Trumpism#Christian Trumpism

{{See also|Rhetoric of Donald Trump}}

Trumpism emerged during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. Trump's rhetoric has its roots in a populist political method that suggests nationalistic answers to political, economic, and social problems.{{sfn|Ross|2024|p=298|loc="In 2016, a populist won the presidential election in the United States."}}{{sfn|Urbinati|2019}}{{Cite journal |last1=Rowland |first1=Robert C. |date=2019 |title=The Populist and Nationalist Roots of Trump's Rhetoric |url=https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/msup/rpa/article-pdf/22/3/343/939150/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343.pdf |journal=Rhetoric and Public Affairs |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=343–388 |doi=10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343 |jstor=10.14321/rhetpublaffa.22.3.0343 |s2cid=211443408 |issn=1094-8392 |access-date=November 13, 2023}} They are more specifically described as right-wing populist.{{sfn|Campani|Concepción|Soler|Savín|2022}}{{sfn|Chotiner|2021}} Policies include immigration restrictionism, trade protectionism, isolationism, and opposition to entitlement reform.{{sfn|Continetti|2020}}

Former National Security Advisor and close Trump advisor John Bolton disputes that Trumpism exists in any meaningful sense, adding that "[t]he man does not have a philosophy. And people can try and draw lines between the dots of his decisions. They will fail."{{sfn|Brewster|2020}} Writing for the Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (2019), Olivier Jutel notes, "What Donald Trump reveals is that the various iterations of right-wing American populism have less to do with a programmatic social conservatism or libertarian economics than with enjoyment."{{sfn|Jutel|2019|p=249}}

Trump has been described as a demagogue, and there exists significant scholarly study on the use of demagogy and related themes within Trumpism.{{sfn|Mercieca|2020}} Trump explicitly and routinely disparages racial, religious, and ethnic minorities,{{sfn|Stephens-Dougan|2021|p=302|loc="Trump, however, managed to achieve electoral success in 2016 despite routinely using racial appeals that openly and categorically disparaged racial, religious, and ethnic minorities, or what the racial priming literature refers to as explicit racial appeals. ... Throughout his campaign and subsequent presidency, Trump continued to traffic in similar explicit racial appeals"}} and scholars consistently find that racial animus regarding blacks, immigrants, and Muslims are the best predictors of support for Trump.{{sfn|Berman|2021|p=76|loc="In the United, States scholars consistently find that "racial animus," or attitudes regarding "blacks, immigrants, Muslims" are the best predictors of support for President Trump"}} Trumpist rhetoric heavily features anti-immigrant,{{Cite news |last=Gabriel |first=Trip |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Trump Escalates Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric With 'Poisoning the Blood' Comment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/05/us/politics/trump-immigration-rhetoric.html |access-date=December 19, 2023 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117102659/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/05/us/politics/trump-immigration-rhetoric.html |url-status=live}} xenophobic,{{sfn|Baker|Perry|Whitehead|2020|p=272}} and nativist,{{sfn|Yang|2018|p=4}} attacks against minority groups.{{sfn|Mason|Wronski|Kane|2021|p=1508}}{{sfn|Ott|2017|p=64}} Other identified aspects include conspiracist,{{sfn|Hamilton|2024|loc=Abstract}}{{sfn|Tollefson|2021}} isolationist,{{sfn|Yang|2018|p=4}}{{sfn|Lange|2024}} Christian nationalist,{{sfn|Whitehead|Perry|Baker|2018|p=3}} evangelical Christian,{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Francis |date=April 7, 2024 |title=Trumpism Is Emptying Churches |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2024-04-07/trump-s-brand-of-christian-conservatism-is-driving-people-from-church |access-date=June 1, 2024 |website=www.bloomberg.com}} protectionist,{{Cite journal |last=Irwin |first=Douglas A. |date=April 17, 2017 |title=The False Promise of Protectionism |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2017-04-17/false-promise-protectionism |access-date=January 17, 2024 |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=96 |issue=May/June 2017 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127013538/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2017-04-17/false-promise-protectionism |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Donald Trump's second term would be a protectionist nightmare |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/10/31/donald-trumps-second-term-would-be-a-protectionist-nightmare |access-date=January 17, 2024 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116204131/https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2023/10/31/donald-trumps-second-term-would-be-a-protectionist-nightmare |url-status=live}} anti-feminist,{{sfn|Kaul|2021|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}{{sfn|Beinart|2019}} and anti-LGBT{{cite news |title=America's far right is increasingly protesting against LGBT people |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/01/13/americas-far-right-is-increasingly-protesting-against-lgbt-people |newspaper=The Economist |date=January 13, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2024 |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524065520/https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2023/01/13/americas-far-right-is-increasingly-protesting-against-lgbt-people |url-status=live}} beliefs.

Sociologist Michael Kimmel states that Trump's populism is "an emotion. And the emotion is righteous indignation that the government is screwing 'us.'"{{sfn|Kimmel|2017|p=xi}} Kimmel posits that Trump manifests "aggrieved entitlement",{{sfn|Kimmel|Wade|2018|p=243}} a "sense that those benefits to which you believed yourself entitled have been snatched away from you by unseen forces larger and more powerful. You feel yourself to be the heir to a great promise, the American Dream, which has turned into an impossible fantasy ..."{{sfn|Kimmel|2017|p=18}}

Communications scholar Zizi Papacharissi explains the utility of being ideologically vague and using terms and slogans that can mean anything the supporter wants them to mean. "When these publics thrive in affective engagement it's because they've found an affective hook that's built around an open signifier that they get to use and reuse and re-employ ... MAGA; that's an open signifier ... it allows them all to assign different meanings to it. So MAGA works for connecting publics that are different, because it is open enough to permit people to ascribe their own meaning to it."{{sfn|Boler|Davis|2021|p=62}}{{notetag|Papacharissi notes that examples can also be found on the left for the use of open signifiers when affectively engaging their bases ("publics").{{sfn|Boler|Davis|2021|p=62}}}}

Exit polling data suggests the campaign was successful at mobilizing the "white disenfranchised",{{sfn|Fuchs|2018|pp=83–84}} the lower- to working-class European-Americans who are experiencing growing social inequality and who often have stated opposition to the American political establishment.{{sfn|Kuhn|2017}}{{sfn|Serwer|2017}}

Some prominent conservatives formed a Never Trump movement, seen as a rebellion of conservative elites against the base.{{Cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Charles |last2=Bobo |first2=Lawrence D. |last3=Hochschild |first3=Jennifer L. |date=2017 |title=Populism and the Future of American Politics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26407109 |journal=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=53–61 |jstor=26407109 |issn=0002-712X |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194133/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26407109 |url-status=live}}{{Cite journal |last1=Murty |first1=Komanduri S. |last2=Simonez |first2=Tenora J. |date=2018 |title=State of the Union under Donald Trump Presidency: Problems, Policies and Prospects |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26802891 |journal=Race, Gender & Class |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |pages=162–178 |jstor=26802891 |issn=1082-8354 |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194122/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26802891 |url-status=live}}{{Citation |last1=Saldin |first1=Robert P. |title=Introduction |date=May 21, 2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190880446.003.0001 |work=Never Trump |pages=1–10 |access-date=November 12, 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190880446.003.0001 |last2=Teles |first2=Steven M. |isbn=978-0190880446 |url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal |last1=Espinoza |first1=Michael |date=November 2, 2021 |title=Donald Trump's impact on the Republican Party |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01442872.2021.1950667 |journal=Policy Studies |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=563–579 |doi=10.1080/01442872.2021.1950667 |s2cid=237770344 |issn=0144-2872 |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112194607/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01442872.2021.1950667 |url-status=live}}

File:Steve Bannon 2023 by Gage Skidmore.jpg Steve Bannon supported many national populist political movements including creating a network of far-right groups in Europe.]]

Trumpism has been described as right-wing authoritarian populist,{{sfn|Kellner|2018}} and is broadly seen among scholars as posing an existential threat to American democracy.{{sfn|Ross|2024|p=300|loc="Donald Trump is broadly seen as posing an existential threat to American democracy."}} His presidency sparked renewed focus and research on restraining presidential power and the threats of a criminal presidency that had died down since the Nixon administration.{{sfn|Brettschneider|Calvelli|2024|p=206}} Trump advocated for an extreme position of unitary executive theory, arguing that Article II gave him the right to "do whatever I want".{{sfn|Swan|Savage|Haberman|2023|ref=Swan2023a}} The theory is a maximalist interpretation of presidential power formulated during the Reagan administration and pushed by the Federalist Society to undo post-Nixon reforms. Future presidents ran with "unitary-adjacent ideas" and aspects of theory held bipartisan support as part of the growing powers of the presidency.{{sfn|Brettschneider|Calvelli|2024|p=211-212}} In February 2025, Trump wrote and pinned a comment on Truth Social and X: "He who saves his Country does not violate any Law", which the White House later reposted on X that day. The phrase itself is a variation of one attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte, and was noted to be in line with his administration's aggressive push for expanding presidential power under the theory.{{cite news |last1=Chiacu |first1=Doina |title=Trump: If it saves the country, it's not illegal |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-if-it-saves-country-its-not-illegal-2025-02-16/ |access-date=February 17, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=February 16, 2025}}{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Swan |first3=Jonathan |title=Trump Suggests No Laws Are Broken if He's 'Saving His Country' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/15/us/politics/trump-saves-country-quote.html |access-date=February 17, 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250216062530/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/15/us/politics/trump-saves-country-quote.html |archive-date=February 16, 2025}}

Yale sociologist Philip S. Gorski warned against the threat of Trumpism, writing that {{Blockquote|text="the election of Donald Trump constitutes perhaps the greatest threat to American democracy since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. There is a real and growing danger that representative government will be slowly but effectively supplanted by a populist form of authoritarian rule in the years to come. Media intimidation, mass propaganda, voter suppression, court packing, and even armed paramilitaries—many of the necessary and sufficient conditions for an authoritarian devolution are gradually falling into place."{{sfn|Gorski|2019}}}}

Some academics regard such authoritarian backlash as a feature of liberal democracies.{{sfn|Stenner|Haidt|2018}} Disputing the view that the surge of support for Trumpism and Brexit is a new phenomenon, political scientist Karen Stenner and social psychologist Jonathan Haidt state that {{Blockquote|text=the far-right populist wave ... did not in fact come out of nowhere. It is not a sudden madness, or virus, or tide, or even just a copycat phenomenon—the emboldening of bigots and despots by others' electoral successes. Rather, it is something that sits just beneath the surface of any human society—including in the advanced liberal democracies at the heart of the Western world—and can be activated by core elements of liberal democracy itself.}}

Stenner and Haidt regard authoritarian waves as a feature of liberal democracies noting that the findings of their 2016 study of Trump and Brexit supporters was not unexpected, as they wrote: {{Blockquote|text=... normative threat tends either to leave non-authoritarians utterly unmoved by the things that catalyze authoritarians or to propel them toward being (what one might conceive as) their 'best selves.' In previous investigations, this has seen non-authoritarians move toward positions of greater tolerance and respect for diversity under the very conditions that seem to propel authoritarians toward increasing intolerance.{{sfn|Stenner|Haidt|2018}}}}

Author and authoritarianism critic Masha Gessen contrasted the "democratic" strategy of the Republican establishment making policy arguments appealing to the public, with the "autocratic" strategy of appealing to an "audience of one" in Donald Trump.{{sfn|Shapiro|Intagliata|Venkat|2021}} Gessen noted the fear of Republicans that Trump would endorse a primary election opponent or otherwise use his political power to undermine any fellow party members that he felt had betrayed him.

The 2020 Republican Party platform simply endorsed "the President's America-first agenda", prompting comparisons to contemporary leader-focused party platforms in Russia and China.{{sfn|Colvin|2020}} In January 2025, a CNN-SSRS poll found that 53% of Republicans viewed loyalty to Trump as central to their political identity and very important to what being a Republican is, beating values such as "a less powerful federal government (46%), supporting congressional Republicans (42%) or opposing Democratic policies (32%)".{{Cite news |last=Edwards-Levy |first=Ariel |date=January 19, 2025 |title=CNN Poll: Most Democrats think their party needs major change, while the GOP coalesces around Trump |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/01/19/politics/democrats-party-change-cnn-poll/index.html |access-date=January 20, 2025}}

General Mark Milley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Trump, has described Trump as a "wannabe dictator."{{cite news |last=Bazail-Eimil |first=Eric |title=Milley in farewell speech: 'We don't take an oath to a wannabe dictator' |work=Politico |date=September 29, 2023 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/29/milley-farewell-speech-trump-dictator-00119130 |access-date=November 13, 2023 |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113033447/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/09/29/milley-farewell-speech-trump-dictator-00119130 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Lillis |first=Katie Bo |title=Milley says the military doesn't swear oath to a 'wannabe dictator' in apparent swipe at Trump |work=CNN |date=September 29, 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/29/politics/milley-trump-wannabe-dictator/index.html |access-date=November 13, 2023 |archive-date=November 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113033446/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/29/politics/milley-trump-wannabe-dictator/index.html |url-status=live}}

{{see also|Social policy of Donald Trump#Women's rights|Social policy of Donald Trump#LGBTQ rights}}

Opposition to aspects of transgender rights is a theme of Trumpism.{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01442872.2021.1952971 |doi=10.1080/01442872.2021.1952971 |title=President Trump's transgender moral panic |date=2021 |last1=Pepin-Neff |first1=Christopher |last2=Cohen |first2=Aaron |journal=Policy Studies |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=646–661}}

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| image1 = 20241119 "Toxic masculinity" (search term) on Google Trends.svg

| caption1 = Google Trends search term for "Toxic masculinity" began a substantial increase in 2016, at the time of the campaign for the U.S. presidential election.{{cite web |title=Toxic masculinity / Search term |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=toxic%20masculinity&hl=en |website=Google Trends |date=November 19, 2024 |quote=Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

| image2 = 202003- Cumulative county COVID-19 death rates - by share of votes for Donald Trump.svg

| caption2 = After the December 2020 introduction of COVID vaccines, a partisan gap in death rates developed, indicating the effects of vaccine skepticism. As of March 2024, more than 30 percent of Republicans had not received a COVID vaccine, compared with less than 10 percent of Democrats.{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |title=The Fourth Anniversary of the Covid Pandemic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/11/briefing/covid-pandemic-anniversary.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240311124758/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/11/briefing/covid-pandemic-anniversary.html |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |url-status=live |quote=Data excludes Alaska. Sources: C.D.C. Wonder; Edison Research. (Chart) By The New York Times. Source credits chart to Ashley Wu.}} Aversion to wearing masks has been associated with Trumpism's celebration of masculinity.{{sfn|Will|2020}}{{sfn|Theidon|2020}}

}}

According to Philip Gorski, in Trumpian nostalgia "decline is brought about by docility and femininity and the return to greatness requires little more than a reassertion of dominance and masculinity. In this way, 'virtue' is reduced to its root etymology of manly bravado."{{sfn|Gorski|2019}} Michael Kimmel describes male Trump supporters who despaired "over whether or not anything could enable them to find a place with some dignity in this new, multicultural, and more egalitarian world. ... These men were angry, but they all looked back nostalgically to a time when their sense of masculine entitlement went unchallenged. They wanted to reclaim their country, restore their rightful place in it, and retrieve their manhood in the process."{{sfn|Kimmel|2018|p=xiii}}

Social psychologists Theresa Vescio and Nathaniel Schermerhorn note that "In his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump embodied HM [hegemonic masculinity] while waxing nostalgic for a racially homogenous past that maintained an unequal gender order. Trump performed HM by repeatedly referencing his status as a successful businessman ("blue-collar businessman") and alluding to how tough he would be as president. ... Trump was openly hostile to gender-atypical women, objectified gender-typical women, and mocked the masculinity of male peers and opponents." In their studies involving 2,007 people, they found that endorsement of hegemonic masculinity better predicted support for Trump than other factors, such as support for antiestablishment, antielitist, nativist, racist, sexist, homophobic or xenophobic perspectives.{{sfn|Vescio|Schermerhorn|2021}}

Kimmel was surprised at the sexual turn the 2016 election took and thinks that Trump is for many men a fantasy figure, an uber-male free to indulge every desire. "Many of these guys feel that the current order of things has emasculated them, by which I mean it has taken away their ability to support a family and have great life. Here's a guy who says: 'I can build anything I want. I can do anything I want. I can have the women I want.' They're going, 'This guy is awesome!'"{{sfn|Jacobs|2016}}

File:Bitch I'm The President (48555568282).jpg attending a rally, August 15, 2019]]Neville Hoad, an expert on gender issues in South Africa, sees this as a common theme with another strongman leader, Jacob Zuma, comparing his "Zulu Big Man version of toxic masculinity versus a dog whistle white supremacist version; the putative real estate billionaire turned reality television star". Both men express a "masculinist fantasy of freedom", similar to Jacques Lacan's mythic leader of the primal horde whose power to satisfy every pleasure or whim has not been castrated. By activating such fantasies, toxic masculine behaviors from opulent displays of greed (the dream palaces of Mar-a-Lago and Nkandla), violent rhetoric, "grab them by the pussy" "locker room" "jokes" to misogynist insults, philandering, and even sexual predatory behavior including allegations of groping and raping become political assets not liabilities.{{sfn|Hoad|2020}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current 2020 academic article has zero citations and thus seems insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=April 2024}}

Gender role scholar Colleen Clemens describes toxic masculinity as "a narrow and repressive description of manhood, designating manhood as defined by violence, sex, status and aggression ... where strength is everything while emotions are a weakness; where sex and brutality are yardsticks by which men are measured, while supposedly 'feminine' traits—which can range from emotional vulnerability to simply not being hypersexual—are the means by which your status as "man" can be taken away."{{sfn|Clemens|2017}} Writing in the Journal of Human Rights, Kimberly Theidon notes the COVID-19 pandemic's irony of Trumpian toxic masculinity: "Being a tough guy means wearing the mask of masculinity: Being a tough guy means refusing to don a mask that might preserve one's life and the lives of others."{{sfn|Theidon|2020}}

Tough guy bravado appeared on the internet prior to attack on Congress on January 6, 2021, with one poster writing, "Be ready to fight. Congress needs to hear glass breaking, doors being kicked in ... . Get violent. Stop calling this a march, or rally, or a protest. Go there ready for war. We get our President or we die."{{sfn|Barrett|Zapotosky|2021}} Of the rioters arrested for the attack on the U.S. Capitol, 88% were men, and 67% were 35 years or older.{{sfn|Pape|2021}}{{notetag|The 88% figure is based on the CBS news report that as of April 16, 2021, 45 out of the 370 arrested were arrested were women.{{sfn|Hymes|McDonald|Watson|2021}}}}

{{split section|Christian support of Donald Trump|discuss=Talk:Trumpism#Very long|date=November 2024}}

{{anchor|Christian Trumpism}}

{{for|the Trump's personal history with religion|Donald Trump and religion}}

Trump has strong support among white evangelical Christians, particularly among those who do not attend church regularly.{{Cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Ruth |last2=Homans |first2=Charles |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Trump Is Connecting With a Different Type of Evangelical Voter |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/us/politics/donald-trump-evangelicals-iowa.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 13, 2025 |issn=0362-4331}} Trump also maintains strong support with Christian nationalists,{{Cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Samuel L. |last2=Whitehead |first2=Andrew L. |last3=Grubbs |first3=Joshua B. |date=April 21, 2021 |title=The Devil That You Know: Christian Nationalism and Intent to Change One's Voting Behavior For or Against Trump in 2020 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S175504832100002X/type/journal_article |journal=Politics and Religion |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.1017/S175504832100002X |hdl=11244/334967 |hdl-access=free}} and his rallies take on the symbols, rhetoric and agenda of Christian nationalism.{{Cite news |last=Peter |first=Smith |date=May 18, 2024 |title=Jesus is their savior, Trump is their candidate. Ex-president's backers say he shares faith, values |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-christian-evangelicals-conservatives-2024-election-43f25118c133170c77786daf316821c3 |access-date=November 23, 2024 |work=AP News}} Trump described his 2024 presidential campaign as a "righteous crusade" against "atheists, globalists and the Marxists".{{cite news |last1=Vakil |first1=Caroline |title=Trump paints 2024 campaign as 'righteous crusade' as he rallies evangelicals |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4066499-trump-paints-2024-campaign-as-righteous-crusade/ |work=The Hill |access-date=January 23, 2025 |language=en |date=June 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120041800/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4066499-trump-paints-2024-campaign-as-righteous-crusade/|archive-date=January 20, 2025|url-status=live}} Many Christian Trump supporters view him as divinely ordained and "chosen by God", and some compare him to Jesus, with opposition to him seen as spiritual warfare.{{Cite web |last=Carless |first=Will |date=March 7, 2024 |title=As Trump support merges with Christian nationalism, experts warn of extremist risks |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2024/03/07/trump-christian-nationalism-extremist-threat/72869355007/ |access-date=January 13, 2025 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Klepper |first=David |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Trump arrest prompts Jesus comparisons: 'Spiritual warfare' |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-arraignment-jesus-christ-conspiracy-theory-670c45bd71b3466dcd6e8e188badcd1d |access-date=January 13, 2025 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}} Trump shared and played a video entitled "God Made Trump" at several of his rallies explicitly comparing him to a messianic figure in religious terms.{{Cite news |last=Bensinger |first=Ken |date=January 11, 2024 |title=Iowa Pastors Say Video Depicting Trump as Godly Is 'Very Concerning' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/11/us/politics/trump-god-video-pastors-iowa.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 13, 2025 |issn=0362-4331}} Trump is frequently described among Christian supporters as an Old Testament hero, with Cyrus the Great or David frequently mentioned. The New York Times describes his supporters seeing him as one of several "morally flawed figures handpicked by God to lead profound missions aimed at achieving overdue justice or resisting existential evil".{{Cite news |last=Bender |first=Michael C. |author-link=Michael C. Bender |date=April 1, 2024 |title=The Church of Trump: How He's Infusing Christianity Into His Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/01/us/politics/trump-2024-religion.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240401102206/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/01/us/politics/trump-2024-religion.html |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}} This framing has been described as "vessel theology" which allows for support of Trump and excuses his prior sexual misconduct and adultery.{{Cite news |last=Burton |first=Tara Isabella |date=March 5, 2018 |title=The biblical story the Christian right uses to defend Trump |work=Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/3/5/16796892/trump-cyrus-christian-right-bible-cbn-evangelical-propaganda |access-date=January 13, 2025}} Trump has strong support with members of the dominionist New Apostolic Reformation, and many Trump administration officials are aligned with the group.{{cite web |last=Petrovic |first=Phoebe |date=October 26, 2024 |title=The Genesis of Christian Nationalism |url=https://projects.propublica.org/christian-nationalism-origins/ |access-date=January 13, 2025 |website=ProPublica}}{{cite web |date=2023-12-20 |title=Many Trump supporters believe God has chosen him to rule |url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2023/12/20/many-trump-supporters-believe-god-has-chosen-him-to-rule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231220140125/https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2023/12/20/many-trump-supporters-believe-god-has-chosen-him-to-rule |archive-date=2023-12-20 |access-date=2025-01-13 |publisher=The Economist}}

