Foreign relations of Egypt
{{Short description|none}}
{{External links|date=November 2024}}
{{Politics of Egypt}}
The Foreign relations of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relations with the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such as population size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographical position give Egypt extensive political influence in the Africa, the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and within the Non-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Mediterranean's, Africa's and Asia's commerce and culture for millennia, and its intellectual and religious institutions are at the center of the region's social and cultural landmarks.
Diplomatic relations
=Israeli–Palestinian conflict=
Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which, under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including for the first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.
This support has continued to the present, with former President Hosni Mubarak often intervening personally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of the Peacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.
In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume the Camp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted President George W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convened in Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Jordan. The former Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, played a role in negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides.
=List=
List of countries which Egypt maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
=Africa=
In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africans attempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimes lethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.{{cite web|title=Desperate on the Border|author=Soussi, Alasdair|publisher=Jerusalem Report|date=November 9, 2008|url= http://www.jpost.com/JerusalemReport/Article.aspx?id=119897|access-date=September 30, 2012}}
The dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has become a national preoccupation in both countries.{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=An Egyptian cyber attack on Ethiopia by hackers is the latest strike over the Grand Dam |url=https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/ |work=Quartz |date=27 June 2020}} Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile.{{cite news |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |work=Nature |date=15 July 2020}} Egypt's Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry said: "Survival is not a question of choice, but an imperative of nature."{{cite news |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war |work=The Week |date=8 July 2020}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations established ! style="width:50%;"| Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
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|{{flag|Algeria}} | See Algeria–Egypt relations | |
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|{{flag|Angola}} | 18 February 1976 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 February 1976
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|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | 30 June 1960 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1960{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&dq=ambassador+Nagib+as-Sadr&pg=PA27 |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1 |publisher=Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited |year=1960 |pages=27 |access-date=22 November 2023}}
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|{{flag|Djibouti}} | 22 July 1977 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 July 1977, when the first Ambassador of Egypt to Djibouti, Mohamed Samy Heiba, presented his credentials to President Hassan Gouled Aptidon.{{Cite book |title=Cairo Press Review. |publisher=1977 |pages=9}}
|
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|{{flag|Ethiopia}} | See Egypt–Ethiopia relations
| |
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|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | 11 June 1974 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1974
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|{{flag|Kenya}} | See Egypt–Kenya relations
| |
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|{{flag|Libya}} | 3 September 1953 | See Egypt–Libya relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1953 when first Libyan Minister to Egypt Ibrahim El-Senoussi present his credentials to General Naguib.{{Cite book |title=The Arab League: 1951-1953 |publisher=Archive Editions |year=1995 |pages=670}} |
| {{Flag|Mauritania}}
|21 October 1964 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1964 when UAR (Egypt) officially recognized the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. | ||
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|{{flag|Morocco}} | See Egypt–Morocco relations
| |
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|{{flag|Nigeria}} | * Egypt has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
| |
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|{{flag|Rwanda}} | 10 February 1971 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1971{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1971 |pages=2011}}
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|{{flag|Senegal}} | * Egypt has an embassy in Dakar.
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|{{flag|Somalia}} | See Egypt–Somalia relations
| |
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|{{flag|South Africa }} | 1942
|See Egypt–South Africa relations
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|{{flag|Sudan}} | 4 January 1956 | See Egypt–Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1956 when first ambassador of Egypt to Sudan general Mahmoud Seif El-Yazal Khalifa presented his letters of credentials.
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|{{flag|South Sudan}} | 9 July 2011 | See Egypt–South Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 July 2011{{Cite web |date=11 January 2017 |title=South Sudan President visit to Egypt |url=https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/107432?lang=en-us#:~:text=When%20South%20Sudan%20declared%20its,celebrations%20marking%20the%20country's%20independence. |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=State Informations Service Egypt}}
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|{{flag|Tanzania}} | 14 November 1962 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1962 when Mr. Mustafa F. El-Essawi has been accredited as Ambassador of United Arab Republic (Egypt) to Tanganyika with residence in Dar es Salaam.
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|{{flag|Tunisia}} | * Egypt has an embassy in Tunis.
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|{{flag|Zimbabwe}} | 23 April 1980 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 1980.
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=Americas=
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations established
! style="width:50%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Argentina}}||9 June 1947 ||See Argentina–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1947
- Argentina has an embassy in Cairo.{{cite web| url = http://eegip.cancilleria.gov.ar| title = Embassy of Argentina in Cairo (in English and Spanish)}}
- Egypt has an embassy in Buenos Aires.{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/english/embassies/Egyptian_Embassy_Argentina/Pages/default.aspx |title=Embassy of Egypt in Buenos Aires (in Arabic and English) |access-date=2015-03-10 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117224950/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/english/embassies/Egyptian_Embassy_Argentina/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110531181535/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/eg.html List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Egypt (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)]
- [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Foreign/LatinAmerica/EArelations/040312050000000001.htm Egyptian–Argentinean relations – From the Egypt State Information Service]
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|{{flag|Brazil}}||27 February 1924||See Brazil–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1924.{{Cite web |title=República Árabe do Egito |url=https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/relacoes-bilaterais/todos-os-paises/republica-arabe-do-egito |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Ministério das Relações Exteriores Brasil |language=pt}}
- Brazil has an embassy in Cairo.{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlinevisa.com/embassies/brazil/|title=Embassies of Brazil|website=www.onlinevisa.com/|access-date=2022-01-31|archive-date=2022-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131135547/https://www.onlinevisa.com/embassies/brazil/|url-status=dead}}
- Egypt has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Canada}}||28 July 1954 ||See Canada–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 July 1954{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019#Beginnings |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute}}
Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954.
