Rockefeller Foundation#Bellagio Center

File:John D. Rockefeller, full-length portrait, walking on street with John D. Rockefeller, Jr. LCCN2005685460.tif

John D. Rockefeller Sr. first conceived the idea of the foundation in 1901. In 1906, Rockefeller's business and philanthropic advisor, Frederick Taylor Gates, encouraged him toward "permanent corporate philanthropies for the good of Mankind" so that his heirs should not "dissipate their inheritances or become intoxicated with power."{{cite book| quote=As early as 1901, Rockefeller had realized he needed to create a foundation on a scale that dwarfed anything he had done so far...| first=Ron| last=Chernow| title=Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr.| location=New York| publisher=Random House| date=1998| pages=563–566| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mleb5acWQF4C&q=foundation| isbn=978-0679438083| access-date=October 14, 2020| archive-date=January 15, 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060341/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mleb5acWQF4C&q=foundation| url-status=live}} In 1909 Rockefeller signed over 73,000 Standard Oil shares worth $50 million, to his son, Gates and Harold Fowler McCormick as the third inaugural trustee, in the first installment of a projected $100 million endowment.

The nascent foundation applied for a federal charter in the US Senate in 1910, with at one stage Junior even secretly meeting with President William Howard Taft, through the aegis of Senator Nelson Aldrich, to hammer out concessions.{{citation needed|date=September 2009}} However, because of the ongoing (1911) antitrust suit against Standard Oil at the time, along with deep suspicion in some quarters of undue Rockefeller influence on the spending of the endowment, the result was that Senior and Gates withdrew the bill from Congress in order to seek a state charter from New York.

File:John D. Rockefeller in old age.jpg

On May 14, 1913, New York Governor William Sulzer approved a charter for the foundation with Junior becoming the first president. With its large-scale endowment, a large part of Senior's fortune was insulated from inheritance taxes. The first secretary of the foundation was Jerome Davis Greene, the former secretary of Harvard University, who wrote a "memorandum on principles and policies" for an early meeting of the trustees that established a rough framework for the foundation's work.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} It was initially located within the family office at Standard Oil's headquarters at 26 Broadway, later (in 1933) shifting to the GE Building (then RCA), along with the newly named family office, Room 5600, at Rockefeller Center; later it moved to the Time-Life Building in the center, before shifting to its current Fifth Avenue address.

In 1914, the trustees set up a new Department of Industrial Relations, inviting William Lyon Mackenzie King to head it. He became a close and key advisor to Junior through the Ludlow Massacre, turning around his attitude to unions; however the foundation's involvement in IR was criticized for advancing the family's business interests.{{cite book |last=Seim |first=David L. |title=Rockefeller Philanthropy and Modern Social Science |date=2013 |publisher=Pickering & Chatto |isbn=978-1848933910 |location=London |pages=81–89}} The foundation henceforth confined itself to funding responsible organizations involved in this and other controversial fields, which were beyond the control of the foundation itself.Foundation withdrew from direct involvement in Industrial Relations – see Robert Shaplen, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964, (p. 128)

File:FrederickTGates.jpg

Junior became the foundation chairman in 1917. Through the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial (LSRM), established by Senior in 1918 and named after his wife, the Rockefeller fortune was for the first time directed to supporting research by social scientists. During its first few years of work, the LSRM awarded funds primarily to social workers, with its funding decisions guided primarily by Junior. In 1922, Beardsley Ruml was hired to direct the LSRM, and he most decisively shifted the focus of Rockefeller philanthropy into the social sciences, stimulating the founding of university research centers, and creating the Social Science Research Council. In January 1929, LSRM funds were folded into the Rockefeller Foundation, in a major reorganization.Seim, David L. (2013), pp. 103–112

The Rockefeller family helped lead the foundation in its early years, but later limited itself to one or two representatives, to maintain the foundation's independence and avoid charges of undue family influence. These representatives have included the former president John D. Rockefeller III, and then his son John D. Rockefeller, IV, who gave up the trusteeship in 1981. In 1989, David Rockefeller's daughter, Peggy Dulany, was appointed to the board for a five-year term. In October 2006, David Rockefeller Jr. joined the board of trustees, re-establishing the direct family link and becoming the sixth family member to serve on the board.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

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C. Douglas Dillon, the United States Secretary of the Treasury under both Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, served as chairman of the foundation.{{Cite news |last=Pace |first=Eric |date=2003-01-12 |title=C. Douglas Dillon Dies at 93; Was in Kennedy Cabinet |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/business/c-douglas-dillon-dies-at-93-was-in-kennedy-cabinet.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2019-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511202547/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/business/c-douglas-dillon-dies-at-93-was-in-kennedy-cabinet.html |url-status=live }}

Stock in the family's oil companies had been a major part of the foundation's assets, beginning with Standard Oil and later with its corporate descendants, including ExxonMobil.Share portfolio – see Waldemar Nielsen The Big Foundations, New York: Columbia University Press, 1972. (p. 72){{cite magazine |last1=Kaiser |first1=David |last2=Wasserman |first2=Lee |date=December 8, 2016 |title=The Rockefeller Family Fund vs. Exxon |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/12/08/the-rockefeller-family-fund-vs-exxon/ |magazine=The New York Review of Books |access-date=February 27, 2018 |archive-date=July 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731220730/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/12/08/the-rockefeller-family-fund-vs-exxon/ |url-status=live }}{{cite magazine |last1=Kaiser |first1=David |last2=Wasserman |first2=Lee |date=December 22, 2016 |title=The Rockefeller Family Fund Takes on ExxonMobil |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/12/22/rockefeller-family-fund-takes-on-exxon-mobil/ |magazine=The New York Review of Books |access-date=December 3, 2016 |archive-date=June 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619175353/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/12/22/rockefeller-family-fund-takes-on-exxon-mobil/ |url-status=live }} In December 2020, the foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings. With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."File:University College Hospital, London; the Maternity Hospital Wellcome V0013634.jpg, London]]

Public health, health aid, and medical research are the most prominent areas of work of the foundation. On December 5, 1913, the Board made its first grant of $100,000 to the American Red Cross to purchase property for its headquarters in Washington, D.C.Rockfound.org, [http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/history/1913_1919.shtml history, 1913–1919] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523123616/http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/history/1913_1919.shtml |date=2007-05-23 }}

The foundation established the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Harvard School of Public Health, two of the first such institutions in the United States,Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health,{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} [http://www.jhsph.edu/school_at_a_glance/index.html History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527111046/http://www.jhsph.edu/school_at_a_glance/index.html |date=2010-05-27 }}Harvard School of Public Health, [http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/history-of-the-school/, History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225123401/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/history-of-the-school/ |date=2020-02-25 }} and established the School of Hygiene at the University of Toronto in 1927, and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom.{{cite book |last=Friedland |first=Martin L. |title=The University of Toronto: a history |publisher=Univ. of Toronto Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-8020-4429-8 |location=Toronto [u.a.]}} they spent more than $25 million in developing other public health schools in the US and in 21 foreign countries. In 1913, it also began a 20-year support program of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, whose mission was research and education on birth control, maternal health and sex education. In 1914, the foundation set up the China Medical Board, which established the first public health university in China, the Peking Union Medical College, in 1921; this was subsequently nationalized when the Communists took over the country in 1949. In the same year it began a program of international fellowships to train scholars at many of the world's universities at the post-doctoral level. The Foundation also maintained a close relationship with Rockefeller University (also known as the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) with many faculty holding overlapping positions between the institutions.{{Cite book |last1=Hannaway |first1=Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5HBxyg5APIC&pg=PA230 |title=Biomedicine in the Twentieth Century: Practices, Policies, and Politics |last2=Harden |first2=Victoria Angela |date=2008 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=978-1-58603-832-8 |language=en}}

File:Virus Laboratory Fieldwork.jpg Field Assistant, Nariva Swamp, Trinidad, 1959|left]]

The Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease was a Rockefeller-funded campaign from 1909 to 1914 to study and treat hookworm disease in 11 Southern states.{{Cite journal |last1=Elman |first1=Cheryl |last2=McGuire |first2=Robert A. |last3=Wittman |first3=Barbara |date=January 2014 |title=Extending Public Health: The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission and Hookworm in the American South |journal=American Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2013.301472 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=3910046 |pmid=24228676}}{{Cite web |title=Southerners Weren't 'Lazy,' Just Infected With Hookworms |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/southerners-werent-lazy-just-infected-with-hookworms-stereotype/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Vice.com |date=28 April 2016 |language=en |archive-date=2022-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816025521/https://www.vice.com/en/article/wnxxq5/southerners-werent-lazy-just-infected-with-hookworms-stereotype |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Ettling |first=John |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935280234 |title=Germ of Laziness. |date=1980 |publisher=HUP |isbn=978-0-674-33334-5 |location=Cambridge |oclc=935280234 |access-date=2022-08-16 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060402/https://www.worldcat.org/title/935280234 |url-status=live }} Hookworm was known as the "germ of laziness". In 1913, the foundation expanded its work with the Sanitary Commission abroad and set up the International Health Division {{Cite book |last=Farley |first=John |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610980269 |title=To cast out disease : a history of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913–1951) |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974908-9 |location=Oxford |oclc=610980269 |access-date=2022-08-16 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060350/https://www.worldcat.org/title/610980269 |url-status=live }} (also known as International Health Board), which began the foundation's first international public health activities. The International Health Division conducted campaigns in public health and sanitation against malaria, yellow fever, and hookworm in areas throughout Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean including Italy, France, Venezuela, Mexico,{{Cite journal |last1=Birn |first1=Anne-Emanuelle |last2=Solórzano |first2=Armando |date=November 1999 |title=Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953699001604 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |language=en |volume=49 |issue=9 |pages=1197–1213 |doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00160-4 |pmid=10501641 |access-date=2022-08-17 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153017/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953699001604 |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Birn |first=Anne-Emanuelle |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224408964 |title=Marriage of convenience: Rockefeller International Health and revolutionary Mexico |date=2006 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-664-6 |location=Rochester, NY |oclc=224408964 |access-date=2022-08-17 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060355/https://www.worldcat.org/title/224408964 |url-status=live }} and Puerto Rico, totaling fifty-two countries on six continents and twenty-nine islands.Randall M. Packard, A History of Global Health, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016 (pp. 32–43) The first director was Wickliffe Rose, followed by F.F. Russell in 1923, Wilbur Sawyer in 1935, and George Strode in 1944. A number of notable physicians and field scientists worked on the international campaigns, including Lewis Hackett, Hideyo Noguchi, Juan Guiteras, George C. Payne, Livingston Farrand, Cornelius P. Rhoads, and William Bosworth Castle. In 1936, The Rockefeller Foundation received one of the first awarded Walter Reed Medals from The American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene to recognize its study and control of Yellow Fever.{{Cite journal |date=December 1944 |title=Award of THE WALTER REED MEDAL |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.100.2605.490.b |journal=Science |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2605 |pages=490–491 |doi=10.1126/science.100.2605.490.b |pmid=17734184 |issn=0036-8075}} The World Health Organization, seen as a successor to the IHD, was formed in 1948, and the IHD was subsumed by the larger Rockefeller Foundation in 1951, discontinuing its overseas work.

While the Rockefeller doctors working in tropical locales such as Mexico emphasized scientific neutrality, they had political and economic aims to promote the value of public health to improve American relations with the host country. Although they claimed the banner of public health and humanitarian medicine, they often engaged with politics and business interests. Rhoads was involved in a racism whitewashing scandal in the 1930s during which he joked about injecting cancer cells into Puerto Rican patients, inspiring Puerto Rican nationalist and anti-colonialist leader Pedro Albizu Campos.{{Cite journal |last=Lederer |first=S. E. |date=2002-12-01 |title="Porto Ricochet": Joking about Germs, Cancer, and Race Extermination in the 1930s |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/14.4.720 |journal=American Literary History |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=720–746 |doi=10.1093/alh/14.4.720 |issn=0896-7148 |access-date=2022-08-16 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060349/https://academic.oup.com/alh/article-abstract/14/4/720/183826?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }} Noguchi was also involved in an unethical human experimentation scandal.{{Cite book |last=Lederer |first=Susan E. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40909116 |title=Subjected to science: human experimentation in America before the Second World War |date=1997 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5709-0 |edition=Johns Hopkins paperbacks |location=Baltimore |oclc=40909116}} Susan Lederer, Elizabeth Fee, and Jay Katz are among the modern scholars who have researched this period. Researchers with the foundation including Noguchi developed the vaccine to prevent yellow fever.National Library of Medicine{{cite web|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/LW/Views/Exhibit/narrative/rockefeller.html|title=The Wilbur A. Sawyer Papers: From Hookworm to Yellow Fever: Rockefeller Foundation, 1919–1927|website=profiles.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2010-01-31|archive-date=2018-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004257/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/LW/Views/Exhibit/narrative/rockefeller.html|url-status=live}} Rhoads later became a significant cancer researcher and director of Memorial Sloan-Kettering, though his eponymous award for oncological excellence was renamed after the scandal reemerged.{{Cite journal |last=Starr |first=Douglas |date=2003-04-25 |title=Revisiting a 1930s Scandal, AACR to Rename a Prize |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.300.5619.573 |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5619 |pages=573–574 |doi=10.1126/science.300.5619.573 |pmid=12714721 |s2cid=5534392 |issn=0036-8075}}File:Nelson Rockefeller HEW.jpgDuring the late-1920s, the Rockefeller Foundation created the Medical Sciences Division, which emerged from the former Division of Medical Education. The division was led by Richard M. Pearce until his death in 1930, to which Alan Gregg succeeded him until 1945.{{cite web |date=12 March 2019 |title=The Alan Gregg Papers: Director of Medical Sciences, 1930–1945 |url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/FS/p-nid/214 |website=profiles.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=1 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075844/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/FS/p-nid/214 |url-status=live }} During this period, the Division of Medical Sciences made contributions to research across several fields of psychiatry.Rockefeller Foundation, "The Strategy of Our Program in Psychiatry" (The Rockefeller Foundation, November 1, 1937), RG 3.1, series 906, box 2, folder 17, Rockefeller Archive Center, page 1, https://rockfound.rockarch.org/digital-library-listing/-/asset_publisher/yYxpQfeI4W8N/content/the-strategy-of-our-program-in-psychiatry {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201081425/https://rockfound.rockarch.org/digital-library-listing/-/asset_publisher/yYxpQfeI4W8N/content/the-strategy-of-our-program-in-psychiatry |date=2018-02-01 }} In 1935 the foundation granted $100000 to the Institute for Psychoanalysis in Chicago.Theodore Brown, Alan Gregg and the Rockefeller Foundation's Support of Franz Alexander's Psychosomatic Research, Bulletin of the History of Medicine (1987): 155–182 This grant was renewed in 1938, with payments extending into the early-1940s.Rockefeller Foundation, "Annual Report, 1938," Governance Report, The Rockefeller Foundation: Annual Report (New York, NY: The Rockefeller Foundation, 1939), 171, https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150530122134/Annual-Report-1938.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809122711/http://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20150530122134/Annual-Report-1938.pdf |date=2016-08-09 }}. This division funded women's contraception and the human reproductive system in general, but also was involved in funding controversial eugenics research. Other funding went into endocrinology departments in American universities, human heredity, mammalian biology, human physiology and anatomy, psychology, and the studies of human sexual behavior by Alfred Kinsey.Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. Medical Sciences Division and Alfred Kinsey funding, p. 456.