According to 2016 election exit polls, 26% of voters self-identified as white evangelical Christians,{{sfn|Brookings|2020}} of whom more than three-fourths in 2017 approved of Trump's performance, most of them approving "very strongly" as reported by a Pew Research Center study.{{sfn|Pew Research, April 26, 2017}} In contrast, approximately two-thirds of non-white evangelicals supported Hillary Clinton in 2016, with 90% of black Protestants also voting for her even though their theological views are similar to evangelicals. According to Yale researcher Philip Gorski, "the question is not so much why evangelicals voted for Trump then—many did not—but why so many white evangelicals did." Gorski's answer was simply "because they are also white Christian nationalists and Trumpism is inter alia a reactionary version of white Christian nationalism."{{sfn|Gorski|2019|p=166}}

Israeli philosopher Adi Ophir sees the politics of purity in the white Christian nationalist rhetoric of evangelical supporters, such as the comparison of Nehemiah's wall around Jerusalem to Trump's wall keeping out the enemy, writing, "the notion of the enemy includes 'Mexican migrants', 'filthy' gays, and even Catholics 'led astray by Satan', and the real danger these enemies pose is degradation to a 'blessed—great— ... nation' whose God is the Lord."{{sfn|Ophir|2020|p=180}}

Theologian Michael Horton believes Christian Trumpism represents the confluence of three trends that have come together, namely Christian American exceptionalism, end-times conspiracies, and the prosperity gospel, with Christian Americanism being the narrative that God specially called the United States into being as an extraordinary if not miraculous providence and end-times conspiracy referring to the world's annihilation (figurative or literal) due to some conspiracy of nefarious groups and globalist powers threatening American sovereignty. Horton thinks that what he calls the "cult of Christian Trumpism" blends these three ingredients with "a generous dose of hucksterism" as well as self-promotion and personality cult.{{sfn|Horton|2020}}

Evangelical Christian and historian John Fea believes "the church has warned against the pursuit of political power for a long, long time", but that many modern-day evangelicals such as Trump advisor and televangelist Paula White ignore these admonitions. Televangelist Jim Bakker praises prosperity gospel preacher White's ability to "walk into the White House at any time she wants to" and have "full access to the King." According to Fea, there are several other "court evangelicals" who have "devoted their careers to endorsing political candidates and Supreme Court justices who will restore what they believe to be the Judeo-Christian roots of the country" and who in turn are called on by Trump to "explain to their followers why Trump can be trusted in spite of his moral failings", including James Dobson, Franklin Graham, Johnnie Moore Jr., Ralph Reed, Gary Bauer, Richard Land, megachurch pastor Mark Burns and Southern Baptist pastor and Fox political commentator Robert Jeffress.{{sfn|Fea|2018|loc=(epub edition)|p=108}}

File:Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church.webm]]

For prominent Christians who fail to support Trump, the cost is a loss of presidential access and a substantial risk of criticism, a lesson learned by Timothy Dalrymple, president of the flagship magazine of evangelicals Christianity Today, and former chief editor Mark Galli, who were condemned by more than two hundred evangelical leaders for co-authoring a letter arguing that Christians were obligated to support the impeachment of Trump.{{sfn|Hedges|2020}}

Historian Stephen Jaeger traces the history of admonitions against becoming beholden religious courtiers back to the 11th century, with warnings of curses placed on holy men barred from heaven for taking too "keen an interest in the affairs of the state."{{sfn|Jaeger|1985|p=54}} Dangers to the court clergy were described by Peter of Blois, a 12th-century French cleric, theologian and courtier who "knew that court life is the death of the soul"{{sfn|Jaeger|1985|p=58}} and that despite believing that participation at court was "contrary to God and salvation," the clerical courtiers justified it with comparisons to Moses being sent by God to the Pharaoh.{{sfn|Jaeger|1985|p=84}} Pope Pius II opposed the clergy's presence at court, believing it was difficult for a Christian courtier to "rein in ambition, suppress avarice, tame envy, strife, wrath, and cut off vice, while standing in the midst of these [very] things." The history of warnings of the corrupting influence of power on holy leaders is recounted by Fea who compares it to behavior of Trump's court evangelical leaders, warning that Christians risk "making idols out of political leaders."{{sfn|Fea|2018|loc=(epub edition)|pp=105–112, 148}}

File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09170 (50826699171).jpg on January 6, 2021.{{sfn|CBS News, September 29, 2020}} The sign is blurred for copyright reasons.]]

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Jeffress claims that evangelical leaders' support of Trump is moral regardless of behavior that Christianity Today{{'}}s chief editor called "a near perfect example of a human being who is morally lost and confused."{{sfn|Galli|2019}} Jeffress argues that "the godly principle here is that governments have one responsibility, and that is Romans 13 [which] says to avenge evil doers."{{sfn|Jeffress|Fea|2016|loc=audio location 10:48}} This same biblical chapter was used by Jeff Sessions to claim biblical justification for Trump's policy of separating children from immigrant families. Historian Lincoln Muller explains this is one of two types of interpretations of Romans 13 which has been used in American political debates since its founding and is on the side of "the thread of American history that justifies oppression and domination in the name of law and order."{{sfn|Mullen|2018}}

From Jeffress's reading, government's purpose is as a "strongman to protect its citizens against evildoers", adding: "I don't care about that candidate's tone or vocabulary, I want the meanest toughest son of a you-know-what I can find, and I believe that is biblical."{{sfn|Jeffress|Wehner|2016|loc=audio location 8:20}} Jeffress, who referred to Barack Obama as "paving the way for the future reign of the Antichrist," Mitt Romney as a cult follower of a non-Christian religion{{sfn|Gryboski|2012}} and Roman Catholicism as a "Satanic" result of "Babylonian mystery religion"{{sfn|Tashman|2011}} traces the Christian libertarian perspective on government's sole role to suppress evil back to Saint Augustine who argued in The City of God against the Pagans (426 CE) that government's role is to restrain evil so Christians can peacefully practice their beliefs. Martin Luther similarly believed that government should be limited to checking sin.{{sfn|Jeffress|2011|pp=18, 29, 30–31}}

Like Jeffress, Richard Land refused to cut ties with Trump after his reaction to the Charlottesville white supremacist rally, with the explanation that "Jesus did not turn away from those who may have seemed brash with their words or behavior," adding that "now is not the time to quit or retreat, but just the opposite—to lean in closer."{{sfn|Henderson|2017}} Johnnie Moore's explanation for refusing to repudiate Trump after his Charlottesville response was that "you only make a difference if you have a seat at the table."{{sfn|Moore|2017}}

Journalist Elaina Plott suggests ideology is not as important as other characteristics of Trumpism.{{notetag|name=Plott1}} Plott cites political analyst Jeff Roe, who observed Trump "understood" and acted on the trend among Republican voters to be "less ideological" but "more polarized". Republicans are now more willing to accept policies like government mandated health care coverage for pre-existing conditions or trade tariffs, formerly disdained by conservatives as burdensome government regulations. At the same time, strong avowals of support for Trump and aggressive partisanship have become part of Republican election campaigning—in at least some parts of America—reaching down even to non-partisan campaigns for local government which formerly were collegial and issue-driven.{{sfn|Plott|2020}} Research by political scientist Marc Hetherington and others has found Trump supporters tend to share a "worldview" transcending political ideology, agreeing with statements like "the best strategy is to play hardball, even if it means being unfair." In contrast, those who agree with statements like "cooperation is the key to success" tend to prefer Trump's adversary former Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney.{{sfn|Plott|2020}}

On January 31, 2021, a detailed overview of the attempt by combative Trump supporters to subvert the election of the United States was published in The New York Times.{{sfn|Rutenberg et al.|2021}}{{sfn|Rosenberg|Rutenberg|2021}} Journalist Nicholas Lemann writes of the disconnect between some of Trump's campaign rhetoric and promises, and what he accomplished once in office—and the fact that the difference seemed to bother very few supporters. The campaign themes being anti-free-trade nationalism, defense of Social Security, attacks on big business, "building that big, beautiful wall and making Mexico pay for it", repealing Obama's Affordable Care Act, a trillion dollar infrastructure-building program. The accomplishments being "conventional" Republican policies and legislation—substantial tax cuts, rollbacks of federal regulations, and increases in military spending.{{sfn|Lemann|2020}} Many have noted that instead of the Republican National Convention issuing the customary "platform" of policies and promises for the 2020 campaign, it offered a "one-page resolution" stating that the party was not "going to have a new platform, but instead ... 'has and will continue to enthusiastically support the president's America-first agenda.'"{{notetag|name=Zurcher1}}{{sfn|Zurcher|2020}}

An alternate nonideological circular definition of Trumpism widely held among Trump activists was reported by right-populist commentator{{cite news |last=Purushothaman |first=Karthik |date=February 18, 2021 |title=The American 'Populist Right' After Trump |url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/american-populist-right-trump-saagar-enjeti-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250224082842/https://thewire.in/external-affairs/american-populist-right-trump-saagar-enjeti-review/ |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |work=The Wire}} Saagar Enjeti, chief Washington correspondent for The Hill, who stated: "I was frequently told by people wholly within the MAGA camp that trumpism meant anything Trump does, ergo nothing that he did is a departure from trumpism."{{sfn|Enjeti|2021}}

Trumpism differs from classical Abraham Lincoln Republicanism in many ways regarding free trade, immigration, equality, checks and balances in federal government, and the separation of church and state.{{sfn|Brazile|2020}} Peter J. Katzenstein of the WZB Berlin Social Science Center believes that Trumpism rests on three pillars, namely nationalism, religion and race.{{sfn|Katzenstein|2019}} According to sociologist Jeff Goodwin, Trumpism is characterized by a “contradictory, unstable amalgam” of five key elements: social conservatism, neoliberal capitalism, economic nationalism, nativism, and white nationalism.{{sfn|Wolf|2020}}

At the 2021 CPAC conference, Trump gave his own definition of what defines Trumpism: "What it means is great deals, ... . Like the USMCA replacement of the horrible NAFTA. ... It means low taxes and eliminated job killing regulations, ... . It means strong borders, but people coming into our country based on a system of merit. ... [I]t means no riots in the streets. It means law enforcement. It means very strong protection for the second amendment and the right to keep and bear arms. ... [I]t means a strong military and taking care of our vets ... ."{{sfn|Vallejo|2021}}{{sfn|Henninger|2021}}

{{further|Big lie|Personal branding|Truthiness}}

File:2017 Presidential Inauguration CV6A0675.jpg at the 2017 inauguration, a theme earlier established by Reagan to elicit a sense of restoration of hope]]

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild writes that Trump's "speeches—evoking dominance, bravado, clarity, national pride, and personal uplift—inspire an emotional transformation" in followers, deeply resonating with their "emotional self-interest". Hochschild states that Trump is an "emotions candidate", appealing to the emotional self-interests of voters. To Hochschild, this explains the paradox raised by Thomas Frank's book What's the Matter with Kansas?, an anomaly which motivated her five-year immersive research into the emotional dynamics of the Tea Party movement which she believes has mutated into Trumpism.{{sfn|Hochschild|2016|pp=8, 14, 223}}{{sfn|Thompson|2020}}

Her book Strangers in Their Own Land was named one of the "6 books to understand Trump's Win" by The New York Times.{{sfn|NYTimes11_09|2016}} Hochschild claims that voters were not persuaded by rhetoric to vote against their self-interest through appeals to the "bad angels" of their nature:{{notetag|A reference to a metaphor found at the close of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address. Cognitive scientist Steven Pinker explains the impact of these appeals in his book The Better Angels of Our Nature.}} "their greed, selfishness, racial intolerance, homophobia, and desire to get out of paying taxes that go to the unfortunate." She grants that the appeal to bad angels is made by Trump, but states that it "obscures another—to the right wing's good angels—their patience in waiting in line in scary economic times, their capacity for loyalty, sacrifice, and endurance", qualities she describes as a part of a motivating narrative she calls their "deep story", a social contract narrative that appears to be widely shared in other countries as well.{{sfn|Hochschild|2016|pp=230, 234}} She thinks Trump's approach towards his audience creates group cohesiveness by exploiting a crowd phenomenon Emile Durkheim called "collective effervescence", "a state of emotional excitation felt by those who join with others they take to be fellow members of a moral or biological tribe ... to affirm their unity and, united, they feel secure and respected."{{sfn|Hochschild|2016|p=223}} {{notetag|For a detailed description of this evocation of intense collective emotions in order to engineer group identity, see {{harvnb|Cui|2018}}. Cui writes: "The collective emotions that audiences feel during media events is the modern day equivalent of the collective effervescence in totemic worship (Dayan & Katz, 1992). In primitive societies, intense feelings about the collectivity are generated through the participants physically enacting rituals together. Possessed by these intense feelings, they experience themselves as sharing the collective identity represented by the symbolism in the rituals. In sophisticated industrial societies, people often participate in rituals through the media. Through the live broadcast of ceremonial events, a geographically dispersed population can be temporally synchronized through the symbolic representation of a higher reality. The intense collective emotions these events generate reinforce social identity (Jiménez-Martínez, 2014; Uimonen, 2015; Widholm, 2016)."{{sfn|Cui|2018|p=95}}}}

Trumpian rhetoric employs absolutist framings and threat narratives{{sfn|Marietta|Farley|Cote|Murphy|2017|p=330}} rejecting the political establishment.{{sfn|Tarnoff|2016}} The absolutist rhetoric emphasizes non-negotiable boundaries and moral outrage at their supposed violation.{{sfn|Marietta|Farley|Cote|Murphy|2017|pp=313, 317}}{{notetag|Trump's scenic construction (introduction of characters and setting stage depicting an issue) use black and white terms to describe malevolent forces, or the coming victory. John Kerry is a "total disaster" and Obamacare would "destroy American health care forever"; Kenneth Burke referred to this "all or none" staging as characteristic of "burlesque" rhetoric.{{sfn|Appel|2018|pp=162–163}} Instead of a world involving a variety of complex situations requiring nuanced solutions acceptable to a multiplicity of interested groups, for the agitator the world is a simple stage populated by two irreconcilable groups and dramatic action involves decisions with simple either-or choices. Because all players and issues are painted using black and white terms, there is no possibility of working out a common solution.{{sfn|Löwenthal|Guterman|1949|pp=92–95}}}}

A particular pattern is common for authoritarian movements. First, elicit a sense of depression, humiliation and victimhood. Second, separate the world into two opposing groups: a demonized set of others versus those who have the power and will to overcome them.{{sfn|Löwenthal|Guterman|1949|p=93}} This involves identifying the enemy supposedly causing the current state of affairs and then promoting conspiracy theories and fearmongering to inflame fear and anger. After cycling these first two patterns through the populace, the final message aims to produce a cathartic release of pent-up ochlocracy and mob energy, with a promise that salvation is at hand because the leader will deliver the nation back to its former glory.{{sfn|Smith|2020|p=121}} This three-part pattern was identified in 1932 by Roger Money-Kyrle who wrote Psychology of Propaganda.{{sfn|Money-Kyrle|2015|pp=166–168}} Reporting on Trumpist rallies has documented expressions of the Money-Kyrle pattern and associated stagecraft.{{sfn|Guilford|2016}}{{sfn|Sexton|2017|pp=104–108}}

File:Donald Trump (45444992061).jpg rally in Arizona, 2018]]

Critical theory scholar Douglas Kellner compares the elaborate staging of Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will with that used in Trump rallies using the example of the preparation of photo op sequences and aggressive hyping of huge attendance expected for Trump's 2015 primary event in Mobile, Alabama, when the media coverage repeatedly cuts between the Trump jet circling the stadium, the rising excitement of rapturous admirers below, the motorcade and the final triumphal entrance of the individual Kellner claims is being presented as the "political savior to help them out with their problems and address their grievances".{{sfn|Kellner|2020|p=93}}

Connolly thinks the performance draws energy from the crowd's anger as it channels it, drawing it into a collage of anxieties, frustrations and resentments about malaise themes, such as deindustrialization, offshoring, racial tensions, political correctness, a more humble position for the United States in global security, economics and so on. Connolly observes that animated gestures, pantomiming, facial expressions, strutting and finger pointing are incorporated as part of the theater, transforming the anxiety into anger directed at particular targets, concluding that "each element in a Trump performance flows and folds into the others until an aggressive resonance machine is formed that is more intense than its parts."{{sfn|Connolly|2017|p=13}} Some compare the symbiotic dynamics of crowd pleasing to that of the professional wrestling style of events which Trump was involved with since the 1980s.{{sfn|Nessen|2016}}{{sfn|Newkirk|2016}}

Some academics point out that the narrative common in the popular press describing the psychology of such crowds is a repetition of a 19th-century theory by Gustave Le Bon when organized crowds were seen by political elites as potential threats to the social order. In his book The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1895), Le Bon described a sort of collective contagion uniting a crowd into a near religious frenzy, reducing members to barbaric, if not subhuman levels of consciousness with mindless goals.{{sfn|Le Bon|2002|pp=xiii, 8, 91–92}} Since such a description depersonalizes supporters, this type of Le Bon analysis is criticized because the would-be defenders of liberal democracy simultaneously are dodging responsibility for investigating grievances while also unwittingly accepting the same us vs. them framing of illiberalism.{{sfn|Zaretsky|2016}}{{sfn|Reicher|2017|pp=2–4}} Connolly acknowledges the risks but considers it more risky to ignore that Trumpian persuasion is successful due to deliberate use of techniques evoking more mild forms of affective contagion.{{sfn|Connolly|2017|p=15}}

File:President Donald J. Trump embraces the American flag at CPAC 2019.jpg.]]

A constant barrage of rhetoric rivets media attention while obscuring actions such as neoliberal deregulation. One study concluded that significant environmental deregulation occurred during the first year of the Trump administration but, due to its concurrent use of racist rhetoric, escaped much media attention. According to the authors, the rhetoric served political objectives of dehumanizing its targets, eroding democratic norms, and consolidating power by emotionally connecting with and inflaming resentments among the base of followers and distracted media attention from deregulatory policymaking by igniting media coverage of the distractions.{{sfn|Pulido|Bruno|Faiver-Serna|Galentine|2019}}

File:Billboard Challenging the validity of Barack Obama's Birth Certificate.JPG conspiracy theory used to delegitimize his political rival employing a political tactic known as the big lie,{{sfn|Kellner|2020|p=90}}{{sfn|Connolly|2017|p=19}} although the conspiracy originated from Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/birtherism-where-it-all-began-053563|publisher=Politico|title=Birtherism: Where it all began|last1=Smith|first1= Ben|last2= Tau|first2= Byron|language=en-US|url-status=live|date=April 22, 2011|access-date=February 25, 2024|archive-date=June 16, 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200616004248/https://www.politico.com/story/2011/04/birtherism-where-it-all-began-053563}}{{cite web |last=Emery |first=David |url=http://www.snopes.com/hillary-clinton-started-birther-movement/ |title=Did Clinton Supporters Start the 'Birther' Movement? |date=September 17, 2016 |work=Snopes |access-date=September 17, 2016 |archive-date=March 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180330054933/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hillary-clinton-started-birther-movement/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news|title=2 Clinton supporters in '08 reportedly shared Obama 'birther' story|last=Goldstein|first=David|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article102354777.html|access-date=November 14, 2016|work=McClatchy DC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115205806/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/election/article102354777.html|archive-date=November 15, 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite news|first1=Eugene|last1=Scott|title=Clinton's '08 campaign chief: We didn't start 'birther' movement|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/16/politics/hillary-clinton-patti-solis-doyle-birther-donald-trump/|access-date=November 14, 2016|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114234211/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/16/politics/hillary-clinton-patti-solis-doyle-birther-donald-trump/|archive-date=November 14, 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/for-true-disbelievers-the-facts-are-just-not-enough/648060|title=For true disbelievers, the facts are just not enough|last=Hollyfield|first=Amy|date=June 28, 2008|work=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=March 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327234422/http://www.tampabay.com/news/for-true-disbelievers-the-facts-are-just-not-enough/648060|archive-date=March 27, 2015|url-status=dead}}]]

According to civil rights lawyer Burt Neuborne and political theorist William E. Connolly, Trumpist rhetoric employs tropes similar to those used by fascists in Germany{{sfn|Connolly|2017|p=7}} to persuade citizens (at first a minority) to give up democracy, by using a barrage of falsehoods, half-truths, personal invective, threats, xenophobia, national-security scares, religious bigotry, white racism, exploitation of economic insecurity, and a never-ending search for scapegoats.{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=32}} Neuborne found twenty parallel practices,{{sfn|Rosenfeld|2019}} such as creating what amounts to an "alternate reality" in adherents' minds, through direct communications, by nurturing a fawning mass media and by deriding scientists to erode the notion of objective truth;{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=34}} organizing carefully orchestrated mass rallies;{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=36}} attacking judges when legal cases are lost;{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=39}} using lies, half-truths, insults, vituperation and innuendo to marginalize, demonize and destroy opponents;{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=36}} making jingoistic appeals to ultranationalist fervor;{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=36}} and promising to stop the flow of "undesirable" ethnic groups who are made scapegoats for the nation's ills.{{sfn|Neuborne|2019|p=37}}

Connolly presents a similar list in his book Aspirational Fascism (2017), adding comparisons of the integration of theatrics and crowd participation with rhetoric, involving grandiose bodily gestures, grimaces, hysterical charges, dramatic repetitions of alternate reality falsehoods, and totalistic assertions incorporated into signature phrases that audiences are encouraged to join in chanting.{{sfn|Connolly|2017|p=11}} Despite the similarities, Connolly stresses that Trump is no Nazi but is "an aspirational fascist who pursues crowd adulation, hyperaggressive nationalism, white triumphalism, and militarism, pursues a law-and-order regime giving unaccountable power to the police, and is a practitioner of a rhetorical style that regularly creates fake news and smears opponents to mobilize support for the Big Lies he advances."{{sfn|Connolly|2017|p=7}}

In his 2024 book Trump and Hitler: A Comparative Study in Lying, cultural theorist Henk de Berg points to a number of further parallels between Trump's and Hitler's rhetoric; namely, the use of jokes and personal insults; the deliberate creation of controversy; interpretative openness, allowing different groups to recognize themselves in the argument; and oratorical meandering in cases where a coherent narrative would draw attention to the argument's inconsistencies.{{Cite book |last=de Berg |first=Henk |title=Trump and Hitler: a comparative study in lying |date=2024 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-031-51832-4 |location=London |pages=263–306}} De Berg also points out that extremist language is by Trump's followers often perceived as authentic, because in real life we also tend to overstate things (e.g., "My new boss is worse than Stalin").{{Cite web |last=de Berg |first=Henk |date=2024 |title=Fives Rules for Understanding Trump's Rhetorical Strategy |url=https://www.palgrave.com/in/blogs/social-sciences/deberg |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.palgrave.com |language=en}}

Trump used personal branding to market himself as an extraordinary leader by using his celebrity status and name recognition. As one of the communications director for the MAGA super PAC put it in 2016, "Like Hercules, Donald Trump is a work of fiction."{{sfn|Cegielski|2016}} Journalism professor Mark Danner explains that "week after week for a dozen years millions of Americans saw Donald J. Trump portraying the business magus [in The Apprentice], the grand vizier of capitalism, the wise man of the boardroom, a living confection whose every step and word bespoke gravitas and experience and power and authority and ... money. Endless amounts of money."{{sfn|Danner|2016}}

Political science scholar Andrea Schneiker regards the branding strategy of the Trump public persona as that of a superhero who "uses his superpowers to save others, that is, his country. ... a superhero is needed to solve the problems of ordinary Americans ... Hence, the superhero per definition is an anti-politician. Due to his celebrity status and his identity as entertainer, Donald Trump can thereby be considered to be allowed to take extraordinary measures and even to break rules."{{sfn|Schneiker|2018}}{{sfn|Hall|Goldstein|Ingram|2016}}

