimes against the innocent."
• {{Flag|Italy}}: Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani welcomed the cease-fire and urged it to be a "lasting accord." He reaffirmed Italy's commitment to promoting peace and development in Asia by fighting terrorism and any escalation on the front lines.{{Cite news |date=14 May 2025 |title=Italy's mediation earns praise in Indo-Pak ceasefire talks |url=https://decode39.com/10772/italys-mediation-earns-praise-in-indo-pak-ceasefire-talks/ |work=Decode39 |access-date=17 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Japan}}: Foreign minister Takeshi Iwaya released a statement declaring that the country is "deeply concerned that the recent series of events could lead to further reprisals and escalate into a full-scale military conflict." Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba praised the ceasefire accord, describing it as "a model case."{{Cite news |date=12 May 2025 |title=Ishiba Calls India-Pakistan Truce Big Achievement |url=https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2025051100194/ishiba-calls-india-pakistan-truce-big-achievement.html |work=Nippon.com |access-date=15 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Jordan}}: The Foreign Ministry has hailed the ceasefire agreement, citing it as an important step toward improving regional peace and stability. Spokesman Sufyan Qudah praised the two nations for coming to the agreement, emphasizing their emphasis on conversation and moderation, and reiterated Jordan's commitment to supporting all diplomatic efforts aimed at resolving problems peacefully.{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Jordan welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire agreement |url=https://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-welcomes-india-pakistan-ceasefire-agreement |work=The Jordan Times |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Kuwait}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs hailed the ceasefire accord, believing it will assist restore regional security and stability. It further stated that Kuwait reiterates its steadfast support for diplomatic ties and dialogue as a means of resolving regional and global conflicts.{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=Kuwait welcomes cease-fire between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3230833&language=en# |work=Kuwait News Agency |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Maldives}}: Foreign Minister Abdulla Khaleel welcomed the "immediate ceasefire" between India and Pakistan, while urging peace and dialogue to ensure regional stability.{{cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Maldives Backs India-Pakistan Ceasefire, Calling It Pivotal for Regional Stability |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/157383 |access-date=11 May 2025 |agency=PSM News}}
• {{Flag|Nepal}}: Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli thanked both India and Pakistan for the cessation of hostilities, called for lasting peace between both nations and highlighted the teachings of Buddha and the message of non-violence of Buddhism.{{cite news |title=Nepal PM K.P. Sharma Oli thanks India, Pakistan for stopping military actions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-pm-kp-sharma-oli-thanks-india-pakistan-for-stopping-military-actions/article69567174.ece |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=12 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Oman}}: The Foreign Ministry welcomed the ceasefire agreement and said it hoped it would be the first step in a positive dialogue between the two nations, which would lead to the peaceful resolution of conflicts in a way that benefits both peoples and advances efforts to achieve sustainable development and peace.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Oman welcomes ceasefire agreement between Pakistan and India |url=https://www.fm.gov.om/oman-welcomes-ceasefire-agreement-between-pakistan-and-india/ |website=Foreign Ministry of Oman |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Palestine}}: The State of Palestine has voiced its support for the ceasefire agreement agreed by India and Pakistan, hailing this momentous move as a positive step toward improving regional security and stability.{{Cite news |date=10 May 2025 |title=State of Palestine welcomes the ceasefire agreement between Pakistan and India |url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/157213 |work=Wafa |access-date=17 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Philippines}}: The Department of Foreign Affairs called for the situation to be resolved peacefully. "The Department is closely monitoring the situation between India and Pakistan. We call for a peaceful resolution to the current issues," DFA Spokesperson Maria Teresita Daza said.{{Cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=PH calls for 'peaceful resolution' amid India-Pakistan tensions |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1249608 |work=Philippine News Agency |access-date=12 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Qatar}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs urged diplomacy and restraint.{{cite news|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/07/05/2025/qatar-expresses-concern-urges-diplomacy-amid-india-pakistan-tensions |title=Qatar expresses concern, urges diplomacy amid India-Pakistan tensions |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=The Peninsula}} Later, it praised the ceasefire agreement between India and Pakistan, affirming that it reflects both nations' wisdom and their commitment to peace and the resolution of all unresolved issues through constructive dialogue that opens the door to comprehensive, mutually agreeable, and long-lasting solutions that will improve regional security and stability.