- Canada has an embassy in Cairo.{{Cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/egypt-egypte/index.aspx?lang=eng |title=Embassy of Canada in Cairo (in Arabic, English and French) |access-date=2019-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827044951/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/egypt-egypte/index.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=2017-08-27 |url-status=dead }}
- Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/english/embassies/Egyptian_Embassy_Ottawa/Pages/default.aspx |title=Embassy of Egypt in Ottawa (in Arabic and English) |access-date=2015-03-10 |archive-date=2015-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301071615/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/Embassies/Egyptian_Embassy_Ottawa/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}
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|{{flag|Chile}}||1929 ||Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1929{{Cite web |title=Relaciones Bilaterales |url=https://www.chile.gob.cl/egipto/relacion-bilateral/relaciones-bilaterales/relaciones-bilaterales |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Embajada de Chile en Egipto |language=es}}
- Chile has an embassy in Cairo.
- Egypt has an embassy in Santiago.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Colombia}}||23 January 1957 ||See Colombia–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1957
- Colombia has an embassy in Cairo.
- Egypt has an embassy in Bogotá.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Cuba}}||5 September 1949||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1949
- Cuba has an embassy in Cairo.
- Egypt has an embassy in Havana.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Mexico}}||31 March 1958 ||See Egypt–Mexico relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1958{{Cite web |title=Undersecretary Carmen Moreno travels to Egypt |url=https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/undersecretary-carmen-moreno-travels-to-egypt?idiom=en |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=gob.mx}}
- Egypt has an embassy in Mexico City.
- Mexico has an embassy in Cairo.{{cite web| url = https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/egipto/index.php/es/| title = Embassy of Mexico in Cairo (in Arabic and Spanish)}}
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|{{flag|Peru}}||7 October 1963 ||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1963.{{Cite web |title=El 7 de octubre de 2023 se conmemora el 60° aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y Egipto, nación con la cual nuestro país mantiene una histórica relación de amistad, cooperación y entendimiento mutuo |url=https://www.facebook.com/EmbajadaPeruEnEgipto/posts/pfbid05pNhaG6BjFCsEyerQ4kkcbwgxqLv2ytGpfNyhrof3fF2Xw3mNBSpbUjoFWCJDhMKl |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=Embajada del Perú en Egipto |language=es}}{{main|Egypt–Peru relations}}
- Egypt has an embassy in Lima.
- Peru has an embassy in Cairo.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|United States}}||26 April 1922 ||See Egypt–United States relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1922{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Egypt |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/egypt |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Office of the Historian}}
After the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab–Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance US–Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countries reestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28, 1974.
=Military cooperation=
Following the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and 2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion in military aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt received about $30 billion in economic aid within the same time frame. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance of US$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1.3|2009|r=2}}}} billion in {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}), and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation adjusted US$ {{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|250|2009|r=1}}}} million in {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}).
In 1989 both Egypt and Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States.
Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probably the strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. General Anthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US Central Command (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the most important country in my area of responsibility because of the access it gives me to the region." Egypt was also described during the Clinton Administration as the most prominent player in the Arab world and a key US ally in the Middle East. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part of the administration's strategy to maintaining continued availability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to secure the Suez Canal, which serves both as an important international oil route and as critical route for US warships transiting between the Mediterranean and either the Indian Ocean or the Persian Gulf.
The Egyptian military provides indirect support for the foreign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongest military power on the African continent, and the whole Southwest Asia.{{Cite web |title=2024 Military Strength Ranking |url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.php |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=www.globalfirepower.com |language=en-US}}
Egypt is one of the strongest militaries in the Mediterranean.
Egypt has the strongest and the most powerful military of the Arab world, ranking 15th globally.{{Cite web |last=Egypt-defense-expo |first=Arab News |title= Egypt ranked strongest Arab military force|date=17 January 2024 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2443461/middle-east}}
=War on Terror=
Despite differences and periods of friction in relations between the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations under Mubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle East peace process towards an independent bilateral friendship. It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to present moderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arab states to join the peace process and to normalize their relations with the US.
However lately Egyptian-American relations have become a little tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptian unwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the US in its war against international terrorism after the September 11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan during the war and after it. Egypt also opposed US military intervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose US occupation of the country after the war and further refused to comply with US requests to send troops to the country even under a UN umbrella.
The issue of participation in the post-war construction efforts in Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab world as a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it is necessary to wait until Iraq has legal representative government to deal with it. On the other hand, supporters of participation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqis and to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guide the Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis do not agree.
=Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.=
{{Update|section|date=December 2018}}
On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptian government and not allowed to leave the country as part of a politically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptian government into the activities of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt. LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the International Republican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.{{cite news |title=As Tensions Rise, Egypt Bars Exit of Six Americans |author=Steven Myers and David Kirkpatrick |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/world/middleeast/egypt-bars-son-of-ray-lahood-from-leaving.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/27/world/middleeast/egypt-bars-son-of-ray-lahood-from-leaving.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |newspaper=New York Times |date=January 26, 2012 |access-date=26 January 2012}}{{cbignore}}
On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities charged LaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spending money from organizations that were operating in Egypt without a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42 charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5 billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if the investigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt's Minister of International Cooperation, is seen as the person pushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt relations.{{cite news |last=Londoño, Ernesto and William Wan |title=Egypt to prosecute Americans in NGO probe; Sam LaHood among those facing criminal charges|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypt-to-prosecute-americans-in-ngo-probe/2012/02/05/gIQAQRderQ_story.html?tid=pm_pop |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=5 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012}}
On 7 October 2020, in line with Egypt's Vision 2030, US Agency for International Development (USAID) and Egypt's Ministry of International Cooperation signed an agreement to add $22.8 million to the five-year Inclusive Economic Governance bilateral assistance agreement. The funding was intended to improve the investment environment and empower women to join the labor force.{{cite web|url=https://eg.usembassy.gov/united-states-commits-nearly-23-million-to-support-economic-governance-and-womens-empowerment-in-egypt/|title=United States Commits Nearly $23 million to Support Economic Governance and Women's Empowerment in Egypt|access-date=7 October 2020|website=US Embassy in Egypt|date=7 October 2020}}
- Egypt has an embassy in Washington, DC and consulates-general in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and New York City.{{cite web| url = http://www.egyptembassy.net| title = Embassy of Egypt in Washington, DC}}
- United States has an embassy in Cairo.[http://egypt.usembassy.gov Embassy of the United States in Cairo (in Arabic and English)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307001551/http://egypt.usembassy.gov/ |date=2015-03-07 }}
|}
=Asia=
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal Relations Began ! style="width:50%;"| Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} | 10 May 1928 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1928 when has been signed Treaty of Friendship between Afghanistan and Egypt.
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|{{flag|Armenia}} | 9 March 1992
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1992{{Cite web |title=Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/eg |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia}}
| |
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|{{flag|Azerbaijan}} | 27 March 1992 | * Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.
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|{{flag|Bahrain}} | 5 June 1972 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 June 1972.{{Cite web |title=العلاقات الثنائية |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=8262&language=ar-BH&Country=%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain |language=ar}}
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|{{flag|Bangladesh }} | 15 September 1973 | See Bangladesh-Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1973.
Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize Bangladesh's independence.{{Cite web |url=http://www.thebusinessasia.com/newsite/?p=202 |title=Egypt to build a strong ties with Bangladesh | the Business Asia |access-date=2013-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821030916/http://www.thebusinessasia.com/newsite/?p=202 |archive-date=2013-08-21 |url-status=dead }} President Anwar Al Sadat enjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to the Bangladesh Army. Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies. Present-day relations are characterized by a growing trade and economic relationship. |
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|{{flag|China}} | 30 May 1956 | See China–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1956 |
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|{{flag|Georgia }} | 11 May 1992
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 May 1992{{Cite web |title=EGYPT, ARAB REPUBLIC OF |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/en/bilateral-relations/eg |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF GEORGIA}}
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|{{flag|India }} | 18 August 1947 | See Egypt–India relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 August 1947{{Cite web |title=India - Egypt Relations |url=https://www.eoicairo.gov.in/page/india-egypt/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Embassy of India Cairo,Egypt}} Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between Saad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goals of their respective movements of independence. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Six-Day War, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco and lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of Egypt Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.Egypt State Information Service: [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Activity/000001/0401050400000000000964.htm Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries] {{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.The Hindu [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222070617/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/19/stories/2008111961221200.htm Manmohan: time ripe for transforming ties] In 2023 India has invited Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as the chief guest of the 74th Republic Day parade.{{Cite news |date=2023-01-26 |title=Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi witnesses Republic Day parade |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/egyptian-president-abdel-fattah-el-sisi-witnesses-republic-day-parade/articleshow/97340867.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0971-8257}} Also Representing the main branches of the Egyptian armed forces, 144 soldiers participated in the parade.{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/republic-day-parade-2023-foreign-contingent-8405606/ | title=Republic Day parade 2023 has an Egypt contingent: Which other foreign contingents have participated earlier? | date=26 January 2023 }} |
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|{{flag|Indonesia}} | 10 June 1947
|See Egypt–Indonesia relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1947.{{Cite web |title=Sejarah Hubungan Indonesia Mesir |url=https://kemlu.go.id/cairo/id/read/sejarah-hubungan-indonesia-mesir/1900/etc-menu |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Kairo, Mesir |language=id}}
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|{{flag|Iran }} | 1939