{{anchor|Trumpian sentiments}}

Historian Peter E. Gordon observes that "Trump, far from being a violation of the norm, actually signifies an emergent norm of the social order" where the categories of the psychological and political have dissolved.{{sfn|Gordon|2018|p=79}}{{notetag|Ann Stoler writes, "These are divisive cuts through our social, political, and affective landscapes that are not eruptions, as they are so often described. Rather, these figures [Trump, Le Pen, and Wilders] register deep tectonic shifts not readily visible with the conceptual tools at hand, nor by the metrics we have used to measure durable sensibilities or to capture sonics to which we are so adverse, askew to our shared radars. Prevailing political categories and concepts may now seem inadequate or inoperative."{{sfn|Stoler|2020|p=117}}}} In accounting for Trump's election and ability to sustain high approval ratings among voters, Erika Tucker writes in the book Trump and Political Philosophy that though all presidential campaigns have strong emotions associated with them, Trump was able to recognize, and then to gain the trust and loyalty of those who felt strong emotions about perceived changes in the United States. She notes, "Political psychologist Drew Westen has argued that Democrats are less successful at gauging and responding to affective politics—issues that arouse strong emotional states."{{sfn|Tucker|2018|p=134}}

Examining the populist appeal of Trump, Hidalgo-Tenorio and Benítez-Castro draw on the theories of Ernesto Laclau, writing, "The emotional appeal of populist discourse is key to its polarising effects, this being so much so that populism 'would be unintelligible without the affective component.' (Laclau 2005, 11)"{{sfn|Hidalgo-Tenorio|Benítez-Castro|2021}}{{sfn|Laclau|2005|p=11}}

Trump uses rhetoric that political scientists have deemed to be both dehumanizing and connected to physical violence by Trump's followers.{{Cite journal |last1=Nacos |first1=Brigitte L. |last2=Shapiro |first2=Robert Y. |last3=Bloch-Elkon |first3=Yaeli |date=2020 |title=Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26940036 |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=2–25 |jstor=26940036 |issn=2334-3745 |access-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-date=November 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112193113/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26940036 |url-status=live }}

{{Anchor|Trump supporters}}

Communications scholar Michael Carpini states that "Trumpism is a culmination of trends that have been occurring for several decades. What we are witnessing is nothing short of a fundamental shift in the relationships between journalism, politics, and democracy." Among the shifts, Carpini identifies "the collapsing of the prior [media] regime's presumed and enforced distinctions between news and entertainment."{{sfn|Carpini|2018|pp=18–19}} Examining Trump's use of media for the book Language in the Trump Era, communication professor Marco Jacquemet writes that this approach "assumes (correctly, it appears) that his audiences care more about shock and entertainment value in their media consumption than almost anything else."{{sfn|Jacquemet|2020|p=187}}

Plasser & Ulram (2003) describe a media logic which emphasizes "personalization ... a political star system ... [and] sports based dramatization."{{sfn|Plasser|Ulram|2003}} Olivier Jutel notes that "Donald Trump's celebrity status and reality-TV rhetoric of 'winning' and 'losing' corresponds perfectly to these values", asserting that "Fox News and conservative personalities from Rush Limbaugh, Glenn Beck and Alex Jones do not simply represent a new political and media voice but embody the convergence of politics and media in which affect and enjoyment are the central values of media production."{{sfn|Jutel|2019|pp=249, 255}}

Studying paranoia in media, anthropologist Jessica Johnson writes, "Rather than finding accurate news meaningful, Facebook users find the affective pleasure of connectivity addictive, whether or not the information they share is factual, and that is how communicative capitalism captivates subjects as it holds them captive."{{sfn|Johnson|2018}} Looking back at the world prior to social media, communications researcher Brian L. Ott writes: "I'm nostalgic for the world of television that {{!(}}Neil{{)!}} Postman (1985) argued, produced the 'least well-informed people in the Western world' by packaging news as entertainment. (pp. 106–107){{sfn|Postman|2005|p=106}} Twitter is producing the most self-involved people in history by treating everything one does or thinks as newsworthy. Television may have assaulted journalism, but Twitter killed it."{{sfn|Ott|2017|p=66}} Commenting on Trump's support among Fox News viewers, Hofstra University Communication Dean Mark Lukasiewicz has a similar perspective, writing, "Tristan Harris famously said that social networks are about 'affirmation, not information'—and the same can be said about cable news, especially in prime time."{{sfn|Beer|2021}}

File:American way of life 1937 Bourke-White photo (colorized, cropped).jpg of upward mobility for the deserving is, according to Kimmel and Hochschild, a promise that many Americans feel has been denied them due to forces described within a shared "deep story" commonly held among Trump supporters.]] Arlie Russell Hochschild holds that Trump supporters trust their preferred sources of information due to the affective bond they have with them. As media scholar Daniel Kreiss summarizes Hochschild, "Trump, along with Fox News, gave these strangers in their own land the hope that they would be restored to their rightful place at the center of the nation, and provided a very real emotional release from the fetters of political correctness that dictated they respect people of color, lesbians and gays, and those of other faiths ... that the network's personalities share the same 'deep story' of political and social life, and therefore they learn from them 'what to feel afraid, angry, and anxious about.'"{{sfn|Kreiss|2018|pp=93–94}}

From Kreiss's 2018 account of conservative personalities and media, information became less important than providing a sense of familial bonding, where "family provides a sense of identity, place, and belonging; emotional, social, and cultural support and security; and gives rise to political and social affiliations and beliefs."{{sfn|Kreiss|2018|pp=93, 94}} Hochschild gives the example of a woman who states, "Bill O'Reilly is like a steady, reliable dad. Sean Hannity is like a difficult uncle who rises to anger too quickly. Megyn Kelly{{notetag|Kelly left Fox in 2017}} is like a smart sister. Then there's Greta Van Susteren. And Juan Williams, who came over from NPR, which was too left for him, the adoptee. They're all different, just like in a family."{{sfn|Hochschild|2016|p=126}}

Media scholar Olivier Jutel notes that, "Affect is central to the brand strategy of Fox which imagined its journalism not in terms of servicing the rational citizen in the public sphere but in 'craft[ing] intensive relationships with their viewers' (Jones, 2012: 180) in order to sustain audience share across platforms."{{notetag|name=Jones2012}} In this segmented market, Trump "offers himself as an ego-ideal to an individuated public of enjoyment that coalesce around his media brand as part of their own performance of identity." Jutel states that news media companies benefit from offering spectacle and drama. "Trump is a definitive product of mediatized politics providing the spectacle that drives ratings and affective media consumption, either as part of his populist movement or as the liberal resistance."{{sfn|Jutel|2019|pp=250, 256}}

Researchers give differing emphasis to which emotions are important to followers. Michael Richardson argues in the Journal of Media and Cultural Studies that "affirmation, amplification and circulation of disgust is one of the primary affective drivers of Trump's political success." Richardson agrees with Ott about the "entanglement of Trumpian affect and social media crowds" who seek "affective affirmation, confirmation and amplification. Social media postings of crowd experiences accumulate as 'archives of feelings' that are both dynamic in nature and affirmative of social values (Pybus 2015, 239)."{{sfn|Richardson|2017}}{{sfn|Pybus|2015|p=239}}

Using Trump as an example, social trust expert Karen Jones follows philosopher Annette Baier in explaining that the masters of the art of creating trust and distrust are populist politicians and criminals, who "show a masterful appreciation of the ways in which certain emotional states drive out trust and replace it with distrust."{{sfn|Jones|2019}} Jones sees Trump as an exemplar of this class who recognize that fear and contempt are tools that can reorient networks of trust and distrust in social networks in order to alter how a potential supporter "interprets the words, deeds, and motives of the other."{{notetag|Jones elaborates on her view that trust is central to epistemology in a chapter entitled "Trusting Interpretations" which appeared in the book "Trust – Analytic and Applied Perspectives".{{sfn|Jones|2013}}}} She holds that "A core strategy of Donald Trump, both as candidate and president, has been to manufacture fear and contempt towards some undocumented migrants (among other groups)", a strategy which "has gone global ... in Australia, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Italy and the United Kingdom."{{sfn|Jones|2019}}

{{see also|Stop the Steal|False or misleading statements by Donald Trump}}

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|image1= 2017- Donald Trump veracity - composite graph.png |caption1= Fact-checkers from The Washington Post,{{cite news |author1=Fact Checker |title=In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=January 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120194744/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |url-status=live}} the Toronto Star,{{cite news |last1=Dale |first1=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=June 5, 2019 |title=Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president |work=Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html |url-status=live |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003215457/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html |archive-date=October 3, 2019}} and CNN{{cite news |last1=Dale |first1=Daniel |title=Trump is averaging about 59 false claims per week since ... July 8, 2019. |url=https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1237083913496989702 |work=CNN |date=March 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309184231/https://twitter.com/ddale8/status/1237083913496989702 |archive-date=March 9, 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=April 16, 2020}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20200415192932/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ESsA5nTXYAA562e?format=png direct link to chart image]){{cite news |last1=Dale |first1=Daniel |last2=Subramaniam |first2=Tara |title=Donald Trump made 115 false claims in the last two weeks of February |work=CNN |date=March 9, 2020 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-february/index.html |access-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803235929/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/09/politics/fact-check-trump-false-claims-february/index.html |url-status=live}} compiled data on "false or misleading claims", and "false claims", respectively. The Post reported 30,573 false or misleading claims in four years, an average of more than 20.9 per day.

|image2=20240524 Trump groundwork for election denial.svg |caption2= To sow election doubt, Trump escalated use of "rigged election" and "election interference" statements in advance of the 2024 election compared to the previous two elections—the statements described as part of a "heads I win; tails you cheated" rhetorical strategy.{{cite news |last1=Yourish |first1=Karen |last2=Smart |first2=Charlie |title=Trump's Pattern of Sowing Election Doubt Intensifies in 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/24/us/politics/trump-election-results-doubt.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524231457/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/05/24/us/politics/trump-election-results-doubt.html |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |url-status=live }}

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| image3= 20241116 "Gaslighting" (topic) on Google Trends.svg |caption3= Google Trends topic searches for "Gaslighting" began a substantial increase in 2016, at the time of the campaign for the U.S. presidential election.{{cite web |title=Gaslighting / topic |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F07h4c7&hl=en |website=Google Trends |date=November 16, 2024 |quote=Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search |access-date=November 18, 2024 |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213180704/https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?q=%2Fm%2F07h4c7&hl=en&date=all |url-status=dead}}

| image4= 20241116 "Fake news" (topic) on Google Trends.svg |caption4= Google Trends topic searches for "Fake news" began a substantial increase in late 2016, about the time of the U.S. presidential election.{{cite web |title=Fake news / topic |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fg%2F1210rwkh&hl=en |website=Google Trends |date=November 16, 2024 |quote=Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

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| image1= 1828- Margin of victory in US presidential elections - popular vote.svg |caption1= Though Trump repeatedly promoted his 2024 victory as a mandate—to inflate the actual degree of voter support—he failed to receive 50% of the popular vote.{{cite news |last1=Bump |first1=Philip |title=Trump’s 2024 ‘mandate’ isn’t as robust as Biden’s was in 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/11/18/trumps-2024-mandate-isnt-robust-bidens-was-2020/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241118200100/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/11/18/trumps-2024-mandate-isnt-robust-bidens-was-2020/ |archive-date=November 18, 2024 |url-status=live }} His 1.5 percentage point margin of victory in 2024 (shown in chart) place it in only the 20th percentile of presidential elections since 1828.Woolley, John T. and Peters, Gerhard, Eds. {{cite web |title=Presidential Election Margin of Victory |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/presidential-election-mandates |publisher=The American Presidency Project (University of California) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329061727/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/statistics/data/presidential-election-mandates |archive-date=March 29, 2025 |date=November 6, 2024 |url-status=live}}

| image2= 2017 Human-related causes of bird deaths (US).svg |caption2= Trump's opposition to wind power involves repeated claims that "windmills" "kill the birds".{{cite news |last1=Kaufman |first1=Mark |title=Trump won't stop making a deceptive bird claim. Experts debunk it. |url=https://mashable.com/article/trump-wind-energy-turbine-birds-death |work=Mashable |date=August 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211034724/https://mashable.com/article/trump-wind-energy-turbine-birds-death |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |url-status=live}} However, cats in the U.S. actually kill about 10,000 times as many birds as wind turbines.{{cite web |title=Threats to Birds / Top Threats to Birds (U.S. only. Ordered by Median Estimate of Bird Mortality Annually. As of 2017.) |url=https://www.fws.gov/library/collections/threats-birds |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213033928/https://www.fws.gov/library/collections/threats-birds |archive-date=February 13, 2025 |date=2017 |url-status=live}}

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There are many falsehoods which Trump presents as facts.{{sfn|Kessler|Kelly|2018}} Drawing on Harry G. Frankfurt's book On Bullshit, political science professor Matthew McManus argues that Trump is a bullshitter whose sole interest is to persuade, and not a liar (e.g. Richard Nixon) who takes the power of truth seriously and so deceitfully attempts to conceal it. Trump by contrast is indifferent to the truth or unaware of it.{{sfn|McManus|2020|p=178}} Unlike conventional lies of politicians exaggerating their accomplishments, Trump's lies are egregious, making lies about easily verifiable facts. At one rally Trump stated his father "came from Germany", even though Fred Trump was born in New York City.{{sfn|Kessler|Rizzo|Kelly|2020|pp=16, 24, 46, 47|loc=(ebook edition)}}

Leaders at the 2018 United Nations General Assembly burst into laughter at his boast that he had accomplished more in his first two years than any other United States president. Visibly startled, Trump responded to the audience: "I didn't expect that reaction."{{sfn|Kessler|Rizzo|Kelly|2020|pp=16, 24, 46, 47|loc=(ebook edition)}} Trump lies about the trivial, such as claiming that there was no rain on the day of his inauguration when in fact it did rain, as well as making grandiose "Big Lies", such as claiming that Obama founded ISIS, or promoting the birther movement, a conspiracy theory which claims that Obama was born in Kenya, not Hawaii.{{sfn|Pfiffner|2020|pp=17–40}} Connolly points to the similarities of such reality-bending gaslighting with fascist and post Soviet techniques of propaganda including Kompromat (scandalous material), stating that "Trumpian persuasion draws significantly upon the repetition of Big Lies."{{sfn|Connolly|2017|pp=18–19}}

Robert Jay Lifton, a scholar of psychohistory and authority on the nature of cults, emphasizes the importance of understanding Trumpism "as an assault on reality". A leader has more power if he is in any part successful at making truth irrelevant to his followers.{{sfn|Lifton|2019|pp=131–132}} Trump biographer Timothy L. O'Brien agrees, stating: "It is a core operating principle of Trumpism. If you constantly attack objective reality, you are left as the only trustworthy source of information, which is one of his goals for his relationship with his supporters—that they should believe no one else but him."{{sfn|Parker|2020}} Lifton believes Trump is a purveyor of a solipsistic reality{{sfn|Lifton|2019|p=11|loc=epub edition)}} which is hostile to facts and is made collective by amplifying frustrations and fears held by his community of zealous believers.

Research published in the American Sociological Review found that Trump's lying helped boost his "authentic appeal". It argued that in systems viewed as flawed or with low political legitimacy, a "flagrant violator of established norms" is seen "as an authentic champion" by being perceived as "bravely speaking a deep and otherwise suppressed truth" against a political establishment that does not appear to be working on behalf of the people. While a perceived establishment candidate "may be more likable or perceived to be more competent", voters question the candidates opposition to "the injustice that is said to have permeated the established political system".{{sfn|Hahl|Kim|Zuckerman Sivan|2018}} Andrew Gumbel, writing for The Guardian after the 2024 presidential election, wrote that many Trump voters in Youngstown, Ohio saw both parties as filled with crooks and liars, but that Trump "comes across as someone who doesn't pretend to be anything other than what he is, and that perceived authenticity counts for more with many Youngstown voters than his character flaws or even his policy positions". Gumbel aruged that voters preferred "gut instincts" to "carefully scripted messaging of a Democrat like Kamala Harris or even a mainstream Republican".{{sfn|Gumbel|2025}}

File:Tyler Merbler-TrumpUrinatingFlag detail.jpg

Social psychology research into the Trump movement, such as that of Bob Altemeyer, Thomas F. Pettigrew, and Karen Stenner, views the Trump movement as primarily being driven by the psychological predispositions of its followers,{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=11}}{{sfn|Stenner|Haidt|2018|p=136}}{{sfn|Pettigrew|2017|p=107}} although political and historical factors (reviewed elsewhere in this article) are also involved.{{sfn|Pettigrew|2017|p=107}} An article in Social Psychological and Personality Science described a study concluding that Trump followers prefer hierarchical and ethnocentric social orders that favor their in-group.{{sfn|Womick et al.|2018}}

In the non-academic book, Authoritarian Nightmare: Trump and His Followers, Altemeyer and John Dean describe research which reaches the same conclusions. Despite disparate and inconsistent beliefs and ideologies, a coalition of such followers can become cohesive and broad in part because each individual "compartmentalizes" their thoughts{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=140}} and they are free to define their sense of the threatened tribal in-group{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=154}} in their own terms, whether it is predominantly related to their cultural or religious views{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=188}} (e.g. the mystery of evangelical support for Trump), nationalism{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=218}} (e.g. the Make America Great Again slogan), or their race (maintaining a white majority).{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=258}}

File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09156 collage.png

Altemeyer, MacWilliams, Feldman, Choma, Hancock, Van Assche and Pettigrew claim that instead of directly attempting to measure such ideological, racial or policy views, supporters of such movements can be reliably predicted by using two social psychology scales (singly or in combination), namely right-wing authoritarian (RWA) measures which were developed in the 1980s by Altemeyer and other authoritarian personality researchers,{{notetag|The measure is a refinement of the authoritarian personality theory published in 1950 by researchers Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson and Nevitt Sanford. Despite its name, RWA measures predisposition towards authoritarianism regardless of political orientation.}} and the social dominance orientation (SDO) scale developed in the 1990s by social dominance theorists.

In May 2019, Monmouth University Polling Institute conducted a study in collaboration with Altemeyer in order to empirically test the hypothesis using the SDO and RWA measures. The finding was that social dominance orientation and affinity for authoritarian leadership are highly correlated with followers of Trumpism.{{sfn|Dean|Altemeyer|2020|p=227}} This study further confirmed of the studies discussed in MacWilliams (2016), Feldman (2020), Choma and Hancock (2017), and Van Assche & Pettigrew (2016).{{sfn|Pettigrew|2017|pp=5–6}}

The research does not imply that the followers always behave in an authoritarian manner but that expression is contingent, which means there is reduced influence if it is not triggered by fear and what the subject perceives as threats.{{sfn|Stenner|Haidt|2018|p=136}}{{sfn|Pettigrew|2017|p=108}}{{sfn|Feldman|2020}} Similar social psychological techniques for analyzing Trumpism have been effective in identifying adherents of similar movements in Europe, including in Belgium and France (Lubbers & Scheepers, 2002; Swyngedouw & Giles, 2007; Van Hiel & Mervielde, 2002; Van Hiel, 2012), the Netherlands (Cornelis & Van Hiel, 2014) and Italy (Leone, Desimoni & Chirumbolo, 2014).{{sfn|Pettigrew|2017|pp=112–113}} Quoting comments from participants in focus groups made up of people who had voted for Democrat Obama in 2012 but flipped to Trump in 2016, pollster Diane Feldman noted the anti-government, anti-coastal-elite anger: "'They think they're better than us, they're P.C., they're virtue-signallers.' '[Trump] doesn't come across as one of those people who think they're better than us and are screwing us.' 'They lecture us.' 'They don't even go to church.' 'They're in charge, and they're ripping us off.'"{{sfn|Lemann|2020}}

Former speaker of the House Newt Gingrich explained the central role of dominance in his speech "Principles of Trumpism", comparing the needed leadership style to that of a violent bear. Psychology researcher Dan P. McAdams thinks a better comparison is to the dominance behavior of alpha male chimpanzees such as Yeroen, the subject of an extensive study of chimp social behavior conducted by renowned primatologist Frans de Waal.{{sfn|McAdams|2020|p=329}} Christopher Boehm, a professor of biology and anthropology agrees, writing, "his model of political posturing has echoes of what I saw in the wild in six years in Tanzania studying the Gombe chimpanzees," and "seems like a classic alpha display."{{sfn|Boehm|2016}}

Using the example of Yeroen, McAdams describes the similarities: "On Twitter, Trump's incendiary tweets are like Yeroen's charging displays. In chimp colonies, the alpha male occasionally goes berserk and starts screaming, hooting, and gesticulating wildly as he charges toward other males nearby. Pandemonium ensues as rival males cower in fear ... Once the chaos ends, there is a period of peace and order, wherein rival males pay homage to the alpha, visiting him, grooming him, and expressing various forms of submission. In Trump's case, his tweets are designed to intimidate his foes and rally his submissive base ... These verbal outbursts reinforce the president's dominance by reminding everybody of his wrath and his force."{{sfn|McAdams|2020|p=318}}

Primatologist Dame Jane Goodall explains that like the dominance performances of Trump, "In order to impress rivals, males seeking to rise in the dominance hierarchy perform spectacular displays: Stamping, slapping the ground, dragging branches, throwing rocks. The more vigorous and imaginative the display, the faster the individual is likely to rise in the hierarchy, and the longer he is likely to maintain that position." The comparison has been echoed by political observers sympathetic to Trump. Nigel Farage, an enthusiastic backer of Trump, stated that in the 2016 United States presidential debates where Trump loomed up on Clinton, he "looked like a big silverback gorilla", and added that "he is that big alpha male. The leader of the pack!"{{sfn|Fallows|2016}}

McAdams points out the audience gets to vicariously share in the sense of dominance due to the parasocial bonding that his performance produces for his fans, as shown by Shira Gabriel's research studying the phenomenon in Trump's role in The Apprentice.{{sfn|Gabriel|Paravati|Green|Flomsbee|2018}} McAdams writes that the "television audience vicariously experienced the world according to Donald Trump", a world where Trump says "Man is the most vicious of all animals, and life is a series of battles ending in victory or defeat."{{sfn|McAdams|2020|p=298}}

{{further|Collective narcissism|Donald Trump on social media|Post-truth politics}}

Cultural anthropologist Paul Stoller thinks Trump employed celebrity culture-glitz, illusion and fantasy to construct a shared alternate reality where lies become truth and reality's resistance to one's own dreams is overcome by the right attitude and bold self-confidence.{{sfn|Stoller|2017|p=58}} Trump's father indoctrinated his children from an early age into the positive thinking approach to reality advocated by the family's pastor Norman Vincent Peale.{{sfn|Blair|2000|p=275|loc=(epub edition)}} Trump said that Peale considered him the greatest student of his philosophy that regards facts as not important, because positive attitudes will instead cause what you "image" to materialize.{{sfn|Mansfield|2017|p=77}} Trump biographer Gwenda Blair thinks Trump "weaponized" Peale's self-help philosophy.{{sfn|Kruse|2017}}

Collective narcissism measures have been shown to be a powerful predictor of membership in authoritarian movements including Trump's.{{sfn|Federico|Golec de Zavala|2018|p=1}}

{{external media| float = left| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?448033-1/believe-me Presentation by John Fea on Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump, July 7, 2018], C-SPAN| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?447988-3/john-fea-evangelicals-president-trump Washington Journal interview with Fea on Believe Me, July 8, 2018], C-SPAN}}

In his book Believe Me which details Trump's exploitation of white evangelical politics of fear, Messiah College history professor John Fea points out the narcissistic nature of the fanciful appeals to nostalgia, noting that "In the end, the practice of nostalgia is inherently selfish because it focuses entirely on our own experience of the past and not on the experience of others. For example, people nostalgic for the world of Leave It to Beaver may fail to recognize that other people, perhaps even some of the people living in the Cleaver's suburban "paradise" of the 1950s, were not experiencing the world in a way that they would describe as 'great.' Nostalgia can give us tunnel vision. Its selective use of the past fails to recognize the complexity and breadth of the human experience ... ."{{sfn|Fea|2018|p=140}}

File:Cleaver family Leave it to Beaver 1960.JPG version of America.{{sfn|Fea|2018|pp=139–140}}]]

According to Fea, the hopelessness of achieving an idealized past "causes us to imagine a future filled with horror" leading to conspiratorial narratives that easily mobilize white evangelicals.{{sfn|Fea|2018|pp=45, 67}} As a result, they are easily captivated by a strongman such as Trump who repeats and amplifies their fears while posing as the deliverer from them. In his review of Fea's analysis of the impact of conspiracy theories on white evangelical Trump supporters, scholar of religious politics David Gutterman writes: "The greater the threat, the more powerful the deliverance." Gutterman's view is that "Donald J. Trump did not invent this formula; evangelicals have, in their lack of spiritual courage, demanded and gloried in this message for generations. Despite the literal biblical reassurance to 'fear not,' white evangelicals are primed for fear, their identity is stoked by fear, and the sources of fear are around every unfamiliar turn.{{sfn|Gutterman|2020}}

Social theory scholar John Cash notes that disaster narratives of impending horrors have a broad audience, pointing to a 2010 Pew study which found that 41 percent of those in the US think that the world will probably be destroyed by the middle of the century. Cash points out that certainties may be found in other narratives which also have the effect of uniting like minded individuals into shared "us versus them" narratives.{{sfn|Whitebook|2017}}

Cash thinks that psychoanalytic theorist Joel Whitebook is correct that "Trumpism as a social experience can be understood as a psychotic like phenomenon, that "[Trumpism is] an intentional [...] attack on our relation to reality." Whitebook thinks Trump's playbook is like that of Putin's strategist Vladislav Surkov who employs "ceaseless shapeshifting, appealing to nationalist skinheads one moment and human rights groups the next."{{sfn|Whitebook|2017}}

Cash compares Alice in Wonderland to Trump's ability to seemingly embrace disparate fantasies in a series of contradictory tweets and pronouncements, for example appearing to encourage the "neo-Nazi protestors" after Charlottesville or for audiences with felt grievances about America's first black president, the claim that Obama wiretapped him. Cash writes: "Unlike the resilient Alice, who ... insists on truth and accuracy when confronted by a world of reversals, contradictions, nonsense and irrationality, Trump reverses this process. ... Trump has dragged the uninhibited and distorted world of the other side of the looking-glass into our shared world."{{sfn|Cash|2017}}

Lifton sees important differences between Trumpism and typical cults, such as not advancing a totalist ideology and lack of isolation from the outside world. Lifton identifies similarities with cults that disparage the "fake world" created by the cult's titanic enemies.