In the interwar years, the foundation funded public health, nursing, and social work in Eastern and Central Europe.Benjamin B. Page, "The Rockefeller Foundation and Central Europe: A Reconsideration." Minerva 40#3 (2002): 265–287.Carola Sachse, "What research, to what end? The Rockefeller Foundation and the Max Planck Gesellschaft in the early cold war." Central European History 42#1 (2009): 97–141. [https://www.academia.edu/download/36836775/BloodandHomeland.pdf#page=12 online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

In 1950, the foundation expanded their international program of virus research, establishing field laboratories in Poona, India, Trinidad, Belém, Brazil, Johannesburg, South Africa, Cairo, Egypt, Ibadan, Nigeria, and Cali, Colombia, among others.{{Cite web |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1962-1.pdf |title=Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report 1962 |access-date=2022-06-27 |archive-date=2022-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106120752/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1962-1.pdf |url-status=live }} The foundation funded research into the identification of human viruses, techniques for virus identification, and arthropod-borne viruses.{{cite book |title=The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program, 1951–1970 |pages=xvii, xx |author-link1=Max Theiler |first1=Max |last1=Theiler |author-link2=W. G. Downs |first2=W. G. |last2=Downs |year=1973 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=0-300-01508-9}}

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis".{{cite news |date=4 January 2019 |title=Johns Hopkins, Bristol-Myers must face $1 billion syphilis infections suit |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maryland-lawsuit-infections-idUSKCN1OY1N3 |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118011339/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-maryland-lawsuit-infections-idUSKCN1OY1N3 |url-status=live }} A previous suit against the United States government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S.{{cite news |last=Mariani |first=Mike |date=28 May 2015 |title=The Guatemala Experiments |newspaper=Pacific Standard |publisher=The Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy |url=https://psmag.com/news/the-guatemala-experiments |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210200654/https://psmag.com/news/the-guatemala-experiments |url-status=live }}

File:Dr_Barber_(Rockefeller_Foundation)_holding_a_fungus._Photogr_Wellcome_V0027729.jpg holding a fungus|left]]An experiment was conducted by Vanderbilt University in the 1940s where they gave 800 pregnant women radioactive iron,Pacchioli, David, (March 1996) [http://www.rps.psu.edu/mar96/science.html "Subjected to Science"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110005232/http://www.rps.psu.edu/mar96/science.html|date=2013-01-10}}, Research/Penn State, Vol. 17, no. 1{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/90207291/?terms=%22vanderbilt%2Buniversity%22%2B%22radioactive%22|title=Experiment subjects to get $10.3 million from university|last=Miller|first=Karin|date=July 28, 1998|newspaper=The Santa Cruz Sentinel|access-date=October 12, 2015|location=Santa Cruz, California|page=7|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120832/https://www.newspapers.com/image/90207291/?terms=%22vanderbilt%2Buniversity%22%2B%22radioactive%22|url-status=live}} {{Open access}} 751 of which were pills,{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/19705619/?terms=%22vanderbilt%2Buniversity%22%2B%22radioactive%22|title=1940s study gave radioactive pills to 751 pregnant women|date=December 21, 1993|newspaper=The Galveston Daily News|access-date=October 12, 2015|location=Galveston, Texas|page=3|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185357/https://www.newspapers.com/image/19705619/?terms=%22vanderbilt%2Buniversity%22%2B%22radioactive%22|url-status=live}} {{Open access}} without their consent. In a 1969 article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology, it was estimated that three children had died from the experiment.

{{Eugenics sidebar|organizations}}

John D. Rockefeller Jr. was an outspoken supporter of eugenics.{{Cite magazine |last= |first= |date=2016-04-27 |title=The Forgotten Lessons of the American Eugenics Movement |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-forgotten-lessons-of-the-american-eugenics-movement |access-date=2022-08-17 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015343/https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-forgotten-lessons-of-the-american-eugenics-movement |url-status=live }} Even as late as 1951, John D. Rockefeller III and John Foster Dulles, who was chairman of the foundation at the time, established the Population Council to advance family planning, birth control, and population control, and goals of the eugenics movement.{{Cite book |last=Yeadon |first=Glen |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/320327208 |title=The Nazi hydra in America: suppressed history of a century, Wall Street and the rise of the Fourth Reich |date=2008 |publisher=Progressive Press |others=John Hawkins |isbn=978-0-930852-43-6 |location=Joshua Tree, Calif. |oclc=320327208}}{{Citation |last=Ramsden |first=Edmund |title=Between Quality and Quantity: The Population Council and the Politics of "Science-making" |citeseerx=10.1.1.117.5779 }}{{Cite journal |last=Rockefeller] |first=[John D. |date=1977 |title=On the Origins of the Population Council |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1971690 |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=493–502 |doi=10.2307/1971690 |jstor=1971690 |issn=0098-7921 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819024140/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1971690 |url-status=live }}

The Rockefeller Foundation, along with the Carnegie Institution, was the primary financier for the Eugenics Record Office, until 1939.{{Cite journal |last=Müller-Wille |first=Staffan |date=2010-10-27 |title=Eugenics: Then and now |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9477-1 |journal=Metascience |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=347–349 |doi=10.1007/s11016-010-9477-1 |s2cid=142076720 |issn=0815-0796 |access-date=2022-08-17 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060350/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11016-010-9477-1 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Kevles |first=Daniel J. |date=2003-10-05 |title=Here Comes the Master Race |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/05/books/here-comes-the-master-race.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817020532/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/05/books/here-comes-the-master-race.html |url-status=live }} The foundation also provided grants to Margaret Sanger and Alexis Carrel, who supported birth control, compulsory sterilization and eugenics.{{Cite web |title=Philanthropy's Original Sin |url=https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/philanthropys-original-sin |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The New Atlantis |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817022049/https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/philanthropys-original-sin |url-status=live }} Sanger went to Japan in 1922 and influenced the birth control movement there.{{Cite web |title=The Transnational Politics of Public Health and Population Control: The Rockefeller Foundation's Role in Japan, 1920s–1950s |url=https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resource/the-transnational-politics-of-public-health-and-population-control-the-rockefeller-foundation-s-role-in-japan-1920s-1950s.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=rockarch.issuelab.org |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817022046/https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resource/the-transnational-politics-of-public-health-and-population-control-the-rockefeller-foundation-s-role-in-japan-1920s-1950s.html |url-status=live }}

By 1926, Rockefeller had donated over $400,000, which would be almost $4 million adjusted for inflation in 2003, to hundreds of German researchers,{{Cite web |title=The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics {{!}} History News Network |url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1796 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=historynewsnetwork.org |date=September 2003 |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818192334/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/1796 |url-status=live }} including Ernst Rüdin{{Cite journal |last=Peters |first=U. |date=September 1996 |title=Ernst Rüdin – ein Schweizer Psychiater als ,,Führer" der Nazipsychiatrie – die ,,Endlösung" als Ziel |url=http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055%2Fs-2007-996402 |journal=Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie |language=de |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=327–343 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-996402 |pmid=8991870 |s2cid=260156110 |issn=0720-4299 |access-date=2023-01-15 |archive-date=2018-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604110006/https://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055%2Fs-2007-996402 |url-status=live }} and Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, through funding the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics,Schmuhl, Hans Walter (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LeQusx57mpkC&hl=en Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927–1945]. [Dordrecht, Netherlands]: Springer. p. 87. (also known as the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research{{Cite web |last= |date=2005-02-11 |title=Rockefeller Center, Carnegie Hall, and Eugenics |url=https://gothamist.com/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Gothamist |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814224835/https://gothamist.com/ |url-status=live }}) which conducted eugenics experiments in Nazi Germany and influenced the development of Nazi racial scientific ideology. Rockefeller spent almost $3 million between 1925 and 1935, and also funded other German eugenicists, Herman Poll, Alfred Grotjahn, Eugen Fischer, and Hans Nachsteim, continuing even after Hitler's ascent to power in 1933; Rüdin's work influenced compulsory sterilisation in Nazi Germany.{{Cite web |title=PDF {{!}} The Link between the Rockefeller Foundation and Racial Hygiene in Nazi Germany. {{!}} ID: fj236d30d {{!}} Tufts Digital Library |url=https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/fj236d30d |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=dl.tufts.edu |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817022050/https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/fj236d30d |url-status=live }} Josef Mengele worked as an assistant in Verschuer's lab, though Rockefeller executives did not know of Mengele and stopped funding that specific research before World War II started in 1939.