(Diplomatic relations severed 1980) |See Egypt–Iran relations In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, and Youssef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year, Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the then crown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/07/02/77608.html Ahmadinejad unwelcome in Egypt: lawyer], Al Arabiya. July 2, 2009 Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, its support for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, the late President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street and mural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-old Palestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptian relations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relations between the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse during the Gaza War (2008–09) when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blames over inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the two countries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8 In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in private meetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-known".[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-nov-29-la-fg-wikileaks-arabs-20101130-story.html "WikiLeaks: Diplomatic cables show Egyptian leader's acrimony with Iran"], Los Angeles Times, November 29, 2010 According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challenge facing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort to subvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also consider reaching such weapons.[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704457604576011643624083766?mod=googlenews_wsj "Iran, Israel and the Arab Contradiction"], by Ronen Bergman, Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2010 | |
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|{{flag|Iraq }} | See Egypt-Iraq relations
Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt's "natural role" among Arab countries. In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypt's membership. However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraq's main trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme). | |
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|{{flag|Israel }} | 26 January 1980 | See Egypt–Israel relations
The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War ended in 1973 with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then, relations have improved. Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle East is the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's groundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy of confrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by other Arab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989. However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli–Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relations between these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. The Egyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peace due to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. |
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|{{flag|Japan }} | 1922 | See Egypt-Japan relations
Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",{{cite web|url=http://www.embassy-avenue.jp/egypt/ |title=Embassy Avenue Index |publisher=Embassy-avenue.jp |access-date=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009174007/http://www.embassy-avenue.jp/egypt/ |archive-date=2008-10-09 }} with embassies mutually established.{{cite web |url=http://www.eg.emb-japan.go.jp/e/birateral/japan_egypt/recent_progress/2008/index.htm |title=Embassy of Japan in Egypt |publisher=Eg.emb-japan.go.jp |access-date=2011-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201040701/http://www.eg.emb-japan.go.jp/e/birateral/japan_egypt/recent_progress/2008/index.htm |archive-date=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead }} At present, the two nations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic and trade relations.{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/ec2.htm|title=Al-Ahram Weekly - Economy - Japan and Egypt open up|author=Gamal Essam El-Din|access-date=21 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827225102/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/717/ec2.htm|archive-date=27 August 2013}}
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|{{flag|Jordan }} | 28 May 1947 | See Egypt-Jordan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1947 when Mohamed Bey Yassin, Egyptian Minister in Transjordan with residence in Baghdad presented his credentials.{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Jarman |title=Political Diaries of the Arab World: 1947 |publisher=Archive Editions |year=2001 |pages=601}} On April 6, 1972, the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for a Jordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.{{cite web| url = https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=68652&dt=2472&dl=1345| title = US diplomatic cable on the resumption of relations}} They were severed again in 1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on both governments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis the Israeli government,{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=39523&st=&st1=|title=Ronald Reagan: Remarks of President Reagan, President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, and King Hussein I of Jordan Following Their Meetings|access-date=21 February 2015}} and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.
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|{{flag|Kazakhstan }} | 6 March 1992
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1992.{{Cite web |title=Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан |url=http://mfa.kz/ru/content-view/spisok-stran-ustanovivshikh-diplomaticheskie-otnosheniya-s-rk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220233503/http://mfa.kz/ru/content-view/spisok-stran-ustanovivshikh-diplomaticheskie-otnosheniya-s-rk |archive-date=20 February 2020 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreifn Affairs Republic of Kazakhstan |language=ru}} In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he met with Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30 trade and economic cooperation agreements had been concluded between the two countries.{{Cite web |url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/VR/kazakhstan/einter5.htm |title=Mubarak, Nazarbayev: Need underlined for pushing peace process, developing bilateral ties |access-date=2009-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614002822/http://www.sis.gov.eg/VR/kazakhstan/einter5.htm |archive-date=2011-06-14 |url-status=dead }} | |
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|{{flag|Kuwait}} | 2 December 1961 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1961
|
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|{{flag|Lebanon}} | 30 November 1944 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1944 when was opened Legation of Lebanon in Cairo.{{Cite book |last=KHOURY Gérard |title=Sélim Takla 1895-1945. Une contribution à l'indépendance du Liban |publisher=Karthala Editions |year=2004 |pages=389 |language=fr}}
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|{{flag|Malaysia}} | 1957{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/Embassies/Egyptian_Embassy_Malaysia/bilateralrelations/Pages/History.aspx|title=Bilateral Relations|publisher=Embassy of Egypt in Kuala Lumpur|access-date=8 January 2014|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107162703/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/English/Embassies/Egyptian_Embassy_Malaysia/bilateralrelations/Pages/History.aspx|url-status=dead}}
| |
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|{{flag|Mongolia }} | 2 April 1963
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 April 1963{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=List of countries maintaining diplomatic relations with Mongolia |url=http://www.mfa.gov.mn/old/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/diplist-2020-draft-20200729.pdf |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Diplomatic and Consular List Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia |page=4 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928021439/http://www.mfa.gov.mn/old/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/diplist-2020-draft-20200729.pdf |url-status=dead }} Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African continent.{{cite web|url=http://www.mongolianembassy.us/eng_embassy_info/missions_abroad.php |title=Missions Abroad |publisher=Embassy of Mongolia, Washington D.C. |access-date=2007-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011090744/http://mongolianembassy.us/eng_embassy_info/missions_abroad.php |archive-date=2007-10-11 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|publisher=BBC|title=Mongolian president discusses cooperation with Egyptian counterpart|date=2004-05-03|access-date=2007-10-26|url=http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BBAB/lib00589,1025DDF543B4119D.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707204143/http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BBAB/lib00589,1025DDF543B4119D.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-07-07}} | |
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|{{flag|Oman}} | * Egypt has an embassy in Muscat.