Cultlike persuasion techniques are used, such as echoing of catch phrases. Examples include the use of call and response ("Clinton" triggers "lock her up"; "immigrants" triggers "build that wall"; "who will pay for it?" triggers "Mexico"), deepening the sense of unity between the leader and the community.{{sfn|Lifton|2019|p=129}} Participants and observers at rallies have remarked on a liberating feeling which Lifton calls a "high state" that "can even be called experiences of transcendence".{{sfn|Lifton|2019|p=128}}

{{see also|List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump}}

File:Pence posing with QAnon police crop.jpg are widely accepted among Trump supporters according to polling data from 2020.{{sfn|Bote|2020}}{{sfn|Bump|2020}} Pictured are Vice President Mike Pence and members of the Broward County, Florida SWAT team assigned to a high-profile security detail, one of whom is wearing a QAnon patch.]]

Conservative culture commentator David Brooks observes that under Trump, this post-truth mindset, heavily reliant on conspiracy themes, came to dominate Republican identity, providing its believers a sense of superiority since such insiders possess important information most people do not have.{{sfn|Brooks|2020}} This results in an empowering sense of agency{{sfn|Imhoff|Lamberty|2018|p=4}} with the liberation, entitlement and group duty to reject "experts" and the influence of hidden cabals seeking to dominate them.{{sfn|Brooks|2020}}

Prior to 2015, Trump already had established a bond with followers due to television and media appearances.{{sfn|Gabriel|Paravati|Green|Flomsbee|2018}} For those sharing his political views, Trump's use of Twitter to share his views caused those bonds to intensify, causing his supporters to feel a deepened empathetic bond as with a friend—sharing his anger and outrage, taking pride in his successes, sharing in his denial of failures and his oftentimes conspiratorial views.{{sfn|Paravati|Naidu|Gabriel|Wiedemann|2019}}

File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09426-2 (50813677883) (cropped).jpg conspiracy theme erected on the day of the Capitol assault. 76 percent of Republicans believe the conspiracy theory{{sfn|Cillizza|2021}} with nearly half approving of the Capitol assault.{{sfn|Roper|2021}}{{notetag|The skull with Trump hair refers to the Punisher comic book vigilante serial killer who murders those he considers evil. More stylized Punisher images appeared on patches worn by some rioters in combat attire, multiple police at Black lives matter protests{{sfn|Alter|2021}} and frequently as a Sean Hannity's lapel pin.{{sfn|Johnston|2020}}}}]]

Brooks thinks sharing of conspiracy theories has become the most powerful community bonding mechanism of the 21st century.{{sfn|Brooks|2020}}

Hofstadter's The Paranoid Style in American Politics describes the political efficacy of conspiracy theories. Some attribute Trump's political success to making such narratives a rhetorical staple.{{sfn|van Prooijen|2018|p=65}} The conspiracy theory QAnon asserts that top Democrats run a child sex-trafficking ring and Trump is trying to dismantle it. An October 2020 Yahoo-YouGov poll showed that elements of the QAnon claims are said to be true by half of Trump supporters polled.{{sfn|Bote|2020}}{{sfn|Bump|2020}}

Some social psychologists see the predisposition of Trumpists towards interpreting social interactions in terms of dominance frameworks as extending to their relationship towards facts. A study by Felix Sussenbach and Adam B. Moore found that the dominance motive strongly correlated with hostility towards disconfirming facts and affinity for conspiracies among 2016 Trump voters but not among Clinton voters.{{sfn|Suessenbach|Moore|2020|loc=abstract}} Many critics note Trump's skill in exploiting narrative, emotion, and a whole host of rhetorical ploys to draw supporters into the group's common adventure{{sfn|Denby|2015}} as characters in a story much bigger than themselves.{{sfn|Bader|2016}}

It is a story that involves not just a community-building call to arms to defeat titanic threats,{{sfn|Marietta|Farley|Cote|Murphy|2017|p=330}} or of the leader's heroic deeds restoring American greatness, but of a restoration of each supporter's individual sense of liberty and control.{{sfn|Trump|2019}} Trump channels and amplifies these aspirations, explaining in one of his books that his bending of the truth is effective because it plays to people's greatest fantasies.{{sfn|Trump|Schwartz|2011|loc=(epub edition)|p=49}} By contrast, Clinton was dismissive of such emotion-filled storytelling and ignored the emotional dynamics of the Trumpist narrative.{{sfn|Hart|2020|p=4}}

Trump's support has been compared to a cult of personality.{{efn|name=Cult2|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Sundahl|2022}}

| {{harvnb|Franks|Hesami|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Adams|2021|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

| {{harvnb|Reyes|2020|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

| {{harvnb|Goldsmith|Moen|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Diamond|2023|p=}}:{{page needed|date=March 2025}} "The cult of Trumpism fosters and exploits paranoia and allegiance to an all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism."

| {{harvnb|Hassan|2019|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

| {{harvnb|Butler|2020|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

| {{harvnb|Haltiwanger|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Tharoor|2022}}

| {{harvnb|Ben-Ghiat|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Horton|2020}}

}}}} Trump's message and self-representation involved the creation of an identity as a non-politician, businessman, and great leader, distancing himself from traditional politicians and the Republican Party. His strategy involved the creation of an ethos of "saving America" through populist intentions and fighting imagined enemies with "I versus them" rhetoric that constituted the formation of a cult of personality.{{sfn|Reyes|2020|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}} Trump's embrace by a contingent of hard-core supporters allowed him to maintain a grip on his political party even after several actions and controversies would have discredited other politicians.{{sfn|Goldsmith|Moen|2024}}

Trump was also widely described by news media and commentators as the recipient of a personality cult.{{sfn|Haltiwanger|2021}}{{sfn|Tharoor|2022}}{{sfn|Ben-Ghiat|2020}} His support was found to satisfy all parameters needed to determine a personality cult based on Max Weber's charismatic authority.{{sfn|Sundahl|2022}} Research found examples of asymmetric bias by his supporters in favor of Trump that did not exist among left-leaning individuals among alleged cases of "Trump derangement syndrome".{{sfn|Franks|Hesami|2021}} Other research has argued that Trump's personality cult revolves around an "all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism" based on the analysis of psycoanalists and sociopolitical historians.{{harvnb|Diamond|2023|p=}}:{{page needed|date=March 2025}} "The cult of Trumpism fosters and exploits paranoia and allegiance to an all-powerful, charismatic figure, contributing to a social milieu at risk for the erosion of democratic principles and the rise of fascism." Research has found positive correlations that his most loyal followers have a personality-based attraction to the president and that those with a positive correlation to conscienciousness among the Big Five personality traits among the self-dicipline facet were the most likely to be attracted to "personalistic, loyalty-demanding leaders" like Trump.{{sfn|Goldsmith|Moen|2024}} Several aspects of Trump's cult-like loyalty have been found to have religious-parallels among certain supporters, and that certain evangelicals have referred to him in religious terms by casting him as a divinely ordained savior and "chosen one".{{sfn|Goldsmith|Moen|2024}}{{sfn|Horton|2020}}

{{further|Culture industry}}

Peter E. Gordon, Alex Ross, sociologist David L. Andrews and Harvard political theorist David Lebow look on Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's concept of the "culture industry" as useful for comprehending Trumpism.{{notetag|For instance in the introduction to his book Making Sport Great Again, Andrews writes, "The prescience of much Frankfurt School theorizing informs this analysis of the relationship between ubersport as a popular culture industry, the politics of neoliberal America, and Trump's cacophonous political-cultural-economic project."{{sfn|Andrews|2019|p=14}}}} As Ross explains the concept, the culture industry replicates "fascist methods of mass hypnosis ... blurring the line between reality and fiction", explaining, "Trump is as much a pop-culture phenomenon as he is a political one."{{sfn|Ross|2016}} Gordon observes that these purveyors of popular culture are not just leveraging outrage,{{sfn|Gordon|2018|p=70}} but are turning politics into a more commercially lucrative product, a "polarized, standardized reflection of opinion into forms of humor and theatricalized outrage within narrow niche markets ... within which one swoons to one's preferred slogan and already knows what one knows. Name just about any political position and what sociologists call 'pillarization'—or what the Frankfurt School called 'ticket' thinking—will predict, almost without fail, a full suite of opinions."{{sfn|Gordon|2018|pp=69, 70}}{{notetag| The idea is that while markets attempt to turn the population into unthinking mass consumers, political actors (from parties to politicians to interest groups) use the same mechanisms to turn us into unthinking mass citizens—a Frankfurt school concept which Marcuse explored further in his book One Dimensional Man. Horkheimer and Adorno's "ticket" metaphor refers to the political party sense of a slate of candidates and policies that followers expect to vote for in its entirety because they have come to believe that the ideas from the opposing political blocs are so irreconcilable their political power is simplified to a binary choice which despite the intense rhetoric reduces them to passive observers of the spectacle.{{sfn|Horkheimer|Adorno|2002|pp=169, 170}}}}

Trumpism is from Lebow's perspective, more of a result of this process than a cause.{{sfn|Lebow|2019|p=381}} In the intervening years since Adorno's work, Lebow believes the culture industry has evolved into a politicizing culture market "based increasingly on the internet, constituting a self-referential hyperreality shorn from any reality of referants ... sensationalism and insulation intensify intolerance of dissonance and magnify hostility against alternative hyperrealities. In a self-reinforcing logic of escalation, intolerance and hostility further encourage sensationalism and the retreat into insularity."{{sfn|Lebow|2019|p=381}}{{notetag|Political scientist Matthew McManus makes a similar observation writing that Trump is the culmination of this trend towards pillarized tribalistic market niches where the hyperpartisan discourses characteristic of Fox News in the US or Hír TV in Hungary have displaced nuanced analysis.{{sfn|McManus|2020|p=68}}}} From Gordon's view, "Trumpism itself, one could argue, is just another name for the culture industry, where the performance of undoing repression serves as a means for carrying on precisely as before."{{sfn|Gordon|2018|p=72}}

From this viewpoint, the susceptibility to psychological manipulation of individuals with social dominance inclinations is not at the center of Trumpism, but is instead the "culture industry" which exploits these and other susceptibilities by using mechanisms that condition people to think in standardized ways.{{sfn|Gordon|2018|p=79}} The burgeoning culture industry respects no political boundaries as it develops these markets with Gordon emphasizing "This is true on the left as well as the right, and it is especially noteworthy once we countenance what passes for political discourse today. Instead of a public sphere, we have what Jürgen Habermas long ago called the refeudalization of society."{{sfn|Gordon|2018|p=69}}

What Kreiss calls an "identity-based account of media" is important for understanding Trump's success because "citizens understand politics and accept information through the lens of partisan identity. ... The failure to come to grips with a socially embedded public and an identity group–based democracy has placed significant limits on our ability to imagine a way forward for journalism and media in the Trump era. As Fox News and Breitbart have discovered, there is power in the claim of representing and working for particular publics, quite apart from any abstract claims to present the truth."{{Sfn|Kreiss|2018|pp=98, 99}}

{{further|Outrage discourse}}

Examining Trumpism as an entertainment product, some media research focuses on outrage discourse, relating the entertainment value of Trump's rhetoric to the commercial interests of media companies.{{sfn|Waisbord|Tucker|Lichtenheld|2018|pp=29, 31}} Outrage narratives on political blogs, talk radio and cable news shows were, in the decades prior, a new genre which grew due to its profitability.{{sfn|Sobieraj|Berry|2011}}{{sfn|Berry|Sobieraj|2014}}

Media critic David Denby writes, "Like a good standup comic, Trump invites the audience to join him in the adventure of delivering his act—in this case, the barbarously entertaining adventure of running a Presidential campaign that insults everybody." Denby claims that Trump is good at delivering entertainment that consumers demand. He observes that "The movement's standard of allowable behavior has been formed by popular culture—by standup comedy and, recently, by reality TV and by the snarking, trolling habits of the Internet. ... it's exactly vulgar sensationalism and buffoonery that his audience is buying. Donald Trump has been produced by America."{{sfn|Denby|2015}}

Trump made false assertions, mean spirited attacks and dog whistle appeals to racial and religious intolerance. CBS's CEO Les Moonves remarked that "It may not be good for America, but it's damn good for CBS,"{{sfn|Bond|2016}} demonstrating how Trump's messaging is compatible with the financial goals of media companies.{{sfn|Waisbord|Tucker|Lichtenheld|2018|p=31}} Peter Wehner, senior fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center considers Trump a political "shock jock" who "thrives on creating disorder, in violating rules, in provoking outrage."{{sfn|Wehner|2017}}

The political profitability of incivility was demonstrated by the amount of airtime devoted to Trump's 2016 primary campaign—estimated at two billion{{sfn|Confessore|Yourish|2016}} to almost five billion dollars.{{sfn|Waisbord|Tucker|Lichtenheld|2018|p=30}} The advantage of incivility was as true in social media, where "a BuzzFeed analysis found that the top 20 fake election news stories emanating from hoax sites and hyperpartisan blogs generated more engagement on Facebook (as measured by shares, reactions, and comments) than the top 20 election stories produced by 19 major news outlets combined, including The New York Times, Washington Post, Huffington Post, and NBC News."{{sfn|Carpini|2018|p=17}}

{{further|Collective narcissism|Group polarization|Social media use by Donald Trump}}

{{tweet

| text = My use of social media is not Presidential – it's MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL. Make America Great Again!

| name = Donald J. Trump

| username = realDonaldTrump

| image =

| id = 881281755017355264

| date = July 1, 2017

| archive-date = July 2, 2017

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702005831/https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/881281755017355264

}}

Surveying research of how Trumpist communication is well suited to social media, Brian Ott writes that, "commentators who have studied Trump's public discourse have observed speech patterns that correspond closely to what I identified as Twitter's three defining features [Simplicity, impulsivity, and incivility]."{{sfn|Ott|2017|p=63}} Media critic Neal Gabler has a similar viewpoint writing that "What FDR was to radio and JFK to television, Trump is to Twitter."{{sfn|Gabler|2016}} Outrage discourse expert Patrick O'Callaghan argues that social media is most effective when it utilizes the particular type of communication which Trump relies on. O'Callaghan notes that sociologist Sarah Sobieraj and political scientist Jeffrey M. Berry almost perfectly described in 2011 the social media communication style used by Trump long before his presidential campaign.{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2020|p=115}}

They explained that such discourse "[involves] efforts to provoke visceral responses (e.g., anger, righteousness, fear, moral indignation) from the audience through the use of overgeneralizations, sensationalism, misleading or patently inaccurate information, ad hominem attacks, and partial truths about opponents, who may be individuals, organizations, or entire communities of interest (e.g., progressives or conservatives) or circumstance (e.g., immigrants). Outrage sidesteps the messy nuances of complex political issues in favor of melodrama, misrepresentative exaggeration, mockery, and improbable forecasts of impending doom. Outrage talk is not so much discussion as it is verbal competition, political theater with a scorecard."{{sfn|Sobieraj|Berry|2011|p=20}}

File:Twitter activity of Donald Trump.png

Due to Facebook's and Twitter's narrowcasting environment in which outrage discourse thrives,{{notetag|One of Sobieraj and Berry's key findings was that, "Outrage thrives in a narrowcasting environment."{{sfn|Sobieraj|Berry|2011|p=22}} }} Trump's employment of such messaging at almost every opportunity was from O'Callaghan's account extremely effective because tweets and posts were repeated in viral fashion among like minded supporters, thereby rapidly building a substantial information echo chamber,{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2020|p=116}} a phenomenon Cass Sunstein identifies as group polarization,{{sfn|Sunstein|2007|p=60}} and other researchers refer to as a kind of self re-enforcing homophily.{{sfn|Massachs|Monti|Morales|Bonchi|2020|p=2}}{{notetag|Homophily is the sociological term corresponding to the saying "Birds of a feather flock together." Pointing to a 2015 Pew Research Center study revealing that the average Facebook user has five politically like-minded friends for every one from the opposing end of the spectrum,{{sfn|Bleiberg|West|2015}} like Massachs et al. (2020), Samantha Power takes note of the combination of social media and homophily's self-reinforcing impact on our perceived world writing, "The information that comes to us has increasingly been tailored to appeal to our prior prejudices, and it is unlikely to be challenged by the like-minded with whom we interact day-to-day."{{sfn|Power|2018|p=77}}}} Within these information cocoons, it matters little to social media companies whether much of the information spread in such pillarized information silos is false, because as digital culture critic Olivia Solon points out, "the truth of a piece of content is less important than whether it is shared, liked, and monetized."{{sfn|Solon|2016}}

Citing Pew Research's survey that found 62% of US adults get their news from social media,{{sfn|Gottfried|Shearer|2016}} Ott expresses alarm, "since the 'news' content on social media regularly features fake and misleading stories from sources devoid of editorial standards."{{sfn|Ott|2017|p=65}} Media critic Alex Ross is similarly alarmed, observing, "Silicon Valley monopolies have taken a hands-off, ideologically vacant attitude toward the upswelling of ugliness on the Internet," and that "the failure of Facebook to halt the proliferation of fake news during the [Trump vs. Clinton] campaign season should have surprised no one. ... Traffic trumps ethics."{{sfn|Ross|2016}}

O'Callaghan's analysis of Trump's use of social media is that "outrage hits an emotional nerve and is therefore grist to the populist's or the social antagonist's mill. Secondly, the greater and the more widespread the outrage discourse, the more it has a detrimental effect on social capital. This is because it leads to mistrust and misunderstanding amongst individuals and groups, to entrenched positions, to a feeling of 'us versus them'. So understood, outrage discourse not only produces extreme and polarising views but also ensures that a cycle of such views continues. (Consider also in this context Wade Robison (2020) on the 'contagion of passion'{{sfn|Robison|2020|p=180}} and Cass Sunstein (2001, pp. 98–136){{notetag|The 2001 reference is to an earlier edition of Sunstein's Republic.com. An updated chapter on cybercascades may be found in his Republic.com 2.0 (2007).{{sfn|Sunstein|2007|pp=46–96}}}} on 'cybercascades'.)"{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2020|p=116}} Ott agrees, stating that contagion is the best word to describe the viral nature of outrage discourse on social media, and writing that "Trump's simple, impulsive, and uncivil Tweets do more than merely reflect sexism, racism, homophobia, and xenophobia; they spread those ideologies like a social cancer."{{sfn|Ott|2017|p=64}}

Robison warns that emotional contagion should not be confused with the contagion of passions that James Madison and David Hume were concerned with.{{notetag|Hume argued that democracy in city-states of ancient Greece failed because in small cities, sentiments could rapidly spread in the population, meaning agitators were "more likely to succeed in sweeping aside the old order". Madison responded to this threat of tyrannical majority factions unified by a shared sentiment in Federalist paper number 10 with the argument (Robison's paraphrase): "In an extensive country, distance immunizes citizens from the contagion of passions and hinders their coordination even when passions are shared."{{sfn|Robison|2020|p=180}} Robison thinks this portion of Madison's argument is obsolete due to the near instantaneous social media sharing of sentiments wherever we are due to the commonplace use of wirelessly connected handheld devices.}} Robison states they underestimated the contagion of passions mechanism at work in movements, whose modern expressions include the surprising phenomena of rapidly mobilized social media supporters behind both the Arab Spring and the Trump presidential campaign writing, "It is not that we experience something and then, assessing it, become passionate about it, or not", and implying that "we have the possibility of a check on our passions." Robison's view is that the contagion affects the way reality itself is experienced by supporters because it leverages how subjective certainty is triggered, so that those experiencing the contagiously shared alternate reality are unaware they have taken on a belief they should assess.{{sfn|Robison|2020|p=182}}

{{see also|List of politicians associated with Trumpism|List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign political endorsements|List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign non-political endorsements}}

File:King Andrew the First (political cartoon of President Andrew Jackson).jpg as an autocratic king, with the constitution trampled beneath his feet]]

The roots of Trumpism in the United States can be traced to the Jacksonian era according to scholars Walter Russell Mead,{{sfn|Glasser|2018}} Peter Katzenstein,{{sfn|Katzenstein|2019}} and Edwin Kent Morris.{{sfn|Morris|2019|p=20}} Eric Rauchway says: "Trumpism—nativism and white supremacy—has deep roots in American history. But Trump himself put it to new and malignant purpose."{{sfn|Lyall|2021}}

