Haredi Judaism#United States

File:Haredi Judaism.jpg

The term {{Transliteration|he|Haredi}} is a Modern Hebrew adjective derived from the Biblical verb {{transliteration|he|hared}}, which appears in the Book of Isaiah ({{Bibleverse-nb||is|66:2|HE}}; its plural {{Transliteration|he|haredim}} appears in Isaiah {{Bibleverse-nb||is|66:5|HE}}){{harvnb|Stadler|2009|p=4}} and is translated as "[one who] trembles" at the word of God. The word connotes an awe-inspired fear to perform the will of God;{{harvnb|Ben-Yehuda|2010|p=17}} it is used to distinguish them from other Orthodox Jews (similar to the names used by Christian Quakers and Shakers to describe their relationship to God).{{Cite book |last1=White |first1=John Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQLXVQ6Y_1MC&pg=PA177 |title=Political Parties and the Collapse of the Old Orders |last2=Davies |first2=Philip John |date=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-4068-1 |pages=157 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last1=Kosmin |first1=Barry Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDPbPBJXgrUC&pg=PA86 |title=Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century |last2=Keysar |first2=Ariela |date=2009 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture |isbn=978-0-692-00328-2 |pages=86 |language=en}}Sokol, Sam. [https://www.thetower.org/article/introducing-the-new-haredim/ "Introducing the New, Improved Haredim"], The Tower Magazine, May 2013. accessed June 28, 2024. "The term 'Haredi' comes from the Hebrew word for trembling or, depending on context, anxiety. Like the American Shakers and Quakers, it is a direct reference to the fear of God, or of transgressing His laws, that lies at the core of the lives of adherents."

The term most commonly used by outsiders, for example most American news organizations, is ultra-Orthodox Judaism.{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/should-ultra-orthodox-jews-be-able-to-decide-what-theyre-called/2014/02/06/99c2a506-8f74-11e3-878e-d76656564a01_story.html|title=Should ultra-Orthodox Jews be able to decide what they're called? |last=Markoe |first=Lauren |date=February 6, 2014|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2017-01-13}} Hillel Halkin suggests the origins of the term may date to the 1950s, a period in which Haredi survivors of the Holocaust first began arriving in America.{{cite news |last=Philologos [Hillel Halkin] |first= |date=2013-02-17 |title=Just How Orthodox Are They? |newspaper=The Forward |url=http://forward.com/culture/171116/just-how-orthodox-are-they/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2017-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810120031/https://forward.com/culture/171116/just-how-orthodox-are-they/ |archive-date=10 August 2022}} However, Isaac Leeser (1806–1868) was described in 1916 as "ultra-Orthodox".{{cite book

|page=71

|first=Max B.

|last=May

|title=Isaac Mayer Wise: Founder of American Judaism: A Biography

|publisher=G.P. Putnam's

|location=New York

|year=1916

|url=http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/wise/attachment/5365/IMWise_max_may.pdf}}

The word Haredi is often used in the Jewish diaspora in place of the term ultra-Orthodox, which many view as inaccurate or offensive,Ayalon, Ami (1999). "Language as a barrier to political reform in the Middle East", International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Volume 137, pp. 67–80: "Haredi" has none of the misleading religious implications of "ultra-Orthodox": in the words of Shilhav (1989: 53),{{full citation needed|reason=This looks like an internal citation that should be within quotation marks. If not, it needs a proper citation for verifiability|date=June 2024}} "They are not necessarily [objectively] more religious, but religious in a different way."; and {{"'}}Haredi' ... is preferable, being a term commonly used by such Jews themselves ... Moreover, it carries none of the venom often injected into the term 'ultra-Orthodox' by other Jews and, sadly, by the Western media ..."Sources describing the term as pejorative or derogatory include:

• Kobre, Eytan. [http://www.jewishmediaresources.com/561/one-people-two-worlds One People, Two Worlds. A Reform Rabbi and an Orthodox Rabbi Explore the Issues That Divide Them, reviewed by Eytan Kobre], Jewish Media Resources, February 2003. Retrieved August 25, 2009. "Indeed, the social scientist Marvin Schick calls attention to the fact that 'through the simple device of identifying [some Jews] ... as "ultra-Orthodox", ... [a] pejorative term has become the standard reference term for describing a great many Orthodox Jews... No other ethnic or religious group in this country is identified in language that conveys so negative a message.{{'"}}
• Goldschmidt, Henry. Race and Religion among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights, Rutgers University Press, 2006, p. 244, note 26. "I am reluctant to use the term 'ultra-Orthodox', as the prefix 'ultra' carries pejorative connotations of irrational extremism."
• Longman, Chia. "Engendering Identities as Political Processes: Discources of Gender Among Strictly Orthodox Jewish Women", in Rik Pinxten, Ghislain Verstraete, Chia Longmanp (eds.) Culture and Politics: Identity and Conflict in a Multicultural World, Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 55. "Webber (1994: 27) uses the label 'strictly Orthodox' when referring to Haredi, seemingly more adequate as a purely descriptive name, yet carrying less pejorative connotations than ultra-Orthodox."
• Shafran, Avi. [http://forward.com/articles/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/ "Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox'{{-"}}], The Jewish Daily Forward, February 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2014. "Considering that other Orthodox groups have self-identified with prefixes like 'modern' or 'open', why can't we Haredim just be, simply, 'Orthodox'? Our beliefs and practices, after all, are those that most resemble those of our grandparents. But, whatever alternative is adopted, 'ultra' deserves to be jettisoned from media and discourse. We Haredim aren't looking for special treatment, or to be called by some name we just happen to prefer. We're only seeking the mothballing of a pejorative."{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO159He5WgYC&q=ultra+orthodox+pejorative&pg=PA183|title=Orthodox by Design: Judaism, Print Politics, and the ArtScroll Revolution|last=Stolow|first=Jeremy|date=2010-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520264250|language=en}} it being seen as a derogatory term suggesting extremism;{{cite web |last=Shafran |first=Avi |date=February 4, 2014 |title=Don't Call Us 'Ultra-Orthodox |url=https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808191856/https://forward.com/opinion/193209/dont-call-us-ultra-orthodox/ |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=2020-05-13 |website=Forward}} English-language alternatives that have been proposed include fervently Orthodox,Lipowsky, Josh. [http://www.jstandard.com/index.php/content/item/paper_loses_divisive_term/6507 "Paper loses 'divisive' term"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826134608/http://www.jstandard.com/index.php/content/item/paper_loses_divisive_term/6507 |date=August 26, 2011 }}. Jewish Standard. January 30, 2009. "... JTA [Jewish Telegraphic Agency] faced the same conundrum and decided to do away with the term, replacing it with 'fervently Orthodox'. ... 'Ultra-Orthodox' was seen as a derogatory term that suggested extremism." strictly Orthodox,{{Cite web |title=Orthodox Judaism |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2019-05-15 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |quote=Orthodox Judaism claims to preserve Jewish law and tradition from the time of Moses.}} or traditional Orthodox. Others, however, dispute the characterization of the term as pejorative. Ari L. Goldman, a professor at Columbia University, notes that the term simply serves a practical purpose to distinguish a specific part of the Orthodox community, and is not meant as pejorative. Others, such as Samuel Heilman, criticized terms such as ultra-Orthodox and traditional Orthodox, arguing that they misidentify Haredi Jews as more authentically Orthodox than others, as opposed to adopting customs and practises that reflect their desire to separate from the outside world.{{Cite news|url=http://forward.com/opinion/193306/ultra-orthodox-jews-shouldnt-have-a-monopoly-on-tr/|title=Ultra-Orthodox Jews Shouldn't Have a Monopoly on Tradition|last=Heilman|first=Samuel|newspaper=The Forward|access-date=2017-01-13}}

The community has sometimes been characterized as traditional Orthodox, in contradistinction to the Modern Orthodox, the other major branch of Orthodox Judaism, and not to be confused with the movement represented by the Union for Traditional Judaism, which originated in Conservative Judaism.{{cite book|last1=Heilman|first1=Samuel C.|title=Synagogue Life: A Study in Symbolic Interaction |date=1976 |publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412835497|pages=15–16}}{{cite book|last1=Ritzer|first1=George|editor-last=Ryan|editor-first=J. Michael|title=The concise encyclopedia of sociology |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ritz|url-access=limited|date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=978-1444392647|page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ritz/page/n384 335]}}

Haredi Jews also use other terms to refer to themselves. Common Yiddish words include {{transliteration|yi|Yidn}} (Jews), {{transliteration|yi|erlekhe Yidn}} (virtuous Jews), {{transliteration|he|ben Torah}} (son of the Torah), {{transliteration|yi|frum}} (pious), and {{transliteration|yi|heimish}} (home-like; i.e., "our crowd").

In Israel, Haredi Jews are sometimes also called by the derogatory slang words {{transliteration|he|dos}} (plural {{transliteration|he|dosim}}), that mimics the traditional Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation of the Hebrew word {{transliteration|he|datiyim}} (religious),Donna Rosenthal. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. Simon and Schuster, 2005. p. 183. "Dossim, a derogatory word for Haredim, is Yiddish-accented Hebrew for 'religious'." and more rarely, {{transliteration|he|sh'chorim}} (blacks), a reference to the black clothes they typically wear;Nadia Abu El-Haj. Facts on the ground: Archaeological practice and territorial self-fashioning in Israeli society. University of Chicago Press, 2001. p. 262. a related informal term used in English is black hat.{{cite book|last1=Benor|first1=Sarah Bunin|title=Becoming frum how newcomers learn the language and culture of Orthodox Judaism|date=2012|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=978-0813553917|page=9}}

Due to its imprecise definition, lack of data collection, and rapid change over time, estimates of the global Haredi population are difficult to measure, and may significantly underestimate the true number of Haredim, due to their reluctance to participate in surveys and censuses.{{sfn|Ettinger|2011a}}{{cite web |url=http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/proceedings/y2009/Files/305184.pdf |title=Analysis of Nonresponse in a Social Survey with the Sharp Bounds Method |website=Amstat.org |access-date=2013-09-21 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060018/http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/proceedings/y2009/Files/305184.pdf }}

In 1992, out of a total of 1,500,000 Orthodox Jews worldwide, about 550,000 were Haredi (half of them in Israel).{{Cite book|last = Baumel|first = Simon D.|title = Sacred speakers: language and culture among the Haredim in Israel|year = 2005|publisher = Berghahn Books|location = New York|isbn = 978-1-84545-062-5|oclc = 226230948|lccn = 2005053085}} One estimate given in 2011 stated that there were approximately 1.3 million Haredi Jews globally.{{harvnb|Brown|2011}} Studies have shown a very high growth rate, with a large young population.{{cite web|url=http://www.forward.com/articles/128261/ |title=Britain Sees Spike in Ultra-Orthodox Population – |publisher=Forward.com |date=2010-05-24 |access-date=2013-09-21}} Haredi population grew to 2.1 million in 2020 and is expected to double by 2040.

The vast majority of Haredi Jews are Ashkenazi. However, some 20% of the Haredi population are thought to belong to the Sephardic Haredi stream. In recent decades, Haredi society has grown due to the addition of a religious population that identifies with the Shas movement. The percentage of people leaving the Haredi population has been estimated between 6% and 18%.{{cite news |last1=Arlosoroff |first1=Meirav |title=Haredim Are Leaving the Fold, but the Community Is Growing |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-haredim-are-leaving-the-fold-but-the-community-is-growing-1.8121764 |access-date=11 July 2021 |publisher=Haaretz |date=2019-11-13}}

{{Historical populations

|title = Haredi population in Israel in the recent years:

| shading = off

| percentages = pagr

| 2009 | 750000

| 2014 | 910500

| 2015 | 950000

| 2017 | 1033000

| 2018 | 1079000

| 2019 | 1125892

| 2020 | 1175088

| 2021 | 1226261

| 2022 | 1279528

| 2023 | 1334909

| 2024 | 1392469

| footnote = Sources:

}}

File:ימין לשמאל הרב יונתן שטנצל הרב אשר וייס הרב דוד יצחק מנדלבוים כתיבת ספר תורה.JPG (Haredi settlement of Beitar Illit, Gush Etzion)]]

Israel has the largest Haredi population. In 1948, there were about 35,000 to 45,000 Haredi Jews in Israel. By 1980, Haredim made up 4% of the Israeli population.{{Cite journal |last=Lintl |first=Peter |date=2020 |title=The Haredim as a challenge for the Jewish State: the culture war over Israel's identity |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2020RP14/ |journal=Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik |publisher=German Institute for International and Security Affairs |pages=5–6, 10 |doi=10.18449/2020RP14}} Haredim made up 9.9% of the Israeli population in 2009, with 750,000 out of 7,552,100; by 2014, that figure had risen to 11.1%, with 910,500 Haredim out of a total Israeli population of 8,183,400. According to a December 2017 study conducted by the Israeli Democracy Institute, the number of Haredi Jews in Israel exceeded 1 million in 2017, making up 12% of the population in Israel. In 2019, Haredim reached a population of almost 1,126,000;{{cite web|url=http://hiddush.org/article-23372-0-2019_Statistical_Report_on_Haredi_Society_in_Israel.aspx |title=2019 Statistical Report on Haredi Society in Israel |publisher=Hiddush |date=2019-12-25 |access-date=2020-09-25}} the next year, it reached 1,175,000 (12.6% of total population).{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/haredi-population-growing-twice-as-fast-as-total-israeli-population-report/ |title=Haredi population growing twice as fast as overall Israeli population — report |publisher=Time of Israel |date=2020-12-31 |access-date=2021-03-22}} By the end of 2023, it reached almost 1,335,000, or 13.6% of total population; and by the end of 2024, it passed over 1,392,000, thus representing 13.9% of the total population.{{Cite web |title=Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel |url=https://en.idi.org.il/haredi/2023/ |website=en.idi.org.il}}{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel 2023 |url=https://en.idi.org.il/haredi/2023/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=en.idi.org.il |language=he}}{{cite web |script-title=he:שנתון החברה החרדית בישראל 2019 |url=http://www.idi.org.il/media/13727/the-yearbook-of-ultra-orthodox-society-in-israel-2019.pdf |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Idi.org.il}}{{cite web |date=November 11, 2020 |title=How many ultra-Orthodox live in Israel today, and how many in 40 years? These are CBS data |url=https://www.hidabroot.org/article/1146861 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118065827/https://www.hidabroot.org/article/1146861 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Hidabroot.org}}

The number of Haredi Jews in Israel continues to rise rapidly, with their current population growth rate being 4% per year. The number of children per woman is 7.2, and the share of Haredim among those under the age of 20 was 16.3% in 2009 (29% of Jews).Ari Paltiel, Michel Sepulchre, Irene Kornilenko, Martin Maldonado: [http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/tec27.pdf Long‐Range Population Projections for Israel: 2009‐2059] Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2014-04-21.

By 2030, the Haredi Jewish community is projected to make up 16% of the total population, and by 2065, a third of the Israeli population, including non-Jews. By then, one in two Israeli children would be Haredi.{{cite web |last1=Gross |first1=Judah Ari |title=Haredim are fastest-growing population, will be 16% of Israelis by decade's end |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/haredim-are-fastest-growing-population-will-be-16-of-israelis-by-decades-end/ |publisher=The Times of Israel |access-date=24 January 2023 |date=2 January 2023}}{{cite web |script-title=he:הודעה לתקשורת – תחזית אוכלוסיית ישראל עד שנת 2065 |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/pages/2017/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%93-%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA-2065.aspx |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=21 May 2017 |date=21 May 2017 }}{{cite news |last1=Druckman |first1=Yaron |script-title=he:ישראל 2065: 20 מיליון תושבים, כל אזרח שלישי - חרדי |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4965106,00.html |newspaper=Ynet |access-date=24 January 2023 |date=21 May 2017}} It is also projected that the number of Haredim in 2059 may be between 2.73 and 5.84 million, of an estimated total number of Israeli Jews between 6.09 and 9.95 million.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4209333,00.html |title=CBS predicts Arab-haredi majority in 2059 - Israel News, Ynetnews |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |access-date=2013-08-06}}

The largest Israeli Haredi concentrations are in Jerusalem, Bnei Brak, Modi'in Illit, Beitar Illit, Beit Shemesh, Kiryat Ye'arim, Ashdod, Rekhasim, Safed, and El'ad. Two Haredi cities, Kasif and Harish, are planned.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The United States has the second largest Haredi population, which has a growth rate on pace to double every 20 years. In 2000, there were 360,000 Haredi Jews in the US (7.2 per cent of the approximately 5 million Jews in the U.S.); by 2006, demographers estimate the number had grown to 468,000 (30% increase), or 9.4 percent of all U.S. Jews.{{harvnb|Wise|2007}} In 2013, it was estimated that there were 530,000 total ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United States, or 10% of all American Jews.{{cite web|url=http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Haredi_Demography_The_United_States_and_the_United_Kingdom.pdf|title=Haredi Demography The United States and the United Kingdom |publisher=The Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI)|access-date=2020-09-25}} By 2011, 61% of all Jewish children in Eight-County New York City metropolitan area were Orthodox, with Haredim making up 49%.{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Jewish Community Study of New York: 2011 |url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/597/C-NY-New_York-2011-Main_Report.pdf |access-date=14 May 2024 |publisher=UJA Federation of New York |page=218}}

In 2020, it was estimated that there were approximately 700,000 total ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United States, or 12% of all American Jews.{{Cite web |title=Haredi Jews around the world: Population trends and estimates {{!}} JPR |url=https://www.jpr.org.uk/reports/haredi-jews-around-world-population-trends-and-estimates |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=www.jpr.org.uk |date=May 3, 2022 |language=en}} This number is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, due to high Haredi birth rates in America.