| |
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|{{flag|Pakistan }} | 20 October 1947 | See Egypt–Pakistan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 October 1947 when the Egyptian Government has agreed to the establishment of a Pakistan Embassy in Cairo and to the appointment Mr. J. A. Rahim as Chargé d'Affaires.{{Cite web |title=PAKISTAN EMBASSY IN CAIRO Indian Daily Mail, 21 October 1947, Page 6 |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19471021-1.2.75 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Newspaper SG}} Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are members of the OIC (Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relations between the two countries were established after Pakistan was established. Pakistan President General Muhammad Ayub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
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|{{flag|Palestine}} | See Egypt–Palestine relations | |
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|{{flag|Philippines}} | 1955-01-18 | See Egypt–Philippines relations
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|{{flag|Qatar }} | 1 November 1971 | See Egypt-Qatar relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1971 Lately, relations have not been at its best. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar, has described the 2013 political transition in Egypt as a "military coup".{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/12696782|title=GCC's 2014 Crisis: Causes, Issues and Solutions|author=Islam Hassan|journal=Gulf Cooperation Council's Challenges and Prospects|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Al Jazeera Research Center |access-date=4 June 2015}} It is worth mentioning that the main problem between the two governments is the Qatari support to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. The Egyptian government, along with those of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates, broke off diplomatic relations with Qatar on 5 June 2017. The Egyptian Foreign Ministry announced it was closing its air and sea ports to Qatari transportation. The Egyptian, Saudi, Bahraini, and Emirati governments cited Qatar's continuing support for "terrorism", such as the Muslim Brotherhood.{{Cite news|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/uae-saudi-bahrain-egypt-cut-ties-with-qatar-676651.html|title=UAE, Saudi, Bahrain and Egypt cut ties with Qatar|work=Arabian Business|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en}} Islam Hassan argues "Egypt has had troubled relations with Qatar for many years, except of Mohamed Morsi's period in power. The Egyptian government has seen Qatar as a source of instability. TheEgyptian regime also sees that Qatar challenges its rule by financing the Muslim Brotherhood, and other organizations, which the regime has outlawed and consider terrorist organizations. Thus, the Egyptian regime has been trying to push back on Qatar by any means. The current issue between the Saudi bloc and Qatar seemed to be an opportunity to put pressure on Qatar to stop financing the Muslim Brotherhood, its affiliates, and supporters, and to support the Sisi regime."{{cite news|url=https://www.academia.edu/33408451|title=Qatar Pursues an Independent Foreign Policy that Clashes with the Saudi's Strategic Interests|work=Eurasia Diary|date=8 June 2017|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727225548/http://www.academia.edu/33408451/Qatar_Pursues_an_Independent_Foreign_Policy_that_Clashes_with_the_Saudis_Strategic_Interests.pdf|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url= https://www.academia.edu/33408486|title= Saudi Diplomatic Offensive on Qatar to Barely Impact Anti-Terror Fight in Region|work=Sputnik International|date=8 June 2017|access-date=11 June 2017}} |
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|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} | 7 May 1936 | See Egypt–Saudi Arabia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1936 when was signed a Treaty by Egypt and Saudi Arabia in Cairo which included Egypt's recognition of Saudi Arabia as an independent and sovereign state.{{Cite web |last=Dr. Ashraf Saleh Mohamed Sayed |date=June 2014 |title=Friendship & Cooperation Treaty Between The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia And The Kingdom of Egypt May-November 1936 |url=https://www.na.ae/en/system/designitems/pdf/LIWAE_Current.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202080005/https://www.na.ae/en/system/designitems/pdf/LIWAE_Current.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2021 |access-date=12 September 2023 |website=LIWA Journal of the National Archives Volume 6, Number 11 |page=37}} |
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|{{flag|South Korea }} | 13 April 1995
| See Egypt–South Korea relations
| |
| |
| | ||
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
|27 September 1954 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1954 | ||
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|{{flag|Turkey}} | 8 May 1925 | See also Egypt–Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 May 1925.
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|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | 10 January 1972 | See Egypt-United Arab Emirates relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1972.{{Cite book |title=News Review on West Asia |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |year=1972 |pages=13}} |
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|{{flag|Vietnam }} | 1 September 1963
|
| |
| {{Flag|Yemen}}
|11 April 1946 |Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1946 |
===Europe===
{{See also|Egypt–European Union relations}}
European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro – Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key external relations priority for the EU.