Andrew Jackson's followers felt he was one of them, enthusiastically supporting his defiance of politically correct norms of the nineteenth century and even constitutional law when they stood in the way of public policy popular among his followers. Jackson ignored the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia and initiated the forced Cherokee removal from their treaty protected lands to benefit white locals at the cost of between 2,000 and 6,000 dead Cherokee men, women, and children. Notwithstanding such cases of Jacksonian inhumanity,{{clarify|date=January 2024|reason=Trump criticises the courts and implemented what he called the Muslim ban and Wikipedia calls the Trump travel ban, so why "notwithstanding"? Better remove this phrase and start with "Mead's view..."}} Mead's view is that Jacksonianism provides the historical precedent explaining the movement of followers of Trump, marrying grass-roots disdain for elites, deep suspicion of overseas entanglements, and obsession with American power and sovereignty, acknowledging that it has often been a xenophobic, "whites only" political movement. Mead thinks this "hunger in America for a Jacksonian figure" drives followers towards Trump but cautions that historically "he is not the second coming of Andrew Jackson," stating that Trump's "proposals tended to be pretty vague and often contradictory," exhibiting the common weakness of newly elected populist leaders, commenting early in his presidency that "now he has the difficulty of, you know, 'How do you govern?'"{{sfn|Glasser|2018}} Contradictorily, it has also been argued that Trump's historical precedent is in the Whig Party of Andrew Jackson's enemies. The Whigs and their successors the Know-Nothings were usually pro-tariff and anti-immigrant, and the party collapsed in the 1850s due to not taking a clear position on slavery. https://www.ldnews.com/story/opinion/2016/12/16/president-elect-trump-new-whig-president/95518136/ https://www.creators.com/read/r-emmett-tyrrell/01/17/donald-trump-is-just-an-old-whighttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2016/06/17078/

Morris agrees with Mead, locating Trumpism's roots in the Jacksonian era from 1828 to 1848 under the presidencies of Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk. On Morris's view, Trumpism also shares similarities with the post-World War I faction of the progressive movement which catered to a conservative populist recoil from the looser morality of the cosmopolitan cities and America's changing racial complexion.{{sfn|Morris|2019|p=20}} In his book The Age of Reform (1955), historian Richard Hofstadter identified this faction's emergence when "a large part of the Progressive-Populist tradition had turned sour, became illiberal and ill-tempered."{{sfn|Greenberg|2016}}

An article by National Public Radio's Ron Elving likens the populism of late-19th and early-20th century Populist politician William Jennings Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump.{{cite web| url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/20/1177148170/ghost-of-william-jennings-bryan-haunts-trumps-next-run-for-the-white-house |title=Ghost of William Jennings Bryan haunts Trump's next run for the White House |author=Ron Elving |publisher=National Public Radio |date=20 May 2023}} Bryan, while economically liberal, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism.{{cite book |last1=Longfield |first1=Bradley J. |title=The Presbyterian Controversy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3Q8DwAAQBAJ&q=bradley+j+longfield+theologically+conservative+social+gospeler&pg=PA67 |access-date=17 August 2018| isbn=978-0-19-508674-4 |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} However, Trump also draws inspiration from Bryan's 1896 and 1900 Republican opponent, William McKinley, both in regard to protectionist tariffs and imperialism.{{cite news|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/politics/government/sweeping-tariffs-why-does-trump-keep-pointing-to-william-mckinley/ar-AA1CdFq5 |title=Sweeping tariffs: Why does Trump keep pointing to William McKinley?}}

File:"America First" ad from Chicago mayoral election, 1927.jpg" political advertisement advocating isolationism and establishing emotional ties of 1927 Chicago mayoral candidate William Hale Thompson with his German and Irish supporters by vilifying the United Kingdom]]

Prior to World War II, conservative themes of Trumpism were expressed in the America First Committee movement in the early 20th century, and after World War II were attributed to a Republican Party faction known as the Old Right. By the 1990s, it became referred to as the paleoconservative movement, which according to Morris has now been rebranded as Trumpism.{{sfn|Morris|2019|p=21}} Leo Löwenthal's book Prophets of Deceit (1949) summarized common narratives expressed in the post-World War II period of this populist fringe, specifically examining American demagogues of the period when modern mass media was married with the same destructive style of politics that historian Charles Clavey thinks Trumpism represents. According to Clavey, Löwenthal's book best explains the enduring appeal of Trumpism and offers the most striking historical insights into the movement.{{sfn|Clavey|2020}}

Writing in The New Yorker, journalist Nicholas Lemann states the post-war Republican Party ideology of fusionism, a fusion of pro-business party establishment with nativist, isolationist elements who gravitated towards the Republican and not the Democratic Party, later joined by Christian evangelicals "alarmed by the rise of secularism", was made possible by the Cold War and the "mutual fear and hatred of the spread of Communism". An article in Politico has referred to Trumpism as "McCarthyism on steroids".{{sfn|MacWilliams|2020}}{{sfn|Lemann|2020}}

Championed by William F. Buckley Jr. and brought to fruition by Ronald Reagan in 1980, the fusion lost its glue with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which was followed by a growth of income inequality in the United States and globalization that "created major discontent among middle and low income whites" within and without the Republican Party. After the 2012 United States presidential election saw the defeat of Mitt Romney by Barack Obama, the party establishment embraced an "autopsy" report, titled the Growth and Opportunity Project, which "called on the Party to reaffirm its identity as pro-market, government-skeptical, and ethnically and culturally inclusive."{{sfn|Lemann|2020}}

Ignoring the findings of the report and the party establishment in his campaign, Trump was "opposed by more officials in his own Party ... than any Presidential nominee in recent American history," but at the same time he won "more votes" in the Republican primaries than any previous presidential candidate. By 2016, "people wanted somebody to throw a brick through a plate-glass window", in the words of political analyst Karl Rove.{{sfn|Lemann|2020}} His success in the party was such that an October 2020 poll found 58% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents surveyed considered themselves supporters of Trump rather than the Republican Party.{{sfn|Peters|2020}}

{{Main|Donald Trump and fascism}}

{{further|Democratic backsliding|Democratic backsliding in the United States}}

File:Benito Mussolini portrait as dictator (retouched).jpg tendencies and egotistical personality to the sentiments and rhetoric of Benito Mussolini and Italian fascism.{{Cite web |last1=Haltiwanger |first1=John |title=Historians and election experts warn Trump is behaving like Mussolini and despots that the US usually condemns |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/historians-election-experts-warn-trump-behaving-like-mussolini-2020-9 |access-date=October 4, 2023 |website=Business Insider |date=September 25, 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018030206/https://www.businessinsider.com/historians-election-experts-warn-trump-behaving-like-mussolini-2020-9 |url-status=live}}]]

Trumpism has been likened to Machiavellianism and Benito Mussolini's Italian fascism,{{efn|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Matthews|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Boucheron|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Robertson|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Hasan|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Urbinati|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Shenk|2016}}

| {{harvnb|Illing|2018}}

}} Trumpism heavily features authoritarian elements,{{efn|name=Authoritarian|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|LeVine|Arnsdorf|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Bender|Gold|2023|ref=BenderGold2023b}}

| {{harvnb|Baker|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Arnsdorf|Dawsey|Barrett|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Colvin|Barrow|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Stone|2023}}

| {{harvnb|Beinart|2019}}

| {{harvnb|Breslin|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Baker|2022}}

| {{harvnb|Gessen|2020}}

}}}}{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Kaul|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Adler et al.|2022}}: "The decoupling of the man from the movement suggests that authoritarianism can continue well beyond the authoritarian's rule. The most enduring vestige—apart from the democratic institutions attacked—is Trumpism. It has metastasized from Trump's delusional framing on his inauguration day in 2017—with the biggest crowds ever—to a widespread and ambient movement, amplified by disinformation and distortion, broadcast in social and right-wing media, aggressively militant, and framed with falsehoods."

| {{harvnb|Kellner|2018}}

| {{harvnb|Badiou|2019|p=19}}

| {{harvnb|Giroux|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Ibish|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Cockburn|2020}}

| {{harvnb|West|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Gorski|2019}}

| {{harvnb|Benjamin|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Morris|2019|p=10}}

| {{harvnb|McGaughey|2018}}

| {{harvnb|Tarizzo|2021|p=163}}

| {{harvnb|Hopkin|Blyth|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Gordon|2018|p=68}}

}}{{sfn|Shapiro|Intagliata|Venkat|2021}}{{Cite journal |last=Lachmann |first=Richard |date=January 1, 2019 |title=Trump: authoritarian, just another neoliberal republican, or both? |url=https://journals.openedition.org/spp/5340?lang=en |journal=Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas |language=en |issue=89 |pages=9–31 |issn=0873-6529}}}} and significant academic debate exists over the prevalence of fascism and neo-fascism within Trumpism.{{efn|name=Fascistic|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Adler et al.|2022}}

| {{harvnb|Shapiro|Intagliata|Venkat|2021}}

| {{cite news |title=Trump's world: The new nationalism |url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous |newspaper=The Economist |date=November 19, 2016 |access-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-date=August 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824202740/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21710249-his-call-put-america-first-donald-trump-latest-recruit-dangerous |url-status=live}}

| {{cite news |title=The growing peril of national conservatism |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |newspaper=The Economist |date=February 15, 2024 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195332/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2024/02/15/the-growing-peril-of-national-conservatism |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}

| {{harvnb|Rushkoff|2016}}

| {{harvnb|Goldberg|2016}}: "To listen to both his defenders and critics, Donald Trump represents the U.S. version of a new nationalism popping up around the world."

| {{harvnb|Beauchamp|2019}}

| {{harvnb|Butler|2016}}

| {{harvnb|Chomsky|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Berkeley News|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Badiou|2019|p=19}}

| {{harvnb|Giroux|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Traverso|2017|p=30}}

| {{harvnb|Tarizzo|2021|p=163}}

| {{harvnb|Ibish|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Cockburn|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Drutman|2021}}

| {{harvnb|West|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Gorski|2019}}

| {{harvnb|Benjamin|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Morris|2019|p=10}}

| {{harvnb|McGaughey|2018}}

| {{harvnb|Tarizzo|2021|p=163}}

| {{harvnb|Jackson|2021|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

| {{harvnb|Maher|2023|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2025}}

| {{harvnb|Kagan|2016}}

| {{harvnb|McGaughey|2018}}

| {{harvnb|Foster|2017}}

}}}}{{notetag|name=NewFascism}} Several scholars have rejected comparisons with fascism, instead viewing Trump as authoritarian and populist.{{Cite web |last=Boucher |first=Geoff M. |date=October 28, 2024 |title=Is Donald Trump a fascist? No – he's a new brand of authoritarian |url=https://theconversation.com/is-donald-trump-a-fascist-no-hes-a-new-brand-of-authoritarian-241586 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Zeitz |first=Joshua |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Trump and Fascism: A Pair of Historians Tackle the Big Question |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/10/29/trump-fascism-historians-00186027 |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Politico}}

Some commentators have rejected the populist designation for Trumpism and view it instead as part of a trend towards a new form of fascism or neo-fascism, with some referring to it as explicitly fascist and others as authoritarian and illiberal.{{sfn|Foster|2017}}{{sfn|Adler et al.|2022}}{{refn|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Butler|2016}}

| {{harvnb|Chomsky|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Berkeley News|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Badiou|2019|p=19}}

| {{harvnb|Giroux|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Traverso|2017|p=30}}

| {{harvnb|Tarizzo|2021|p=163}}

| {{harvnb|Ibish|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Cockburn|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Drutman|2021}}

| {{harvnb|West|2020}}

}}}}{{notetag|name=NewFascism|Cornel West uses the term neofascist. Badiou describes Trump signaling the birth of a "new fascism" or "democratic fascism",{{sfn|Badiou|2019|p=15}} while Traverso prefers the term postfascist to describe "new faces of fascism" such as Trump or Silvio Berlusconi who advance a model of democracy "that destroys any process of collective deliberation in favour of a relationship that merges people and leader, the nation and its chief."{{sfn|Traverso|2017|p=35}} By contrast, Tarizzo describes Trump as part of what Pier Paolo Pasolini called new fascism{{sfn|Tarizzo|2021|p=178}} employing a "political grammar" analysis which shares similar perspectives on ties between new fascism and dystopian economics argued in the analyses of Giroux, West, Hedges and Badiou. Chomsky instead uses the term authoritarianism.}} Others have more identified it as a form of mild fascism specific to the United States.{{sfn|Kagan|2016}}{{sfn|McGaughey|2018}} Some historians, including many of those employing new fascism to describe Trumpism,{{notetag|name=NotOldFascism|Giroux notes that "Trump is not Hitler in that he has not created concentration camps, shut down the critical media or rounded up dissidents; moreover, the United States at the current historical moment is not the Weimar Republic."{{sfn|Giroux|2017}} Tarizzo writes that both paleofascism and new fascism undermine the fundamentals of modern democracy, but the new mode of fascism "does not do this by absolutizing popular sovereignty at the expense of individual rights. New fascism celebrates our freedoms and absolutizes human rights to the detriment of our sense of belonging to a social-political community."{{sfn|Tarizzo|2021|p=163}}}} write of the hazards of direct comparisons with European fascist regimes of the 1930s, stating that while there are parallels, there are also important dissimilarities.{{sfn|Evans|2021}}{{sfn|Weber|2021}}{{notetag|For a wide ranging review and critique of the use of the term fascist to describe Trump as of late 2017, see Carl Boggs' postscript chapter in his book Fascism Old and New.{{sfn|Boggs|2018|pp=195–205}}}}

American historian Robert Paxton changed his opinion about whether the democratic backsliding caused by Trumpism is in line with fascism. In 2017, Paxton believed it bore greater resemblance to plutocracy.{{sfn|Finn|2017}} Paxton changed his opinion following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, stating that it is "necessary" to understand Trumpism as a form of fascism.{{sfn|Paxton|2021}} Drawing on Umberto Eco's 1995 essay Ur-Fascism, which outlines 14 characteristics of fascism, historian Bret Devereaux discusses how Trumpism satisfies each of the 14.{{Cite web |last=Devereaux |first=Bret |date=October 26, 2024 |title=New Acquisitions: 1933 and the Definition of Fascism |url=https://acoup.blog/2024/10/25/new-acquisitions-1933-and-the-definition-of-fascism/ |access-date=October 28, 2024 |website=A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry |language=en-US}} Sociology professor Dylan John Riley calls Trumpism "neo-Bonapartist patrimonialism" because it does not capture the same mass movement appeal of classical fascism.{{sfn|Devore|2019}}

File:Trumpism Projection SumOfUs Final 2 (43707702255).jpg's Projection of "Resist Trumpism Everywhere" on London's Marble Arch as part of protests during Trump's July 2018 visit|left]]

Argentine historian Federico Finchelstein believes intersections exist between Peronism and Trumpism in terms of their disregard for the political system (in the areas of both domestic and foreign policy).{{sfn|Finchelstein|2017|pp=11–13}} American historian Christopher Browning considers the long-term consequences of Trump's policies and the support which he receives for them from the Republican Party to be potentially dangerous for democracy.{{sfn|Browning|2018}} In the German-speaking debate, the term "fascism" initially appeared sporadically, mostly in connection with the crisis of confidence in politics and the media and described the strategy of mostly right-wing political actors who wish to stir up this crisis in order to profit from it.{{sfn|Seeßlen|2017}} German literature has a more diverse range of analysis of Trumpism.{{notetag|Consider the titles of papers listed in {{cite book |title=The Great Disruptor—Über Trump, die Medien und die Politik der Herabsetzung |chapter=The Great Disruptor |date=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-476-04976-6 |isbn=978-3476049759 |s2cid=226426921 |url=http://www.oapen.org/download/?type=document&docid=1007339 |editor1-last=Koch |editor1-first=Lars |editor2-first=Tobias |editor2-last=Nanz |editor3-first=Christina |editor3-last=Rogers}}}}

Others have argued that Trump is a totalitarian capitalist exploiting the "fascist impulses of his ordinary supporters that hide in plain sight."{{sfn|Benjamin|2020}}{{sfn|Morris|2019|p=10}}{{sfn|Tarizzo|2021|p=178}} Michelle Goldberg, an opinion columnist for The New York Times, compares Trumpism to classical fascist themes.{{notetag|name=Goldberg1|Yale's Jason Stanley observed that while Trump is not a fascist, "I think you could legitimately call Trumpism a fascist social and political movement" and that "he's using fascist political tactics. I think there's no question about that. He is calling for national restoration in the face of humiliations brought on by immigrants, liberals, liberal minorities, and leftists. He's certainly playing the fascist playbook."{{sfn|Matthews|2020}} Philosopher Cornel West agrees that Trump has fascist proclivities and claims his popularity signals that neo-fascism is displacing neoliberalism in the United States.{{sfn|West|2016}} Harvard historian Charles Clavey thinks the authors of the Frankfurt School (Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse) who studied the sudden victory of fascism in Germany offer the best insights into Trumpism. These similarities include the rhetoric of self-aggrandizement, victimhood, accusation, and his solicitation of unconditional support to return the country from moral and political decay.{{sfn|Clavey|2020}}}} The "mobilizing vision" of fascism is of "the national community rising phoenix-like after a period of encroaching decadence which all but destroyed it", which "sounds a lot like MAGA" (Make America Great Again) according to Goldberg. Similarly, like the Trump movement, fascism sees a "need for authority by natural chiefs (always male), culminating in a national chieftain who alone is capable of incarnating the group's historical destiny." They believe in "the superiority of the leader's instincts over abstract and universal reason".{{sfn|Goldberg|2020}}

File:Donald Trump "Long Live the King".png. The post was made shortly after Trump had taken several actions that were apparant violations of federal law and the Constitution, and quoted Napoleon, saying "He who saves his Country does not violate any Law".{{Cite news |last=Oreskes |first=Benjamin |date=February 19, 2025 |title='Long Live the King': Trump Likens Himself to Royalty on Truth Social |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/19/us/politics/trump-king-image.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 20, 2025 |issn=0362-4331}}]]

Conservative columnist George Will considers Trumpism similar to fascism, stating that Trumpism is "a mood masquerading as a doctrine". Will argues that national unity is based "on shared domestic dreads"—for fascists the "Jews", for Trump the media ("enemies of the people"), "elites" and "globalists". Solutions come not from tedious "incrementalism and conciliation", but from the leader (who claims "only I can fix it") unfettered by procedure. The political base is kept entertained with mass rallies, but inevitably the strongman develops a contempt for those he leads.{{notetag|name=Will1|David Livingstone Smith, a scholar of history, psychology and anthropology, compares Trump and the fascist pattern of persuasion described by Roger Money-Kyrle, who witnessed fascist rallies in 1930s Germany. The psychological linkage between the leader and supporters in mass protests, the melancholia-paranoia-megalomania pattern, recitation of shared domestic dreads, promotion of fear-mongering conspiracy theories painting out-groups as the cause of the problems, simplified solutions presented in absolute terms and the promotion of singular leader capable of returning the country to its former greatness.{{sfn|Smith|2020|pp=119–121}}}} Will argues both are based on machismo, and in the case of Trumpism, "appeals to those in thrall to country-music manliness: 'We're truck-driving, beer-drinking, big-chested Americans too freedom-loving to let any itsy-bitsy {{bracket|COVID-19}} virus make us wear masks.'"{{sfn|Will|2020}}{{notetag|name=Will2|Described as "the sociologist who studied Trump's base before Trump",{{sfn|Conroy|2017}} Michael Kimmel examined the relationship between masculinity and radicalization of pre-Trump supporters. In his 2018 book Healing from Hate: How Young Men Get Into—and Out of—Violent Extremism Kimmel describes a theme he "came to call 'aggrieved entitlement', a sense of righteous indignation, of undeserved victimhood in a world suddenly dominated by political correctness. The rewards these white men felt had been promised for a lifetime of, as they saw it, playing by the rules that someone else had established had suddenly dried up—or, as they saw it, the water had been diverted to far less deserving 'others'" who "were not worthy of the rewards they were now reaping, because 'they' were not 'real men.'"{{sfn|Kimmel|2018|pp=xii–xiii}}}}

In How to Lose a Country: The 7 Steps from Democracy to Dictatorship, Turkish author Ece Temelkuran describes Trumpism as similar to rhetoric and actions of the Turkish politician Recep Tayyip Erdoğan during his rise to power. Some of these tactics and views are right-wing populism, demonization of the press, subversion of well-established and proven facts through the big lie (both historical and scientific), democratic backsliding such as dismantling judicial and political mechanisms; portraying systematic issues such as sexism or racism as isolated incidents, and crafting an ideal citizen.{{sfn|Temelkuran|2019}}

Political scientist Mark Blyth and Jonathan Hopkin believe similarities exist between Trumpism and similar movements towards illiberal democracies worldwide, but that the Trumpist movement is not merely being driven by revulsion, loss, and racism. They argue that both on the right and on the left, the global economy is driving the growth of neo-nationalist coalitions which find followers who want to be free of the constraints which are being placed on them by establishment elites whose members advocate neoliberal economics and globalism.{{sfn|Hopkin|Blyth|2020}}

Others emphasize the lack of interest in finding real solutions to the social malaise which have been identified, and they also believe those individuals and groups who are executing policy are actually following a pattern which has been identified by sociology researchers like Leo Löwenthal and Norbert Guterman as originating in the post-World War II work of the Frankfurt School of social theory. Based on this perspective, books such as Löwenthal and Guterman's Prophets of Deceit offer the best insights into how movements like Trumpism dupe their followers by perpetuating their misery and preparing them to move further towards an illiberal form of government.{{sfn|Clavey|2020}}

File:Rush Limbaugh (49291182727).jpg

Trump is considered by some analysts to be following a blueprint of leveraging outrage, which was developed on partisan cable TV and talk radio shows{{sfn|O'Callaghan|2020|p=116}} such as the Rush Limbaugh radio show—a style that transformed talk radio and American conservative politics decades before Trump.{{sfn|McFadden|Grynbaum|2021}} Both shared "media fame" and "over-the-top showmanship", and built an enormous fan base with politics-as-entertainment,{{sfn|McFadden|Grynbaum|2021}} attacking political and cultural targets in ways that would have been considered indefensible and beyond the pale in the years before them.{{sfn|Peters|2021}} Both featured "the insults, the nicknames", and conspiracy theories. Both maintained that global warming was a hoax, that Barack Obama was not a natural-born U.S. citizen, and that the danger of COVID-19 was vastly exaggerated.{{sfn|McFadden|Grynbaum|2021}} Both mocked people with disabilities.{{sfn|Peters|2021}}

Limbaugh, to whom Trump awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2020, preceded Trump in moving the Republican Party away from "serious and substantive opinion leaders and politicians", towards political provocation, entertainment, and anti-intellectualism, and popularizing and normalizing for "many Republican politicians and voters" what before his rise "they might have thought" but would have "felt uncomfortable saying".{{notetag|Quotes are from Brian Rosenwald, described as "a Harvard scholar who tracks disinformation in talk radio."{{sfn|Peters|2021}}}} His millions of fans were intensely loyal and "developed a capacity to excuse ... and deflect" his statements no matter how offensive and outrageous, "saying liberals were merely being hysterical or hateful. And many loved him even more for it."{{sfn|Peters|2021}}

Writing in The Atlantic, Yaseem Serhan states Trump's post-impeachment claim that "our historic, patriotic, and beautiful movement to Make America Great Again has only just begun," should be taken seriously as Trumpism is a "personality-driven" populist movement, and other such movements—such as Berlusconism in Italy, Peronism in Argentina and Fujimorism in Peru, "rarely fade once their leaders have left office".{{sfn|Serhan|2021}} Joseph Lowndes, a professor of political science at the University of Oregon, argued that while current far-right Republicans support Trump, the faction rose before and will likely exist after Trump.{{sfn|Lowndes|2021}} Bobby Jindal and Alex Castellanos wrote in Newsweek that separating Trumpism from Donald Trump himself was key to the Republican Party's future following his loss in the 2020 United States presidential election.{{sfn|Jindal|Castellanos|2021}} However, Trump went on to win the 2024 United States presidential election with victories in all seven crucial swing states.