Most American Haredi Jews live in the greater New York metropolitan area.{{cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Joseph|title=Aided by Orthodox, City's Jewish Population Is Growing Again|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/nyregion/new-yorks-jewish-population-is-growing-again.html?_r=0|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 11, 2012}}{{cite news|last1=Goldberg|first1=J. J.|title=Time To Rethink the New York Jew: Study Leaves Out Suburbs and Ignores Splits Among Orthodox|url=http://forward.com/articles/157785/time-to-rethink-the-new-york-jew/?p=all|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward|date=June 15, 2012}}

File:Hasidic Family Scene - Borough Park - Hasidic District - Brooklyn - New York.jpg, Brooklyn]]

The largest centers of Haredi and Hasidic life in New York are found in Brooklyn.{{cite news|last1=Debra|first1=Nussbaum Cohen|title=As New York Haredim multiply, Jewish Federation faces a quandary|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/as-new-york-haredim-multiply-jewish-federation-faces-a-quandary.premium-1.504547|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=Haaretz|date=February 19, 2013}}{{cite news|last1=Shwayder|first1=Maya|title=NY Jewish community wields growing political power: High birthrate of ultra-Orthodox and Hasidic communities expected to have great impact on future votes.|url=http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/NY-Jewish-community-wields-growing-political-power-326599|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=2013-09-20}}

• In 1988, it was estimated that there were between 40,000 and 57,000 Haredim in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, Hasidim most belonging to Satmar.{{cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Joseph|title=Divisions in Satmar Sect Complicate Politics of Brooklyn Hasidim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/06/nyregion/satmar-rift-complicates-politics-of-brooklyn-hasidim.html|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 5, 2012}}
• The Jewish population in the Borough Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, estimated at 70,000 in 1983, is also mostly Haredi, and also mostly Hasidic. The Bobov Hasidim are the largest single bloc that mainly live in Borough Park.{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Margalit|title=Naftali Halberstam Dies at 74; Bobov Hasidim's Grand Rabbi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/25/obituaries/25halberstam.html|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 25, 2005}}
• Crown Heights is the home base of the worldwide Chabad-Lubavitch movement, with its network of shluchim ("emissaries") heading Chabad houses throughout the Jewish world.{{cite news|last1=Brenner|first1=Elsa|title=Two Groups Contest Role in Promoting Lubavitch Judaism's Cause in the County|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/03/nyregion/two-groups-contest-role-in-promoting-lubavitch-judaism-s-cause-in-the-county.html|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 3, 1994}}
• The Flatbush-Midwood,{{cite news|last1=Weichselbaum|first1=Simone|title=Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds: Growing Orthodox families across the borough account for most of the increase|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/brooklyn/brooklyn-residents-jews-new-study-finds-article-1.1100080|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Daily News|date=June 26, 2012}} Kensington,{{cite book|last1=Heilman|first1=Samuel C.|title=Sliding to the Right: The Contest for the Future of American Jewish Orthodoxy|date=2006|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=9780520247635|pages=73–74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4thrVPivwC0C&q=kensington+haredi+jews&pg=PA73|access-date=16 June 2014}} Marine Park{{cite news|last1=Machberes/Matzav.com|title=Shea Rubenstein Claims Marine Park is "Fastest-Growing Jewish Community in the World|url=http://matzav.com/shea-rubenstein-claims-marine-park-is-fastest-growing-jewish-community-in-the-world|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=The Jewish Press/Matzav.com|date=November 17, 2010}} neighborhoods have tens of thousands of Haredi Jews. They are also the centers for the major non-Hasidic Haredi yeshivas such as Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, Mir Yeshiva, as well as a string of similar smaller yeshivas. The Torah Vodaas and Chaim Berlin yeshivas{{cite book|last1=Helmreich|first1=William B.|title=The World of the Yeshiva: An Intimate Portrait of Orthodox Jewry|date=1982|publisher=The Free Press - Macmillan Publishing Company/Republished by Ktav Publishing (2000)|location=New York, New York|isbn=978-0881256420|pages=200, 226–228, 236–238}} allow some students to attend college and university, presently at Touro College, and previously at Brooklyn College.

The New York City borough of Queens is home to a growing Haredi population, mainly affiliated with the Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim and Yeshivas Ohr HaChaim in Kew Gardens Hills and Yeshiva Shaar Hatorah in Kew Gardens. Many of the students attend Queens College. There are major yeshivas and communities of Haredi Jews in Far Rockaway, such as Yeshiva of Far Rockaway and a number of others. Hasidic shtibelach exist in these communities as well, mostly catering to Haredi Jews who follow Hasidic customs, while living a Litvish or Modern Orthodox cultural lifestyle, although small Hasidic enclaves do exist, such as in the Bayswater section of Far Rockaway.

One of the oldest Haredi communities in New York is on the Lower East Side,{{cite book|last1=Diner|first1=Hasia R. Diner|title=Lower East Side Memories: A Jewish Place in America|date=2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=978-0691095455|pages=98–99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRggy_feylAC&q=Lower+East+side+ultra+orthodox&pg=PA98|access-date=16 June 2014}} home to the Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem.

Washington Heights, in northern Manhattan, is the historical home to German Jews, with Khal Adath Jeshurun and Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.{{cite news|last1=Geberer|first1=Raanan|title='Ultra-Orthodox Jews': who are they?|url=http://www.brooklyneagle.com/articles/opinion-ultra-orthodox-jews%E2%80%99-who-are-they-2013-03-28-163000|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|date=March 28, 2013}} The presence of Yeshiva University attracts young people, many of whom remain in the area after graduation.{{cite news|last1=Oppenheim|first1=Rivka|title='Washington Heights Jews Caught In A Growth Bind|url=https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/washington-heights-jews-caught-in-a-growth-bind/|access-date=14 December 2019|publisher=The New York Jewish Week|date=August 11, 2010}}

The Yeshiva Sh'or Yoshuv, together with many synagogues in the Lawrence neighborhood and other Five Towns neighborhoods, such as Woodmere and Cedarhurst, have attracted many Haredi Jews.{{cite news|last1=Eisenberg|first1=Carol|title=A clash of cultures in the Five Towns|url=http://long-island.newsday.com/search/a-clash-of-cultures-in-the-five-towns-1.730047|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=US Newsday|date=June 10, 2006}}

The Hudson Valley, north of New York City, has the most rapidly growing Haredi communities, such as the Hasidic communities in Kiryas Joel{{cite news|url=http://www.koreatimesus.com/neighbors-riled-as-insular-hasidic-village-seeks-to-expand/|title=Neighbors riled as insular Hasidic village seeks to expand|newspaper=The Korea Times|date=February 27, 2017|access-date=March 4, 2017}}{{cite news|last1=McKenna|first1=Chris|title=CENSUS 2010: Orange population growth rate 2nd highest in state, but lower than expected Sullivan and Ulster also recorded increases|url=http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110325/NEWS/103250372|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=Times Herald-Record|date=2011-03-25|archive-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232601/http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20110325%2FNEWS%2F103250372|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|last1=Santos|first1=Fernanda|title=Reverberations of a Baby Boom|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/nyregion/27orange.html?th=&adxnnl=1&emc=th&pagewanted=1&adxnnlx=1402916448-wqKHxkVEUEm73jUqKbCuDw|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 27, 2006}} of Satmar Hasidim, and New Square of the Skver.{{cite web|last1=Jewish Virtual Library|title=New Square|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_14800.html|website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library/Encyclopedia Judaica|access-date=16 June 2014}} A vast community of Haredi Jews lives in the Monsey, New York, area.{{cite web|last1=Jewish Virtual Library|title=Rockland County|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16829.html|website=jewishvirtuallibrary.org|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library/Encyclopedia Judaica|access-date=16 June 2014}}

There are significant Haredi communities in Lakewood (New Jersey), home to the largest non-Hasidic Lithuanian yeshiva in America, Beth Medrash Govoha.{{cite magazine|last1=Landes|first1=David|title=How Lakewood, N.J., Is Redefining What It Means To Be Orthodox in America: Seventy years ago, Aharon Kotler built an enduring community of yeshiva scholars by making peace with capitalism|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/133643/lakewood-redefining-orthodoxy|access-date=16 June 2014|magazine=Tablet Magazine|date=June 5, 2013}} There are also sizable communities in Teaneck,{{Cite news |title=The Most Jewish City in New Jersey Has a Muslim Mayor and a Ban on Sunday Shopping |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2018-05-05/ty-article-magazine/.premium/n-j-s-most-jewish-city-has-a-muslim-mayor-and-a-sunday-shopping-ban/0000017f-f7a3-d318-afff-f7e339400000 |access-date=2023-07-14}} Englewood, Mahwah,{{Cite news |title=New Jersey Town's Reaction to ultra-Orthodox Jewish Community Stirs Fears of anti-Semitism |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2017-08-09/ty-article/n-j-towns-reaction-to-ultra-orthodox-community-stirs-anti-semitism-fears/0000017f-e5ad-d97e-a37f-f7edb57c0000 |access-date=2023-07-14}} Passaic{{cite news|last1=Lipman|first1=Steve|title=A Haredi Town Confronts Abuse From The Inside: Passaic, N.J., is waging a lonely fight against molestation in the Orthodox community. Will its example spread?|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/haredi_town_confronts_abuse_inside|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=The New York Jewish Week|date=2009-11-11|archive-date=July 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714155130/http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/haredi_town_confronts_abuse_inside}} and Edison, where a branch of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph Yeshiva opened in 1982. There is also a community of Syrian Jews favorable to the Haredim in their midst in Deal, New Jersey.{{cite news|last1=Cohler-Esses|first1=Larry|title=An Inside Look at a Syrian-Jewish Enclave: Solidarity Forever, or 'Medieval Minds in Armani Designs'?|url=http://forward.com/articles/110943/an-inside-look-at-a-syrian-jewish-enclave/|access-date=16 June 2014|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward|date=July 28, 2009}}

The Haredi community of New Haven has close to 150 families and a number of thriving Haredi educational institutions.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-09 |title=New Haven, CT: Brick by Brick, Built With Care - Anash.org |url=https://anash.org/new-haven-ct-brick-by-brick-built-with-care/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |language=en-US}}

Baltimore, Maryland, has a large Haredi population. The major yeshiva is Yeshivas Ner Yisroel, founded in 1933, with thousands of alumni and their families. Ner Yisroel is also a Maryland state-accredited college, and has agreements with Johns Hopkins University, Towson University, Loyola College in Maryland, University of Baltimore, and University of Maryland, Baltimore County, allowing undergraduate students to take night courses at these colleges and universities in a variety of academic fields. The agreement also allows the students to receive academic credits for their religious studies.

Silver Spring, Maryland, and its environs has a growing Haredi community, mostly of highly educated and skilled professionals working for the United States government in various capacities, most living in Kemp Mill, White Oak, and Woodside,{{cite news|last1=Lubman Rathner|first1=Janet|title=An Orthodox Destination|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/14/AR2005101400801.html|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 15, 2005}} and many of its children attend the Yeshiva of Greater Washington and Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore.

Aventura,{{Cite web |last=Dolsten |first=Josefin |title=As their former community crumbles, booming Miami is a haven for Venezuelan Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-their-former-community-crumbles-booming-miami-is-a-haven-for-venezuelan-jews/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}} Sunny Isles Beach, Golden Beach, Surfside{{Cite web |last=Karabelnicoff |first=Shaked |date=2021-06-25 |title=Surfside: Miami's 'most' Jewish community |url=https://jewishunpacked.com/unpacked-surfsides-jewish-community/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Unpacked |language=en-US}} and Bal Harbour{{Cite web |last=Zaragovia|first=Verónica |date=2021-07-09 |title=Pioneer Of Orthodox Jewish Life in Surfside Shares How Community Has Evolved Over The Decades |url=https://www.wlrn.org/news/2021-07-09/pioneer-of-orthodox-jewish-life-in-surfside-shares-how-community-has-evolved-over-the-decades |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=WLRN |language=en}} are home to a large and growing Haredi population. The community is long-established in the area, with several synagogues including The Shul of Bal Harbour,{{Cite web |last1=Henao |first1=Luis Andres |last2=Spencer |first2=Terry |last3=Kennedy |first3=Kelli |title=Florida Jewish community prays for miracles after condo collapse |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-community-prays-for-miracles-after-condo-collapse/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}} Young Israel of Bal Harbour, Aventura Chabad, Beit Rambam, Safra Synagogue of Aventura, and Chabad of Sunny Isles; mikvehs, Jewish schools and kosher restaurants. The community has recently grown much further, due to many Orthodox Jews from New York moving to Florida during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Armin |date=August 31, 2021 |title=Miami's New Diaspora |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/miami-new-diaspora}}{{Cite web |last=Hanau |first=Shira |date=2021-09-17 |title=COVID has turned South Florida into a promised land for Orthodox New Yorkers |url=https://www.jta.org/2021/09/17/united-states/covid-has-turned-south-florida-into-a-promised-land-for-orthodox-new-yorkers |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}

North of Miami, the communities of Boca Raton, Lauderhill,{{Cite web |date=2021-04-26 |title=Inverrary, FL: A Blooming Community in the Sunshine State - Anash.org |url=https://anash.org/inverrary-fl-a-blooming-community-in-the-sunshine-state/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |language=en-US}} Boynton Beach, and Hollywood have significant Haredi populations.{{Cite web |last=Deutch |first=Gabby |date=2022-06-01 |title=New yeshiva aims to put South Florida on the map for Torah learning |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2022/06/new-yeshiva-aims-to-put-south-florida-on-the-map-for-torah-learning/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Jewish Insider |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Jacob |first=Allan |date=2021-08-06 |title=Opinion {{!}} Why Orthodox Jews Are Leaving Brooklyn for Florida |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/orthodox-jews-leaving-brooklyn-florida-taxes-lockdowns-school-choice-11628265034 |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0099-9660}}

Los Angeles has many Haredi Jews, most living in the Pico-Robertson and Fairfax (Fairfax Avenue-La Brea Avenue) areas.{{cite news|last1=Klein|first1=Amy|title=Two neighborhoods reveal Orthodox community's fault lines: Pico-Robertson vs. Hancock Park|publisher=Jewish Journal|date=November 9, 2006 |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/community_briefs/article/two_neighborhoods_reveal_orthodox_communitys_fault_lines_20061110|access-date=16 June 2014}}{{cite journal|last1=Tavory|first1=Iddo|title=The Hollywood shtetl: From ethnic enclave to religious destination (2010)|url=https://www.academia.edu/3595957 |journal=Ethnography|volume=11|pages=89–108|publisher=sagepublications.com|doi=10.1177/1466138109347007 |s2cid=145340420|access-date=16 June 2014}}

Chicago is home to the Haredi Telshe Yeshiva of Chicago, with many other Haredim living in the city.{{cite magazine|last1=Wax|first1=Burton|title=Orthodoxy/Traditional Judaism in Chicago |date=June 10, 2012 |publisher=Chicago Jewish Historical Society |publication-date=2012|volume=36 |issue=1 |magazine=Chicago Jewish History|pages=15–16 |url=http://chicagojewishhistory.org/pdf/2012/CJH-1_2012_cx.pdf |access-date=16 June 2014}}

Haredim in Philadelphia primarily live in Bala Cynwyd, and the community is centered around Aish HaTorah and the Philadelphia Community Kollel.{{Cite web |last=Saffren |first=Jarrad |date=2022-03-03 |title=Aish Chaim Attracts Young Families |url=https://www.jewishexponent.com/aish-chaim-attracts-young-families/ |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=Jewish Exponent |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/databank/search-results/study/1092 |title = 2019 Jewish Population Study of Greater Philadelphia Area|last1 = Marker | first1 = David | last2 = Steiger | first2 = Darby | access-date=2023-07-19 |website=www.jewishdatabank.org}}

In Pittsburgh a small yeshiva opened in 1945. Today there are approximately 200 Chabad families living in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood.{{Cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Pittsburgh, PA: A Home Among the Hills - Anash.org |url=https://anash.org/pittsburgh-pa-home-among-the-hills/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |language=en-US}}

Kingston has a young growing Chabad Haredi community which has been growing steadily over the past 20 years since the first families moved there when a yeshiva was opened.{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Kingston, PA: Young, Friendly and Heimish - Anash.org |url=https://anash.org/our-communities-kingston-pa/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |language=en-US}}

Denver has a large Haredi population of Ashkenazi origin, dating back to the early 1920s. The Haredi Denver West Side Jewish Community adheres to Litvak Jewish traditions (Lithuanian), and has several congregations located within their communities.Denver West Side Jewish Community

Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts, have the largest Haredi populations in New England.