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Qatar welcomes the agreement between Pakistan and India to implement a complete and immediate ceasefire |url=https://mofa.gov.qa/en/latest-articles/statements/qatar-welcomes-the-agreement-between-pakistan-and-india-to-implement-a-complete-and-immediate-ceasefire |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar) |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Russia}}: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova called both involved parties to exercise restraint and expressed the country is "deeply concerned about the intensifying military confrontation between India and Pakistan after the terrorist attack near the city of Pahalgam".{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Russia expresses 'deep concern' at escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/russia-expresses-deep-concern-at-escalation-of-tensions-between-india-and-pakistan/article69548260.ece |access-date=7 May 2025 |newspaper=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}} It later said in a formal statement that Moscow strongly supports the ceasefire deal that the two South Asian neighbors achieved to lessen tensions and encourage communication. The ministry expressed hope that the steps made to restore relations will be long-lasting and sustainable, calling the accord "an important step forward."{{Cite news |date=15 May 2025 |title=Russia welcomes easing of Pakistan-India tensions |url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087333528-russia-welcomes-easing-of-pakistan-india-tensions |work=Samaa TV |access-date=17 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs said it "welcomes the ceasefire agreement between Pakistan and India, optimistic that it will restore security and peace in the region".{{Cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Saudi Arabia, other nations welcome news of India-Pakistan ceasefire|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2600238/pakistan|access-date=11 May 2025|website=Arab News|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Mediates to Calm India-Pakistan Tensions |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/3377858-saudi-arabia-mediates-to-calm-india-pakistan-tensions|access-date=11 May 2025|website=Devdiscourse|language=en}} It also commended "both parties for prioritising wisdom and self-restraint and reaffirms its support for resolving disputes through dialogue and peaceful means."{{Cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=Saudi Arabia, Jordan welcome India-Pakistan ceasefire, urge dialogue|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2600227/saudi-arabia|access-date=11 May 2025|website=Arab News|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Saudi Arabia calls for peaceful resolution of Pakistan-India disputes|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/603817-saudi-arabia-calls-for-peaceful-resolution-of-pakistan-india-disputes|access-date=11 May 2025|website=www.geo.tv|language=en}}
• {{Flag|Singapore}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs voiced alarm about the ongoing military conflict between India and Pakistan, urging both sides to use diplomacy to reduce tensions and protect civilians.{{Cite web |date=9 May 2025 |title=Escalating Tensions between India and Pakistan, 9 May 2025 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2025/05/20250509-Escalating-Tensions-IP |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore |access-date=12 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}: President Anura Kumara Dissanayake welcomed the ceasefire between India and Pakistan, calling it vital for regional stability. President Dissanayake also said that Sri Lanka is ready to make whatever contribution to achieve regional peace.{{cite news |title=Sri Lankan President welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire, calls for lasting peace |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Sri-Lankan-President-welcomes-India-Pakistan-ceasefire-calls-for-lasting-peace/108-308692 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work=Daily Mirror |date=11 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Turkey}}: The Foreign Ministry praised the ceasefire declaration and said it was a great chance to reduce tensions and advance enduring peace in South Asia. It called on both parties to have "direct and healthy dialogue."{{Cite news |date=11 May 2025 |title=Türkiye welcomes ceasefire between Pakistan and India, urges sustained dialogue |url=https://www.trt.global/afrika-english/article/1ad54f5b8b0d |work=TRT Global |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|Ukraine}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs called for both parties to pursue diplomatic engagement and avoid escalation.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025|title=Comment of the MFA of Ukraine on the Escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan|url=https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/komentar-mzs-shchodo-zagostrennya-situaciyi-mizh-indiyeyu-ta-pakistanom|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|access-date=7 May 2025}} It later hailed the ceasefire deal, expressing confidence that its proper implementation will be a key step towards de-escalation of tensions and the strengthening of peace and security in South Asia.