File:Animal_biology_(1938)_(17576880663).jpg and syphilis control, 1900–1925]]The Rockefeller Foundation continued funding German eugenics research even after it was clear that it was being used to rationalize discrimination against Jewish people and other groups, after the Nuremberg laws in 1935. In 1936, Rockefeller fulfilled pledges of $655,000 to Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, even though several distinguished Jewish scientists had been dropped from the institute at the time.{{Cite journal |date=1936-12-11 |title=The Rockefeller Foundation and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.84.2189.526-b |journal=Science |language=en |volume=84 |issue=2189 |pages=526–527 |doi=10.1126/science.84.2189.526-b |s2cid=239564050 |issn=0036-8075 |access-date=2022-08-17 |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817015847/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.84.2189.526-b |url-status=live }} The Rockefeller Foundation did not alert the world about the racist implications of Nazi ideology, but furthered and funded eugenic research through the 1930s.{{cite book| first=Gretchen| last=Schafft| title=From Racism to Genocide: Anthropology in the Third Reich| location=Urbana| publisher=University of Illinois Press| pages=47–58| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=berhcMAjzZEC&q=rockefeller|year=2004| isbn=9780252029301}} Even into the 1950s, Rockefeller continued to provide some funding for research borne out of German eugenics.{{Cite journal |last=Stahnisch |first=Frank W |date=April 2014 |title=The Early Eugenics Movement and Emerging Professional Psychiatry: Conceptual Transfers and Personal Relationships between Germany and North America, 1880s to 1930s |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cbmh.31.1.17 |journal=Canadian Bulletin of Medical History |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=17–40 |doi=10.3138/cbmh.31.1.17 |pmid=24909017 |issn=0823-2105}}

The foundation also funded the relocation of scholars threatened by the Nazis to America in the 1930s,{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Michael |date=January 9, 2020 |title=As scholars tried to flee the Nazis, U.S. universities closed their doors |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/as-scholars-tried-to-flee-the-nazis-us-universities-closed-their-doors/2020/01/09/fa0684a0-1470-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html |access-date=August 16, 2022 |archive-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621091948/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/as-scholars-tried-to-flee-the-nazis-us-universities-closed-their-doors/2020/01/09/fa0684a0-1470-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html |url-status=live }} known as the Refugee Scholar Program and the Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars.{{Cite web |title=The Rockefeller Foundation's Refugee Scholar Program |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=REsource |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817024443/https://resource.rockarch.org/story/the-rockefeller-foundations-refugee-scholar-program-world-war-ii-nazi-europe/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=World War II & the Rockefeller Foundation |url=https://resource.rockarch.org/story/world-war-ii-the-rockefeller-foundation/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=REsource |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817024430/https://resource.rockarch.org/story/world-war-ii-the-rockefeller-foundation/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last= |title=Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars |url=https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/emergency-committee-in-aid-of-displaced-foreign-scholars/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Transatlantic Perspectives |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929045441/https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/emergency-committee-in-aid-of-displaced-foreign-scholars/ |url-status=live }} Some of the notable figures relocated or saved, among a total of 303 scholars, were Thomas Mann, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Leó Szilárd.{{cite book| last1=Harr| first1=John Ensor| first2=Peter J.| last2=Johnson| title=The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family| location=New York| publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons| date=August 10, 1988| quote=Major rescue program of European scholars| pages=[https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr/page/401 401]–403| isbn=978-0684189369| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/rockefellercentu00harr}} The foundation helped The New School provide a haven for scholars threatened by the Nazis.[https://www.newschool.edu/about/history/ "History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025343/https://www.newschool.edu/about/history/ |date=2017-09-11 }}, The New School for Social Research webpage. Retrieved 2013-02-17.

File:Demonstration lecture, surgery, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.jpg

After World War II the foundation sent a team to West Germany to investigate how it could become involved in reconstructing the country. They focused on restoring democracy, especially regarding education and scientific research, with the long-term goal of reintegrating Germany into the Western world.{{Cite journal |last=Sachse |first=Carola |date=2009 |title=What Research, to What End? The Rockefeller Foundation and the Max Planck Gesellschaft in the Early Cold War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457427 |journal=Central European History |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=97–141 |doi=10.1017/S0008938909000041 |jstor=20457427 |s2cid=143749488 |issn=0008-9389 |access-date=2022-08-17 |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817020540/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20457427 |url-status=live }}

The foundation also supported the early initiatives of Henry Kissinger, such as his directorship of Harvard's International Seminars (funded as well by the Central Intelligence Agency) and the early foreign policy magazine Confluence, both established by him while he was still a graduate student.Early backing of Henry Kissinger – see Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, (updated) 2005, (p. 72)

In 2021, Rajiv J. Shah, president of the Rockefeller Foundation, released a statement condemning eugenics and supporting the anti-eugenics movement. He stated that

"[...]we commend the Anti-Eugenics Project for their essential work to understand[...] the harmful legacies of eugenicist ideologies. [...] examine the role that philanthropies played in developing and perpetuating eugenics policies and practices. The Rockefeller Foundation is currently reckoning with our own history in relation to eugenics.  This requires uncovering the facts and confronting uncomfortable truths, [...] The Rockefeller Foundation is putting equity and inclusion at the center of all our work: [...] confronting the hateful legacies of the past [...] we understand that the work we engage in today does not absolve us of yesterday's mistakes. [...]"

{{Cite web |title=Statement by Dr. Rajiv J. Shah on the Anti-Eugenics Project's Dismantling Eugenics Convening |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/statement-by-dr-rajiv-j-shah-on-the-anti-eugenics-projects-dismantling-eugenics-convening/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=The Rockefeller Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817030036/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/statement-by-dr-rajiv-j-shah-on-the-anti-eugenics-projects-dismantling-eugenics-convening/ |url-status=live }}

Although the United States never joined the League of Nations, the Rockefeller Foundation was involved, and by the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modern think tank that used specialized expertise to provide in-depth impartial analysis of international issues.{{Cite journal |last=Tournès |first=Ludovic |date=2007 |title=La fondation Rockefeller et la naissance de l'universalisme philanthropique américain |journal=Critique Internationale |language=fr |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=173–197 |doi=10.3917/crii.035.0173 |issn=1290-7839 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Tournès |first=Ludovic |date=2018-11-01 |title=American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-017-0110-4 |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=852–869 |doi=10.1057/s41311-017-0110-4 |s2cid=149155486 |issn=1740-3898 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2023-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115060954/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41311-017-0110-4 |url-status=live }} After the war, the foundation was involved in the establishment of the United Nations.{{Cite journal |last=Tournès |first=Ludovic |date=2014 |title=The Rockefeller Foundation and the Transition from the League of Nations to the UN (1939–1946) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26266141 |journal=Journal of Modern European History / Zeitschrift für moderne europäische Geschichte / Revue d'histoire européenne contemporaine |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=323–341 |doi=10.17104/1611-8944_2014_3_323 |jstor=26266141 |s2cid=147172790 |issn=1611-8944 |access-date=2022-08-17 |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817025105/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26266141 |url-status=live }}

File:天津南开大学思源堂.jpg in Tianjin. Now it is Nankai University School of Medicine.]]

Senate House (University of London) was built on donation from Rockefeller Foundation in 1926 and a foundation stone laid by King George V in 1933. It is the headquarters of the University of London since 1937.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

In the arts, the Rockefeller Foundation has supported the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario, Canada, and the American Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Connecticut, Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., Karamu House in Cleveland, and Lincoln Center in New York. The foundation underwrote Spike Lee's documentary on New Orleans, When the Levees Broke. The film has been used as the basis for a curriculum on poverty, developed by the Teachers College at Columbia University for their students.[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/us/14foundation.html "Charities Try to Keep Up With the Gateses"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175614/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/us/14foundation.html |date=2017-08-15 }} The New York Times, 2007

The Cultural Innovation Fund is a pilot grant program that is overseen by the Lincoln Center.{{Cite web|url=http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1017?category_id=76|title=Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|website=www.aboutlincolncenter.org|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=2017-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023021/http://www.aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1017?category_id=76|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/lincoln-center-rockefeller-foundation-inaugural-grantees-cultural-innovation-fund/|title=Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in Partnership with The Rockefeller Foundation Announces Inaugural Grantees of Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund – The Rockefeller Foundation|work=The Rockefeller Foundation|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114653/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/lincoln-center-rockefeller-foundation-inaugural-grantees-cultural-innovation-fund/|url-status=live}} The grants are to be used towards art and cultural opportunities in the underserved areas of Brooklyn and the South Bronx{{Cite news|url=http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/lincoln-center-cultural-innovation-fund-awards-innovation-fund-grants|title=Lincoln Center Cultural Innovation Fund Awards Innovation Fund Grants|work=Philanthropy News Digest (PND)|access-date=2017-11-09|archive-date=2017-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023533/http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/lincoln-center-cultural-innovation-fund-awards-innovation-fund-grants|url-status=live}} with three overarching goals.