File:Telz purim.jpg, 1936]]

One of the oldest Haredi Lithuanian yeshivas, Telshe Yeshiva, transplanted itself to Cleveland in 1941.{{cite news|last1=Wittenberg|first1=Ed|title=Telshe Yeshiva hidden gem in Lake County|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/news/local_news/article_879a9145-5996-59c7-a3b3-f3895785d9c0.html|access-date=16 June 2014|newspaper=Cleveland Jewish News|date=August 23, 2013}}{{cite web|last1=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History/Case Western Reserve University|title=Telshe Yeshiva - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (13 Mar 2011)|url=http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=TY|website=ech.case.edu|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|access-date=16 June 2014}} Beachwood, Ohio has a large and growing Haredi community, and is a heavily Jewish suburb of Cleveland. The haredi community is centered around the Beachwood Kehilla and Green Road Synagogue, has a mikvah and a Jewish day school.{{Cite web |last=Sales |first=Ben |date=2016-10-27 |title=Among Cleveland's Orthodox voters, reluctance reigns |url=https://www.jta.org/2016/10/27/politics/among-clevelands-orthodox-voters-reluctance-reigns |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}

In 1998, the Haredi population in the Jewish community of the United Kingdom was estimated at 27,000 (13% of affiliated Jews). The largest communities are located in London, particularly Stamford Hill, Golders Green, Hendon, Edgware; in Salford and Prestwich in Greater Manchester; and in Gateshead. A 2007 study asserted that three out of four British Jewish births were Haredi, who then accounted for 17% of British Jews (45,500 out of around 275,000). Another study in 2010 established that there were 9,049 Haredi households in the UK, which would account for a population of nearly 53,400, or 20% of the community.{{harvnb|Graham|Vulkan|2010}}{{harvnb|Pinter|2010}} The Board of Deputies of British Jews has predicted that the Haredi community will become the largest group in Anglo-Jewry within the next three decades: In comparison with the national average of 2.4 children per family, Haredi families have an average of 5.9 children, and consequently, the population distribution is heavily biased to the under-20-year-olds. By 2006, membership of Haredi synagogues had doubled since 1990.{{harvnb|Wynne-Jones|2006}}{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21654102-attention-falls-little-known-growing-group-britains-jews-shtetls-mind |title=Shtetls of the mind |newspaper=The Economist |date=13 June 2015 |access-date=17 December 2015}} British Haredi fertility rate has also been estimated to be as high as 6.9 children per woman.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/21/religion.britishidentity |title=British Jewish population on the rise |newspaper=The Guardian |date=21 May 2008 |access-date=11 August 2024}}

An investigation by The Independent in 2014 reported that more than 1,000 children in Haredi communities were attending illegal schools where secular knowledge is banned, and they learn only religious texts, meaning they leave school with no qualifications and often unable to speak any English.{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ultra-orthodox-jews-launch-million-pound-fundraising-campaign-to-fight-converts-child-custody-cases-a7190281.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/ultra-orthodox-jews-launch-million-pound-fundraising-campaign-to-fight-converts-child-custody-cases-a7190281.html |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ultra orthodox Jews crowdfunding to stop parents who leave community seeing their children|author1=Siobhan Fenton |author2=Dina Rickman|newspaper=The Independent|date=14 August 2016}}

The 2018 Survey by the Jewish Policy Research (JPR) and the Board of Deputies of British Jews showed that the high birth rate in the Haredi and Orthodox community reversed the decline in the Jewish population in Britain.{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2018/06/20/global/haredi-orthodox-responsible-for-reversing-jewish-population-decline-in-britain-study-says|title=Haredi Orthodox responsible for reversing Jewish population decline in Britain, study says|website=Jta.org|date=20 June 2018}}

In 2020, it was estimated that there were approximately 76,000 total ultra-Orthodox Jews in the United Kingdom, or 25% of all British Jews, a significant increase from 1998 and 2010.

About 25,000 Haredim live in the Jewish community of France, mostly people of Sephardic, Maghrebi Jewish descent. Important communities are located in Paris (19th arrondissement),{{Cite web |date=2016-02-21 |title=Mais qui sont les juifs orthodoxes de Paris ? |url=https://www1.alliancefr.com/actualites/mais-qui-sont-les-juifs-orthodoxes-de-paris-6034594 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=AlianceFR.com |language=fr-FR}} Strasbourg, and Lyon.

Other important communities, mostly of Ashkenazi Jews, are the Antwerp community in Belgium, as well as in the Swiss communities of Zürich and Basel, and in the Dutch community in Amsterdam. There is also a Haredi community in Vienna, in the Jewish community of Austria. Other countries with significant Haredi populations include: Canada, with a total number of 30,000 Haredim, with large Haredi centres in Montreal and Toronto; South Africa, primarily in Johannesburg; and an estimated 7,500 Haredim in Australia, centred in Melbourne. Haredi communities also exist in Argentina, especially in Buenos Aires, and in Brazil, primarily in São Paulo. A Haredi city is under construction (2021) in Mexico near Ixtapan de la Sal.{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-for-latin-america-ultra-orthodox-city-planned-for-mexico/ |title=In first for Latin America, ultra-Orthodox city planned for Mexico |website=The Times of Israel |access-date=June 29, 2021}} Decades after The Holocaust, Haredim are growing again in Budapest, opening several new synagogues and two mikvehs in the city over the past couple of years.{{Cite web |last=Smilk |first=Carin M. |date=2023-05-02 |title=Chabad inaugurates Budapest's second mikvah |url=https://www.jns.org/chabad-inaugurates-budapests-second-mikvah/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=JNS.org |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Yaakov |title=Confident that Jews will fill pews, Hungary's Chabad opens 2 synagogues in a day |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/confident-jews-will-fill-pews-hungarys-chabad-opens-two-synagogues-in-one-day/ |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}

File:Hasidic boys in Poland.jpg, 1910]]

Throughout Jewish history, Judaism has always faced internal and external challenges to its beliefs and practices which have emerged over time and produced counter-responses. According to its adherents, Haredi Judaism is a continuation of Rabbinic Judaism, and the immediate forebears of contemporary Haredi Jews were the Jewish religious traditionalists of Central and Eastern Europe who fought against secular modernization's influence which reduced Jewish religious observance.For example: Arnold Eisen, Rethinking Modern Judaism, University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 3. Indeed, adherents of Haredi Judaism, just like Rabbinic Jews, see their beliefs as part of an unbroken tradition which dates back to the revelation at Sinai.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7P7t4sY1iPgC&pg=PT31|title=Doubting the Devout: The Ultra-Orthodox in the Jewish American Imagination|last=Rubel|first=Nora L.|date=2009-11-01|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231512589|language=en}} However, most historians of Orthodoxy consider Haredi Judaism, in its most modern incarnation, to date back to the beginning of the 20th century.{{cite book |last1=Caplan |first1=Kimmy |title=Jewish Studies |chapter=Post-World War II Orthodoxy |date=27 October 2016 |pages=9780199840731–0139 |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199840731-0139 |isbn=978-0-19-984073-1 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199840731/obo-9780199840731-0139.xml |quote=First and foremost, as Katz 1986 and Samet 1988 prove, notwithstanding the overall Orthodox perception that it is the only authentic expression of traditional Judaism and although it is related to traditional Judaism, Orthodoxy is a modern European phenomenon which gradually emerged in response to the gradual demise of traditional Jewish societies, the rise of the Jewish Enlightenment (Haskalah), Jewish Reforms, secularization, and various additional processes which developed throughout the 19th century.}}{{cite web |last1=Slifkin |first1=Natan |title=The Novelty of Orthodoxy |url=http://www.zootorah.com/RationalistJudaism/NoveltyOfOrthodoxy.pdf |quote=The Orthodox simply viewed themselves as authentically continuing the ways of old. Originally, historians viewed them in the same way, considering them less interesting than more visibly new forms of Judaism such as the haskalah and Reform Judaism. But beginning with the works of Joseph Ben-David2 and Jacob Katz,3 it was realized in academic circles that all of this was nothing more than a fiction, a romantic fantasy. The very act of being loyal to tradition in the face of the massive changes of the eighteenth century forced the creation of a new type of Judaism. It was traditionalist rather than traditional.}}

For centuries, before Jewish emancipation, European Jews were forced to live in ghettos where Jewish culture and religious observance were preserved. Change began in the wake of the Age of Enlightenment, when some European liberals sought to include the Jewish population in the emerging empires and nation states. The influence of the {{Transliteration|he|Haskalah}} movement{{cite journal |last1=Kogman |first1=Tal |title=Science and the Rabbis: Haskamot, Haskalah, and the Boundaries of Jewish Knowledge in Scientific Hebrew Literature and Textbooks |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book |date=7 January 2017 |volume=62 |pages=135–149 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybw021}} (Jewish Enlightenment) was also evident. Supporters of the Haskalah held that Judaism must change, in keeping with the social changes around them. Other Jews insisted on strict adherence to {{Transliteration|he|halakha}} (Jewish law and custom).{{Cite web |author=Raysh Weiss |title=Haredim (Charedim), or Ultra-Orthodox Jews |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/haredim-charedim/ |publisher=My Jewish Learning |quote=What unites haredim is their absolute reverence for Torah, including both the Written and Oral Law, as the central and determining factor in all aspects of life. ... In order to prevent outside influence and contamination of values and practices, haredim strive to limit their contact with the outside world.}}{{Cite web |title=Orthodox Judaism |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072956/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/orthodox-judaism |archive-date=2012-05-16 |access-date=2019-05-15 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs |quote=Haredi Judaism, on the other hand, prefers not to interact with secular society, seeking to preserve halakha without amending it to modern circumstances and to safeguard believers from involvement in a society that challenges their ability to abide by halakha.}}

In Germany, the opponents of Reform rallied to Samson Raphael Hirsch, who led a secession from German Jewish communal organizations to form a strictly Orthodox movement, with its own network of synagogues and religious schools. His approach was to accept the tools of modern scholarship and apply them in defence of Orthodox Judaism. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (including areas traditionally considered Lithuanian), Jews true to traditional values gathered under the banner of Agudas Shlumei Emunei Yisroel.{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishscouting.org/programhelps/stuff/nertamidworkbookv2-levens.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219185858/http://www.jewishscouting.org/programhelps/stuff/nertamidworkbookv2-levens.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2012 |title=Ner Tamid Emblem Workbook |date=January 20, 2008}}

Moses Sofer was opposed to any philosophical, social, or practical change to customary Orthodox practice. Thus, he did not allow any secular studies to be added to the curriculum of his Pressburg Yeshiva. Sofer's student Moshe Schick, together with Sofer's sons Shimon and Samuel Benjamin, took an active role in arguing against the Reform movement. Others, such as Hillel Lichtenstein, advocated an even more stringent position for Orthodoxy.

A major historic event was the meltdown after the Universal Israelite Congress of 1868–1869 in Pest. In an attempt to unify all streams of Judaism under one constitution, the Orthodox offered the Shulchan Aruch as the ruling Code of law and observance. This was dismissed by the reformists, leading many Orthodox rabbis to resign from the Congress and form their own social and political groups. Hungarian Jewry split into two major institutionally sectarian groups: Orthodox, and Neolog. However, some communities refused to join either of the groups, calling themselves "Status Quo".{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

Schick demonstrated support in 1877 for the separatist policies of Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany. Schick's own son was enrolled in the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary, headed by Azriel Hildesheimer, which taught secular studies. Hirsch, however, did not reciprocate, and expressed astonishment at Schick's halakhic contortions in condemning even those Status Quo communities that clearly adhered to halakha.{{cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Schick_Mosheh |title=YIVO | Schick, Mosheh |publisher=Yivoencyclopedia.org |access-date=2013-03-26}} Lichtenstein opposed Hildesheimer, and his son Hirsh Hildesheimer, as they made use of the German language in sermons from the pulpit and seemed to lean in the direction of Zionism.{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/kolomyya/kol041.html |title=Kolmyya, Ukraine (Pages 41-55, 85-88) |publisher=Jewishgen.org |date=2011-02-12 |access-date=2013-03-26}}

Shimon Sofer was somewhat more lenient than Lichtenstein on the use of German in sermons, allowing the practice as needed for the sake of keeping cordial relations with the various governments. Likewise, he allowed extra-curricular studies of the gymnasium for students whose rabbinical positions would be recognized by the governments, stipulating the necessity to prove the strict adherence to the God-fearing standards per individual case.{{cite web|url=http://www.hevratpinto.org/tzadikim_eng/122_rabbi_shimon_sofer.html |title=Rabbi Shimon Sofer • "The Author of Michtav Sofer" |publisher=Hevratpinto.org |access-date=2013-03-26}}

File:Orthodox Jews in Leopoldstadt 1915.JPG at the {{Interlanguage link|Karmelitermarkt|de}} in Vienna's second district, Leopoldstadt, 1915]]

In 1912, the World Agudath Israel was founded, to differentiate itself from the Torah Nationalist Mizrachi and secular Zionist organizations. It was dominated by the Hasidic rebbes and Lithuanian rabbis and roshei yeshiva (deans). The organization nominated rabbis who subsequently were elected as representatives in the Polish legislature Sejm, such as Meir Shapiro and Yitzhak-Meir Levin. Not all Hasidic factions joined the Agudath Israel, remaining independent instead, such as Machzikei Hadat of Galicia.{{cite web |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1934/09/13/2819491/new-religious-party |title=New Religious Party |publisher=Archive.jta.org |date=1934-09-13 |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415075424/http://archive.jta.org/article/1934/09/13/2819491/new-religious-party |url-status=dead }}

In 1919, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld and Yitzchok Yerucham Diskin founded the Edah HaChareidis as part of Agudath Israel in then-Mandate Palestine.