In 2024, President Kevin Roberts of The Heritage Foundation stated that he sees the role of Heritage as "institutionalizing Trumpism."{{sfn|Garcia-Navarro|2024}}

{{further|Economic policy of the first Donald Trump administration}}

Trumpism "promises new jobs and more domestic investment".{{sfn|Harwood|2017}} Trump's hard line against export surpluses of American trading partners and protectionist trade policies led to a tense situation in 2018 with mutually imposed tariffs by the United States and the European Union versus China.{{sfn|Partington|2018}} Trump secures the support of his political base emphasizing neo-nationalism and criticism of globalization.{{sfn|Thompson|2017}} One book suggested that Trump "radicalized economics" for white working- to middle-class voters by implying that "undeserving [minority] groups are getting ahead while their group is being left behind."{{sfn|O'Connor|2020}}

{{further|Foreign policy of the first Donald Trump administration}}

In terms of foreign policy in the sense of Trump's "America First", unilateralism and isolationism is preferred to a multilateral policy.{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Yang|2018}}

| {{harvnb|Swan|Savage|Haberman|2023|ref=Swan2023b}}

| {{harvnb|Baker|2024}}

| {{harvnb|Lange|2024}}

}} National interests are particularly emphasized, especially in the context of economic treaties and alliance obligations.{{sfn|Rudolf|2017}}{{sfn|Assheuer|2018}} Trump has shown a disdain for traditional American allies such as Canada as well as transatlantic partners NATO and the European Union.{{sfn|Smith|Townsend|2018}}{{sfn|Tharoor|2018}} Conversely, Trump has shown sympathy for autocratic rulers, such as Russian president Vladimir Putin, whom Trump often praised even before taking office,{{sfn|Diamond|2016}} and during the 2018 Russia–United States summit.{{sfn|Kuhn|2018}} The "America First" foreign policy includes promises by Trump to end American involvement in foreign wars, notably in the Middle East, while also issuing tighter foreign policy through sanctions against Iran, among other countries.{{sfn|Zengerle|2019}}{{sfn|Wintour|2020}} Trump's proposals during his second presidency to expand the United States by acquiring Canada, Greenland, and the Panama Canal were described by CNN as part of his nationalist "America First" agenda and having "modern echoes of the 19th century doctrine of Manifest Destiny".{{Cite news |last=Contorno |first=Steve |date=December 23, 2024 |title=Trump is teasing US expansion into Panama, Greenland and Canada |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/23/politics/trump-us-expansion-panama-canada-greenland/index.html |access-date=December 25, 2024}}

Trump wove Christian religious imagery into his 2024 presidential campaign, characterizing it as a "righteous crusade" against "atheists, globalists and the Marxists". He stated that his aims included restoring the United States "as one nation under God with liberty and justice for all".{{cite web |last1=Vakil |first1=Caroline |title=Trump paints 2024 campaign as 'righteous crusade' as he rallies evangelicals |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-paints-2024-campaign-righteous-024641796.html |publisher=Yahoo |access-date=24 January 2025 |language=en-US|date=25 June 2023}}

Trump has been critical of what he sees as a persecution of Christians. On February 6, following the National Prayer Breakfast, he signed an executive order to create a task force to "immediately halt all forms of anti-Christian targeting and discrimination within the federal government, including at the DOJ, which was absolutely terrible, the IRS, the FBI — terrible — and other agencies".{{cite news |last1=Madhani |first1=Aamer |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |title=After prayer breakfast, Trump creates task force to root out 'anti-Christian bias' |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-national-prayer-breakfast-30ff6f55a2e3c7b8643a15e7b158537d |work=Associated Press |access-date=February 7, 2025 |language=en |date=February 6, 2025}}{{cite web |last1=Lasher |first1=James |title=President Trump Champions Faith and Freedom at National Prayer Breakfast - Charisma News |url=https://charismanews.com/news/president-trump-champions-faith-and-freedom-at-national-prayer-breakfast/ |publisher=Charisma News |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=February 6, 2025}} Donald Trump appointed Attorney General Pam Bondi to lead the task force and appointed Paula White to direct the White House Faith Office.{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Nandita |last2=Chiacu |first2=Doina |title=Trump to create religious office in White House, target 'anti-Christian bias' |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-he-will-sign-order-targeting-anti-christian-bias-2025-02-06/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=February 7, 2025 |date=February 6, 2025}}

{{main|Neo-nationalism}}

Trumpism is represented in Australia by the political party Trumpet of Patriots, founded in 2021. The party has pledged to "put Australians first and make Australia great again".{{cite web |title='Make Australia great again': Palmer returns, with Trumpist pledge |url=https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/news/politics/australian-politics/2025/02/19/clive-palmer-trumpet-patriots |publisher=The New Daily |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250219231442/https://www.thenewdaily.com.au/news/politics/australian-politics/2025/02/19/clive-palmer-trumpet-patriots |archive-date=19 February 2025 |date=19 February 2025}} It focuses on "gender, changing the immigration policy, bringing down the cost of living and free speech."{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Yashee |title=Clive Palmer launches Trump-inspired political party Trumpet of Patriots |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/clive-palmer-launches-trumpet-of-patriots/aa66b246-f7ea-487d-8c65-68a491a2a4fe |publisher=Nine News |access-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250219104139/https://www.9news.com.au/national/clive-palmer-launches-trumpet-of-patriots/aa66b246-f7ea-487d-8c65-68a491a2a4fe |archive-date=19 February 2025 |date=19 February 2025}}

{{Conservatism in Canada|Schools}}

Trumpism exists as a political current in Canada.{{efn|name=trumpismcanada|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{harvnb|Delacourt|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Donolo|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Fawcett|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Donolo|2020}}

| {{harvnb|Global|2021}}

| {{harvnb|Fournier|2021}}

}}}} Law professor Allan Rock, Canada's former attorney general and ambassador to the U.N., said Trump had "given expression to an underlying frustration and anger, that arises from economic inequality, from the implications from globalisation." Rock stated that the "overtly racist behaviour" associated with Trumpism emboldened racists and white supremacists, resulting in a rise in the number of these organizations and hate crimes in Canada.{{sfn|The Current|2020}}

According to an October 2020 poll of Canadian voters, the number of "pro-Trump conservatives" was growing in Canada. Maclean's said this was influencing Canadian political campaigns.{{sfn|Fournier|2020}} Erin O'Toole, the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, featured the slogan—"Take Back Canada"—in a video, stating "[j]oin our fight, let's take back Canada."{{sfn|Woods|2020}} When asked if his "Canada First" policy was different from Trump's "America First" policy, O'Toole said, "No, it was not."{{sfn|CBC News, September 8, 2020}} O'Toole criticized what he considered to be Trumpism following one of Liberal Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland's tweets being flagged as "manipulated media" and compared her to Trump's flagged tweets,{{cite news |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/8456653/otoole-compares-freeland-to-trump-after-tweet-flagged-as-manipulated-media |date=December 16, 2021 |title=O'Toole compares Freeland to Trump after tweet flagged as 'manipulated media' |work=Global News}}{{cite news |last=Burke |first=Ashley |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/twitter-labels-freeland-tweet-manipulated-media-1.6149734 |date=August 21, 2021 |title=Twitter adds 'manipulated' warning label to tweet from Liberal candidate Chrystia Freeland |work=CBC News}} prior to Twitter's acquisition by Elon Musk.{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Elon Musk to join Twitter's board |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/05/tech/elon-musk-twitter-board/index.html |work=CNN Business}} Writing for The Hill in 2021, Markik Von Rennenkampff stated that there are "striking differences" between the Conservative Party under Erin O'Toole and the Republican Party under Trump, notably O'Toole supporting access to abortion and his support for Canada's single-payer health care system.{{harvnb|Von Rennenkampff|2021}}: "A comparison between Canada's Conservative Party and the Republican Party illustrates these striking differences. In stark contrast to Republicans, the leader of Canada's Conservatives is pro-choice. [...] In another striking example, Canada's single-payer health care system is sacrosanct among voters (just as the UK's system is to Britons). Most Canadian Conservatives would never dream of shifting their popular, government-run health system towards the wasteful, bankruptcy-inducing, for-profit American insurance state." Rennenkampff also described Canadian Conservatives as "far more closely aligned with Democrats than Republicans".{{harvnb|Von Rennenkampff|2021}}: "Ultimately, Canadian Conservatives – like mainstream conservative political parties in virtually all advanced, industrialized democracies – are far more closely aligned with Democrats than Republicans on many issues."

Following the 2022 Conservative Party leadership election, some journalists have compared Conservative Party leader Pierre Poilievre to American Republicans such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz,{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Harris |url=https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2023/09/18/in-pierre-poilievres-world-were-all-living-in-leave-it-to-beaver/397291/ |date=September 18, 2023 |title=In Pierre Poilievre's world, we'd all be living in 'Leave it to Beaver' |work=The Hill Times}}{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|CBS News|2018}} |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau/ |title=Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau |work=CBS News |date=September 12, 2022 |access-date=October 2, 2022}} however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-abortion access, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex marriage positions.{{efn|name=Poilievredismiss|Attributed to multiple sources:{{bulleted list|

| {{cite news |title=NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/np-view-the-unstoppable-pierre-poilievre |work=National Post |date=August 5, 2022 |quote=Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking."}}

| {{harvnb|Forrest|2022}}: "He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice."

| {{harvnb|McConkey|2022}}: "In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration."

| {{harvnb|Campbell|2022}}: "But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally."

| {{cite news |title=Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/09/15/canadas-conservatives-pick-a-brainy-brawler-as-leader |newspaper=The Economist |date=September 15, 2022 |quote=His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration.}}

| {{cite web |title=Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister? |url=https://cherwell.org/2022/11/04/pierre-poilievre-canadas-next-pm/ |last=Moore |first=Samuel |website=Cherwell |date=November 4, 2022 |quote=Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping".}}

| {{harvnb|Oliver|2022}}: "The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration."

| {{harvnb|Thomson|2022}}

}}}} In 2024, Zack Beauchamp of Vox stated that while Poilievre's rhetoric draws Trump comparisons, in terms of policy "he's actually considerably more moderate than Trump or European radicals".{{cite web |first=Zack |last=Beauchamp |title=Canada's polite Trumpism|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/24140480/canada-pierre-poilievre-conservative-party-populism-democracy |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |date=26 April 2024 |quote=But on policy substance, he's actually considerably more moderate than Trump or European radicals.}}

{{further|Radical right (Europe)}}

Trumpism has also been said to be on the rise in Europe. Political parties such as the Finns Party,{{sfn|Helsinki Times, April 13, 2019}} France's National Rally{{sfn|Schneider|2017}} and Spain's far-right Vox party{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/27/vox-spain-elections-trump-bannon/ |access-date=January 14, 2024 |title=Make Spain Great Again |first1=Pablo |last1=Pardo |date=April 27, 2019 |website=Foreign Policy |archive-date=November 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114050155/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/27/vox-spain-elections-trump-bannon/ |url-status=live}} have been described as Trumpist in nature. Trump's former advisor Steve Bannon called Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán "Trump before Trump".{{sfn|Kakissis|2019}} Isabel Díaz Ayuso has also received the Trumpism label.{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Isabel Díaz Ayuso, una 'estrella del pop' y la "alumna más aventajada del 'trumpismo' en España" |trans-title=Isabel Díaz Ayuso, a 'pop star' and the "most gifted student of 'Trumpism' in Spain" |url=https://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/noticias/isabel-diaz-ayuso-estrella-pop-alumna-mas-aventajada-trumpismo-espana_20220225621949005bbac90001008dc8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225110143/https://www.lasexta.com/programas/sexta-columna/noticias/isabel-diaz-ayuso-estrella-pop-alumna-mas-aventajada-trumpismo-espana_20220225621949005bbac90001008dc8.html |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=www.lasexta.com |language=es}}{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Ayuso: qué hay detrás de la Trump española |url=https://www.eldiario.es/carnecruda/programas/ayuso-hay-detras-trump-espanola_132_10226766.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225110143/https://www.eldiario.es/carnecruda/programas/ayuso-hay-detras-trump-espanola_132_10226766.html |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=elDiario.es |language=es}}

File:President Donald Trump in a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi.jpg in a meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the White House (February 2025)|left]]

At the February 2025 meeting between Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, and Donald Trump, the former stated:

{{blockquote|Borrowing an expression from America, our vision for a developed India is to make India great again, or MIGA ... When America and India work together, that is, when it's MAGA plus MIGA, it becomes a mega partnership for prosperity. ... And it is this mega spirit that gives new scale and scope to our objectives.{{cite web |last1=Casiano |first1=Louis |title=Indian Prime Minister Modi takes page from Trump, says 'make India great again,' or 'MIGA' |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/indian-pm-modi-takes-page-trump-says-make-india-great-again-miga |publisher=Fox News |access-date=18 February 2025 |date=13 February 2025}}{{cite news |last1=Sheerin |first1=Jude |last2=Lukiv |first2=Jaroslav |last3=Ewe |first3=Koh |title=Modi hails US-India 'mega-partnership' in Trump meeting |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckgylj77xz9o |work=BBC News |access-date=February 18, 2025 |date=February 14, 2025}}}}

{{seealso|Bolsonarism}}

File:2019 Encontro Bilateral com o Presidente dos EUA - 48143008982.jpg

In Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, sometimes referred to as the "Brazilian Donald Trump",{{sfn|Haltiwanger|2018}} who is often described as a right-wing extremist,{{sfn|Survival International|2020}}{{sfn|Phillips|Phillips|2019}} sees Trump as a role model{{sfn|Weisbrot|2017}} and according to Jason Stanley uses the same fascist tactics.{{sfn|Brant|2018}} Like Trump, Bolsonaro finds support among evangelicals for his views on culture war issues.{{sfn|Bailey|2017}} Along with allies he publicly questioned Joe Biden's vote tally after the 2020 United States Presidential Election.{{sfn|Ilyushina|2020}}

File:President Donald Trump meets with Argentina’s President Javier Milei (54348219476).jpg

Javier Milei, an Argentinian Austrian economist who was elected in 2023 as President of Argentina has sometimes been likened to Donald Trump.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |last=Nicas |first=Jack |date=2023-10-20 |title=Javier Milei, a 'Mini-Trump,' Could Be Argentina's Next President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/world/americas/javier-milei-argentina-election.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

| {{Cite news |date=2023-11-20 |title=Trump-admiring populist Javier Milei triumphs in Argentina presidential election |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/20/populist-milei-wins-argentina-presential-election_6270242_4.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=en}}

| {{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Trump has long praised autocrats and populists. He's now embracing Argentina's new president |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-javier-milei-democracy-populism-orban-450fed8348769975506d1da5e61da184 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=AP News |language=en}}

| {{Cite news |last=Goñi |first=Uki |date=2023-08-14 |title=Far-right outsider takes shock lead in Argentina primary election |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/14/argentina-far-right-populist-javier-milei-shock-lead-primary-presidential-elections |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

}} Many other commentators have stressed that the two men are different, however, describing Milei's views as mostly libertarian, such as rejecting protectionism and supporting free trade.{{bulleted list|

| {{Cite news |title=How similar is Argentina's Javier Milei to Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro? |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d2c033c5-65cb-41e8-bb06-b995fc25f9c5 |access-date=June 20, 2024 |newspaper=Financial Times |date=November 26, 2023 |last1=Nugent |first1=Ciara |last2=Stott |first2=Michael}}

| {{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=Argentina's Milei no 'Trump of the Pampas', analysts say |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231123-argentina-s-milei-no-trump-of-the-pampas-analysts-say |access-date=June 20, 2024 |work=France 24 |language=en}}

| {{Cite web |last=Raisbeck |first=Daniel |date=August 17, 2023 |title=Don't Confuse Javier Milei with Jair Bolsonaro |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/dont-confuse-javier-milei-jair-bolsonaro |access-date=June 20, 2024 |publisher=Cato Institute}}

| {{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Jon |title=Javier Milei is weird, but that doesn't make him 'Argentina's Trump' |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/2023/11/25/javier-milei-argentina-trump-worth-cheering-economy/71676949007/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}

| {{Cite web |date=January 19, 2024 |title=President Milei Is Very Different from President Trump |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/president-milei-is-very-different-from-president-trump/ |access-date=June 20, 2024 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}

}}

According to The Guardian and The Washington Post, there is a significant affinity towards Trump in Nigeria.{{sfn|Akinwotu|2020}}{{sfn|Nwaubani|2020}} Donald Trump's comments on the ethno-religious conflicts between Christians and the predominantly Muslim Fulani tribe has contributed to his popularity among Christians in Nigeria, in which he stated: "We have had very serious problems with Christians who are being murdered in Nigeria. We are going to be working on that problem very, very hard because we cannot allow that to happen".{{sfn|Akinwotu|2020}} Donald Trump is praised by the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), a secessionist group that supports the independence of Biafra from Nigeria and is designated as a terrorist group by the Nigerian government. IPOB has claimed that he "believes in the inalienable right of an indigenous people to self-determination" and it also praised him for "the direct and serious manner he addressed and demanded immediate end to the serial slaughter of Christians in Nigeria, especially Biafran Christians".{{sfn|Oduah|2016}}{{sfn|Nwachukwu|2018}}

After Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, IPOB leader Nnamdi Kanu wrote a letter to Trump stating he had a "historic and moral burden ... to liberate the enslaved nations in Africa".{{sfn|Oduah|2016}} As Trump was inaugurated in January 2017, IPOB organized a rally in support of Trump that resulted in violent clashes with Nigerian security forces and resulted in multiple deaths and arrests.{{cite news |title=Biafran pro-Trump rally turns violent in Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38688798 |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824145915/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38688798 |url-status=live }} On January 30, 2020, IPOB leader Nnamdi Kanu attended a Trump rally in Iowa as a special VIP guest, at the invitation of the Republican Party of Iowa.{{sfn|Bankole|2020}} According to a 2020 poll from Pew Research, 58% of Nigerians had favorable views of Donald Trump, the fourth highest percentage globally.{{sfn|Adebayo|2020}}

According to John Campbell of Council on Foreign Relations, Trump's popularity in Nigeria can be explained by a "manifestation of the widespread disillusionment in a country characterized by growing poverty, multiple security threats, an expanding crime wave, and a government seen as unresponsive and corrupt", and his popularity is likely stronger among wealthier urban Nigerians rather than the majority of Nigerians who live in rural areas or urban slums and are unlikely to have strong opinions on Trump.{{sfn|Campbell|2020}}

{{Main|Restart (group)}}

Donald Trump and his policy towards Iran has been praised by the Iranian opposition group 'Restart', led by Mohammad Hosseini, which also supports American military action against Iran and offered to fight alongside Americans to overthrow the Iranian government.{{sfn|Tabatabai|2020}} The group has adopted the slogan "Make Iran Great Again".{{sfn|Tabatabai|2020}}

Restart has been compared to QAnon by Ariane Tabatabai, in terms of "conspiracist thinking going global".{{sfn|Tabatabai|2020}} Among conspiracy theories advocated by the group is that Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei has died (or went into coma) in 2017 and a double plays his role in public.{{cite news |title=The App Powering the Uprising in Iran, Where Some Channels Pushed for Violence |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-app-powering-the-uprising-in-iran |date=January 11, 2018 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |work=The Daily Beast |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201192853/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-app-powering-the-uprising-in-iran |url-status=live}}

{{further|Japanese nationalism}}

File:Shinzō Abe and Donald Trump in Kawagoe (1).jpg"-style hats reading "Donald & Shinzo, Make Alliance Even Greater"]]

In Japan, in a speech to Liberal Democratic Party lawmakers in Tokyo on 8 March 2019, Steve Bannon said that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was "Trump before Trump" and "a great hero to the grassroots, the populist, and the nationalist movement throughout the world."{{cite web |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/08/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes/#.XILevy2ZPOR |title=Ex-adviser Steve Bannon says Abe was 'Trump before Trump,' urges him to play hardball with China |last=Osaki |first=Tomohiro |date=March 8, 2019 |website=The Japan Times |access-date=February 7, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829232041/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/03/08/national/politics-diplomacy/ex-adviser-steve-bannon-confident-donald-trump-win-2020-despite-probes/#.XILevy2ZPOR |archive-date=August 29, 2020 }} Shinzo Abe was described as a "right-wing nationalist" or "ultra-nationalist",{{Cite news |first1=Mari |last1=Yamaguchi |first2=Chisato |last2=Tanaka |first3=Foster |last3=Klug |title=Japan's ex-leader Shinzo Abe assassinated during a speech |url=https://apnews.com/article/japan-shinzo-abe-shooting-22ec2248d92304deb9cc46b2142402d2 |work=Associated Press News |date=July 9, 2022 |quote=Even though he was out of office, Abe was still highly influential in the governing Liberal Democratic Party and headed its largest faction, Seiwakai, but his ultra-nationalist views made him a divisive figure to many. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105642/https://apnews.com/article/japan-shinzo-abe-shooting-22ec2248d92304deb9cc46b2142402d2 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=Yoon visits Japan, seeking to restore ties amid N Korea threat |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat |work=Al Jazeera |date=March 16, 2023 |quote=But many in South Korea did not consider Japan's remorse as sufficiently sincere, especially as the ultranationalist former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was assassinated last year, and his allies sought to whitewash Japan's colonial abuses, even suggesting there was no evidence to indicate Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321105448/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/16/s-koreas-yoon-visits-japan-renew-ties-amid-n-korea-threat |archive-date=21 March 2023}} but whether he was a "populist" is controversial.{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHJsoCAREsg |title=Japan's rising right-wing nationalism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235744/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHJsoCAREsg&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |work=Vox |date=26 May 2017 |via=YouTube |url-status=live }}

Netto-uyoku is the term used to refer to netizens who espouse ultranationalist far-right views on Japanese social media, as well as in English to those who are proficient. Netto-uyoku are typically very friendly not only to Japanese nationalists but also to Donald Trump, and oppose liberal politics. They began spreading Trump's conspiracy theories in an attempt to overturn the 2020 American presidential election.{{citation|last1=倉山|first1=満|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/b0ed4202a9e415f966879cbaeb9bbef1c207ff63?page=1|script-title=ja:ネトウヨ芸人も安倍信者も、社会から消えてもらうのみ|work=Yahoo News|language=ja|date=December 14, 2020|access-date=February 16, 2021|archive-date=December 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214035332/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/b0ed4202a9e415f966879cbaeb9bbef1c207ff63?page=1|url-status=dead}}

The politics of Yoon Suk Yeol, the former president of South Korea, has been called "Trumpist" for his right-wing populist elements.{{cite news |title=Feminism is the New F-Word – Populism & Patriarchy Among Young South Korean Men: K-Trumpism is part of the global rise of right-wing populism, experts say |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/feminism-is-the-new-f-word-populism-patriarchy-among-young-south-korean-men/ |quote=The case of South Korea parallels the lasting effects of Trumpism on conservative nativism in the United States, which attributes economic troubles to asylum seekers and undocumented immigrants. |agency=Harvard Political Review|first1=Rhys|last1=Moon |date=January 15, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203093608/https://harvardpolitics.com/feminism-is-the-new-f-word-populism-patriarchy-among-young-south-korean-men/ |url-status=live}}

File:Rodrigo Duterte and Donald Trump at ASEAN gala dinner in Manila.jpg

Sheila S. Coronel has argued that the political strategies of Ferdinand Marcos, who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, and Rodrigo Duterte, who held the same position from 2016 to 2022, share certain features with Trumpism, including disregard for facts, encouragement of fear, and a "loud, bombastic, hypermasculine" aesthetic; and that each has benefited from uncertain political environments.{{sfn|Coronel|2020}}

{{further|Putinism}}

File:Vladimir Putin & Donald Trump in Helsinki, 16 July 2018 (2).jpg and Vladimir Putin meeting in the 2018 Russia–United States summit in Helsinki.]]