The Rockefeller Foundation supported the art scene in Haiti in 1948{{Cite journal |last=Twa |first=Lindsay J. |date=2020 |title=The Rockefeller Foundation and Haitian Artists: Maurice Borno, Jean Chenet, and Luce Turnier |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26987400 |journal=Journal of Haitian Studies |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=37–72 |jstor=26987400 |issn=1090-3488 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819024930/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26987400 |url-status=live }} and a literacy project with UNESCO.{{Cite journal |last=Verna |first=Chantalle F. |date=2016 |title=Haiti, the Rockefeller Foundation, and UNESCO's Pilot Project in Fundamental Education, 1948–1953 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376749 |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=269–295 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhu075 |jstor=26376749 |issn=0145-2096 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819024932/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26376749 |url-status=live }}

Rusk was involved with funding the humanities and the social sciences during the Cold War period, including study of the Soviet Union.{{Cite journal |last=Mueller |first=Tim B. |date=2013 |title=The Rockefeller Foundation, the Social Sciences, and the Humanities in the Cold War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924386 |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=108–135 |doi=10.1162/JCWS_a_00372 |jstor=26924386 |s2cid=57560102 |issn=1520-3972 |access-date=2022-08-19 |archive-date=2022-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819025420/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26924386 |url-status=live }}

In July 2022, the Rockefeller Foundation granted $1m to the Wikimedia Foundation.{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2022 |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/grant/wikimedia-foundation-2022/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=The Rockefeller Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827181355/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/grant/wikimedia-foundation-2022/ |url-status=live }}

File:Rockefeller Bellagio.jpg

The foundation also owns and operates the Bellagio Center in Bellagio, Italy. The center has several buildings, spread across a {{convert|50|acre|m2|adj=on}} property, on the peninsula between lakes Como and Lecco in Northern Italy. The center is sometimes referred to as the "Villa Serbelloni", the property bequeathed to the foundation in 1959 under the presidency of Dean Rusk (who was later to become U.S. President Kennedy's secretary of state).{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}File:Senate House, University of London.jpg]]The Bellagio Center operates both a conference center and a residency program.[http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/bellagio-center The Bellagio Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628203610/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/bellagio-center |date=2014-06-28 }}. The Rockefeller Foundation. Retrieved on 2013-08-24. Numerous Nobel laureates, Pulitzer winners, National Book Award recipients, Prince Mahidol Award winners, and MacArthur fellows, as well as several acting and former heads of state and government, have been in residence at Bellagio.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

{{See also|Green Revolution}}

Agriculture was introduced to the Natural Sciences division of the foundation in the major reorganization of 1928. In 1941, the foundation gave a small grant to Mexico for maize research, in collaboration with the then new president, Manuel Ávila Camacho. This was done after the intervention of Vice President Henry Wallace and the involvement of Nelson Rockefeller; the primary intention being to stabilise the Mexican Government and derail any possible communist infiltration, in order to protect the Rockefeller family's investments.The story of the Foundation and the Green Revolution – see Mark Dowie, American Foundations: An Investigative History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2001, (pp. 105–140)

By 1943, this program, under the foundation's Mexican Agriculture Project, had proved such a success with the science of corn propagation and general principles of agronomy that it was exported to other Latin American countries; in 1956, the program was then taken to India; again with the geopolitical imperative of providing an antidote to communism. It wasn't until 1959 that senior foundation officials succeeded in getting the Ford Foundation (and later USAID, and later still, the World Bank) to sign on to the major philanthropic project, known now to the world as the Green Revolution. It was originally conceived in 1943 as CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. It also provided significant funding for the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Part of the original program, the funding of the IRRI was later taken over by the Ford Foundation. The International Rice Research Institute and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center are part of a consortium of agricultural research organizations known as CGIAR.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/Development/How-CGIAR-is-feeding-our-future|title=You've probably never heard of CGIAR, but they are essential to feeding our future|website=gatesnotes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-18|archive-date=2020-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511000729/https://www.gatesnotes.com/Development/How-CGIAR-is-feeding-our-future|url-status=live}}

Costing around $600 million, over 50 years, the revolution brought new farming technology, increased productivity, expanded crop yields and mass fertilization to many countries throughout the world.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Later it funded over $100 million of plant biotechnology research and trained over four hundred scientists from Asia, Africa and Latin America.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} It also invested in the production of transgenic crops, including rice and maize. In 1999, the then president Gordon Conway addressed the Monsanto Company board of directors, warning of the possible social and environmental dangers of this biotechnology, and requesting them to disavow the use of so-called terminator genes;{{cite web|url=http://www.biotech-info.net/gordon_conway.html|title=العاب فلاش برق|website=www.biotech-info.net|access-date=2007-03-14|archive-date=2013-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527101044/http://www.biotech-info.net/gordon_conway.html|url-status=live}} the company later complied.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In the 1990s, the foundation shifted its agriculture work and emphasis to Africa; in 2006, it joined with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation{{Cite web|url=http://terravivagrants.org/grant-makers/cross-cutting/rockefeller-foundation/|title=Rockefeller Foundation {{!}} Terra Viva Grants Directory|website=terravivagrants.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-03|archive-date=2018-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013904/http://terravivagrants.org/grant-makers/cross-cutting/rockefeller-foundation/|url-status=live}} in a $150 million effort to fight hunger in the continent through improved agricultural productivity. In an interview marking the 100 year anniversary of the Rockefeller Foundation, Judith Rodin explained to This Is Africa that Rockefeller has been involved in Africa since their beginning in three main areas – health, agriculture and education, though agriculture has been and continues to be their largest investment in Africa.{{cite web |url=http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/Microsites/Agriculture |title=A century of innovation? Philanthropy and the African growth story |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321070222/http://www.thisisafricaonline.com/Microsites/Agriculture|archive-date=2017-03-21}}

File:Rockefeller_University_Campus_aerial_2.jpg campus on the FDR Drive, New York, NY, 2021]]

A total of 100 cities across six continents were part of the 100 Resilient Cities program funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.{{cite web| url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/may/25/rockefeller-100-resilient-cities-washington-lagos-manchester-belfast| title=About 100RC| work=The Guardian| date=25 May 2016| access-date=16 March 2017| archive-date=12 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312012219/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/may/25/rockefeller-100-resilient-cities-washington-lagos-manchester-belfast| url-status=live}} In January 2016, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development announced winners of its National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), awarding three 100RC member cities – New York, NY; Norfolk, VA; and New Orleans, LA – with more than $437 million in disaster resilience funding.{{cite web| url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/hud-awards-1-billion-through-national-disaster-resilience-competition/| title=About 100RC| publisher=Rockefeller Foundation| access-date=16 March 2017| archive-date=23 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323195856/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/hud-awards-1-billion-through-national-disaster-resilience-competition/| url-status=live}} The grant was the largest ever received by the city of Norfolk.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In April 2019, it was announced that the foundation would no longer be funding the 100 Resilient Cities program as a whole. Some elements of the initiative's work, most prominently the funding of several cities' Chief Resilience Officer roles, continues to be managed and funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, while other aspects of the program continue in the form of two independent organizations, Resilient Cities Catalyst (RCC) and the Global Resilient Cities Network (GRCN), founded by former 100RC leadership and staff.{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-12/the-demise-of-rockefeller-s-100-resilient-cities/| title=The Rise, Fall, and Possible Rebirth of 100 Resilient Cities| newspaper=Bloomberg| date=12 June 2019| publisher=Bloomberg CityLab| access-date=30 March 2021| archive-date=2021-03-09| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309110650/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-12/the-demise-of-rockefeller-s-100-resilient-cities| url-status=live}}{{cite web| url=https://cities-today.com/100-resilient-cities-relaunches-as-an-independent-network/| title=100 Resilient Cities relaunches as an independent network| date=7 February 2020| publisher=Cities Today| access-date=30 March 2021| archive-date=3 March 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303045823/https://cities-today.com/100-resilient-cities-relaunches-as-an-independent-network/| url-status=live}}