In 1924, Agudath Israel obtained 75 percent of the votes in the Kehilla elections.{{cite web |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1928/08/21/2772917/berlin-conference-adopts-constitution-for-world-union-progressive-judaism |title=Berlin Conference Adopts Constitution for World Union Progressive Judaism |publisher=Archive.jta.org |date=1928-08-21 |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415051148/http://archive.jta.org/article/1928/08/21/2772917/berlin-conference-adopts-constitution-for-world-union-progressive-judaism |url-status=dead }}

The Orthodox community polled some 16,000 of a total 90,000 at the Knesseth Israel in 1929.{{cite web |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1929/02/28/2775631/agudah-claims-16205-palestine-jews-favor-separate-communities |title=Agudah Claims 16,205 Palestine Jews Favor Separate Communities |publisher=Archive.jta.org |date=1929-02-28 |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415083900/http://archive.jta.org/article/1929/02/28/2775631/agudah-claims-16205-palestine-jews-favor-separate-communities |url-status=dead }} But Sonnenfeld lobbied Sir John Chancellor, the High Commissioner, for separate representation in the Palestine Communities Ordinance from that of the Knesseth Israel. He explained that the Agudas Israel community would cooperate with the Vaad Leumi and the National Jewish Council in matters pertaining to the municipality, but sought to protect its religious convictions independently. The community petitioned the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations on this issue. The one community principle was victorious, despite their opposition, but this is seen as the creation of the Haredi community in Israel, separate from the other Orthodox and Zionist movements.{{cite web |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1927/07/20/2767560/palestine-communities-ordinance-promulgated |title=Palestine Communities Ordinance Promulgated |publisher=Archive.jta.org |date=1927-07-20 |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415095453/http://archive.jta.org/article/1927/07/20/2767560/palestine-communities-ordinance-promulgated |url-status=dead }}

In 1932, Sonnenfeld was succeeded by Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky, a disciple of the Shevet Sofer, one of the grandchildren of Moses Sofer. Dushinsky promised to build up a strong Jewish Orthodoxy at peace with the other Jewish communities and the non-Jews.{{cite web |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1933/09/03/2802591/rabbi-dushinsky-installed-as-jerusalem-chief-rabbi-of-orthodox-agudath-israel |title=Rabbi Dushinsky Installed As Jerusalem Chief Rabbi of Orthodox Agudath Israel |publisher=Archive.jta.org |date=1933-09-03 |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-date=April 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415050902/http://archive.jta.org/article/1933/09/03/2802591/rabbi-dushinsky-installed-as-jerusalem-chief-rabbi-of-orthodox-agudath-israel |url-status=dead }}

In general, the present-day Haredi population originate from two distinct post-Holocaust waves.

The vast majority of Hasidic and Litvak communities were destroyed during the Holocaust.{{cite web |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Historical_Overview|title=Hasidism: Historical Overview|page=2|first=David|last=Assaf|publisher=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|year=2010}}{{cite journal|first=Michael|last=MacQueen|title=The Context of Mass Destruction: Agents and Prerequisites of the Holocaust in Lithuania|journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies|year=2014|volume=12|issue=1|pages=27–48|issn=1476-7937|doi=10.1093/hgs/12.1.27}} Although Hasidic customs have largely been preserved, the customs of Lithuanian Jewry, including its unique Hebrew pronunciation, have been almost lost. Litvish customs are still preserved primarily by the few older Jews who were born in Lithuania prior to the Holocaust. In the decade or so after 1945, there was a strong drive to revive and maintain these lifestyles by some notable Haredi leaders.

The Chazon Ish was particularly prominent in the early days of the State of Israel. Aharon Kotler established many of the Haredi schools and yeshivas in the United States and Israel; and Joel Teitelbaum had a significant impact on revitalizing Hasidic Jewry, as well as many of the Jews who fled Hungary during the 1956 revolution who became followers of his Satmar dynasty, and became the largest Hasidic group in the world. These Jews typically have maintained a connection only with other religious family members. As such, those growing up in such families have little or no contact with non-Haredi Jews.{{cite web|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Jewish_World_Today/Denominations/Orthodox/haredim.shtml|title=Haredim (Chareidim)|first=Raysh|last=Weiss|date=August 12, 2023|publisher=myjewishlearning.com|access-date=June 22, 2014|archive-date=July 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709043232/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history/Jewish_World_Today/Denominations/Orthodox/haredim.shtml|url-status=dead}}

The second wave began in the 1970s associated with the religious revival of the so-called baal teshuva movement,{{cite book |author1=Šelomo A. Dešen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBOTrPILb9YC&pg=PA28 |title=Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel |author2=Charles Seymour Liebman |author3=Moshe Shokeid |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2674-7 |page=28 |quote=The number of baalei teshuvah, "penitents" from secular backgrounds who become Ultraorthodox Jews, amounts to a few thousand, mainly between the years 1975-1987, and is modest, compared with the natural growth of the haredim; but the phenomenon has generated great interest in Israel.}}{{harvnb|Harris|1992|p=490}}: "This movement began in the US, but is now centred in Israel, where, since 1967, many thousands of Jews have consciously adopted an ultra-Orthodox lifestyle."{{harvnb|Weintraub|2002|p=211}}: "Many of the ultra-Orthodox Jews living in Brooklyn are baaley tshuva, Jews who have gone through a repentance experience and have become Orthodox, though they may have been raised in entirely secular Jewish homes."Returning to Tradition: The Contemporary Revival of Orthodox Judaism, By M. Herbert Danzger: "A survey of Jews in the New York metropolitan area found that 24% of those who were highly observant (defined as those who would not handle money on the Sabbath) had been reared by parents who did not share such scruples. [...] The ba'al t'shuva represents a new phenomenon for Judaism; for the first time there are not only Jews who leave the fold ... but also a substantial number who "return". p. 2; and: "These estimates may be high... Nevertheless, as these are the only available data we will use them... Defined in terms of observance, then, the number of newly Orthodox is about 100,000... despite the number choosing to be orthodox the data do not suggest that Orthodox Judaism is growing. The survey indicates that although one in four parents were Orthodox, in practice, only one in ten respondents are Orthodox" p. 193. although most of the newly religious become Orthodox, and not necessarily fully Haredi.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} The formation and spread of the Sephardic Haredi lifestyle movement also began in the 1980s by Ovadia Yosef, alongside the establishment of the Shas party in 1984. This led many Sephardi Jews to adopt the clothing and culture of the Lithuanian Haredi Judaism, though it had no historical basis in their own tradition.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} Many yeshivas were also established specifically for new adopters of the Haredi way of life.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

The original Haredi population has been instrumental in the expansion of their lifestyle, though criticisms have been made of discrimination towards the later adopters of the Haredi lifestyle in shidduchim (matchmaking){{cite journal|title=Power, Boundaries and Institutions: Marriage in Ultra-Orthodox Judaism|first1=David |last1=Lehmann|first2=Batia |last2=Siebzehner|s2cid=143455323 |journal=European Journal of Sociology|volume=50|issue=2 |date=August 2009|pages=273–308|doi=10.1017/s0003975609990142}} and the school system.{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Sephardi-haredim-complain-to-court-about-ghettos-310348|title=Sephardi haredim complain to court about 'ghettos'|first=Yonah Jeremy|last=Bob|date=19 April 2013|access-date=22 June 2014|work=The Jerusalem Post}}

The Haredim represent the conservative or pietistic form of Jewish fundamentalism, distinct from the radical fundamentalism of Gush Emunim,{{sfn|Silberstein|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bmYTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 17]}} and emphasising withdrawal from, and disdain for, the secular world, and the creation of an alternative world which insulates the Torah and the life it prescribes from outside influences.{{sfn|Tehranian|1997|p=324}}

Haredi Judaism is not an institutionally cohesive or homogeneous group, but comprises a diversity of spiritual and cultural orientations, generally divided into a broad range of Hasidic courts and Litvishe-Yeshivish streams from Eastern Europe, and Oriental Sephardic Haredi Jews. These groups often differ significantly from one another in their specific ideologies and lifestyles, as well as the degree of stringency in religious practice, rigidity of religious philosophy, and isolation from the general culture that they maintain.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} Some Haredis encourage outreach to less observant and unaffiliated Jews and {{Transliteration|he|hilonim}} (secular Israeli Jews).{{Cite web |last=Waxman |first=Chaim |title=Winners and Losers in Denominational Memberships in the United States |url=https://jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-waxman-f05.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307050735/https://jcpa.org/cjc/cjc-waxman-f05.htm |archive-date=7 March 2006}}

Some scholars, including some secular and Reform Jews, describe the Haredim as "radical fundamentalists".{{cite web |last=Ilan |first=Shahar |title=The myth of Haredi moral authority |website=Haaretz.com |date=12 July 2012 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/shahar-ilan-judaism-s-extreme-makeover-1.5266176 |access-date=11 August 2021}}{{cite web | first=Henry L. Jr. | last=Munson |title=Fundamentalism - The Haredim |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=26 November 2019 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/fundamentalism/The-Haredim |access-date=11 August 2021}}{{cite book |first=Rebecca Joyce|last=Frey|title=Fundamentalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qox1eQ94vJwC&pg=PA9|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0899-5|page=9}}{{cite book |first1=Samuel C.|last1=Heilman |first2=Menachem|last2=Friedman|chapter=Religious Fundamentalism and Religious Jews: The Case of the Haredim|editor1-first=Martin E.|editor1-last=Marty|editor2-first=R. Scott|editor2-last=Appleby |editor3=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC&pg=PA257|date=July 1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-50878-8 |page=257}}{{cite book|editor-first=Brenda |editor-last=Brasher|first=Peter A.|last=Huff|chapter=Haredim|title=Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism: Volume 3 of Religion & Society|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA2_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207 |date=19 October 2001|publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61472-834-4|page=207}}{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Herriot |title=Religious Fundamentalism: Global, Local and Personal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hl19AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA246|date=25 September 2008 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-10161-0|page=246}}{{sfn|Silberstein|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bmYTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 18]}}{{cite book|editor-first=James D. G.|editor-last=Dunn|first=Laura|last=Janner-Klausner|chapter=Jewish Fundamentalism|title=Fundamentalisms: Threats and Ideologies in the Modern World|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eeKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|date=5 October 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-85772-545-5|page=79|quote=organised Haredi Judaism is in fact a relatively new phenomenon in Jewish history.}}

Efforts to keep clear of external influence is a core characteristic of Haredi Judaism. Historically, new mediums of communication such as books, newspapers and magazines, and later tapes, CDs and television, were dealt with by either transforming and controlling the content, or choosing to have rabbinic leadership censor it selectively or altogether. In the modern digital era, difficulty in censoring the Internet and conversely, the Internet's importance, resulted in a decades long and ongoing struggle of comprehension, adaption, and regulation on the part of rabbinical leadership and community activists.{{cite book |last1=Fader |first1=Ayala |title=Hidden Heretics |date=26 May 2020 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16990-3 |pages=17–20 |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691169903/hidden-heretics |language=en}}

These beliefs and practices, which have been interpreted as "isolationist", can bring them into conflict with authorities. In 2018, a Haredi school in the United Kingdom was rated as "inadequate" by the Office for Standards in Education, after repeated complaints were raised about the censoring of textbooks and exam papers which contained mentions of homosexuality, examples of women socializing with men, pictures showing women's shoulders and legs, or information that contradicts a creationist worldview.{{Cite news|url=https://humanism.org.uk/2018/06/26/state-faith-school-caught-redacting-textbooks-by-humanists-uk-rated-inadequate-by-ofsted/|title=State faith school that redacted textbooks failed by Ofsted|date=2018-06-26|work=Humanists UK|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en}}{{Cite book|url=https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/23/133599|title=School Report: Yesodey Hatorah Senior Girls School|publisher=Ofsted|year=2018}}

File:Girls_and_women_of_Breslov.jpg, Jerusalem, 2013]]

Haredi life, like Orthodox Jewish life in general, is very family-centered and ordered. Boys and girls attend separate schools, and proceed to higher Torah study, in a yeshiva or seminary, respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of young men remain in yeshiva until their marriage (often arranged). After marriage, many Haredi men continue their Torah studies in a kollel.

Studying in secular institutions is often discouraged, although educational facilities for vocational training in a Haredi framework do exist. In the United States and Europe, the majority of Haredi males are active in the workforce. For various reasons, in Israel, a majority (56%) of their male members do work, though some of those are part of the unofficial workforce.{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4615101,00.html|script-title=he:הלמ"ס: 56% מהגברים החרדים מועסקים|newspaper = Ynet|date = 14 January 2015|last1 = להב|first1 = אביטל}}{{harvnb|Stadler|2009|p=79}}: "The economic situation of Haredi in Israel is unique. When comparing the Haredi community in Israel with that in the United States, Gonen (2000) found that Haredi members in the United States (both Lithuanians and Hasidic) work and participate in the labor market."{{harvnb|Stadler|2009|p=44}}: "The support of the yeshiva culture is related also to the developments of Israel's welfare policy... This is why in Israel today, Haredim live in relatively poorer conditions (Berman 2000, Dahan 1998, Shilhav 1991), and large Haredi families are totally dependent on state-funded social support systems. This situation is unique to Israel."{{harvnb|Stadler|2009|pp=77–78}}: "According to various surveys of the Haredi community, between 46 and 60 percent of its members do not participate in the labor market and 25 percent have part-time jobs (see Berman 1998; Dahan 1998). Members who work usually take specific jobs within a very narrow range of occupations, mainly those of teachers and clerical or administrative staff (Lupo 2003). In addition, because Haredim encourage large families, half of them live in poverty and economic distress (Berman 1998)." Haredi families (and Orthodox Jewish families in general) are usually much larger than non-Orthodox families, with an average of seven children per family, but it's not unheard of for families to have twelve or more children.Wertheimer, Jack. [https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/what-you-dont-know-about-the-ultra-orthodox/ "What You Don't Know About the Ultra-Orthodox."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724163326/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/what-you-dont-know-about-the-ultra-orthodox/ |date=July 24, 2015 }} Commentary Magazine. 1 July 2015. 4 September 2015. About 80% of female Haredi Jews in Israel work.{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=The Israel Democracy Institute Releases its 2024 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/58484 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=en.idi.org.il |language=en}}

Haredi Jews are typically opposed to the viewing of television and films,{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4410937,00.html |script-title=he:הרב הראשי לתלמידי הישיבות: אל תצפו בטלוויזיה בפיצוציות|trans-title=Chief Rabbi [of Israel] To Yeshiva Students: Don't Watch TV in Kiosks|language=he|date=29 July 2013|work=Ynetnews |access-date=21 September 2013|last1=נחשוני|first1=קובי}} and the reading of secular newspapers and books. There has been a strong campaign against the Internet, and Internet-enabled mobile phones without filters have also been banned by leading rabbis.{{cite web|first=Jonathan |last=Rosenblum |author-link=Jonathan Rosenblum |url=http://www.jewishmediaresources.org/article/784/ |title=Proud to be Chareidi |publisher=Jewish Media Resources |date=2004-12-15 |access-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302061255/http://www.jewishmediaresources.org/article/784/ |archive-date=2009-03-02 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rabbi-jason-miller/ultraorthodox-jews-are-co_b_1580899.html|title=Ultra-Orthodox Jews are Correct About the Dangers of the Internet|first=Jason|last=Miller|work=The Huffington Post|date=8 June 2012|access-date=22 June 2014}}{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7636021.stm |title=Is that cellphone kosher? |work=BBC News |date=2008-10-06 |access-date=2013-09-21}} In May 2012, 40,000 Haredim gathered at Citi Field, a baseball park in New York City, to discuss the dangers of unfiltered Internet.{{cite news|title=Ultra-Orthodox Jews Rally to Discuss Risks of Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/nyregion/ultra-orthodox-jews-hold-rally-on-internet-at-citi-field.html?_r=0|access-date=20 September 2012|work=The New York Times|date=20 May 2012}} The event was organized by the Ichud HaKehillos LeTohar HaMachane. The Internet has been allowed for business purposes, so long as filters are installed.

In some instances, forms of recreation which conform to Jewish law are treated as antithetical to Haredi Judaism. In 2013, the Rabbinical Court of the Ashkenazi Community in the Haredi settlement of Beitar Illit ruled against Zumba (a type of dance fitness) classes, although they were held with a female instructor and all-female participants.{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.546014|title=Haredi Rabbis Ban All-female Zumba Classes|first=Allison Kaplan|last=Sommer|date=9 September 2013|access-date=8 March 2018|newspaper=Haaretz}}{{cite web |url=http://forward.com/articles/183625/haredi-rabbis-outlaw-women-only-zumba-classes/#ixzz2glRtEXy5 |title=Haredi Rabbis Outlaw Women-Only Zumba Classes| date=9 September 2013 |access-date=8 March 2018}} The Court said in part: "Both in form and manner, the activity [Zumba] is entirely at odds with both the ways of the Torah and the holiness of Israel, as are the songs associated to it."