{{Cite web |date=12 May 2025 |title=Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine on the Ceasefire Agreement between India and Pakistan |url=https://mfa.gov.ua/en/news/komentar-mzs-ukrayini-shchodo-pripinennya-vognyu-mizh-indiyeyu-ta-pakistanom |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}: Foreign minister Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan called for both sides to show restraint and avoid an escalation.{{cite news |title=Abdullah bin Zayed Calls for Restraint Between India and Pakistan and Avoiding Military Escalation |url=https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/MediaHub/News/2025/5/7/7-5-2025-UAE-india |access-date=6 May 2025 |work=Government of UAE}} He later praised the ceasefire announcement between the two nations and said he hopes it will help to improve security and stability in South Asia.{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Abdullah bin Zayed Welcomes Ceasefire between India and Pakistan and Commends US efforts |url=https://www.mofa.gov.ae/en/MediaHub/News/2025/5/10/10-5-2025-UAE-India |website=mofa.gov.ae |access-date=14 May 2025}}
• {{Flag|United Kingdom}}: Foreign Secretary David Lammy called on both sides "to show restraint and engage in direct dialogue to find a swift, diplomatic path forward."{{cite news |title=UK urges India and Pakistan to show restraint |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk-urges-india-pakistan-show-restraint-2025-05-07/ |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Reuters }} He later said that "Today's ceasefire between India and Pakistan is hugely welcome.{{Cite web|title=UK Welcomes India-Pakistan Ceasefire Amid Calls for Sustained Peace |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/3378034-uk-welcomes-india-pakistan-ceasefire-amid-calls-for-sustained-peace|access-date=2025-05-11|website=Devdiscourse|language=en}} I urge both parties to sustain this.{{Cite web|date=2025-05-11|title=UK PM Starmer says ceasefire between Pakistan, India must be 'lasting'|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/883335-uk-pm-starmer-says-ceasefire-between-pakistan-india-must-be-lasting|access-date=2025-05-11|website=Dunya News|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2025-05-11|title=UK Hails India-Pak Ceasefire, Calls for Sustained De-Escalation|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!international/uk-hails-india-pakistan-ceasefire-calls-for-sustained-de-escalation-enn25051006331|access-date=2025-05-11|website=ETV Bharat|language=en|agency=PTI}} De-escalation is in everybody's interest."{{Cite news|date=10 May 2025|title=UK hails India-Pakistan ceasefire, calls for sustained de-escalation|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/uk-hails-india-pakistan-ceasefire-calls-for-sustained-de-escalation/articleshow/121061826.cms|access-date=11 May 2025|issn=0013-0389}}{{Cite web|date=10 May 2025|title=UK Welcomes India-Pakistan Ceasefire, Urges Sustained De-escalation|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/uk-welcomes-india-pakistan-ceasefire-urges-sustained-de-escalation-1771437|access-date=11 May 2025|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|agency=PTI}}
• {{Flag|United States}}: President Donald Trump remarked that "It's a shame" and said "I just hope it ends very quickly." US Secretary of State Marco Rubio spoke to the national security advisers from India and Pakistan and urged both to keep lines of communication open and avoid escalation.{{cite news |date=7 May 2025 |title=Operation Sindoor: India's strikes trigger global concern as Trump urges calm, world calls for de-escalation |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/operation-sindoor-indias-strikes-trigger-global-concern-as-trump-urges-calm-world-calls-for-de-escalation/122822 |access-date=7 May 2025 |work=Fortune India}}{{cite news|last1=Holland|first1=Steve|last2=Singh|first2=Kanishka|date=7 May 2025|title=Trump calls rising India-Pakistan tension a shame; Rubio speaks to both sides|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-calls-indian-strikes-kashmir-dispute-shame-2025-05-06/|access-date=7 May 2025}} Vice President JD Vance said that, a potential war between India and Pakistan is "none of our business." Furthermore, he said that, "We want this thing to de-escalate as quickly as possible." Later president Donald Trump and Rubio announced that the US had mediated the ceasefire between India and Pakistan.{{Cite web |last=Chance |first=Matthew |date=10 May 2025 |title=The US takes credit for India-Pakistan ceasefire, but this Trump truce may not herald lasting peace |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/10/india/analysis-us-role-india-pakistan-ceasefire-latam-intl |access-date=27 May 2025 |website=CNN |language=en}}
• {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs urged India and Pakistan to exercise restraint and prevent the escalation of hostilities. Uzberkistan also said that it closely monitoring the situation and offered to support efforts aimed at de-escalation between both nations.{{cite news |title=Uzbekistan urges India and Pakistan to show restraint and engage in diplomatic dialogue |url=https://www.gazeta.uz/en/2025/05/07/mfa/ |access-date=12 May 2025 |agency=Gazeta Uzbekistan |ref=7 May 2025}}
• {{flag|Vatican City}}: Pope Leo XIV expressed hope that "a lasting agreement may soon be reached."{{cite web |date=11 May 2025 |title=Pope Leo XIV calls for peace in Ukraine, Gaza ceasefire; welcomes India-Pakistan ceasefire announcement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pope-leo-xiv-calls-for-peace-in-ukraine-gaza-ceasefire-in-sunday-appeal/article69563900.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}

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