:On January 5, 2017, the board of trustees announced the selection of Rajiv Shah to serve as the 13th president of the foundation.{{Cite news |date=2017-01-10 |title=A former USAID administrator becomes the thirteenth president of the Rockefeller Foundation – Ventures Africa |language=en-US |work=Ventures Africa |url=http://venturesafrica.com/a-former-usaid-administrator-becomes-the-thirteenth-rockefeller-foundations-president/ |access-date=2018-01-03 |archive-date=2018-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104015141/http://venturesafrica.com/a-former-usaid-administrator-becomes-the-thirteenth-rockefeller-foundations-president/ |url-status=live }} Shah became the youngest person, at 43,Gelles, David, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/business/rockefeller-foundation-rajiv-shah.html "Rockefeller Foundation Picks Rajiv J. Shah, a Trustee, as President"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105231001/http://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/business/rockefeller-foundation-rajiv-shah.html |date=2017-01-05 }}, The New York Times, January 4, 2017. Retrieve 2017-01-04. and first Indian-American to serve as president of the foundation.{{Cite news |title=The Rockefeller Foundation Names Dr. Rajiv J. Shah, Former USAID Administrator, as Next President – The Rockefeller Foundation |language=en-US |newspaper=The Rockefeller Foundation |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/rockefeller-foundation-names-dr-rajiv-shah-next-president/ |access-date=2017-01-06 |archive-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107170518/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/news-media/rockefeller-foundation-names-dr-rajiv-shah-next-president/ |url-status=live }} He assumed the position March 1, succeeding Judith Rodin who served as president for nearly twelve years and announced her retirement, at age 71, in June 2016.Ramachandran, Shalini, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/judith-rodin-steps-down-as-head-of-rockefeller-foundation-1466031571 "Judith Rodin Steps Down as Head of Rockefeller Foundation" (subscription)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143108/https://www.wsj.com/articles/judith-rodin-steps-down-as-head-of-rockefeller-foundation-1466031571 |date=2017-03-17 }}, The Wall Street Journal, June 15, 2016. Retrieved 2017-01-07. A former president of the University of Pennsylvania, Rodin was the first woman to head the foundation.{{cite news |title=Judith Rodin, Rockefeller Foundation CEO: 'Culture Eats Strategy for Lunch' |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2012/04/23/judith-rodin-rockefeller-foundation-ceo-culture-eats-strategy-for-lunch/ |access-date=11 March 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225100126/http://www.forbes.com/sites/rahimkanani/2012/04/23/judith-rodin-rockefeller-foundation-ceo-culture-eats-strategy-for-lunch/ |url-status=live }} Rodin in turn had succeeded Gordon Conway in 2005. Current staff as of June 1, 2021[https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/board-of-trustees/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723184532/https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/about-us/board-of-trustees/|date=2020-07-23}}, foundation webpage plus associated bio pages on members. Retrieved 2020-07-27. include:

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• Reena Ninan is a former member of the Atlantic Council,[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/reena-ninan/ Reena Ninan on Atlantic Council Official Website], Atlantic Council Official Website, accessed 08/12/2024 Rockefeller Foundation[https://onebillionresilient.org/expert/reena-ninan/ Reena Ninan on Atlantic Foundation Official Website], accessed Aug 15 2024 & Council on Foreign Relations.[https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/reena-ninan-bio-new.pdf Reena Ninan on Council on Foreign Relations Official Website], accessed 08/15/2024 She currently works as a presider of their public forums.[https://www.cfr.org/event/home-and-abroad-public-forum-us-strategy-and-war-ukraine Home and Abroad Public Forum: U.S. Strategy and the War in Ukraine], CFR Official Website, May 4th 2023[https://www.cfr.org/event/conflict-middle-east-israel-hamas-war Conflict in the Middle East—The Israel-Hamas War], CFR Official Website, October 26th 2023
• Admiral James G. Stavridis (chair), 2018–, retired United States Navy; Supreme Allied Commander at NATO, 2009–2013, Operating Executive, The Carlyle Group; chair of the Board of Counselors, McLarty Associates
• Agnes Binagwaho, 2019–, Vice-Chancellor, The University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda
• Mellody Hobson, 2018–, President, Ariel Investments
• Donald Kaberuka, 2015–, former president, African Development Bank Group, Rwanda Minister of Finance and Economic Planning between 1997 and 2005.
• Martin L. Leibowitz, 2012–, Vice-chairman, Morgan Stanley Research Department's Global Strategy Team; formerly TIAA-CREF (1995 to 2004) and 26 years with Salomon Brothers
• Yifei Li, 2013–, country chair, Man Group China
• Ndidi Okonkwo Nwuneli, 2019–, co-founder, Sahel Consulting
• Paul Polman, 2019–, chair, International Chamber of Commerce, The B Team; Former CEO, Unilever
• Sharon Percy Rockefeller, 2017–, President & CEO, WETA-TV
• Juan Manuel Santos, 2020–, Former President of Colombia & Recipient of 2016 Nobel Peace Prize
• Rajiv Shah, 2017–, President of the foundation and ex-officio member of the board; served as a Rockefeller Foundation Trustee, 2015–2017; former administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from 2010 to 2017.
• Adam Silver, 2020–, Commissioner, National Basketball Association (NB)
• Patty Stonesifer, 2019–, former President & CEO, Martha's Table; former CEO and co-chair, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
• Ravi Venkatesan, 2014–, former chairman, Bank of Baroda; former Chairman Microsoft India (2004–2011) and Cummins India; Special Representative for Young People and Innovation, UNICEF

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{{more citations needed|section|date=May 2018}}

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• Alan Alda, 1989–1994 – actor and film director.[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/28/nyregion/rockefeller-foundation-elects-5.html "Rockefeller Foundation Elects 5"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928202525/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/28/nyregion/rockefeller-foundation-elects-5.html |date=2018-09-28 }}, "The New York Times" 28, May 1989. Retrieved on 4 January 2019.
• Winthrop W. Aldrich 1935–1951 – chairman of the Chase National Bank, 1934–1953; Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, 1953–1957.
• John W. Davis 1922–1939 – J. P. Morgan's private attorney; founding president of the Council on Foreign Relations.
• C. Douglas Dillon 1960–1961 – US Treasury Secretary, 1961–1965; member of the Council on Foreign Relations.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/business/c-douglas-dillon-dies-at-93-was-in-kennedy-cabinet.html|title=C. Douglas Dillon Dies at 93; Was in Kennedy Cabinet|last=Pace|first=Eric|date=12 January 2003|website=New York Times|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511202547/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/business/c-douglas-dillon-dies-at-93-was-in-kennedy-cabinet.html|url-status=live}}
• Orvil E. Dryfoos 1960–1963 – publisher of The New York Times, 1961–1963.
• Peggy Dulany, 1989–1994 – Fourth child of David Rockefeller; founder and president of Synergos.
• John Foster Dulles 1935–1952 (chairman) – US Secretary of State, 1953–1959; senior partner, Sullivan & Cromwell law firm.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/15/archives/shift-at-rockefeller-foundation.html|title=Notes on People|date=15 May 1971|website=New York Times|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722051613/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/05/15/archives/shift-at-rockefeller-foundation.html|url-status=live}}
• Charles William Eliot 1914–1917 – president of Harvard, 1869–1909.
• John Robert Evans 1982–1996 (chairman) – president of the University of Toronto 1972–1978; founding director of the Population, Health and Nutrition Department of the World Bank{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/20/nyregion/chairman-and-trustees-elected-at-rockefeller.html|title=Chairman and Trustees Elected at Rockefeller|date=20 June 1987|website=New York Times|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316005226/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/20/nyregion/chairman-and-trustees-elected-at-rockefeller.html|url-status=live}}
• Ann M. Fudge, 2006–2015, former chairman and CEO, Young & Rubicam Brands, New York
• Frederick Taylor Gates 1913–1923 – John D. Rockefeller Sr.'s principal advisor.
• Helene D. Gayle, 2010–2019, president and CEO of CARE.
• Stephen Jay Gould 1993–2002 – author; professor and curator, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.
• Rajat Gupta, 2006–11, former director, Goldman Sachs, Procter & Gamble, AMR Corporation; Special Advisor to the UN Secretary-General; former managing director, McKinsey & Company.
• Wallace Harrison 1951–1961 – Rockefeller family architect; lead architect for the UN Headquarters complex.
• Thomas J. Healey, 2003–2012, partner, Healey Development LLC; teaching course at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government; formerly with Goldman Sachs and an Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury.
• Alice S. Huang, senior faculty associate, California Institute of Technology.
• Charles Evans Hughes 1917–1921; 1925–1928 – Chief Justice of the United States, 1930–1941.
• Robert A. Lovett 1949–1961 – US Secretary of Defense, 1951–1953.
• Monica Lozano, 2012–2018, CEO, ImpreMedia, LLC
• Yo-Yo Ma 1999–2002 – cellist.
• Strive Masiyiwa, 2003–2018, Zimbabwe a businessman and cellphone pioneer, founding Econet Wireless.
• Jessica T. Mathews, president, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C.
• John J. McCloy chairman: 1946–1949; 1953–1958 – prominent US presidential advisor; chairman of the Ford Foundation, 1958–1965; chairman of the council on Foreign Relations.
• Bill Moyers 1969–1981 – journalist.
• Diana Natalicio, 2004–2014, president, The University of Texas at El Paso
• Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, 2009–2018, Finance Minister of Nigeria; former managing director of the World Bank; former Foreign Minister of Nigeria.
• Sandra Day O'Connor, 2006–2013, associate justice, retired, Supreme Court of the United States
• James F. Orr, III, (board chair), president and chief executive officer, LandingPoint Capital, Boston, Massachusetts.
• Richard Parsons, 2007–2021, chairman of the board, Citigroup Inc.
• Surin Pitsuwan, 2010–2012, secretary general of ASEAN (2007–2012)Parameswaran, Prashanth, [https://thediplomat.com/the-editor/2012/12/19/outgoing-asean-chiefs-farewell-tour/ "Outgoing ASEAN Chief's Farewell Tour"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927024230/http://thediplomat.com/the-editor/2012/12/19/outgoing-asean-chiefs-farewell-tour/ |date=2013-09-27 }}, The Diplomat, December 19, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-27. and Thai politician.
• Mamphela Ramphele, chairperson, Circle Capital Ventures, Cape Town, South Africa.
• David Rockefeller Jr., 2006–2016, chair of foundation board Dec. 2010– ; vice-chairman of Rockefeller Family & Associates; director and former chair, Rockefeller & Co., Inc.; current trustee of the Museum of Modern Art.
• John D. Rockefeller 1913–1923.
• John D. Rockefeller Jr. chairman: 1917–1939.
• John D. Rockefeller III chairman: 1952–1972.
• John D. Rockefeller IV 1976–81.
• Judith Rodin, president of the foundation (2005–2016); ex-officio member of the board
• Julius Rosenwald 1917–1931 – chairman of Sears Roebuck, 1932–1939.
• John Rowe M.D., 2007–2019, professor at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health; former chairman and CEO of Aetna Inc.
• Dean Rusk 1950–1961 – US Secretary of State, 1961–1969.
• Raymond W. Smith, chairman, Rothschild, Inc., New York; chairman of Arlington Capital Partners; chairman of Verizon Ventures; and a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
• Frank Stanton 1961–1966? – president of CBS, 1946–1971.
• Arthur Hays Sulzberger 1939–1957 – publisher of The New York Times, 1935–1961.
• Paul Volcker 1975–1979 – chairman, board of governors, Federal Reserve Board; president, New York Federal Reserve Bank.
• Thomas J. Watson Jr. 1963–1970?[http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/5ff2613e-6cfd-488f-9211-6cee164b1e44-1969.pdf RF Annual Report 1969] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701160935/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/uploads/files/5ff2613e-6cfd-488f-9211-6cee164b1e44-1969.pdf |date=2010-07-01 }}, p. VI. Retrieved 2011-01-09. – president of IBM, 1952–1971.
• James Wolfensohn – former president of the World Bank.
• George D. Woods 1961–1967{{cite web |title=President's Review and Annual Report 1967 |url=https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1967-1.pdf |website=Rockefeller Foundation |access-date=September 22, 2024 |page=202 |date=1968}} – president of the World Bank, 1963–1968.
• Võ Tòng Xuân, 2002–2010, vice president for academic affairs, Tan Tao University, Ho Chi Minh City; former rector of An Giang University, the second university in Vietnam's Mekong Delta.
• Owen D. Young 1928–1939 – chairman of GE, 1922–1939, 1942–1945.