Jewish Chicago has lauded the Haredim for their lifestyle, arguing that it has low crime and drugs, and a strong sense of family and community.{{Cite web |title=Learning about our Haredi brothers and sisters in Israel {{!}} Jewish Chicago (The JUF Magazine) @ Jewish United Fund |url=https://www.jewish-chicago.org/Mag/tmpl-article.aspx?id=453749 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=www.jewish-chicago.org |language=en}}

With Haredi Judaism having a heavy emphasis on marriage — especially while young — some members rely on the shidduch (matchmaking) system. They employ a schadhan (a professional matchmaker) to support them in their search for a spouse. While there is no current statistical data showing how many people use the services of a schadhan, it is estimated that the vast majority of Haredi couples were paired by one.{{Cite book |last=Jacobs |first=Leah |title=Dating secrets: the ultimate guide to finding your spouse |date=2006 |publisher=Shaar Press |author2=Shaindy Marks |isbn=1-4226-0220-6 |location=New York |oclc=123944171}}

However, with the broader societal shift to online dating, matchmaking in Orthodox and Haredi Judaism has started making inroads online. Vastly different from the most popular online dating services, apps like Shidduch pair couples based upon shared values and life goals. To do this, users fill-out a digital resume. The app was made possible by a partnership between its developers and the Orthodox Union — the same group responsible for kosher food certification ("Circle-U").{{Cite news |title='Shidduch' app now available in English |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/shidduch-app-now-available-in-english-685452 |access-date=2023-04-27 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}

File:לבוש מסורתי ביישוב הישן.jpg

File:Haredi (Orthodox) Jewish Couples at Bus Stop - Outside Old City - Jerusalem (5684561290).jpg

File:Batei_Mahase_street,_Old_Jerusalem_(2014).jpg

The standard mode of dress for males of the Lithuanian stream is a black or navy suit and a white shirt.{{Cite book |title=Israel: An Introduction |author=Barry Rubin |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2012 |page=162}} Headgear includes black Fedora or Homburg hats, with black skull caps. Pre-war Lithuanian yeshiva students also wore light coloured suits, along with beige or grey hats,{{cite web |url=http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/11-01-06.html |title=Question 11.1.6: Dress: Why do some Orthodox Jews, especially Chassidim, wear a distinctive style of clothing (i. e., fur hats, black coats, gartel)? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510042843/http://www.shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/11-01-06.html |archive-date=2016-05-10 |website=Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups |quote=The style of hat varies by groups, and the black hat is relatively modern. In the pre-war Lithuanian Yeshivot, grey suits and grey fedoras were the style, and many in the Litvish tradition still wear grey and blue suits.}} and prior to the 1990s, it was common for Americans of the Lithuanian stream to wear coloured shirts throughout the week, reserving white shirts for Shabbos.What Kind of Frum Am I?, Rebbetzin Esther Reisman, Binah Magazine, December 23, 2019 (vol. 13, no. 664), p. 34: In the 1970s and '80s, most bachurim [yeshiva students] did not wear white shirts. My husband [Rabbi Yisroel Reisman] and most of his friends wore colored shirts during the week and white shirts on Shabbos. In looking at group photographs of talmidim [students] and Rebbeim [rabbinic teachers] of this tekufah [era], one is struck by the colorful attire of the talmidim.

Beards are common among Haredi and many other Orthodox Jewish men, and Hasidic men will almost never be clean-shaven.

Women adhere to the laws of modest dress, and wear long skirts and sleeves, high necklines, and, if married, some form of hair covering.{{harvnb|Hoffman|2011|p=90}} Haredi women never wear trousers, although most do wear pajama-trousers within the home at night.

Over the years, it has become popular among some Haredi women to wear sheitels (wigs), that are thought to be more attractive than their own natural hair (drawing criticism from some more conservative Haredi rabbis). Mainstream Sephardi Haredi rabbi Ovadia Yosef forbade the wearing of wigs altogether.{{cite news |last=Galahar |first=Ari |title=Rabbi Yosef comes out against wig-wearing|newspaper=Ynetnews |date=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3949586,00.html|publisher=Ynetnews.com|access-date=31 January 2014}} Haredi women often dress more freely and casually within the home, as long as the body remains covered in accordance with the halakha. More modernized Haredi women are somewhat more lenient in matters of their dress, and some follow the latest trends and fashions, while conforming to halakha.{{cite web |url=http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7550 |title=A long article explaining the characteristics of female Haredi dress inside and outside the house |publisher=Peopleil.org |access-date=2014-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101153352/http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7550 |archive-date=2013-11-01 }}

Non-Lithuanian Hasidic men and women differ from the Lithuanian stream by having a much more specific dress code, the most obvious difference for men being the full-length suit jacket (rekel) on weekdays, and the fur hat (shtreimel) and silk caftan (bekishe) on the Sabbath.

Haredi neighborhoods have been said by some to be safer, with less violent crime, although this is a generalization, and even that may apply to only specific communities, rather than all.{{cite book |author=Aryeh Spero |title=Contemporary Debates in American Reform Judaism: Conflicting Visions |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-05574-4 |editor=Dana Evan Kaplan |page=119 |chapter=Orthodoxy Confronts Reform – The Two Hundred Years' War |quote=Haredi citizenship is beneficial, however, since it creates safe neighborhoods where robbery, mugging, or rape will not be visited on strangers walking through it, and where rules of modesty and civilized behavior are the expected norm. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMUNsX5Ydz4C&pg=PA119}}

In Israel, the entrances to some of the most extreme Haredi neighborhoods are fitted with signs that ask for modest clothing to be worn.{{harvnb|Starr Sered|2001|p=196}} Some areas are known to have "modesty patrols",{{harvnb|Sharkansky|1996|p=145}}: "'Modesty patrols' exist in Bnei Brak and ultra-Orthodox neighborhoods of Jerusalem; their purpose is to keep those areas free of immoral influences." and people dressed in ways perceived as immodest may suffer harassment, and advertisements featuring scantily dressed models may be targeted for vandalism.{{harvnb|Ben-Yehuda|2010|p=115}}: "Women dressed in what is judged as immodest may experience violence and harassment, and demands to leave the area. Immodest advertising may cause Haredi boycotts, and public spaces that present immodest advertisement may be vandalized."{{harvnb|Melman|1992|p=128}}: "In one part of the city, Orthodox platoons smash billboards showing half-naked fashion models." These concerns are also addressed through public lobbying and legal avenues.{{harvnb|Heilman|2002|p=322}}: "While similar sentiments about the moral significance of "immodest" posters in public are surely shared by American Haredim, they would not attack images of scantily clad models on city bus stops on their neighborhoods with the same alacrity as their Israeli counterparts."[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/62199/calvin-klein-bra-advert-ruled-ok-despite-charedi-complaint Calvin Klein bra advert ruled OK despite Charedi complaint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701215859/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/62199/calvin-klein-bra-advert-ruled-ok-despite-charedi-complaint |date=July 1, 2013 }}, Jennifer Lipman, January 18, 2012

During the week-long Rio Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, many of the city's 7,000 Orthodox Jews feel compelled to leave the town, due to the immodest exposure of participants.[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4345232,00.html Jews flee Rio during carnival], Kobi Nahshoni 15/02/13 In 2001, Haredi campaigners in Jerusalem succeeded in persuading the Egged bus company to get all their advertisements approved by a special committee.{{harvnb|Cohen|2012|p=159}} By 2011, Egged had gradually removed all bus adverts that featured women, in response to their continuous defacement. A court order that stated such action was discriminatory led to Egged's decision not to feature people at all (neither male nor female).{{cite web|last=Lidman |first=Melanie |url=http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Egged-We-will-not-use-people-on-Jlem-bus-ads |title=Egged: We will not use people on J'lem bus ads |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2012-08-29|access-date=2013-09-21}} Depictions of certain other creatures, such as space aliens, were also banned, in order not to offend Haredi sensibilities.[http://www.timesofisrael.com/egged-nixes-jerusalem-ads-featuring-extra-terrestrial/ Egged bars J'lem ads featuring aliens] Times of Israel (June 28, 2013) Haredi Jews also campaign against other types of advertising that promote activities they deem offensive or inappropriate.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1437252/Ban-this-offensive-advert-Jewish-leaders-demand.html Ban this offensive advert, Jewish leaders demand], By Chris Hastings and Elizabeth Day 27/07/03Daily Telegraph

Due to halakha, i.e., activities that Orthodox Jews believe are prohibited on Shabbat, most state-run buses in Israel do not run on Saturdays,{{cite book|author1=N. J. Demerath, III|author2=Nicholas Jay Demerath|title=Crossing the Gods: World Religions and Worldly Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Mi-H4N1Z4C&pg=PA103|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-3207-3|page=103|quote=To honor the Sabbath, many government services are closed, and no state buses operate from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday. Recent religious demands in Jerusalem have ranged from Sabbath road closings in Jewish areas and relocating a sports stadium so that it would not disturb a particular neighborhood's Sabbath to halting the sale of non-kosher food in Jewish sectors.}} regardless of whether riders are Orthodox, or even whether they are Jewish. In a similar vein, Haredi Jews in Israel have demanded that the roads in their neighborhoods be closed on Saturdays, vehicular traffic being viewed as an "intolerable provocation" upon their religious lifestyle (see Driving on Shabbat in Jewish law). In most cases, the authorities granted permission after Haredi petitioning and demonstrations, some of them including fierce clashes between Haredi Jews and secular counter-demonstrators, and violence against police and motorists.{{cite book|author=Issa Rose|title=Taking Space Seriously: Law, Space, and Society in Contemporary Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFaprMmLaOIC&pg=PA101|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-2351-9|pages=101–105|quote=The residents of the neighbourhood considered traffic on the Sabbath an intolerable provocation directly interfering with their way of life and began to demonstrate against it (Segev, 1986).}}

File:Separate beach signs, Ashkelon.jpg

While Jewish modesty law requires gender separation under various circumstances, observers have contended that there is a growing trend among some groups of Hasidic Haredi Jews to extend its observance to the public arena.{{harvnb|Zeveloff|2011}}

In the Hasidic village of Kiryas Joel, New York, an entrance sign asks visitors to "maintain sex separation in all public areas", and the bus stops have separate waiting areas for men and women.{{harvnb|Chavkin|Nathan-Kazis|2011}} In New Square, another Hasidic enclave, men and women are expected to walk on opposite sides of the road. In Israel, Jerusalem residents of Mea Shearim were banned from erecting a street barrier dividing men and women during the week-long Sukkot festival's nightly parties;{{harvnb|Rosenberg|2011}}{{harvnb|Sharon|2012}} and street signs requesting that women avoid certain pavements in Beit Shemesh have been repeatedly removed by the municipality.{{harvnb|Heller|2012}}

Since 1973, buses catering to Haredi Jews running from Rockland County and Brooklyn into Manhattan have had separate areas for men and women, allowing passengers to conduct on-board prayer services.{{cite book|title=The Jewish Spectator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0NNAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=School of the Jewish Woman|page=6|quote=THE NEW YORK State Assembly has passed a law permitting segregated seating for women on the buses chartered by ultra-Orthodox Jews for the routes from their Brooklyn and Rockland County (Spring Valley, Monsey, New Square) neighborhoods to their places of business and work in Manhattan. The buses are equipped with mehitzot, which separate the men's section from the women's. The operator of the partitioned buses, and the sponsors of the law that permits their unequal seating argued their case by invoking freedom of religion.}} Although the lines are privately operated, they serve the general public, and in 2011, the set-up was challenged on grounds of discrimination, and the arrangement was deemed illegal.{{harvnb|Dashefsky|Sheskin|2012|p=129}}{{harvnb|Haughney|2011}} During 2010–2012, there was much public debate in Israel surrounding the existence of segregated Haredi Mehadrin bus lines (whose policy calls for both men and women to stay in their respective areas: men in the front of the bus,{{cite journal|last=Kobre|first=Eytan|date=28 December 2011|title=In The Hot Seat|url=http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1697/In-The-Hot-Seat#showDiv1|journal=Mishpacha|access-date=18 December 2013|archive-date=3 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103132148/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1697/In-The-Hot-Seat#showDiv1}} and women in the rear of the bus) following an altercation that occurred after a woman refused to move to the rear of the bus to sit among the women. A subsequent court ruling stated that while voluntary segregation should be allowed, forced separation is unlawful.{{cite news|author=Katya Alder|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6584661.stm |title=Israel's 'modesty buses' draw fire|work=BBC News|date= 24 April 2007}} Israeli national airline El Al has agreed to provide gender-separated flights in consideration of Haredi requirements.{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3654758,00.html |title=El Al to launch kosher flights for haredim - Israel Jewish Scene, Ynetnews |publisher=Ynet.co.il |access-date=2013-09-21}}

File:Bais-Yaakov-1.jpg graduating class of 1934 in Łódź, Poland]]

Education in the Haredi community is strictly segregated by sex. Yeshiva education for boys is primarily focused on the study of Jewish scriptures, such as the Torah and Talmud (non-Hasidic yeshivas in the United States teach secular studies in the afternoon); girls obtain studies both in Jewish religious education as well as broader secular subjects.{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr1271.pdf |title=Israel: Selected Issues Paper; IMF Country Report 12/71; March 9, 2012 |access-date=2014-02-23}}

File:Tziporah Heller.jpg, a weekly columnist for Hamodia]]

In 1930s Poland, the Agudath Israel movement published its own Yiddish-language paper, Dos Yiddishe Tagblatt. In 1950, the Agudah started printing Hamodia, a Hebrew-language Israeli daily.

Haredi publications tend to shield their readership from objectionable material,{{harvnb|Bryant|2012}}: "Haredi press rarely reports on deviance and unconventionality among Haredim. Thus, most reports are based on the secular Press. This is consistent with Haredi press policy of 'the right of the people not to know', which aims to shield Haredi readers from exposure to information about such issues as rape, robbery, suicide, prostitution, and so on." and perceive themselves as a "counterculture", desisting from advertising secular entertainment and events. The editorial policy of a Haredi newspaper is determined by a rabbinical board, and every edition is checked by a rabbinical censor.{{harvnb|Cohen|2012|p=79}} A strict policy of modesty is characteristic of the Haredi press in recent years, and pictures of women are usually not printed.{{harvnb|Cohen|2012|p=80}} In 2009, the Israeli daily Yated Ne'eman doctored an Israeli cabinet photograph replacing two female ministers with images of men,{{cite web |title=Papers alter Israel cabinet photo |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7982146.stm |access-date=7 August 2013 |website=BBC |date=April 3, 2009}} and in 2013, the Bakehilah magazine pixelated the faces of women appearing in a photograph of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.{{harvnb|Tessler|2013}} The mainstream Haredi political Shas party also refrains from publishing female images.{{cite news |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4239618,00.html |title=ynet ביטאון ש"ס צנזר את תמונת רחל אטיאס - יהדות |newspaper=Ynet |date=7 June 2012 |publisher=Ynet.co.il |access-date=2014-03-11 |last1=נחשוני |first1=קובי }} Among Haredi publishers which have not adopted this policy is ArtScroll, which does publish pictures of women in their books.Rabbi Avrohom Biderman in minute 53-54 of [https://web.archive.org/web/20200724040055/https://episodes.buzzsprout.com/rvcyx8fu7oq5zpzaxq4ayn71zdqb?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%27with-r-avrohom-biderman-of-artscroll-discussing-all-things-artscroll.mp3%27%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27with-r-avrohom-biderman-of-artscroll-discussing-all-things-artscroll.mp3&response-content-type=audio%2Fmpeg& May 7, 2020 Twitter Live podcast] with [https://twitter.com/SeforimChatter/status/1264749263776632835 SeforimChatter]. Archived from [http://seforimchatter.buzzsprout.com/1218638/4567262-with-r-avrohom-biderman-of-artscroll-discussing-all-things-artscroll|the original] on July 24, 2020.

No coverage is given to serious crime, violence, sex, or drugs, and little coverage is given to non-Orthodox streams of Judaism.{{harvnb|Cohen|2012|p=93}} Inclusion of "immoral" content is avoided, and when publication of such stories is a necessity, they are often written ambiguously. The Haredi press generally takes an ambivalent stance towards Zionism and gives more coverage to issues that concern the Haredi community, such as the drafting of girls and yeshiva students into the army, autopsies, and Shabbat observance. In Israel, it portrays the secular world as "spitefully anti-Semitic", and describes secular youth as "mindless, immoral, drugged, and unspeakably lewd".{{harvnb|Cohen|Susser|2000|p=103}}: "The Haredi press, for its part, is every bit as belligerent and dismissive. [...] Apart from the recurrent images of drug-crazed, sybaritic, terminally empty-headed young people, the secular world is also portrayed as spitefully anti-Semitic."{{harvnb|Cohen|Susser|2000|p=102}}: "Yet when the Haredi newspapers present the world of secular Israeli youth as mindless, immoral, drugged, and unspeakably lewd..." Such attacks have led to Haredi editors being warned about libelous provocations.{{harvnb|Cohen|Susser|2000|p=103}}

While the Haredi press is extensive and varied in Israel,{{cite book|author=Rita James Simon|title=Continuity and Change: A Study of Two Ethnic Communities in Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbY8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA73|date=28 July 1978|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-29318-1|pages=73–74}} only around half the Haredi population reads newspapers. Around 10% read secular newspapers, while 40% do not read any newspaper at all.{{harvnb|Cohen|2012|p=110}} According to a 2007 survey, 27% read the weekend Friday edition of Hamodia, and 26% the Yated Ne'eman.{{harvnb|Cohen|2012|p=111}} In 2006, the most-read Haredi magazine in Israel was the Mishpacha weekly, which sold 110,000 copies. Other popular Hareidi publications include Ami Magazine and The Flatbush Jewish Journal.