Aleksandr Dugin, a Russian far-right political philosopher has described the politcal style of the incumbent Russian President Vladimir Putin similar to Donald Trump due their anti-globalist and anti-elite rhetoric in emphasizing nationalism and traditional values with Putin framing Russia as a defender against Western liberal elites, while Trump criticizes global institutions and claims they undermine American interests. {{Cite news |last=Reyes |first=Ronny |date=March 30, 2025 |title='Putin's Rasputin' says Russia under Kremlin dictator and Trump's America have a lot in common |url=https://nypost.com/2025/03/30/world-news/putins-rasputin-says-russia-under-kremlin-dictator-and-trumps-america-have-a-lot-in-common/?utm_source=chatgpt.co|work=New York Post}}

{{portal|Modern history|Politics|United States}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Trumpet of Patriots (Australian party)
• Authoritarian conservatism
• Blue MAGA
• Corporatocracy
• Enemy of the people
• Firehose of falsehood
• Flood the zone with shit
• God Emperor Trump (statue)
• List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump
• National conservatism
• Radical right (United States)
• Reality distortion field
• Right-wing authoritarianism
• Freedom Caucus
• Agenda 47
• Political positions of Donald Trump
• Sedition Caucus
• Racial views of Donald Trump

Organizations

• America First Policies
• Conservative Partnership Institute
• John Birch Society
• MAGA Inc.
• Republican Accountability
• The Lincoln Project
• Republicans for the Rule of Law

{{div col end}}

{{notefoot|refs=

{{notetag|name=Jones2012|The "(Jones, 2012: 180)" quote appears in {{cite journal |last1=Jones| first1=Jeffry P.| date=2012 |title=Fox News and the Performance of Ideology |journal=Cinema Journal |volume=51| issue=4| pages=178–185| doi=10.1353/cj.2012.0073| jstor=23253592| s2cid=145669733}} }}

{{notetag|name=Plott1|Elaina Plott covers the Republican Party and conservatism as a national political reporter for The New York Times. In her in-depth article on how Trump has remade the Republican Party, Plott interviewed thirty or so Republican officials.}}

{{notetag|name=Zurcher1|In contrast, the Democratic Party adopted "a 91-page document with headings such as 'Healing the Soul of America' and 'Restoring and Strengthening Our Democracy'", with disputes over the lack of "language endorsing" universal healthcare or the Green New Deal.}}

}}

{{reflist|group=Note}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=David L. |title=Making Sport Great Again: The Uber-Sport Assemblage, Neoliberalism, and the Trump Conjuncture |chapter=Making Sport Great Again |isbn=978-3030150020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15002-0 |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |s2cid=159089360 |edition=e-book}}

• {{cite book |last1=Badiou |first1=Alain |title=Trump |date=2019 |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-1509536092 |location=Cambridge, UK |edition=e-book |author1-link=Alain Badiou |quote=...we could speak of these new figures in terms of a kind of "democratic fascism", a paradoxical but effective designation. After all, the Berlusconis, the Sarkozys, the Le Pens, the Trumps, are operating inside the democratic apparatus, with its elections, its oppositions, its scandals, etc. But, within this apparatus, they are playing a different score, another music. This is certainly the case with Trump, who is racist, a male chauvinist, violent—all of which are fascist tendencies—but who, in addition, displays a contempt for logic and rationality and a muffled hatred of intellectuals. The music proper to this type of democratic fascism is a discourse that does not worry in the least bit about coherence, a discourse of impulse, comfortable with a few nighttime tweets, and that imposes a sort of dislocation of language, positively flaunting its ability to say everything and its opposite. For these new political figures, the aim of language is no longer to explain anything or to defend a point of view in an articulate manner. Its aim is to produce affects, which are used to create a fleetingly powerful unity, largely artificial but capable of being exploited in the moment.}}
• {{cite book |last1=Berry |first1=Jeffrey M. |last2=Sobieraj |first2=Sarah |title=The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility |url=https://openlibrary.org/search?q=the+outrage+industry&mode=everything |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199928972 |location=New York |edition=e-book |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314230145/https://openlibrary.org/search?q=the+outrage+industry&mode=everything |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Blair |first1=Gwenda |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate |date=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0684808498 |location=New York |author1-link=Gwenda Blair}}
• {{cite book |last1=Boggs |first1=Carl |title=Fascism Old and New |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1351049696 |location=New York |edition=e-book |page=xii |quote=At this juncture [November 2017] it is worth noting that the 2016 ascendancy of Donald Trump to the White House does not occur to the author as a specifically fascist moment in U.S. history, contrary to what is commonly heard in liberal and progressive circles. To be sure, Trump does possess strong elements of a leadership cult, replete with narcissism and grandiose visions ('making American great again') ... I have chosen to view Trump as representing an interregnum between existing power arrangements—that is, a militarized state-capitalism—and potential American fascism.}}
• {{cite book |last1=Boler |first1=Megan |last2=Davis |first2=Elizabeth |chapter=Affect, Media, Movement – Interview with Susanna Paasonen and Zizi Papacharissi |title=Affective Politics of Digital Media |editor1-last=Boler |editor1-first=Megan |editor2-last=Davis |editor2-first=Elizabeth |isbn=978-1003052272 |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |edition=e-book}}
• {{cite book |last1=Boyd |first1=Gregory |title-link=The Myth of a Christian Nation |title=The Myth of a Christian Nation: How the Quest for Political Power Is Destroying the Church |date=2005 |publisher=Zondervan |isbn=0310281245 |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |author1-link=Greg Boyd (theologian)}}
• {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Anthea |author-link=Anthea Butler |year=2020 |title=White Evangelical Racism: The Politics of Morality in America |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9781469661179}}

• {{cite book |last1=Carpini |first1=Michael X. Delli |editor1-last=Boczkowski |editor1-first=Pablo |editor2-last=Papacharissi |editor2-first=Zizi |title=Trump and the Media |date=2018 |publisher=MIT Press |chapter=Alternative Facts: Donald Trump and the Emergence of a New U.S. Media Regime |isbn=978-0262037969 |location=Cambridge, MA |edition=e-book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2FSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |access-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115090008/https://books.google.com/books?id=-2FSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last=Connolly |first=William |title=Aspirational Fascism: The Struggle for Multifaceted Democracy under Trumpism |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis, Minnesota |year=2017 |isbn=978-1517905125 |author1-link=William E. Connolly}}

• {{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=John |author1-link=John Dean |last2=Altemeyer |first2=Robert A. |author2-link=Bob Altemeyer |title=Authoritarian Nightmare: Trump and his Followers |edition=e-book |date=2020 |publisher=Melville House Publishing |chapter=Chapter 10: National Survey on Authoritarianism |isbn=978-1612199061 |location=Brooklyn, New York}}
• {{cite book |last1=de Berg |first1=Henk |title=Trump and Hitler: A Comparative Study in Lying |date=2024 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3031518324 |location=London}}
• {{cite book |last1=de la Torre |first1=Carlos |last2=Barr |first2=Robert R. |last3=Arato |first3=Andrew |last4=Cohen |first4=Jean L. |last5=Ruzza |first5=Carlo |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge International Handbooks |isbn=978-1315226446 |date=2019 |location=London & New York}}
• {{cite book |last1=Frum |first1=David |author-link=David Frum |title=Trumpocracy |date=2018 |publisher=Harper |page=336 |isbn=978-0062796745 |location=New York}}
• {{cite book |last1=Dionne |first1=E. J. |author1-link=E. J. Dionne |last2=Mann |first2=Thomas E. |author2-link=Thomas E. Mann |last3=Ornstein |first3=Norman |author3-link=Norman Ornstein |title=One Nation After Trump: A Guide for the Perplexed, the Disillusioned, the Desperate, and the Not-yet Deported |date=2017 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |page=384 |isbn=978-1250293633 |location=New York}}

• {{cite book |last1=Fea |first1=John |title=Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump |date=2018 |publisher=Eerdmans |isbn=978-1467450461 |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}
• {{cite book |last1=Feldman |first1=Stanley |author-link=Stanley Feldman (political scientist) |editor1-last=Borgida |editor2-last=Federico |editor3-last=Miller |title=At the Forefront of Political Psychology: Essays in Honor of John L. Sullivan |year=2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=Abingdon, England |chapter=Authoritarianism, threat, and intolerance |isbn=978-1000768275 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDDNDwAAQBAJ&dq=At%20the%20forefront%20of%20political%20psychology%3A%20Essays%20in%20honor%20of%20John%20L.%20Sullivan&pg=PT42 |access-date=October 14, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222912/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/At_the_Forefront_of_Political_Psychology/mDDNDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=At+the+forefront+of+political+psychology%3A+Essays+in+honor+of+John+L.+Sullivan&pg=PT42 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Finchelstein |first1=Federico |author-link=Federico Finchelstein |title=From Fascism to Populism in History |date=2017 |publisher=University of California Press |pages=11–13 |isbn=978-0520968042 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkwsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |access-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222838/https://books.google.com/books?id=jkwsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fuchs |first1=Christian |author1-link=Christian Fuchs (sociologist) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21215dw.8 |title=Digital Demagogue: Authoritarian Capitalism in the Age of Trump and Twitter |date=2018 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London, England |jstor=j.ctt21215dw.8 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010223623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21215dw.8 |url-status=live}}

• {{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Peter E. |editor1-last=Brown |editor1-first=Wendy |editor2-last=Gordon |editor2-first=Peter E. |editor3-last=Pensky |editor3-first=Max |title=Authoritarianism: Three Inquiries in Critical Theory |isbn=978-0226597300 |chapter=The Authoritarian Personality Revisited: Reading Adorno in the Age of Trump |date=2018 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |edition=e-book |author1-link=Peter Gordon (historian) |doi=10.7208/chicago/9780226597300.001.0001}}
• {{cite book |last1=Gorski |first1=Philip |title=Politics of Meaning/Meaning of Politics |chapter=Why Evangelicals Voted for Trump: A Critical Cultural Sociology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318794810 |editor1-last=Mast |editor1-first=Jason L. |editor2-last=Alexander |editor2-first=Jeffrey C. |publisher=Springer International Publishing |location=Cham |isbn=978-3319959450 |pages=165–183 |series=Cultural Sociology |date=2019 |via=Springer Link |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-95945-0_10 |s2cid=239775845 |author1-link=Philip S. Gorski |access-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054541/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318794810_Why_evangelicals_voted_for_Trump_A_critical_cultural_sociology |url-status=live}}

• {{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=Roderick P. |title=Trump and Us (What He Says and Why People Listen) |chapter=Trump's Arrival |date=2020 |pages=3–22 |doi=10.1017/9781108854979.001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1108854979 |s2cid=234899569}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hassan |first1=Steven |author1-link=Steven Hassan |year=2019 |title=The Cult of Trump |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9781982127336}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hochschild |first1=Arlie Russell |title-link=Strangers in Their Own Land |title=Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right |date=2016 |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1620972267 |location=New York |edition=e-book |author1-link=Arlie Russell Hochschild}}
• {{cite book |last1=Hopkin |first1=Jonathan |author1-link=Jonathan Hopkin |last2=Blyth |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Blyth |editor1-last=Vormann |editor1-first=Boris |editor2-last=Weinman |editor2-first=Michael D. |title=The Emergence of Illiberalism |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Global Trumpism: Understanding Anti-System Politics in Western Democracies |isbn=978-0367366247 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222839/https://books.google.com/books?id=C_3vDwAAQBAJ&q=global+trumpism&pg=PT107 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Horkheimer |first1=Max |last2=Adorno |first2=Theodor W. |title=Dialectic of Enlightenment – Philosophical Fragments |title-link=Dialectic of Enlightenment |editor1-last=Noerr |editor1-first=Gunzelin Schmid |date=2002 |orig-year=1947 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0804788090 |edition=e-book |location=Stanford, California |translator1-last=Jephcott |translator1-first=Edmund |author1-link=Max Horkheimer |series=Cultural Memory in the Present |author2-link=Theodor Adorno}}

• {{cite book |last1=Jacquemet |first1=Marco |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-trump-era/45-as-a-bullshit-artist-straining-for-charisma/517B5C97A2B922F2AEA7C60670C69579 |chapter=45 as a Bullshit Artist: Straining for Charisma |title=Language in the Trump Era: Scandals and Emergencies |editor1-last=McIntosh |editor1-first=Janet |editor2-last=Mendoza-Denton |editor2-first=Norma |isbn=978-1108745031 |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108887410 |s2cid=241149659 |editor2-link=Norma Mendoza-Denton |access-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420122934/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/language-in-the-trump-era/45-as-a-bullshit-artist-straining-for-charisma/517B5C97A2B922F2AEA7C60670C69579 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jaeger |first1=C. Stephen |title=The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Ideals |date=1985 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |asin=B008UYP8H8 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jeffress |first1=Robert |title=Twilight's Last Gleaming: How America's Last Days Can Be Your Best Days |date=2011 |publisher=Worthy Publishing |isbn=978-1936034581 |location=Brentwood, Tennessee |author1-link=Robert Jeffress}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Karen |chapter=Trusting Interpretations |title=Trust: Analytic and Applied Perspectives |editor1-last=Mäkelä |editor1-first=Pekka |editor2-last=Townley |editor2-first=Cynthia |isbn=978-9401209410 |date=2013 |publisher=Rodopi |volume=263 |series=Value Inquiry Book Series}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jutel |first1=Olivier |chapter=Donald Trump, American Populism and Affective Media |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |editor1-last=de la Torre |editor1-first=Carlos |editor2-last=Barr |editor2-first=Robert R. |editor3-last=Arato |editor3-first=Andrew |editor4-last=Cohen |editor4-first=Jean L. |editor5-last=Ruzza |editor5-first=Carlo |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge International Handbooks |isbn=978-1315226446 |date=2019 |location=London & New York}}

• {{cite book |last1=Kellner |first1=Douglas |editor1-last=Morelock |editor1-first=Jeremiah |title=Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism |date=2018 |publisher=University of Westminster Press |location=London |chapter=Donald Trump as Authoritarian Populist: A Frommian Analysis |volume=9 |pages=71–82 |jstor=j.ctv9hvtcf.8 |isbn=978-1912656059 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv9hvtcf.8 |author-link1=Douglas Kellner}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kellner |first1=Douglas |editor1-last=Peters |editor1-first=Michael A. |editor2-last=Rider |editor2-first=Sharon |editor3-last=Hyvonen |editor3-first=Mats |editor4-last=Besley |editor4-first=Tina |title=Post-Truth, Fake News: Viral Modernity & Higher Education |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |chapter=Donald Trump and the Politics of Lying |isbn=978-9811080135 |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-8013-5 |author1-link=Douglas Kellner |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323242772}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |last2=Rizzo |first2=Salvador |last3=Kelly |first3=Meg |title=Donald Trump and His Assault on Truth: The Presidents Falsehoods, Misleading Claims and Flat-Out Lie |date=2020 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-1982151089 |series=The Washington Post Books |author-link1=Glenn Kessler (journalist)}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kimmel |first1=Michael |title=Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era |isbn=978-1568589626 |date=2017 |orig-year=2013 |publisher=Perseus Books – PublicAffairs |location=New York |edition=2017 |author1-link=Michael Kimmel}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kimmel |first1=Michael |title=Healing from Hate: How Young Men Get Into – and Out of – Violent Extremism |year=2018 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Davis, California |isbn=978-0520966086 |edition=e-book |author1-link=Michael Kimmel}}
• {{cite book |last1=Kreiss |first1=Daniel |chapter=The Media Are about Identity, Not Information |date=2018 |editor1-last=Boczkowski |editor1-first=Pablo J. |editor2-last=Papacharissi |editor2-first=Zizi |title=Trump and the Media |isbn=978-0262037969 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=93–99 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/11464.003.0016}}

• {{Cite book |last=Laclau |first=Ernesto |author-link=Ernesto Laclau |title=On Populist Reason |publisher=Verso |year=2005 |location=New York |isbn=978-1788731331}}
• {{cite book |last1=Le Bon |first1=Gustave |author-link=Gustave Le Bon |title=The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind |title-link=The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind |orig-year=1st pub. 1895 |date=2002 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0486419565 |location=Mineola, NY}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lifton |first1=Robert Jay |author-link=Robert Jay Lifton |title=Losing Reality: On Cults, Cultism, and the Mindset of Political and Religious Zealotry |edition=ePub) |year=2019 |publisher=New Press |isbn=978-1620975121 |location=New York}} (Page numbers correspond to the ePub edition.)
• {{cite book |last1=Löwenthal |first1=Leo |author1-link=Leo Löwenthal |last2=Guterman |first2=Norbert |author2-link=Norbert Guterman |title=Prophets of Deceit: A Study of the Techniques of the American Agitator |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4581255W/Prophets_of_deceit?edition=key%3A/books/OL14350900M |year=1949 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |isbn=978-0870151828 |format=PDF |location=New York |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101030643/http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=6530 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Lowndes |first1=Joseph |editor-last=de la Torre |editor-first=Carlos |title=Routledge Handbook of Global Populism |publisher=Routledge |chapter=Populism and race in the United States from George Wallace to Donald Trump |isbn=978-1315226446 |date=2019 |location=London & New York |at="Trumpism" section, pp. 197–200 |quote=Trump unabashedly employed the language of white supremacy and misogyny, rage and even violence at Trump rallies was like nothing seen in decades.}}

• {{cite book |last1=Mansfield |first1=Stephen |title=Choosing Donald Trump: God, Anger, Hope, and Why Christian Conservatives Supported Him |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19722021W/Choosing_Donald_Trump?edition=key%3A/books/OL26935144M |date=2017 |publisher=Baker Books |isbn=978-1493412259 |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |author-link1=Stephen Mansfield |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314224144/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19722021W/Choosing_Donald_Trump?edition=key:/books/OL26935144M |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Massachs |first1=Joan |last2=Monti |first2=Corrado |last3=Morales |first3=Gianmarco De Francisci |last4=Bonchi |first4=Francesco |chapter=Roots of Trumpism: Homophily and Social Feedback in Donald Trump Support on Reddit |publisher=12th ACM Conference on Web Science |title=12th ACM Conference on Web Science |pages=49–58 |date=2020 |doi=10.1145/3394231.3397894 |arxiv=2005.01790 |isbn=978-1450379892 |s2cid=218502169}}
• {{Cite book |last=Mercieca |first=Jennifer R. |author-link=Jennifer Mercieca |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwy2ywEACAAJ |title=Demagogue for President: The Rhetorical Genius of Donald Trump |date=2020 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-62349-906-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=McIntyre |first1=Lee |title=Post-Truth |date=2018 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0262535045 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |series=MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series |author-link1=Lee McIntyre}}
• {{cite book |last1=McAdams |first1=Dan P. |title=The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump: A Psychological Reckoning |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0197507469 |location=New York |edition=EPUB |author-link1=Dan P. McAdams}}
• {{cite book |last1=McManus |first1=Matthew |title=The Rise Of Post-Modern Conservatism Neoliberalism, Post-Modern Culture, And Reactionary Politics |date=2020 |editor1-last=Hardwick |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Marsh |editor2-first=Leslie |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |location=New York |chapter=The Rise of Post-Modern Conservatism |isbn=978-3030246822 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-24682-2 |s2cid=241523759 |edition=e-book}}
• {{cite book |last1=Money-Kyrle |first1=Roger |author-link=Roger Money-Kyle |editor1-last=Meltzer |editor1-first=Donald |editor2-last=O'Shaughnessy |editor2-first=Edna |title=The Collected Papers of Roger Money-Kyrle |date=2015 |orig-year=1941 |publisher=Clunie Press |chapter=The Psychology of Propaganda |quote=Money – Kyle describes not a rhetorical pattern of problem–conflict–resolution, but a progression of psychoanalytic states of mind in the three steps: 1) melancholia, 2) paranoia and 3) megalomania.}}

• {{cite book |last1=Neuborne |first1=Burt |author-link1=Burt Neuborne |title=When at Times the Mob Is Swayed: A Citizen's Guide to Defending Our Republic |edition=ePub) |date=2019 |publisher=The New Press |isbn=978-1620973585 |location=New York}}

• {{cite book |last1=O'Callaghan |first1=Patrick |editor1-last=Navin |editor1-first=Mark Christopher |editor2-last=Nunan |editor2-first=Richard |publisher=Springer |title=Democracy, Populism, and Truth |isbn=978-3030434243 |date=2020 |volume=9 |series=AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice |chapter=Reflections on the Root Causes of Outrage Discourse on Social Media |pages=115–126 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43424-3_9 |s2cid=226512444}}
• {{cite news |last=Oliver |first=Joe |date=September 7, 2022 |title=Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave |url=https://financialpost.com/opinion/joe-oliver-liberals-risk-drowning-in-the-poilievre-wave |website=Financial Post}}
• {{cite book |last1=Ophir |first1=Adi |chapter=The Political |title=Thinking With Balibar A Lexicon of Conceptual Practice |editor1-last=Stoler |editor1-first=Ann Laura |editor2-last=Gourgouris |editor2-first=Stathis |editor3-last=Lezra |editor3-first=Jacques |isbn=978-0823288489 |date=2020 |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |series=Idiom: Inventing Writing Theory |pages=158–182 |doi=10.1515/9780823288502-012 |s2cid=150814728 |author-link1=Adi Ophir |editor1-link=Ann Laura Stoler}}

• {{cite book |last1=Pfiffner |first1=James |title=Presidential Leadership and the Trump Presidency |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-3030189792 |pages=17–40 |chapter=The Lies of Donald Trump: A Taxonomy |year=2020 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-18979-2_2 |s2cid=235085363 |url=https://pfiffner.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pfiffner-The-Lies-of-Donald-Trump-A-Taxonomy.pdf |access-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-date=December 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227080444/https://pfiffner.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pfiffner-The-Lies-of-Donald-Trump-A-Taxonomy.pdf |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Plasser |first1=Fritz |last2=Ulram |first2=Peter A. |chapter=Striking a Responsive Chord: Mass Media and. Right-Wing Populism in Austria |editor1-last=Mazzoleni |editor1-first=Gianpietro |editor2-last=Stewart |editor2-first=Julianne |editor3-last=Horsfield |editor3-first=Bruce |title=The Media and Neo-Populism |isbn=978-0275974923 |date=2003 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, CA}}
• {{cite book |last1=Postman |first1=Neil |title-link=Amusing Ourselves to Death |title=Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business |isbn=978-0143036531 |date=2005 |orig-year=1985 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |edition=20th Anniversary |author-link1=Neil Postman}}
• {{cite book |last1=Power |first1=Samantha |author1-link=Samantha Power |chapter=Beyond Elections: Foreign Interference with American Democracy |title=Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America |pages=69–80 |editor-last=Sunstein |editor-first=Cass R. |editor-link1=Cass Sunstein |year=2018 |edition=ePub |publisher=Dey Street Books |isbn=978-0062696212 |location=New York}}
• {{cite book |last1=Pybus |first1=Jennifer |chapter=Accumulating affect: social networks and their archives of feeling |title=Networked affect |editor1-last=Hillis |editor1-first=Ken |editor2-last=Paasonen |editor2-first=Susanna |editor3-last=Petit |editor3-first=Michael |isbn=978-0262028646 |date=2015 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |editor2-link=Susanna Paasonen}}