The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between the European Union and its originally 12 Mediterranean Partners: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Palestinian Authority. Libya currently has observer status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, the co-operation and needs covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, including Cyprus and Malta and the 10 Mediterranean Partners.
Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as its participation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, the first meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.
Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of total funds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Union for the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, national structural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.
The EU is Egypt's biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37% of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt has risen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypt's main exports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%), and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals (16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a serious but improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.
Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businesses facing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agricultural goods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.
Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.
Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the joint declaration ' A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean', aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.{{Cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/arab_spring/index_en.htm |title=EU response to the Arab Spring |access-date=2014-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402172208/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/neighbourhood/arab_spring/index_en.htm |archive-date=2014-04-02 |url-status=dead }}
As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previous Free Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade in services, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investment protection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013, when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investment relations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA).{{cite web|url=http://www.tax-news.com/news/EU_Seeks_To_Resume_Talks_On_DCFTA_With_Egypt____63682.html|title=EU Seeks To Resume Talks On DCFTA With Egypt|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221171821/http://www.tax-news.com/news/EU_Seeks_To_Resume_Talks_On_DCFTA_With_Egypt____63682.html|url-status=usurped}}
In August 2014, the European Union discussed the possibility of revising provision of aid to Egypt.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-eu-idUSBRE97I0PU20130819|title=EU foreign ministers to discuss how to press Egypt over bloodshed|work=Reuters|date=19 August 2013|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020190050/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/19/us-egypt-protests-eu-idUSBRE97I0PU20130819|url-status=live|last1=Pawlak|first1=Justyna}} However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt among European diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23782685|title=BBC News - EU suspends arms sales to Egypt over crackdown|work=BBC News|date=21 August 2013|access-date=21 February 2015}} and those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/08/201382153414138265.html|title=Egypt PM defiant on threat of aid cut|access-date=21 February 2015}} Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of arms and materials that could be used for repression, but fell short to halt aid program which could damage civil society.
Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt to promote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsi.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/aug/04/baroness-ashton-morsi-secret-meeting|title=How Baroness Ashton engineered a secret meeting at dead of night with Morsi|author=Elizabeth Day|work=the Guardian|date=3 August 2013|access-date=21 February 2015}}
In an official statement released at the end of a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and incarceration of journalists and activists.{{Cite web |url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/egypt/press_corner/all_news/news/2014/20140411_en.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224441/http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/egypt/press_corner/all_news/news/2014/20140411_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-12 |url-status=dead }} At the same time, her later declarations about el-Sisi's bid for presidential candidacy as "difficult" but "brave"{{cite web|url=http://madamasr.com/content/eu-policy-chief-calls-sisi-presidential-bid-brave|title=EU policy chief calls Sisi presidential bid 'brave'|work=Mada Masr|access-date=21 February 2015}} sparked harsh criticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, who advanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of their Anti-Coup Alliance.{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/haber/133487/egypts-anti-coup-bloc-slams-ashtons-sisi-visit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421065314/http://www.worldbulletin.net/haber/133487/egypts-anti-coup-bloc-slams-ashtons-sisi-visit|url-status=usurped|archive-date=April 21, 2014|title=Egypt's anti-coup bloc slams Ashton's Sisi visit - Middle East - Worldbulletin News|work=World Bulletin|access-date=21 February 2015}}
In April 2014, the European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion of the Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in their opinion this would legitimize what they called an unlawful take on power.{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/04/eu-legitimising-sisi-coup-egypt-20144161181767834.html|title=Is the EU legitimising Sisi's coup?|author=Alastair Sloan|access-date=21 February 2015}}
A contract for the sale of 30 Rafale fighter jets was signed between the defense ministries of Egypt and France in May 2021. The official value of the contract was not disclosed at first and was later exposed to be worth 3.75 billion euro or $4.5 billion, by an investigative website called Disclose. In December 2020, French President Emmanuel Macron received criticism for not controlling the sale of weapons to Egypt on its poor human rights record, stating counter-terrorism concerns. The Egyptian defense ministry cited that the deal would be supported via a 10-year loan without disclosing its value or any further details. Rights organizations have denounced the deal and accused the French president of overlooking the increasing violation of freedom in Egypt under the regime of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi. France's armed forces, finance, and foreign ministries were unavailable for comment. However, French officials claim that Paris, under one of its policies, is avoiding criticism of countries on their human rights records to work with them effectively in private.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/france-sell-30-rafale-fighter-jets-egypt-investigative-website-2021-05-03/|title=France to sell Egypt 30 fighter jets in $4.5 bln deal -Egyptian defense ministry, report|accessdate=4 May 2021|website=Reuters|date=3 May 2021}}
On 3 February 2022, around 175 Members of European Parliament wrote a joint letter to foreign ministers and ambassadors to the UN Human Rights Council and requested them to secure the establishment of a UN human rights monitoring and reporting mechanism on Egypt. The MEPs were concerned that despite devastating human rights crisis in Egypt, the international communities persistently failed to take any meaningful action to address the situation. The Egyptian authorities, under President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi, have "brutally and systematically" repressed all forms of dissent and severely curtailed civic space.{{cite web|url=https://www.jcoetjen.de/artikel/joint-letter-urging-for-the-establishment-of-a-un-human-rights-monitoring-mechanism-on-egypt|title=Joint Letter Urging for the Establishment of a UN Human Rights Monitoring Mechanism on Egypt|accessdate=3 February 2022|website=Jan-Christoph Oetjen Official website|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203091228/https://www.jcoetjen.de/artikel/joint-letter-urging-for-the-establishment-of-a-un-human-rights-monitoring-mechanism-on-egypt|url-status=dead}}
| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; margin:auto;" | ||
| style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:12%;"| Formal relations established ! style="width:50%;"| Notes | ||
|---|---|---|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Albania}} | 14 March 1956 | See Albania–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 March 1956
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Austria}} | * Austria has an embassy in Cairo.