Haredi leaders have at times suggested a ban on the internet and any internet-capable device,{{sfn|Deutsch|2009|pp=4–5}} their reasoning being that the immense amount of information can be corrupting, and the ability to use the internet with no observation from the community can lead to individuation.{{harvnb|Deutsch|2009|p=8}}

Some Haredi businessmen utilize the internet throughout the week, but they still observe Shabbat in every aspect by not accepting or processing orders from Friday evening to Saturday evening.{{harvnb|Deutsch|2009|p=4}} They utilize the internet under strict filters and guidelines. The Kosher cell phone was introduced to the Jewish public with the sole ability to call other phones. It was unable to utilize the internet, text other phones, and had no camera feature. In fact, a kosher phone plan was created, with decreased rates for kosher-to-kosher calls, to encourage community.{{harvnb|Deutsch|2009|p=9}}{{harvnb|Deutsch|2009|p=18}}

{{main|Haredi news hotline}}

News hotlines are an important source of news in the Haredi world. Since many Haredi Jews do not listen to the radio or have access to the internet, even if they read newspapers, they are left with little or no access to breaking news. News hotlines were formed to fill this gap, and many have expanded to additional fields over time.{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/.premium-1.2736261|script-title=he:קווי נייעס ספקי החדשות והרכילות של המגזר החרדי, נלחמים על חייהם|work=Haaretz|language=he|trans-title=Haredi news hotlines fighting to stay alive}}{{Cite news|url=http://thevoiceoflakewood.com/3dissue/082312/data/search.xml|title=12,000 Calls a Day, One Number: Behind the Scenes at FNW|last=Blau|first=Shloimy|date=August 23, 2012|work=The Voice of Lakewood|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307150854/http://thevoiceoflakewood.com/3dissue/082312/data/search.xml}} Currently, many news lines provide rabbinic lectures, entertainment, business advice, and similar services, in addition to their primary function of reporting the news. Many Hasidic sects maintain their own hotlines, where relevant internal news is reported and the group's perspective can be advocated for. In the Israeli Haredi community, there are dozens of prominent hotlines, in both Yiddish and Hebrew. Some Haredi hotlines have played significant public roles.{{Cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Haredi-protestors-shut-down-Jerusalem-roads-for-the-second-week-in-a-row-508213|title=Haredi protestors shut down Jerusalem roads for the second week in a row|work=The Jerusalem Post |access-date=2018-03-07|quote=...Instructions were eventually sent out at 6:30 p.m. over the Jerusalem Faction's telephone hotlines for the protesters to disperse, and only then were the roads and junctions they had blocked open to traffic again.}}

{{See also|Haredim and Zionism}}

From the founding of Zionism in the 1890s, Haredi Jews leaders voiced objections to its secular orientation.{{cite book|author=David Sherman|title=Judaism Confronts Modernity: Sermons and Essays by Rabbi David Sherman on the Meaning of Jewish Life and Ideals Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IG0wAAAAYAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=D. Sherman|isbn=978-0-620-18195-2|page=289|quote=The establishment of the State of Israel was bitterly opposed by the ultra-Orthodox who still have great difficulty in accepting it. In Mea Shearim, Yom Ha'Atzmaut, Israel Independence Day, is treated as a day of mourning. They act as if they would rather be under Arafat or Hussein.}}{{cite book |surname=Halpern |given=Ben |url={{Google books|id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}} |title=Social Foundations of Judaism |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publ. |year=2004 |isbn=1-59244-943-3 |editor-surname=Goldscheider |editor-given=Calvin |edition=2nd |place=Eugene, Or |pages=94–113 |chapter=The Rise and Reception of Zionism in the Nineteenth Century |editor-surname2=Neusner |editor-given2=Jacob |editor-link2=Jacob Neusner |chapter-url={{Google books|id=2TxLAwAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=94|keywords=|text=}} |orig-year=1990}} After the establishment of the State of Israel, some Haredi Jews observed the Israeli Independence Day as a day of mourning and referred to Israeli state-holidays as byimey edeyhem ("idolatrous holidays").{{cite journal |author=Ruth Ebenstein |journal=Israel Studies |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/israel_studies/v008/8.3ebenstein.html |issue=3 |volume=8 |year=2003 |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=149 |title=Remembered Through Rejection: Yom HaShoah in the Ashkenazi Haredi Daily Press, 1950-2000 |via=Project MUSE database |quote=A few years later, in the late 1990s, we find a striking twist to the Haredi rejection of the day. Both Ha-mod'ia and Yated Ne'eman usher in Yom HaShoah with trepidation. No longer was the day simply one they found offensive, but in their experience, it now marked the start of a week-long assault on Haredim for not observing the trilogy of secular Israel's national "holy days" — Yom HaShoah, Yom Hazikaron Lehaleley Zahal (the Memorial Day for Israel's war dead), and Yom Ha'atzmaut (Independence Day). Sparked, perhaps, by media coverage of Haredim ignoring memorial sirens, Haredim now felt attacked, even hunted down, for their rejection of the day during a period described by both Haredi newspapers with the Talmudic term byimey edeyhem, referring to idolatrous holidays.}}

File:NKUSA.ORG at AIPAC protest 2005.JPG protest against Israel (Washington, 2005)]]

The chief political division among Haredi Jews has been in their approach to the State of Israel. After Israeli independence, different Haredi movements took varying positions on it. Only a minority of Haredi Jews consider themselves to be Zionists. Haredim who do not consider themselves Zionists fall into two-camps: non-Zionist, and anti-Zionist. Non-Zionist Haredim, who comprise the majority, do not object to the State of Israel as an independent Jewish state, and many even consider it to be positive, but they do not believe that it has any religious significance. Anti-Zionist Haredim, who are a minority, but are more publicly visible than the non-Zionist majority, believe that any Jewish independence prior to the coming of the Messiah is a sin.{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/on-haredi-opposition-to-zionism-589807|title=Judaism: On Haredi opposition to Zionism|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|access-date=2 March 2022}}{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/opinion/411615/think-all-orthodox-jews-are-zionists-think-again/|title=Opinion | Think All Orthodox Jews Are Zionists? Think Again.|website=The Forward| date=11 October 2018 |access-date=2 March 2022}}

The ideologically non-Zionist United Torah Judaism alliance comprising Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah (and the umbrella organizations World Agudath Israel and Agudath Israel of America) represents a moderate and pragmatic stance of cooperation with the State of Israel, and participation in the political system. UTJ has been a participant in numerous coalition governments, seeking to influence state and society in a more religious direction and maintain welfare and religious funding policies. In general, their position is supportive of Israel.{{Cite web|url=http://www.jewishchronicle.org/2008/03/31/agudath-israel-may-be-non-zionist-but-it-supports-israel-and-its-people/|title=Agudath Israel may be non-Zionist, but it supports Israel and its people |website=Jewishchronicle.org|access-date=2 March 2022}}

Haredim who are stridently anti-Zionist are under the umbrella of Edah HaChareidis, who reject participation in politics and state funding of its affiliated institutions, in contradistinction to Agudah-affiliated institutions. Neturei Karta is a very small activist organization of anti-Zionist Haredim, whose controversial activities have been strongly condemned, including by other anti-Zionist Haredim.{{cite news|url = https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3340592,00.html |title = Satmar court slams Neturei Karta |newspaper = ynetnews|date = 15 December 2006 |last1 = Sela |first1 = Neta }} Haredi support is often required to form coalition governments in the Knesset.

In recent years, some rebbes affiliated with Agudath Israel, such as the Sadigura rebbe Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, have taken stances closer to the Israeli right wing on security, settlements and withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/hasidic-leader-yaakov-friedman-the-admor-of-sadigura-dies-at-84-1.491294|title=Hasidic Leader Yaakov Friedman, the Admor of Sadigura, Dies at 84|first=Yair|last=Ettinger|date=1 January 2013| access-date=21 August 2017|newspaper=Haaretz}}

Shas represents Sephardi and Mizrahi Haredim, and, while having many points in common with Ashkenazi Haredim, differs from them by its more enthusiastic support for the State of Israel and the IDF. The Sikirim group is anti-Zionist group composed of Haredi Jews is considered a radical organization by Israelis.{{cite news |date=1 January 2012 |title=Israeli politicians decry ultra-Orthodox protesters' use of Holocaust imagery |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-politicians-decry-ultra-orthodox-protesters-use-of-holocaust-imagery-1.404855 |accessdate=2012-01-06 |work=Haaretz}}

The purpose of marriage in the Haredi (and Orthodox) viewpoint is for the purpose of companionship, as well as for the purpose of having children.{{cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/465161/jewish/The-Purposes-of-Marriage-in-Judaism.htm|title=The Purposes of Marriage in Judaism|website=Chabad.org|access-date=2 March 2022}}

There is a high rate of marriage in the Haredi community. 83% are married, compared to the non-Haredi community in Israel of 63%. Marriage is viewed as holy, and as the natural home for a man and a woman to truly love each other.

In 2016, the divorce rate in Israel was 5% among the Haredi population, compared to the general population rate of 14%.{{cite web |title=Statistical report of ultra-orthodox society in Israel |url=https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton-e_8-9-16_web.pdf |website=The Israel Democracy Institute |access-date=2 August 2021}}

In 2016, Haaretz claimed that divorces among Haredim are increasing in Israel.{{cite news|last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Aaron |date=31 December 2017 |title=Divorce Is Becoming a New Norm Among ultra-Orthodox in Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-12-31/ty-article/.premium/divorce-becoming-new-norm-among-ultra-orthodox-in-israel/0000017f-f63b-d887-a7ff-feff45ae0000 |work=Haaretz |location=Tel Aviv |access-date=3 August 2018}} In 2017, some predominantly Haredi cities reported the highest growth rates in divorce in the Israel, in the context of generally falling rates of divorce,{{cite news |last1=Lev |first1=Tzvi |date=3 May 2018 |title=Israeli divorce rate drops |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/245397 |work=Israel National News |location=Beit El |access-date=3 August 2018}} and in 2018, some predominantly Haredi cities reported drops in divorce, in the context of generally rising rates of divorce.{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-divorces-in-israel-up-5-in-2018-with-86-increase-in-one-central-town/|title = Jewish divorces in Israel up 5% in 2018, with 86% increase in one town|website = The Times of Israel}}

When the divorce is linked to one spouse leaving the community, the one who chooses to leave is often shunned from his or her communities and forced to abandon their children, as most courts prefer keeping children in an established status quo.{{cite news|last1=Ruz |first1=Eva |last2=Pritchard |first2=Charlotte |date=6 December 2016 |title=The strictly Orthodox Jewish mothers pressured to give up their children |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75361d40-67f0-4544-bb29-c9bee5b2251f |work=BBC News |location=London |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Otterman |first1=Sharon |date=25 May 2018 |title=When Living Your Truth Can Mean Losing Your Children |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/25/nyregion/orthodox-jewish-divorce-custody-ny.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York City |access-date=3 August 2018}}

{{Main|Cheder|Yeshiva|Bais Yaakov}}

Haredim primarily educate their children in their own private schools, starting with chederim for pre-school to primary school ages, to yeshivos for boys from secondary school ages, and in seminaries, often called Bais Yaakovs, for girls of secondary school ages. Only Jewish religiously observant students are admitted, and parents must agree to abide by the rules of the school to keep their children enrolled. Yeshivas are headed by rosh yeshivas (deans) and principals. Many Hasidic schools in Israel, Europe, and North America teach few (or no) secular subjects, while some of the Litvish (Lithuanian style) schools in Israel follow educational policies to the Hasidic school. In the U.S., most teach secular subjects to boys and girls, as part of a dual curriculum of secular subjects (generally called "English") and Torah subjects. Yeshivas teach mostly Talmud and Rabbinic literature, while the girls' schools teach Jewish Law, Midrash, and Tanach (Hebrew Bible).

Between 2007 and 2017, the number of Haredim studying in higher education had risen from 1,000 to 10,800.{{Cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/240041 |title=Education rising, poverty dropping among haredim |last=Lev |first=Tzvi |date=December 31, 2017 |website=Israel National News}}

In 2007, the Kemach Foundation was established to become an investor in the sector's social and economic development, and provide opportunities for employment. Through the philanthropy of Leo Noé of London, later joined by the Wolfson family of New York and Elie Horn from Brazil, Kemach has facilitated academic and vocational training. With a $22m budget, including government funding, Kemach provides individualized career assessment, academic or vocational scholarships, and job placement for the entire Haredi population in Israel. The Foundation is managed by specialists who, coming from the Haredi sector themselves, are familiar with the community's needs and sensitivities. By April 2014, more than 17,800 Haredim have received the services of Kemach, and more than 7,500 have received, or continue to receive, monthly scholarships to fund their academic or vocational studies. From 500 graduates, the net benefits to the government would be 80.8 million NIS if they work for one year, 572.3 million NIS if they work for 5 years, and 2.8 billion NIS (discounted) if they work for 30 years.{{cite journal |author1=Lisa Cave |author2=Hamutal Aboody|date=December 2010|title=The Benefits and Costs of Employment Programs for the Haredim Implemented by the Kemach Foundation |url=http://brookdale.jdc.org.il/en/publication/benefits-costs-employment-programs-haredim-ultra-orthodox-implemented-kemach-foundation/|journal=Myers JDC Brookdale Institute}}

The Council for Higher Education announced in 2012 that it was investing NIS 180 million over the following five years to establish appropriate frameworks for the education of Haredim, focusing on specific professions.{{cite news |title=New project to integrate Haredim in higher education |author=Lior Dattel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/business/new-project-to-integrate-haredim-in-higher-education-1.412067 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-02-10 |access-date=2012-03-02}} The largest Haredi campus in Israel is The Haredi Campus - The Academic College Ono.