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• John D. Rockefeller Jr. – 11 February 1913 – 6 November 1917
• George E. Vincent – 6 November 1917 – 20 September 1929; member of the John D. Rockefeller/Frederick T. Gates General Education Board (1914–1929)[http://www.rockarch.org/collections/individuals/rf/ George E. Vincent Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929012307/http://www.rockarch.org/collections/individuals/rf/ |date=2010-09-29 }}, The Rockefeller Archive Center. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
• Max Mason – 20 September 1929 – 30 May 1936
• Raymond B. Fosdick – 30 May 1936 – 22 August 1948; brother of American clergyman Harry Emerson Fosdick
• Chester Barnard – 22 August 1948 – 17 July 1952; Bell System executive and author of landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive
• Dean Rusk – 17 July 1952 – 19 January 1961; United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969
• [https://rockfound.rockarch.org/biographical/-/asset_publisher/6ygcKECNI1nb/content/jacob-george-harrar J. George Harrar] – 20 January 1961 – 3 October 1972; plant pathologist, "generally regarded as the father of 'the Green Revolution.'"[http://www.rockarch.org/collections/individuals/rf/ J. George Harrar Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929012307/http://www.rockarch.org/collections/individuals/rf/ |date=2010-09-29 }}, The Rockefeller Archive Center. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
• John Hilton Knowles – 3 October 1972 – 31 December 1979; physician, general director of the Massachusetts General Hospital (1962–1971).[http://www.rockarch.org/collections/individuals/rf/ John Hilton Knowles Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929012307/http://www.rockarch.org/collections/individuals/rf/ |date=2010-09-29 }}, The Rockefeller Archive Center. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
• Richard Lyman – 1 January 1980 – 11 January 1988; president of Stanford University (1970–1980).
• Peter Goldmark Jr. – 11 January 1988 – 31 December 1997; former executive director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.Teltsch, Kathleen, [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/nyregion/rockefeller-foundation-selects-a-new-president.html?scp=1&sq=Peter%20Carl%20Goldmark%20rockefeller&st=cse "Rockefeller Foundation Selects a New President"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108093746/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/08/nyregion/rockefeller-foundation-selects-a-new-president.html?scp=1&sq=Peter%20Carl%20Goldmark%20rockefeller&st=cse |date=2017-01-08 }}, The New York Times, May 8, 1988. Goldmark was son of Peter Carl Goldmark. See Blumenthal, Ralph, [http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/remembering-the-travel-scandal-at-the-port-authority/?scp=7&sq=Peter%20Carl%20Goldmark&st=cse "Remembering the Travel Scandal at the Port Authority"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119213806/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/24/remembering-the-travel-scandal-at-the-port-authority/?scp=7&sq=Peter%20Carl%20Goldmark&st=cse |date=2012-01-19 }}, The New York Times City Room blog, June 24, 2008. Both retrieved 2011-01-09.
• Gordon Conway – 1 January 1998 – 31 December 2004; an agricultural ecologist and former president of the Royal Geographical Society.
• Judith Rodin - 1 January 2005 – 1 March 2017; former president of the University of Pennsylvania, and provost, chair of the Department of Psychology, Yale University.
• Rajiv Shah – 1 March 2017 –, distinguished fellow in residence, Georgetown University; previously administrator of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) from 2010 to 2015.

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{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2023}}

File:FDR Drive - New York City, New York (6818058813).jpg, as seen from the FDR Drive, New York, NY, 2011]]

• Rockefeller University
• Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) – Especially the notable 1939–45 War and Peace Studies that advised the US State Department and the US government on World War II strategy and forward planning
• Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) in London
• Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington – Support of the diplomatic training program
• Brookings Institution in Washington – Significant funding of research grants in the fields of economic and social studies
• World Bank in Washington – Helped finance the training of foreign officials through the Economic Development Institute
• Harvard University – Grants to the Center for International Affairs and medical, business and administration Schools
• Yale University – Substantial funding to the Institute of International Studies
• Princeton University – Office of Population Research
• Columbia University – Establishment of the Russia Institute
• University of the Philippines, Los Baños – Funded research for the College of Agriculture and built an international house for foreign students
• McGill University – The Rockefeller Foundation funded the Montreal Neurological Institute, on the request of Wilder Penfield, a Canadian neurosurgeon, who had met David Rockefeller years before
• Library of Congress – Funded a project for photographic copies of the complete card catalogues for the world's fifty leading libraries
• Bodleian Library at Oxford University – Grant for a building to house five million volumes
• Population Council of New York – Funded fellowships
• Social Science Research Council – Major funding for fellowships and grants-in-aid
• National Bureau of Economic ResearchFunding of programs and fellowships at major universities, foreign policy think tanks and research councils – see Robert Shaplen, op, cit., (passim)
• National Institute of Public Health of Japan (formerly {{nihongo|The Institute of Public Health|国立公衆衛生院|Kokuritsu Kōshū Eisei-in|extra2="School of Public Health"}}ja) in Tokyo (1938)
• Group of Thirty – In 1978 the foundation invited Geoffrey Bell to set up this high-powered and influential advisory group on global financial issues, whose former chairman was longtime Rockefeller associate Paul Volcker, until his death in 2019{{Cite web|url=https://www.afponline.org/ideas-inspiration/topics/articles|title=Trending Topics in Treasury and Finance|website=www.afponline.org|access-date=2020-06-22|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625235311/https://www.afponline.org/ideas-inspiration/topics/articles|url-status=live}}
• London School of Economics – funded research and general budget
• Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies – funded general budget from 1927 to 1954
• University of Lyon, France – funded research in natural sciences, social sciences, medicine and the new building of the medical school during the 1920s–1930s
• The Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory
• The Results for Development Institute – funded the Center for Health Market Innovations
• Mahidol University in Thailand
• VoteRiders – a nationwide nonprofit founded in 2012 to promote a resilient democracy through voter ID access