| |
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|{{flag|Belgium}} | * Belgium has an embassy in Cairo.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Bulgaria}} | 5 November 1925 | See Bulgaria–Egypt relations
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Croatia}} | 1 October 1992 | See Croatia–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1992{{Cite web |title=Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs}}
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Cyprus}} | See Cyprus–Egypt relations
Diplomatic relations between both countries were established soon after Cyprus gained its independence in 1960.
During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, the countries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans for increased collaboration both on tourism and energy related activities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing her imports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge for exports to Europe and on prospects for the training of Cypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.{{cite web |url=http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/14835 |title=Cyprus and Egypt keep LNG talks secret |work=FinancialMirror |date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=May 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605040303/http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/14835 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }} | |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Czech Republic}} | * Czech Republic has an embassy in Cairo.
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Denmark}} | 1 June 1922 | See Denmark–Egypt relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Egypt Mr. G. H. Ryan de Treschow.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Finland }} | 15 February 1947
|
| |
| valign="top"
|{{flag|France}} | 31 May 1922 | See Egypt–France relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of France to Egypt Henri Gaillard and open Legation (Embassy) of France in Egypt.
|
| valign="top"
|{{flag|Germany }} | 1957-12{{cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Foreign/EEurope/EGrelations/040311050000000001.htm |title=Egypt State Information Service - Egyptian German relations |access-date=2008-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118172833/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Foreign/EEurope/EGrelations/040311050000000001.htm |archive-date=2008-11-18 }} | See Egypt–Germany relations |
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|{{flag|Greece }} | August 1833{{Cite web |title=Greece's Bilateral Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations.html |access-date=26 September 2023 |website=Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}
Both countries share relations since the years BC Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece Since the creation of Alexandria by Alexander the Great, Egypt has had a sizable Greek community, mostly centered around Alexandria, which is today Egypt's second largest city and also the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In the modern era, both countries enjoy very good and warm diplomatic relations since 1833 and especially after the Greek War Independence, and both countries have signed several defense cooperation agreements, with the heads of states visiting each other in a regular basis.
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|{{flag|Hungary}} | * Egypt has an embassy in Budapest.
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|{{flag|Ireland }} | 12 December 1974
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 December 1974.
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|{{flag|Italy }} | 30 April 1922
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1922 when has been appointed first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Egypt Mr Lazzaro Negrotto Cambiaso.{{Cite web |title=Rappresentanti Diplomatici in Egitto |url=https://baldi.diplomacy.edu/diplo/texts/Cortese_Il_Cairo_Parte_3.pdf |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Personalita Istituzionali Italiane |page=286 |language=it}} Relations were established during the period of the Roman Empire and Ancient Egypt. However, during World War II, relations were strained as the Italian and German Troops launched a campaign on Egypt but were defeated by Egyptian and British Forces in the battle of El Alamein. However, after the war, relations were re-established and are close.
See also Italian Egyptian | |
| {{KOS}}
| Egypt recognised the Republic of Kosovo as an independent state on 26 June 2013.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Arabic/Ministry/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?Source=1d5b0202-c337-4794-ab10-342893d069e1&newsID=17393f2d-a0db-471c-bd41-1c1d169b79c2|title=جمهورية مصر العربية – وزارة الخارجية - تفاصيل الأخبار|website=www.mfa.gov.eg|access-date=2017-03-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630231622/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Arabic/Ministry/News/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?Source=1d5b0202-c337-4794-ab10-342893d069e1&newsID=17393f2d-a0db-471c-bd41-1c1d169b79c2|archive-date=2013-06-30}}
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|{{flag|Malta }} | 2 November 1965
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 November 1965{{Cite web |date=11 March 2004 |title=Speaker of the house of representatives leads maltese parliamentary delegation on an official visit to the Arab Republic of Egypt |url=https://www.gov.mt/en/Government/DOI/Press%20Releases/Pages/2004/03/11/PR327.aspx |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=gov.mt}}
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|{{flag|Netherlands }} | 16 November 1922
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 November 1922 when Mr. J. P. graaf van Limburg Stirum has been accredited as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the Netherlands to Egypt.{{Cite web |title=Buitenlandse Politiek van Nederland 1848-1945 |url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/bupo/#page=25&accessor=toc&source=20 |access-date=22 October 2023 |language=nl}}
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|{{flag|North Macedonia}} | 14 November 1994
| Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1994{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930040551/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia}} North Macedonia has an embassy in Cairo.{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.mk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=428&Itemid=750&lang=en#dkpafrika|title = Министерство за надворешни работи}} | |
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|{{flag|Norway}} | * Egypt has an embassy in Oslo.