In the midst of a controversy surrounding the limited secular education in some Haredi yeshivas, New York City mayor Eric Adams held up the Haredi yeshiva model as a model to emulate, arguing that "We need to ask, 'What are we doing wrong in our schools?' And learn what you are doing in the yeshivas to improve education."{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Jacob |date=2023-05-15 |title=New York City Mayor Eric Adams praises yeshiva education, pushes back on criticism |url=https://www.jta.org/2023/05/15/ny/new-york-city-mayor-eric-adams-praises-yeshiva-education-pushes-back-on-criticism |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}

Tucker Carlson, in an interview with a former yeshiva student, observed that the yeshiva system, with its emphasis on asking questions, "seems like a great education".{{Cite web |last=Rosenfeld |first=Reuven |date=2024-08-13 |title=Tucker Carlson Lauds Yeshiva Education as a Model for Success - VINnews |url=https://vinnews.com/2024/08/13/tucker-carlson-lauds-yeshiva-education-as-a-model-for-success/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |language=en-US}}

File:Haredi demonstration against conscription yeshiva pupils.jpg

Upon the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, universal conscription was instituted for all able-bodied Jewish males. However, military-aged Haredi men were exempted from service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) under the Torato Umanuto arrangement, which officially granted deferred entry into the IDF for yeshiva students, but in practice allowed young Haredi men to serve for a significantly reduced period of time or bypass military service altogether. At that time, the Haredi population was very low and only 400 individuals were affected.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26542316|title=Israel ends ultra-Orthodox military service exemptions|date=12 March 2014|work=BBC News}} However, the Haredi population rapidly grew.{{cite web |last=Buck |first=Tobias |date=2011-11-06 |title=Israel's secular activists start to fight back |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a73539f0-071e-11e1-8ccb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1dAGyakso |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211207/https://www.ft.com/content/a73539f0-071e-11e1-8ccb-00144feabdc0#axzz1dAGyakso |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=2013-03-26 |work=Financial Times}}{{cite journal|title=Fundamentalism's encounters with citizenship: the Haredim in Israel|journal=Citizenship Studies|volume=12|issue=3 |pages=215–231|year=2008|first1=Nurit|last1=Stadler|first2=Edna|last2=Lomsky-Feder|first3=Eyal|last3=Ben-Ari|doi=10.1080/13621020802015388|s2cid=144319224}} In 2018, the Israel Democracy Institute estimated that the Haredim comprised 12% of Israel's total population and 15% of its Jewish population.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/latest-population-statistics-for-israel|title=Latest Population Statistics for Israel |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}} Haredim are also younger than the general population. Their absence from the IDF attracts significant resentment from secular Israelis. The most common criticisms of the exemption policy are:

• The Haredim can work in those 2–3 years of their lives in which they do not serve in the IDF, while most soldiers at the IDF are usually paid around $80–250 a month, in addition to clothing and lodging.{{cite web|url=http://www.mako.co.il/pzm-soldiers/Article-0e954ac0cc15531006.htm |script-title=he:משכורות בצה"ל: כמה הצבא מוציא עליכם? |publisher=Mako.co.il |date= 2012-02-06|access-date=2014-03-11}} All the while, Haredi yeshiva students receive significant monthly funds and payments for their religious studies.{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.1538550 |script-title=he:סל ההטבות לאברך: 17 אלף שקל ברוטו - כללי - הארץ |publisher=Haaretz.co.il |date=2012-11-13 |access-date=2014-03-11|newspaper=הארץ |last1=אילן |first1=שחר }}
• The Haredim, if they so choose, can study at that time.{{cite web |url=http://www.openu.ac.il/dean-academic-studies/charedi_project.html |title=An example for an academic program for Haredi yeshiva students at the Israeli Open University |publisher=Openu.ac.il |access-date=2014-03-11 |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054351/http://www.openu.ac.il/dean-academic-studies/charedi_project.html |url-status=dead }}[http://www.mako.co.il/study-career-study/guide/Article-045dbd660b9ec31006.htm Only one academic institution allows this]. Also, most soldiers work over 9 hours a day, and cannot afford such studies time-wise, or with their low monthly salary (see prior references to soldier's monthly income)

Over the years, as many as 1,000 Haredi Jews have volunteered to serve in a Haredi Jewish unit of the IDF known as the Netzah Yehuda Battalion, or Nahal Haredi. The vast majority of Haredi men, however, continue to receive deferments from military service.Sheleg, Yair. 2000. The new religious Jews: recent developments among observant Jews in Israel (HaDati'im haHadashim: Mabat achshavi al haHevra haDatit b'Yisrael). Jerusalem: Keter (in Hebrew). Haredim usually reject the practice of IDF service and contend that:

• A yeshiva student has an important role in protecting the Jewish people because Haredim believe that Torah study brings spiritual protection similar to how a soldier in the IDF brings physical protection. Haredim maintain that each role is important in protecting the Jewish people, and one who is a yeshiva student should not abandon his personal duty in spiritually protecting the Jewish people.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19492627|title=Israel's ultra-Orthodox fight to be exempt from military service|work=BBC News|date=11 September 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.shabes.net/bsd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2167:tora&catid=135:halachaquestions&Itemid=156 |script-title=he:תורה מגינה ומצילה |publisher=Shabes.net |access-date=2014-03-11}}{{cite web|url=http://www.srugim.co.il/23474-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%92 |script-title=he:הרב עמאר: "ישיבת ההסדר באשקלון מגנה על העיר" |publisher=Srugim.co.il |date=2011-09-13 |access-date=2014-03-11}}{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/education/1.1619975 |script-title=he:שר הפנים אלי ישי: צה"ל נכשל במלחמת לבנון השנייה כי החיילים לא התפללו - חינוך וחברה - הארץ |publisher=Haaretz.co.il |date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2014-03-11 |newspaper=הארץ }}
• The Israeli army is not conducive to a Haredi lifestyle. It is regarded as a "state-sponsored quagmire of promiscuity" due to Israel conscripting both men and women, and often grouping them together in military activities.Mordecai Richler. "This Year in Jerusalem". Chatto & Windus, 1994. {{ISBN|0701162724}}. p. 73. Additionally, the keeping of military procedures makes it difficult to observe the Sabbath and many other Jewish practices.{{cite web |last1=Lawson |first1=Charlotte |title=Israel’s Ultra-Orthodox Military Draft Crisis, Explained |url=https://thedispatch.com/article/israels-ultra-orthodox-military-draft-crisis-explained/ |publisher=The Dispatch |date=April 4, 2024}}

The Torato Umanuto arrangement was enshrined in the Tal Law that came into force in 2002. The High Court of Justice later ruled that it could not be extended in its current form beyond August 2012. A replacement was expected. The IDF was, however, experiencing a shortage of personnel, and there were pressures to reduce the scope of the Torato Omanuto exemption.{{cite news |title=IDF facing shortage of new soldiers |author=Amos Harel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/idf-facing-shortage-of-new-soldiers-1.414587 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-02-24 |access-date=2012-03-19}} In March 2014, Israel's parliament approved legislation to end exemptions from military service for Haredi seminary students. The bill was passed by 65 votes to one, and an amendment allowing civilian national service by 67 to one.{{cite web |date=2014-03-12 |title=BBC News - Israel ends ultra-Orthodox military service exemptions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26542316 |access-date=2014-08-17 |publisher=Bbc.com}} In June 2024, the Supreme Court of Israel declared any continued exemption of IDF conscription unlawful. The army began drafting 3,000 Haredi men the following month.{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=18 July 2024 |title=IDF to begin drafting 3,000 Haredi men starting Sunday, in three waves |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-to-begin-drafting-3000-haredi-men-starting-sunday-in-three-waves/ |newspaper=Times of Israel}}

There has been much uproar in Haredi society following actions towards Haredi conscription. While some Haredim see this as a great social and economic opportunity,{{cite web |date=2013-04-18 |script-title=he:נשפיע - סקר: 68% מהחרדים בעד גיוס תלמידי ישיבות לצבא |url=http://nashpia.co.il/stories/50f91dd8c0dd852367000016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104060254/http://nashpia.co.il/stories/50f91dd8c0dd852367000016 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |access-date=2014-03-11 |publisher=Nashpia.co.il}} others (including leading rabbis among them) strongly oppose this move.{{cite web |script-title=he:הרב חיים דרוקמן בעד גיוס חרדים: "מצווה מהתורה" |url=http://www.kikarhashabat.co.il/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%93-%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1-%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095444/http://www.kikarhashabat.co.il/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%9F-%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%93-%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1-%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=2014-03-11 |publisher=Kikarhashabat.co.il}} Among the extreme Haredim, there have been some more severe reactions. Several Haredi leaders have threatened that Haredi populations would leave the country if forced to enlist.{{cite web |script-title=he:=הרב עובדיה יוסף על סכנת הגיוס: "נעזוב את הארץ" |url=http://www.kikarhashabat.co.il/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3-%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095535/http://www.kikarhashabat.co.il/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A3-%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |access-date=2014-03-11 |publisher=Kikarhashabat.co.il}}{{cite web |date=2013-10-17 |script-title=he:=צפו בוידאו שעורר סערה: הרב אייכלר "אם תפגעו בנו נעזוב את הארץ לצמיתות" |url=http://www.kooker.co.il/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%95-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%95/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102041130/http://www.kooker.co.il/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%A8-%D7%90%D7%9D-%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%95-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95-%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%95/ |archive-date=2013-11-02 |access-date=2014-03-11 |publisher=Kooker.co.il}} Others have fueled public incitement against secular and National-Religious Jews, and specifically against politicians Yair Lapid and Naftali Bennett, who support and promote Haredi enlistment.{{cite news |last1=גלובס |first1=שירות |date=2013-09-29 |title=News report of mainstream Haredi Rabbis cursing and inciting against Lapid |url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000881310 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102130803/http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000881310 |archive-date=2013-11-02 |access-date=2014-03-11 |newspaper=Globes |publisher=Globes.co.il}}{{cite news |last1=נחשוני |first1=קובי |date=29 October 2013 |title=A news report regarding an incitement campaign against people supporting Haredi enlistment included a long comic book depicting Haredim as sheep, and the Secular, Nationally-Religious, and their politicians as predatory animals who conspire to eat them |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4446939,00.html |access-date=2014-03-11 |newspaper=Ynet |publisher=Ynet.co.il}} Some Haredim have taken to threatening their fellows who agree to enlist,{{cite news |last1=אברהם |first1=שמוליק |date=26 May 2013 |script-title=he:די להסתה: גם אני חרד"ק גאה - יהדות |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4384387,00.html |access-date=2014-03-11 |newspaper=Ynet |publisher=Ynet.co.il}}{{cite news |last1=פרקש |first1=טלי |date=22 May 2013 |script-title=he:אזהרה: בקרוב עלול להירצח חייל חרדי - יהדות |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4382928,00.html |access-date=2014-03-11 |newspaper=Ynet |publisher=Ynet.co.il}} to the point of physically attacking some of them.{{cite news |last1=נחשוני |first1=קובי |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=he:ביום שאחרי: "אף חייל לא הותקף. ספין של צה"ל" - יהדות |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4403271,00.html |access-date=2014-08-17 |newspaper=Ynet |publisher=Ynet.co.il}}{{cite news |last1=פרקש |first1=טלי |date=10 July 2013 |script-title=he:"החיים שלנו סיוט". עדויות של חיילים חרדים - יהדות |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4403591,00.html |access-date=2014-03-11 |newspaper=Ynet |publisher=Ynet.co.il}}

The Shahar program, also known as Shiluv Haredim (Ultra-Orthodox integration), allows Haredi men aged 22 to 26 to serve in the army for about a year and a half. At the beginning of their service, they study mathematics and English, which are often not well covered in Haredi boy schools. The program is partly aimed at encouraging Haredi participation in the workforce after military service. However, not all beneficiaries seem to be Haredim.{{cite news |title=Haaretz probe: Many in IDF's Haredi track aren't really Haredi |author=Amos Harel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/haaretz-probe-many-in-idf-s-haredi-track-aren-t-really-haredi-1.415625 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2012-03-01 |access-date=2012-03-19}}

{{As of|2013}}, figures from the Central Bureau of Statistics on employment rates place Haredi women at 73%, close to the 80% for the non-Haredi Jewish women's national figure; while the number of working Haredi men has increased to 56%, it is still far below the 90% of non-Haredi Jewish men nationwide. {{As of|2021}}, most Haredi boys instead go to yeshivas and then continue to study at yeshiva after getting married.{{cite news |title=In Israel, religious schools begin opening an old world to the new |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2021/0929/In-Israel-religious-schools-begin-opening-an-old-world-to-the-new |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=29 September 2021}}

The Trajtenberg Committee, charged in 2011 with drafting proposals for economic and social change, called, among other things, for increasing employment among the Haredi population. Its proposals included encouraging military or national service and offering college prep courses for volunteers, creating more employment centers targeting Haredim and experimental matriculation prep courses after yeshiva hours. The committee also called for increasing the number of Haredi students receiving technical training through the Industry, Trade, and Labor Ministry and forcing Haredi schools to carry out standardized testing, as is done at other public schools.{{cite news |title=Measures on Haredim vanish from labor reform |author=Hila Weisberg |url=http://www.haaretz.com/business/measures-on-haredim-vanish-from-labor-reform-1.409444 |newspaper=The Marker - Haaretz |date=2012-01-27 |access-date=15 July 2014}} It is estimated that half as many of the Haredi community are in employment as the rest of population. This has led to increasing financial deprivation, and 50% of children within the community live below the poverty line. This puts strain on each family, the community, and often the Israeli economy.

The demographic trend indicates the community will constitute an increasing percentage of the population, and consequently, Israel faces an economic challenge in the years ahead due to fewer people in the labor force. A report commissioned by the Treasury found that the Israeli economy may lose more than six billion shekels annually as a result of low Haredi participation in the workforce.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3920489,00.html |title=Haredi unemployment costs billions annually |newspaper=Ynetnews |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=1995-06-20 |access-date=2014-08-17|last1=Golan |first1=Jonathan }} The OECD in a 2010 report stated that, "Haredi families are frequently jobless, or are one-earner families in low-paid employment. Poverty rates are around 60% for Haredim."{{cite book|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |title=OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies |chapter=Israel|date=22 January 2010|issue=1 |page=286}}

As of 2017, according to an Israeli finance ministry study, the Haredi participation rate in the labour force is 51%, compared to 89% for the rest of Israeli Jews.{{cite news|title=The difficulty of drafting ultra-Orthodox Jews into Israel's army|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21729787-many-israelis-resent-haredim-who-neither-serve-nor-work-government-has|newspaper=The Economist|date=30 September 2017}}

A 2018 study by Oren Heller, a National Insurance Institute of Israel senior economic researcher, has found that while upper mobility among Haredim is significantly greater than the national average, unlike it, this tends not to translate into significantly higher pay."Where did you come from and where are you going?" (Hebrew), TheMarker (print edition), pp. 90-97, June 2018.

Haredi families living in Israel benefited from government-subsidized child care when the father studied Torah and the mother worked at least 24 hours per week. However, after Israeli Finance Minister Avigdor Liberman introduced a new policy in 2021, families in which the father is a full-time yeshiva student are no longer eligible for a daycare subsidy. Under this policy, fathers must also work at least part-time in order for the family to qualify for the subsidy. The move was denounced by Haredi leaders.{{cite news |title=Liberman cancels daycare subsidies for kids of full-time yeshiva students |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liberman-cancels-daycare-subsidies-for-kids-of-full-time-yeshiva-students/ |access-date=30 October 2021 |work=Times of Israel}}

File:Haredim allant a la synagogue.jpg, Israel.]]

The Haredim in general are materially poorer than most other Israelis, but still represent an important market sector due to their bloc purchasing habits.Bartram, David. "Cultural Dimensions of Workfare and Welfare". Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 7:3, 233–247, 2005 For this reason, some companies and organizations in Israel refrain from including women or other images deemed immodest in their advertisements to avoid Haredi consumer boycotts.{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4409655,00.html |title=A news report on the very large Israeli company Tnuva censoring women in order to please Haredi clients |newspaper=Ynet |date=25 July 2013 |publisher=Ynet.co.il |access-date=2013-09-21|last1=קריסטל |first1=מירב }}{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4410053,00.html |title=A news report (August 2013) |newspaper=Ynet |date=26 July 2013 |publisher=Ynet.co.il |access-date=2013-09-21|last1=וייס |first1=חיים ורוחמה }} More than 50 percent of Haredim live below the poverty line, compared with 15 percent of the rest of the population.{{Cite news

|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/02/world/middleeast/02orthodox.htm?pagewanted=all

|title = A Modern Marketplace for Israel's Ultra-Orthodox

|access-date = 2008-05-22

|last = Erlanger

|first = Steven

|author-link = Steven Erlanger

|date = November 2, 2007

|work = The New York Times

}} Their families are also larger, with Haredi women having an average of 6.7 children, while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.{{cite news | url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers | title=Israeli women do it by the numbers | newspaper=The Jewish Chronicle | date=April 7, 2014 | access-date=20 May 2014 | author=Paul Morland | archive-date=December 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210838/https://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/essays/117247/israeli-women-do-it-numbers%20 | url-status=dead }} Families with many children often receive economic support through governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.{{cite web|author=Dov Friedlander|url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedFriedlanderpaper.PDF|title=Fertility in Israel: Is the Transition to Replacement Level in Sight?
Part of: Completing the Fertility Transition.|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division|year=2002}}

In recent years, there has been a process of reconciliation and an attempt to merge Haredi Jews with Israeli society,Ibenboim, Racheli. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/ultra_orthodox_feminism_not_a_contradiction_in_terms "Ultra-Orthodox feminism: Not a contradiction in terms."] Jewish Journal. 29 June 2016. 1 July 2016. although employment discrimination is widespread.{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/govt-employers-discriminate-against-arabs-haredim/|title=Gov't: Employers discriminate against Arabs, Haredim|first=Marissa|last=Newman|date=30 March 2014|access-date=22 June 2014|work=The Times of Israel}} Haredi Jews such as satirist Kobi Arieli, publicist Sehara Blau, and politician Israel Eichler write regularly for leading Israeli newspapers.