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• Asia Society
• Association Internationale Africaine
• CGIAR
• Eugenics in the United States
• Industrial relations
• Philanthropy
• Philanthropy in the United States
• Rockefeller Brothers Fund
• Rockefeller family
• Social sciences

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{{reflist}}

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• {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nrm702 |url=http://lacelula.udl.cat/documents/rokfelfou.pdf|title=The Rockefeller Foundation and the rise of molecular biology |year=2002 |last1=Abir-Am |first1=Pnina G. |author1-link=Pnina Abir-Am|journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=65–70 |pmid=11823800 |s2cid=9041374 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Berman |first1=Edward H. |title=The Ideology of Philanthropy: The influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller foundations on American foreign policy |location=New York |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1983}}
• Birn, Anne-Emanuelle. "Philanthrocapitalism, past and present: The Rockefeller Foundation, the Gates Foundation, and the setting (s) of the international/global health agenda." Hypothesis 12.1 (2014): e8. [http://www.babymilkaction.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Anna-Birn-HJ229%E2%80%94FIN_Nov1_2014.pdf online]
• Birn, Anne-Emanuelle, and Elizabeth Fee. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the international health agenda"], The Lancet, (2013) Volume 381, Issue 9878, Pages 1618 - 1619, [http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2961013-2/fulltext online]
• Brown, E. Richard, Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
• Chernow, Ron, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998. [https://archive.org/details/titanlifeofjohnd0000cher_l1s8 online]
• Cotton, James. "Rockefeller, Carnegie, and the limits of American hegemony in the emergence of Australian international studies." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 12.1 (2012): 161–192. [
• Dowie, Mark, American Foundations: An Investigative History, Boston: The MIT Press, 2001.
• Eckl, Julian. "The power of private foundations: Rockefeller and Gates in the struggle against malaria." Global Social Policy 14.1 (2014): 91–116.
• Erdem, Murat, and W. ROSE Kenneth. "American Philanthropy ın Republican Turkey; The Rockefeller and Ford Foundations." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 31 (2000): 131–157. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/846004 online]
• Farley, John. To cast out disease: a history of the International Health Division of Rockefeller Foundation (1913-1951) (Oxford University Press, 2004).
• Fisher, Donald, Fundamental Development of the Social Sciences: Rockefeller Philanthropy and the United States Social Science Research Council, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1993.
• Fosdick, Raymond B., John D. Rockefeller Jr., A Portrait, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
• Fosdick, Raymond B., The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation (1952) [https://archive.org/details/storyofrockefell0000fosd online]
• Hauptmann, Emily. "From opposition to accommodation: How Rockefeller Foundation grants redefined relations between political theory and social science in the 1950s." American Political Science Review 100.4 (2006): 643–649. [https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=politics_pubs online]
• Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1989. [https://archive.org/details/circuitridersroc0000jona online]
• Kay, Lily, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
• Laurence, Peter L. "The death and life of urban design: Jane Jacobs, The Rockefeller Foundation and the new research in urbanism, 1955–1965." Journal of Urban Design 11.2 (2006): 145–172. [https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=planning_pubs online]
• Lawrence, Christopher. Rockefeller Money, the Laboratory and Medicine in Edinburgh 1919–1930: New Science in an Old Country, Rochester Studies in Medical History, University of Rochester Press, 2005.
• Mathers, Kathryn Frances. Shared journey: The Rockefeller Foundation, human capital, and development in Africa (2013) [https://archive.org/details/sharedjourneyroc0000math online]
• Nielsen, Waldemar, The Big Foundations, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1973. [https://archive.org/details/bigfoundations00niel online]
• Nielsen, Waldemar A., The Golden Donors, E. P. Dutton, 1985. Called Foundation "unimaginative ... lacking leadership....slouching toward senility." [https://archive.org/details/goldendonorsnewa00niel online]
• Ninkovich, Frank. "The Rockefeller Foundation, China, and Cultural Change." Journal of American History 70.4 (1984): 799–820. [https://www.konjunktion.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Ninkovich-The-Rockefeller-Foundation-China-and-Cultural-Change.pdf online]
• Palmer, Steven, [http://www.press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=172838 Launching Global Health: The Caribbean Odyssey of the Rockefeller Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524005130/http://press.umich.edu/titleDetailDesc.do?id=172838 |date=May 24, 2011 }}, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2010.
• Perkins, John H. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the green revolution, 1941–1956." Agriculture and Human Values 7.3 (1990): 6–18. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Perkins-6/publication/248776767_The_Rockefeller_Foundation_and_the_green_revolution_1941-1956/links/56f4a9ba08ae81582bf0a64e/The-Rockefeller-Foundation-and-the-green-revolution-1941-1956.pdf online]
• Sachse, Carola. What Research, to What End? The Rockefeller Foundation and the Max Planck Gesellschaft in the Early Cold War (2009) [https://archive.org/details/10.2307-20457427 online]
• Shaplen, Robert, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964.
• {{cite journal|pmc=1497608 |year=2004 |last1=Stapleton |first1=D. H. |title=Lessons of history? Anti-malaria strategies of the International Health Board and the Rockefeller Foundation from the 1920s to the era of DDT |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=119 |issue=2 |pages=206–215 |doi=10.1177/003335490411900214 |pmid=15192908 }}
• Theiler, Max and Downs, W. G., The Arthropod-Borne Viruses of Vertebrates: An Account of The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Program, 1951–1970. (1973) Yale University Press. New Haven and London. {{ISBN|0-300-01508-9}}.
• Uy, Michael Sy. Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford University Press, 2020) 270pp.
• Wood, Andrew Grant. "Sanitizing the State: The Rockefeller International Health Board and the Yellow Fever Campaign in Veracruz." Americas 6#1 Spring 2010 ·
• Youde, Jeremy. "The Rockefeller and Gates Foundations in global health governance." Global Society 27.2 (2013): 139–158. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13600826.2012.762341 online]
• [https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20151113125541/2014-990-PF.pdf Rockefeller Foundation 990]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020005155/http://rockefeller100.org/exhibits/show/health/international-health-division- 100 Years: The International Health Board]. The Rockefeller Foundation/Rockefeller Archive Center.

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• [http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ CFR Website – Continuing the Inquiry: The Council on Foreign Relations from 1921 to 1996] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821033942/http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/ |date=2012-08-21 }} The history of the council by Peter Grose, a council member – mentions financial support from the Rockefeller foundation.
• [http://data.foundationcenter.org/#/foundations/all/nationwide/top:giving/list/2015 Foundation Center: Top 50 US Foundations by total giving]
• [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/28/nyregion/rockefeller-foundation-elects-5.html New York Times: Rockefeller Foundation Elects 5 – Including Alan Alda and Peggy Dulany]
• [https://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Eugenics-and-the-Nazis-the-California-2549771.php SFGate.com: "Eugenics and the Nazis: the California Connection"]
• [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/53/rockefeller.html Press for Conversion! magazine, Issue # 53: "Facing the Corporate Roots of American Fascism," Bryan Sanders, Coalition to Oppose the Arms Trade, March 2004]
• [http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/ Rockefeller Foundation website], including a [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212213631/http://www.rockfound.org/about_us/history/timeline.shtml timeline]
• [https://archive.org/stream/hookwormmalariar00rockiala#page/n9/mode/2up Hookworm and malaria research in Malaya, Java, and the Fiji Islands; report of Uncinariasis commission to the Orient, 1915–1917] The Rockefeller foundation, International health board. New York 1920

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Category:Rockefeller family

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