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|{{flag|Poland }} | 1927
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1927.{{Cite web |title=Poland in Egypt |url=https://www.gov.pl/web/egypt/bilateral-relations#:~:text=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Poland%20and%20Egypt%20were%20established%20in%201927. |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=gov.pl}}
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|{{flag|Portugal }} | 25 June 1925
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1925{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB8tAAAAIAAJ&dq=...+Portugal+.+Rescrit+royal+%C3%A9gyptien+du+25.6.%2725+%2C+portant+nomination+d%27un+ministre+pl%C3%A9nipotentiaire+d%27Egypte+au+Portugal+...&pg=PA292 |title=Bulletin de l'Institut intermédiaire international Volume 13 |publisher=Institut intermédiaire international (Hague, Netherlands), International Intermediary Institute |year=1925 |pages=292 |language=fr}}
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|{{flag|Romania }} | 3 April 1926
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1926 when the diplomatic representations from Romania and Egypt were raised to the level of Legation.{{Cite web |date=3 April 2012 |title=Semnificaţii istorice pentru ziua de 3 aprilie |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/cultura-media/semnificatii-istorice-pentru-ziua-de-3-aprilie-9468946 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=mediafax.ro |language=ro}}
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|{{flag|Russia }} | 26 August 1943 | See Egypt–Russia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1943{{Cite web |title=On August 26, 1943, the USSR established diplomatic relations with Egypt. |url=https://x.com/mfa_russia/status/1562917036682100736?s=20 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=MFA Russia}}
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|{{flag|Serbia }} | |See Egypt-Serbia relations
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|{{flag|Slovenia }} | 30 April 1992 | See Egypt–Slovenia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 April 1992{{Cite web |last=Mojca Pristavec Đogić |date=2016 |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije_.pdf |access-date=23 October 2023 |page=6 |language=sl}}
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|{{flag|Spain }} | 9 May 1922 | See Egypt–Spain relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1922 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to Egypt Mr. Silvio F. Vallin.
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|{{flag|Sweden }} | 25 November 1922 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1922 when Harald Bildt take up the post of first Swedish Minister to Egypt.{{Cite web |title=The Sphinx, Vol. 30, No. 486, 1922 |url=https://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/digital/collection/sphinx/id/6262/ |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=The American University in Cairo}}
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|{{flag|Switzerland }} | 11 March 1935
| See Egypt-Switzerland relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1935 when Mr. Henri Martin, first Minister of Switzerland to Egypt, presented his letters of credentials.{{Cite book |last=Béat de Fischer |title=Contributions à la connaissance des relations suisses-égyptiennes d'environ 100 à 1949 |publisher=Presses de la Maison Ramos, Afonso & Moita |year=1956 |pages=167 |language=fr}}
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|{{flag|Ukraine }} | 25 January 1992
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 1992
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|{{flag|United Kingdom}} | See Egypt–United Kingdom relations
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=Oceania=
International involvement
Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemble the international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. The Egyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. and Saudi Arabia.
In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed the Damascus Declaration with Syria and the Persian Gulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to United Nations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itself been the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists and terrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the Iraqi Governing Council.
On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nuclear double standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20061225/wl_africa_afp/egyptirannuclear_061225175118] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
Egypt is member of ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, CTBT, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UPU, WCO, EFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO. Egypt is one of only seven U.N. members which is not a member of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
See also
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
External links
- [https://history.state.gov/countries/egypt History of Egypt - U.S. relations]
- [http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=AmF3WMYBWc7Cpc9ElrQGr11XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2anNnbmViBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANERlg1XzMw/SIG=12er3jl9e/EXP=1135385348/**http://www.ahram.org.eg/acpss/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/STUD8.HTM/ Assessing the United States-Egyptian Military and Security Relations]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- [http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=AhnXpstyX_05uh3.zk8oztNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3dHZsZGltBGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTYEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDREZYNV8zMA--/SIG=12tr1k1a8/EXP=1135385972/**http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa94279.000/hfa94279_0f.htm/ The Future of American-Egyptian relations]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314224208/http://www.diabolicdigest.net/Egypt/Deniers.htm Deniers of Egypt's dark past] An article exploring Egypt's Africanness
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20091101104912/http://www.egyptian-embassy.org.uk/ Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in London] The official website of the Egyptian Embassy in London
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20140104004804/http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=2 EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Egypt]
{{Foreign relations of Egypt}}
{{Africa topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Asia topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Egypt topics}}
{{Authority control}}