Another important factor in the reconciliation process has been the activities of ZAKA, a Haredi organization known for providing emergency medical attention at the scene of suicide bombings, and Yad Sarah, the largest national volunteer organization in Israel established in 1977 by former Haredi mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski. It is estimated that Yad Sarah saves the country's economy an estimated $320 million in hospital fees and long-term care costs each year.{{cite web |url=http://www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=8501 |title=Yad Sarah – 30 Years Old |date=9 July 2006 |access-date=8 December 2011 |work=Israel Today Magazine |archive-date=8 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508142002/http://www.israeltoday.co.il/default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=8501 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/32824/israel-s-yad-sarah-makes-volunteering-with-elderly-a-national-pastime/ |title=Israel's Yad Sarah Makes Volunteering With Elderly A National Pastime |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=8 December 2011 |last=Marks |first=Abbey |publisher=Jweekly.com}}

{{main|Rabbinic authority#Orthodox Judaism and da'as Torah}}

Notwithstanding the authority of Chief Rabbis of Israel (Ashkenazi: David Lau, Sephardi: Yitzhak Yosef), or the wide acknowledgement of specific rabbis in Israel (for example, Rabbi Gershon Edelstein of the non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jews, and Yaakov Aryeh Alter, who heads the Ger Hasidic dynasty, the largest Hasidic group in Israel), Haredi and Hasidic factions generally align with the independent authority of their respective group leaders.

• World Agudath Israel (including Agudath Israel of America)
• Edah HaChareidis (representing anti-Zionist Haredi groups in and around Jerusalem, including Satmar, Dushinsky, Toldos Aharon, Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok, Mishkenos HoRoim, Spinka, Brisk, and a section of other Litvish Haredim)

Other representative associations may be linked to specific Haredi and Hasidic groups. For example:

• Breslov Hasidism maintains an umbrella group known as Vaad Olami D'Chasedai Breslov
• Chabad LubavitchAccording to some sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement neither fits into the category of Haredi or modern Orthodox, the standard categories for Orthodox Jews. This is due in part to the existence of the "non-Orthodox Hasidim" (of which include former Israeli President Zalman Shazar), the lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism, and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries. See Liebman, Charles S. "Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life". The American Jewish Year Book (1965): 21-97; Ferziger, Adam S. "Church/sect theory and American orthodoxy reconsidered". Ambivalent Jew - Charles S. Liebman in memoriam, ed. Stuart Cohen and Bernard Susser (2007): 107-124. maintains an international network of organizations, and is formally represented under the umbrella group Agudas Chasidei Chabad
• The Hasidic umbrella group Central Rabbinical Congress is associated with Satmar

Haredi political parties in Israel include:

• Shas (representing Mizrahi and Sephardic Haredim)
• United Torah Judaism (alliance representing Ashkenazi Haredim)
• Agudat Yisrael (representing many Hasidic Jews)
• Degel HaTorah (representing Lithuanian Jews)
• U'Bizchutan (representing Haredi women and the Orthodox Jewish feminist movement)
• Noam
• Yachad

Leaders of Haredi Jewry in America included:

• Rabbi Moshe Feinstein
• Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetsky
• Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner
• Rabbi Avraham Pam
• The Satmar Rebbe
• The Lubavicher Rebbe
• Rabbi Dovid Feinstein

Leaders of Haredi Jewry in Israel included

• Rabbi Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz (Also known as the Chazon Ish).
• Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman (Also known as the Ponivizher Rav).
• Rabbi Lazer Menachem Shach
• Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach
• Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv
• Rabbi Chaim Shmulevitz
• Rabbi Aharon Leib Shteinman
• Rabbi Chaim Kanievsky
• Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler
• Rabbi Gershon Edlestein

{{see also|Off the derech#Orthodox views of OTD people}}People who decide to leave Haredi communities are sometimes shunned and pressured or forced to abandon their children.

{{See also|Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal|FailedMessiah.com|Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse#Yeshiva, Melbourne and Yeshiva, Bondi|Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community}}

Cases of pedophilia, sexual violence, assaults, and abuses against women and children occur in roughly the same rates in Haredi communities as in the general population; however, they are rarely discussed or reported to the authorities, and frequently downplayed by members of the communities.{{cite news |last1=Otterman |first1=Sharon |last2=Rivera |first2=Ray |date=9 May 2012 |title=Ultra-Orthodox Jews Shun Their Own For Reporting Child Sexual Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/nyregion/ultra-orthodox-jews-shun-their-own-for-reporting-child-sexual-abuse.html |work=The New York Times |location=New York City |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Ketcham |first1=Christopher |date=12 November 2013 |title=The Child-Rape Assembly Line |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-child-rape-assembly-line-0000141-v20n11 |work=VICE |location=Montreal |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Marr |first1=David |date=19 February 2015 |title=Rabbis' absolute power: how sex abuse tore apart Australia's Orthodox Jewish community |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/feb/19/rabbis-absolute-power-how-sex-abuse-tore-apart-australias-orthodox-jewish-community |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=4 August 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Fenton |first1=Siobhan |date=7 April 2016 |title=Calls for urgent inquiry into sexual abuse of Jewish children in illegal schools |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/calls-for-urgent-inquiry-into-sexual-abuse-of-jewish-children-in-illegal-schools-a6973571.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/calls-for-urgent-inquiry-into-sexual-abuse-of-jewish-children-in-illegal-schools-a6973571.html |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news|last1=Tucker |first1=Nati |date=11 May 2017 |title=The Crusaders Fighting Sex Abuse in the Underbelly of Israel's ultra-Orthodox Community |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2017-05-11/ty-article/.premium/the-crusaders-fighting-sex-abuse-in-the-ultra-orthodox-community/0000017f-f5e9-d460-afff-ffefd0f10000 |work=Haaretz |location=Tel Aviv |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Eglash |first1=Ruth |date=9 September 2017 |title=In Israel's ultra-Orthodox community, abused women are finding a way out |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/amphtml/world/middle_east/in-israels-ultra-orthodox-community-abused-women-are-finding-a-way-out/2017/09/08/23ec4260-8115-11e7-9e7a-20fa8d7a0db6_story.html?noredirect=on |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news |author=JTA |date=28 February 2018 |title=Jerusalem Ultra-Orthodox Elementary School Accused Of Physical, Sexual Abuse |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/395461/jerusalem-ultra-orthodox-elementary-school-accused-of-physical-sexual-abuse/?gamp/ |work=The Forward |location=New York City |access-date=3 August 2018}}{{cite news|last1=Rabinowitz |first1=Aaron |date=22 December 2019 |title=Sexual Assault Allegations Rock an Israeli Hasidic Community |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-12-22/ty-article/.premium/sexual-assault-allegations-rock-an-israeli-hasidic-community/0000017f-dc20-db5a-a57f-dc6afb930000 |work=Haaretz |location=Tel Aviv}}

To receive a religious divorce, a Jewish woman needs her husband's consent in the form of a get (Jewish divorce document). Without this consent, any future offspring of the wife would be considered mamzerim (bastards/impure). If the circumstances truly warrant a divorce, and the husband is unwilling, a dayan (rabbinic judge) has the prerogative of instituting community shunning measures to "coerce him until he agrees", with physical force reserved only for the rarest of cases.Malinowitz, Chaim; [http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/getart3.html "The New York State Get Bill and its Halachic Ramifications"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821143849/http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/getart3.html |date=August 21, 2016 }}; Jewish Law Articles{{Cite news|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/nyregion/rabbis-accused-in-kidnapping-plot-to-force-men-to-grant-divorces.html|title=U.S. Accuses 2 Rabbis of Kidnapping Husbands for a Fee|date=2013-10-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-14|last2=Schwirtz|first2=Michael|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}Bandler, Jonathan; Lieberman, Steve (October 10, 2013) [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/10/rabbis-fbi-divorce-sting/2959369/ "FBI Arrests N.Y. Rabbis in Jewish Divorce-gang Probe], USA Today

The New York divorce coercion gang was a Haredi Jewish group that kidnapped, and in some cases tortured, Jewish men in the New York metropolitan area to force them to grant their wives gittin (religious divorces). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) broke up the group after conducting a sting operation against the gang in October 2013. The sting resulted in the prosecution of four men, three of whom were convicted in late 2015.Mullen, Shannon (April 21, 2015) [http://www.app.com/story/news/local/jackson-lakewood/lakewood/2015/04/21/lakewood-rabbi-kidnapping-trial/26125057/ "Rabbi Guilty of Kidnapping Conspiracy, Jury Finds"], Asbury Park Press

In January 2023, the Times of Israel reported that Haredi citizens in Israel pay just 2% of the country's total income tax revenues, despite making up 13% of the nation's population. Furthermore, the article's author described their communities as an "epicenter of poverty", with over 60% of Haredi households classified as "poor" on the government's socio-economic index, with that figure remaining nearly constant in every Haredi community.{{Cite web |last=Gur |first=Haviv Rettig |title=Are Haredi parties standing in the way of their community's prosperity? |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/are-haredi-political-parties-standing-in-the-way-of-their-communitys-prosperity/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}

While this disparity has been present in Israel for decades, it has garnered more attention since December 2022 for numerous reasons. First, Haredi families have the highest fertility rate in Israel, at 6.6 births per woman. In comparison, the average fertility rate in Israel is much lower, at 2.9 per woman. Current projections estimate that the Haredi population will double by 2036, and they will comprise 16% of the total population by 2030.{{Cite news |title=Haredim set to make up 16% of Israel's population by 2030 - IDI report |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/article-726394 |access-date=2023-04-25 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |language=en-US}}

The second aspect of the controversy surrounds their political connections to Israel's Religious Zionist alliance. Historically, they have remained politically uninvolved, but since the 1990s, they have continuously engaged more. Today, members of Israel's ultra-Orthodox community have long enjoyed benefits unavailable to other Israeli citizens: exemption from army service for Torah students, government stipends for those choosing full-time religious study over work, and separate schools that receive state funds, even though their curriculums often do not fully teach government-mandated subjects. Today, many Israeli Haredi men do not work, preferring to study the Torah full-time, thus resulting in their high poverty rate.{{Cite journal |last=Leon |first=Nissim |date=January 2023 |title=Soft Ultra-Orthodoxy: Revival Movement Activists, Synagogue Communities and the Mizrahi-Haredi Teshuva Movement in Israel |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=89 |doi=10.3390/rel14010089 |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free }}

A Life Apart: Hasidism in America is a documentary film produced and directed by Menachem Daum and Oren Rudavsky, which aimed to portray the Hasidic Hareidi world in more positive terms, stressing the close family ties as well as their rich traditions.{{Cite web |title=A Life Apart: Hasidism in America |url=https://jfi.org/year-round/jfi-on-demand/a-life-apart-hasidism-in-america |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=jfi.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Mira |date=2023-01-13 |title=On screen, the beauty of Hasidic life transcends a cloistered world's restrictions |url=https://forward.com/culture/531765/hasidic-life-film-new-york-jewish-film-festival-etrog-stephane-freiss/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=The Forward |language=en}}

Shtisel is an Israeli television series about a Haredi family which has led to more favorable feelings about Haredi Jews.{{Cite web|last=Glancy|first=Josh|title=Shtisel: The show that changed my mind about the Charedim|url=https://www.thejc.com/lets-talk/shtisel-the-show-that-changed-my-mind-about-the-charedim-bdj035su|access-date=2024-08-28|website=www.thejc.com|language=en}}

{{Portal|Judaism}}

• Jewish religious movements
• Relationships between Jewish religious movements
• Schisms among the Jews#Hasidim and Mitnagdim
• Who is a Jew?

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|first = Ira

|publisher = Lynne Rienner

|year = 1996

|isbn = 9781555876784

}}

• {{cite news |title = 'Mea She'arim not enforcing gender separation'

|last= Sharon

|first =Jeremy

|work = Jerusalem Post

|date = April 10, 2012

|url = http://www.jpost.com/National-News/Mea-Shearim-not-enforcing-gender-separation

|access-date = 7 August 2013

}}

• {{Cite book

|last = Silberstein

|first = Laurence J.

|chapter = Religion, Ideology, and Modernity

|editor1-last = Silberstein

|editor1-first = Laurence J.

|title = Jewish Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective

|publisher = NYU Press

|year = 1993

|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bmYTCgAAQBAJ

|isbn= 978-0-8147-7967-5

}}

• {{Cite book |surname=Soloveitchik |given=Haym |authorlink=Haym Soloveitchik |chapter=Migration, Acculturation, and the New Role of Texts in the Haredi Worid |editor-surname=Marty |editor-given=Martin E. |editor-link=Martin E. Marty |editor-surname2=Appleby |editor-given2=R. Scott |editor-link2=R. Scott Appleby |title=Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements |series=The Fundamentalism Project, 4 |place=Chicago, Il; London |year=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |chapter-url={{Google books|id=XTDteHrDgfAC|plainurl=y|page=197|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=XTDteHrDgfAC|plainurl=y}} |pages=197–235 |isbn=0-226-50885-4}}
• {{cite journal |title = The Formation of Haredism - Perspectives on Religion, Social Disciplining and Secularization in Modern Judaism

|first = David

|last = Sorotzkin

|journal = Religions |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=175

|date = February 17, 2022

|doi = 10.3390/rel13020175

|doi-access = free

}}

• {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvsTCgAAQBAJ|title=Yeshiva Fundamentalism: Piety, Gender, and Resistance in the Ultra-Orthodox World|first=Nurit|last=Stadler|publisher=NYU Press|year=2009|page=4|isbn=9780814740491}}
• {{Cite book | chapter = Replaying the Rape of Dinah: Women's Bodies in Israeli Cultural Discourse

|title = Jews and Gender: The Challenge to Hierarchy

|last = Starr Sered

|first = Susan

|author-link = Susan Starr Sered

|editor-last = Frankel

|editor-first = Jonathan

|publisher = Oxford University Press

|year = 2001

|isbn = 978-0195349771

}}

• {{Cite book

|last = Tehranian

|first = Majid

|chapter = Fundamentalist impact on Education and the Media

|editor1-last = Marty R.

|editor1-first = Martin E.

|editor2-last = Appleby

|editor2-first = Scott

|title = Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education

|series=The Fundamentalism Project, 2

|publisher = University of Chicago Press

|year = 1997 |orig-year=1993

|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye7DYE39tf8C&pg=PA324

|isbn= 9780226508818

}}

• {{cite news |title = Haredi weekly censors female Holocaust victims

|last= Tessler

|first =Yitzhak

|work = Yedioth Ahronoth

|date = March 28, 2013

|url = http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4361353,00.html

|access-date = 7 August 2013

}}

• {{Cite book |chapter= Poultry in Motion: The Jewish Atonement Ritual of Kapores| title = Jews of Brooklyn

|series= Brandeis series in American Jewish history, culture, and life

|first = Aviva

|last = Weintraub

|editor1-last= Abramovitch

|editor1-first= Ilana

|editor2-last = Galvin

|editor2-first = Seán

|publisher = UPNE

|year =2002

|isbn= 9781584650034

}}

• {{cite web

|title = Majority of Jews will be Ultra-Orthodox by 2050

|last = Wise

|first = Yaakov

|publisher = University of Manchester

|date = July 23, 2007

|url = http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/?id=2932&year=2007&month=07

|access-date = 9 August 2013

|archive-date = October 17, 2013

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102513/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/?id=2932&year=2007&month=07

|url-status = dead

}}

• {{cite news |title= Is this the last generation of British Jews?

|last =Wynne-Jones

|first= Jonathan

|work = Daily Telegraph

|date = November 26, 2006

|url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1535182/Is-this-the-last-generation-of-British-Jews.html?pageNum=2

|access-date = 9 August 2013

}}

• {{cite news |title = Sex-Segregation Spreads Among Orthodox: Buses, Public Sidewalks and Streets Split Between Men and Women

|last = Zeveloff

|first = Naomi

|work = The Jewish Daily Forward

|date = October 28, 2011

|url = http://forward.com/articles/144987/sex-segregation-spreads-among-orthodox/#ixzz2bCzV1dDc

|access-date = 2 August 2013

}}

{{Commons category|Haredi Judaism}}

• Benjamin Brown, [https://www.academia.edu/4920047/Orthodox_Judaism_in_The_Blackwell_Companion_to_Judaism_ "Orthodox Judaism", in: The Blackwell Companion to Judaism, 2001].
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7636021.stm Haredi and technology]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061212113800/http://news.ufl.edu/2006/11/27/hasidic-jews/ Hasidic and Haredi Jewish population growth]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310210555/http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101839336367737846586.000470eef051a31cbc8c6&z=12 Map of the main Haredi Communities in Jerusalem]

{{Religion in Israel}}

{{Jews and Judaism}}

{{OrthodoxJudaism}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Orthodox Judaism

Category:Jewish religious movements

Category:Religious fanaticism