• {{cite book |last1=Resano |first1=Dolores |title=American Literature in the Era of Trumpism: Alternative Realities |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3030738570}}
• {{cite book |last1=Robison |first1=Wade L. |editor1-last=Navin |editor1-first=Mark Christopher |editor2-last=Nunan |editor2-first=Richard |publisher=Springer |title=Democracy, Populism, and Truth |isbn=978-3030434243 |date=2020 |volume=9 |series=AMINTAPHIL: The Philosophical Foundations of Law and Justice |chapter=#ConstitutionalStability |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43424-3_13 |pages=179–191 |s2cid=243147537 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43424-3_13 |access-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115090008/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-43424-3_13 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Rudolf |first1=Peter |editor-last=Heinemann-Grüder |editor-first=Andreas |title=Peace Report 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=LIT-Verlag, International Politics |volume=29 |chapter=The US under Trump: Potential consequences for transatlantic relations |isbn=978-3643909329 |location=Berlin/Münster/Zürich |url=https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/fachpublikationen/TheUSUnderTrump_rdf_PeaceReport2017.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222859/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/fachpublikationen/TheUSUnderTrump_rdf_PeaceReport2017.pdf |url-status=live}}

• {{cite book |last1=Sexton |first1=Jared Yates |author-link=Jared Yates Sexton |title=The People Are Going to Rise Like the Waters Upon Your Shore: A Story of American Rage |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19715290W/The_people_are_going_to_rise_like_the_waters_upon_your_shore?edition=key%3A/books/OL26928426M |date=2017 |publisher=Counterpoint Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-1619029569 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314224143/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL19715290W/The_people_are_going_to_rise_like_the_waters_upon_your_shore?edition=key:/books/OL26928426M |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Michael S. |date=October 22, 2024 |title=As Election Nears, Kelly Warns Trump Would Rule Like a Dictator |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/22/us/politics/john-kelly-trump-fitness-character.html |access-date=October 25, 2024 |issn=0362-4331}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Shapiro |first1=Ari |last2=Intagliata |first2=Christopher |last3=Venkat |first3=Mia |date=May 13, 2021 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/996617553/the-u-s-is-headed-away-from-the-ideals-of-democracy-says-author-masha-gessen |title=The U.S. Is Headed Away From The Ideals Of Democracy, Says Author Masha Gessen |website=All Things Considered |publisher=NPR |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914184709/https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/996617553/the-u-s-is-headed-away-from-the-ideals-of-democracy-says-author-masha-gessen |url-status=live}}
• {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David Livingstone |title=On Inhumanity: Dehumanization and How to Resist It |edition=ePub |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0190923020 |location=New York |author-link1=David Livingstone Smith}}
• {{cite book |last1=Sunstein |first1=Cass |title=Republic 2.0 |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691133560 |edition=e-book |author1-link=Cass Sunstein |location=Princeton, New Jersey}}
• {{cite book |last1=Stenner |first1=Karen |author1-link=Karen Stenner |last2=Haidt |author2-link=Jonathan Haidt |first2=Jonathan |chapter=Authoritarianism is not a momentary madness, but an eternal dynamic within liberal democracies |title=Can It Happen Here? Authoritarianism in America |editor-last=Sunstein |editor-first=Cass R. |editor-link1=Cass Sunstein |year=2018 |edition=ePub |publisher=Dey Street Books |isbn=978-0062696212 |location=New York}}
• {{cite book |last1=Stoler |first1=Ann Laura |chapter=Interior Frontiers |title=Thinking With Balibar A Lexicon of Conceptual Practice |editor1-last=Stoler |editor1-first=Ann Laura |editor2-last=Gourgouris |editor2-first=Stathis |editor3-last=Lezra |editor3-first=Jacques |isbn=978-0823288489 |date=2020 |publisher=Fordham University Press |location=New York |series=Idiom: Inventing Writing Theory |pages=117–139 |doi=10.1515/9780823288502-010 |s2cid=243377812 |author1-link=Ann Laura Stoler}}

• {{cite book |last1=Tarizzo |first1=Davide |title=Political grammars : the unconscious foundations of modern democracy |date=2021 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1503615328 |location=Stanford, California |series=Square One: First Order Questions in the Humanities}}
• {{cite book |last1=Temelkuran |first1=Ece |title=How to Lose a Country: The 7 Steps from Democracy to Dictatorship |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |date=2019 |isbn=978-0008340612 |author-link=Ece Temelkuran}}
• {{cite web |last=Thomson |first=Stuart |date=28 July 2022 |title=One of the world's leading populism experts says Pierre Poilievre isn't quite a populist |url=https://thehub.ca/2022/07/28/one-of-the-worlds-leading-populism-experts-says-pierre-poilievre-isnt-quite-a-populist/ |website=The Hub}}
• {{cite book |last1=Traverso |first1=Enzo |title=The New Faces of Fascism |date=2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1788730464 |location=Brooklyn, New York |author1-link=Enzo Traverso |quote='Populism' is a category used as a self-defence mechanism by political elites who stand ever further from the people. According to Jacques Rancière: "Populism is the convenient name under which is dissimulated the exacerbated contradiction between popular legitimacy and expert legitimacy, that is, the difficulty the government of science has in adapting itself to manifestations of democracy and even to the mixed form of representative system. This name at once masks and reveals the intense wish of the oligarch: to govern without people, in other words, without any dividing of the people; to govern without politics.}}
• {{cite book |last1=Trump |first1=Donald J. |author1-link=Donald Trump |last2=Schwartz |first2=Tony |date=2011 |title=Trump: The Art of the Deal |orig-year=1987 |publisher=Random House – Ballantine Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0307575333 |author2-link=Tony Schwartz (author)}}
• {{cite book |last1=Tucker |first1=Erika |title=Trump and Political Philosophy |chapter=Hope, Hate and Indignation: Spinoza and Political Emotion in the Trump Era |editor1-last=Sable |editor1-first=Marc Benjamin |editor2-last=Torres |editor2-first=Angel Jaramillo |isbn=978-3319744278 |date=2018 |pages=131–157 |publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan |location=London |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-74427-8_8 |s2cid=149997363 |chapter-url=https://philpapers.org/rec/TUCHHA-2}}

• {{cite book |last1=van Prooijen |first1=Jan-Willem |title=The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1315525419 |location=New York |series=The Psychology of Everything}}

• {{cite book |last1=Waisbord |first1=Silvio |last2=Tucker |first2=Tina |last3=Lichtenheld |first3=Zoey |editor1-first=Pablo |editor1-last=Boczkowski |editor2-last=Papacharissi |editor2-first=Zizi |title=Trump and the Media |date=2018 |publisher=MIT Press |chapter=Trump and the Great Disruption in Public Communication |isbn=978-0262037969 |location=Cambridge |edition=e-book}}
• {{cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title-link=Fear: Trump in the White House |title=Fear: Trump in the White House |date=2018 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |page=448 |isbn=978-1471181306 |location=New York}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Kenneth Alan |date=Spring 2021 |title=The Trump Death Cult |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=35407 |journal=Journal of Psychohistory |volume=48 |issue=4 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |pages=256–276 |issn=0145-3378}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Adler |first1=Paul S. |last2=Adly |first2=Amr |last3=Armanios |first3=Daniel Erian |last4=Battilana |first4=Julie |last5=Bodrožić |first5=Zlatko |last6=Clegg |first6=Stewart |last7=Davis |first7=Gerald F. |last8=Gartenberg |first8=Claudine |last9=Glynn |first9=Mary Ann |last10=Gümüsay |first10=Ali Aslan |last11=Haveman |first11=Heather A. |last12=Leonardi |first12=Paul |last13=Lounsbury |first13=Michael |last14=McGahan |first14=Anita M. |last15=Meyer |first15=Renate |last16=Phillips |first16=Nelson |last17=Sheppard-Jones |first17=Kara |title=Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Global Retreat of Democracy: A Curated Discussion |journal=Journal of Management Inquiry |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=2022 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1177/10564926221119395 |s2cid=251870215 |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/190496/3/10564926221119395.pdf |quote=The decoupling of the man from the movement suggests that authoritarianism can continue well beyond the authoritarian's rule. The most enduring vestige—apart from the democratic institutions attacked—is Trumpism. It has metastasized from Trump's delusional framing on his inauguration day in 2017—with the biggest crowds ever—to a widespread and ambient movement, amplified by disinformation and distortion, broadcast in social and right-wing media, aggressively militant, and framed with falsehoods. |access-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114182626/https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/190496/3/10564926221119395.pdf |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Adler et al.|2022}} }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Appel |first1=Edward C. |title=Burlesque, Tragedy, and a (Potentially) 'Yuuuge' 'Breaking of a Frame': Donald Trump's Rhetoric as 'Early Warning'? |journal=Communication Quarterly |volume=66 |issue=2 |date=12 March 2018 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.1080/01463373.2018.1439515 |s2cid=149031634}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Bader |first1=Michael |date=December 25, 2016 |title=The Decline of Empathy and the Appeal of Right-Wing Politics – Child psychology can teach us about the current GOP |journal=Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/what-is-he-thinking/201612/the-decline-empathy-and-the-appeal-right-wing-politics |access-date=December 6, 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210317221240/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/what-is-he-thinking/201612/the-decline-empathy-and-the-appeal-right-wing-politics |archive-date=17 March 2021}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Joseph O. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Whitehead |first3=Andrew L. |title=Keep America Christian (and White): Christian Nationalism, Fear of Ethnoracial Outsiders, and Intention to Vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential Election |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=81 |issue=3 |date=14 May 2020 |pages=272–293 |doi=10.1093/socrel/sraa015 |quote=In the penultimate year before Trump's reelection campaign, the strongest predictors of supporting Trump, in order of magnitude, were political party, xenophobia, identifying as African American (negative), political ideology, Christian nationalism, and Islamophobia. |hdl=1805/26339 |hdl-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Berman |first=Sheri |date=May 2021 |title=The Causes of Populism in the West |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=24 |issue= |pages=71–88 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503 |doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Bloodworth |first=Jeffrey |date=July 4, 2023 |title=Trumpism's Paleoconservative Roots and Dealignment |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3hd329fh/qt3hd329fh.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Right-Wing Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.5070/RW3.1502 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508114012/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3hd329fh/qt3hd329fh.pdf |archive-date=May 8, 2024}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Blyth |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Blyth |title=Global Trumpism: Why Trump's Victory was 30 Years in the Making and Why It Won't Stop Here |journal=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-11-15/global-trumpism |url-access=subscription |date=November 15, 2016 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304014405/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-11-15/global-trumpism |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Boehm |first1=Christopher |date=February 13, 2016 |title=Political Animals |journal=New Scientist |pages=26–27 |volume=229 |issue=3060 |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(16)30320-7 |bibcode=2016NewSc.229...26B}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Brettschneider |first1=Corey |last2=Calvelli |first2=Aidan G. |date=July 2024 |title=The US Presidency: Power and Constraint |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=27 |pages=205–222 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-113134 |doi-access=free}}

• {{Cite journal |last1=Campani |first1=Giovanna |last2=Concepción |first2=Sunamis Fabelo |last3=Soler |first3=Angel Rodriguez | last4=Savín |first4=Claudia Sánchez |date=November 2, 2022 |title=The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse |journal=Societies |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=154 |doi=10.3390/soc12060154 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Choma |first1=Becky L. |last2=Hanoch |first2=Yaniv |title=Cognitive ability and authoritarianism: Understanding support for Trump and Clinton |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |volume=106 |issue=1 |date=February 2017 |pages=287–291 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.054 |hdl=10026.1/8451 |hdl-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Cornelis |first1=Ilse |last2=Van Hiel |first2=Alain |title=Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe: The role of social-cultural and antiegalitarian attitudes |journal=Political Psychology |volume=35 |issue=6 |date=2015 |pages=749–760 |doi=10.1111/pops.12187 |hdl=1854/LU-01H4EFGEE1S6ZQ7EBMD2PGNBCB |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01H4EFGEE1S6ZQ7EBMD2PGNBCB |hdl-access=free |access-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114182627/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01H4EFGEE1S6ZQ7EBMD2PGNBCB |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Xi |date=2018 |title=Emotional Contagion or Symbolic Cognition? A Social Identity Perspective on Media Events |journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=91–108 |doi=10.1080/08838151.2017.1402906 |s2cid=149162170}}

• {{Cite journal |last1=Diamond |first1=Michael J. |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Perverted Containment: Trumpism, Cult Creation, and the Rise of Destructive American Populism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147 |journal=Psychoanalytic Inquiry |volume=43 |issue=2 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |pages=96–109 |issn=0735-1690 |doi=10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106102947/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07351690.2023.2163147 |archive-date=November 6, 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Federico |first1=Christopher M. |last2=Golec de Zavala |first2=Agnieszka |title=Collective Narcissism and the 2016 US Presidential Vote |date=March 6, 2018 |volume=82 |issue=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |journal=Public Opinion Quarterly |pages=110–121 |doi=10.1093/poq/nfx048 |url=https://research.gold.ac.uk/21878/1/Federico%20%26%20Golec%20POQ%202017.pdf |access-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054515/https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/21878/1/Federico |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Feldman |author1-link=Stanley Feldman (political scientist) |first1=Stanley |last2=Stenner |first2=Karen |author2-link=Karen Stenner |title=Perceived threat and authoritarianism |journal=Political Psychology |volume=18 |issue=4 |date=June 28, 2008 |pages=741–770 |doi=10.1111/0162-895X.00077}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Franks |first1=Andrew S. |last2=Hesami |first2=Farhang |title=Seeking Evidence of The MAGA Cult and Trump Derangement Syndrome: An Examination of (A)symmetric Political Bias |journal=Societies |volume=11 |issue=3 |date=September 18, 2021 |pages=113 |doi=10.3390/soc11030113 |doi-access=free |quote=Trump supporters consistently showed bias in favor of the interests and ostensible positions of Trump, whereas Trump's detractors did not show an opposing bias ... Results of the current study do not support the broad existence of so-called 'Trump Derangement Syndrome' on the left, but they may lend credence to accusations that some Trump supporters have a cult-like loyalty to the 45th president.}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Gabriel |first1=Shira |last2=Paravati |first2=Elaine |last3=Green |first3=Melanie C. |last4=Flomsbee |first4=Jason |date=2018 |title=From Apprentice to president: The role of parasocial connection in the election of Donald Trump |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/1948550617722835 |pages=299–307 |s2cid=149911195 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617722835 |access-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115090007/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1948550617722835 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Giroux |first1=Henry A. |date=2021 |title=Trumpism and the challenge of critical education |journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory |volume=55 |issue=6 |author1-link=Henry Giroux |doi=10.1080/00131857.2021.1884066 |page=5 |s2cid=234851204 |quote=As the social state came under severe attack, the punishing state grew with its ongoing militarization of civil society and its increasing criminalization of social problems. War, dehumanization, divisiveness, hate, and the language of racial cleansing and sorting became central governing principles and set the stage for the rebirth of an updated fascist politics. Trumpism reached into every niche and crack of civil and political society and in doing so cross-pollinated politics, culture, and everyday life with a range of right-wing policies, authoritarian impulses, and the emerging presence of right-wing movements. |doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Goldsmith |first1=Benajmin E. |last2=Moen |first2=Lars J. K. |date=May 14, 2024 |title=The personality of a personality cult? Personality characteristics of Donald Trump's most loyal supporters |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pops.12991 |journal=Political Psychology |volume=46 |issue=Special Issue |access-date=November 6, 2024 |pages=225–243 |issn= |doi=10.1111/pops.12991 |quote=We contend that, for his most committed followers, the attraction is personality-based — both in terms of Trump's self-presentation to citizens and in terms of the personality characteristics making some citizens attracted to such leadership. Trump's appeal appears to fit Sundahl's (2023) three characteristics of a personality cult. The phenomenon of a political personality cult may have arrived in full force in U.S. democracy — and could potentially be its undoing.}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Golec de Zavala |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Cichocka |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Eidelson |first3=Roy |last4=Jayawickreme |first4=Nuwan |title=Collective Narcissism and Its Social Consequences |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=97 |issue=6 |date=2009 |pages=1074–1096 |pmid=19968420 |doi=10.1037/a0016904 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324133849/http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/4252/1/Golec_collectivenarcissism.pdf |url=http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/4252/1/Golec_collectivenarcissism.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2018 |access-date=September 25, 2020}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Graves |first1=Frank |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |title=Northern Populism: Causes and Consequences of the New Ordered Outlook |journal=School of Public Policy |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=June 30, 2020 |doi=10.11575/sppp.v13i0.69884 |issn=2560-8320 |volume=13 |url=https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/sppp/article/view/69884 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117234018/https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/sppp/article/view/69884 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Gutterman |first1=David |date=2020 |title=Book Review: Believe Me: The Evangelical Road to Donald Trump. |journal=eJournal of Public Affairs |volume=9 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/1467-9809.12592 |s2cid=199267291}}

• {{Cite journal |last1=Hahl |first1=Oliver |last2=Kim |first2=Minjae |last3=Zuckerman Sivan |first3=Ezra W. |date=2018 |title=The Authentic Appeal of the Lying Demagogue: Proclaiming the Deeper Truth about Political Illegitimacy |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |issn=0003-1224 |doi=10.1177/0003122417749632 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Kira |last2=Goldstein |first2=Donna M. |last3=Ingram |first3=Matthew Bruce |title=The hands of Donald Trump: Entertainment, gesture, spectacle |journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=2016 |doi=10.14318/hau6.2.009 |s2cid=55012627 |url=https://www.haujournal.org/index.php/hau/article/download/hau6.2.009/2502 |author1-link=Kira Hall |access-date=February 15, 2021}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=Lawrence C. |editor1-last=Ettinger |editor1-first=Aaron |title=Trumpism, climate and COVID: Social bases of the new science rejection |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=1 |date=January 10, 2024 |pages=e0293059 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0293059 |doi-access=free |pmc=10781192 |pmid=38198461 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1993059H |issn=1932-6203 |language=en-us|quote=Trumpism itself is predicted by age, race, evangelical religion, ideology, and receptivity to seemingly non-political conspiracy beliefs. Considering direct as well as indirect effects (through Trumpism), climate change and vaccine rejection are similarly predicted by white and evangelical identity, conspiracism, and by education×ideology and friends×party interactions.}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hidalgo-Tenorio |first1=Encarnación |last2=Benítez-Castro |first2=Miguel-Ángel |date=2021 |title=Trump's populist discourse and affective politics, or on how to move 'the People' through emotion |journal=Globalisation, Societies and Education |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=86–109 |doi=10.1080/14767724.2020.1861540 |s2cid=234260705 |hdl=10481/86686 |hdl-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hoad |first1=Neville |date=November 20, 2020 |title=Big man sovereignty and sexual politics in pandemic time |journal=Safundi the Journal of SouthAfrican and American Studies |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=433–455 |doi=10.1080/17533171.2020.1832801 |s2cid=228896339}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hogg |first1=Michael |last2=van Knippenberg |first2=Daan |last3=Rast |first3=David E. |title=The social identity theory of leadership: Theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments |journal=European Review of Social Psychology |volume=23 |date=2012 |pages=258–304 |doi=10.1080/10463283.2012.741134 |s2cid=143555737 |author1-link=Michael Hogg}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Imhoff |first1=Roland |last2=Lamberty |first2=Pia |title=How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine-grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories. |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |volume=48 |issue=7 |date=2018 |pages=909–926 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2494 |s2cid=150284134 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2494 |access-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414011121/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2494 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Isaac |first1=Jeffrey |title=Making America Great Again? |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |date=November 2017 |pages=625–631 |doi=10.1017/S1537592717000871 |doi-access=free}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Paul Nicholas |date=2021 |title=Debate: Donald Trump and Fascism Studies |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/fasc/10/1/article-p1_1.xml |journal=Fascism |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1163/22116257-10010009 |issn=2211-6257}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Jessica |date=2018 |title=The Self-Radicalization of White Men |journal=Communication, Culture & Critique |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/ccc/tcx014 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/11/1/100/4953075 |access-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115090008/https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article-abstract/11/1/100/4953075 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Karen |date=2019 |title=Trust, distrust, and affective looping |journal=Philosophical Studies |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=955–968 |publisher=Springer Nature |doi=10.1007/s11098-018-1221-5 |s2cid=171852867}}
• Partial reprint: {{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Karen |title=Understanding the emotions is key to breaking the cycle of distrust |date=November 14, 2019 |work=ABC's Religion and Ethics |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=April 10, 2021 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/understanding-emotions-and-breaking-the-cycle-of-distrust/11704032 |ref=none |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124214355/https://www.abc.net.au/religion/understanding-emotions-and-breaking-the-cycle-of-distrust/11704032 |url-status=live}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Kahan |first1=Dan |last2=Peters |first2=Ellen |last3=Dawson |first3=Erica Cantrell |last4=Slovic |first4=Paul |title=Motivated numeracy and enlightened self-government |journal=Behavioural Public Policy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=2017 |pages=54–86 |doi=10.1017/bpp.2016.2 |author1-link=Dan Kahan |author4-link=Paul Slovic |hdl=1794/18962 |s2cid=231735365 |hdl-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kaul |first1=Nitasha |date=June 17, 2021 |title=The Misogyny of Authoritarians in Contemporary Democracies |journal=International Studies Review |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=1619–1645 |doi=10.1093/isr/viab028 |doi-access=free|url=https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/7e19f59c2c84f78c60ac317258515960c4d8e79c51797ef6de756e40923874d0/345793/ISR%20article%20June%202021%20viab028.pdf}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kimmel |first1=Michael |last2=Wade |first2=Lisa |date=2018 |title=Ask a Feminist: Michael Kimmel and Lisa Wade Discuss Toxic Masculinity |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=233–254 |doi=10.1086/698284 |s2cid=149487672 |author1-link=Michael Kimmel}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Lebow |first1=David |title=Trumpism and the Dialectic of Neoliberal Reason |journal=Perspectives on Politics |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=May 13, 2019 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=380–398 |doi=10.1017/S1537592719000434 |s2cid=182013544 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Leone |first1=Luigi |last2=Desimoni |first2=Marta |last3=Chirumbolo |first3=Antonio |title=Interest and expertise moderate the relationship between right-wing attitudes, ideological self-placement and voting |journal=European Journal of Personality |volume=28 |issue=1 |date=September 26, 2012 |pages=2–13 |doi=10.1002/per.1880 |s2cid=143037865}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Lubbers |first1=Marcel |last2=Scheepers |first2=Peer |title=French Front National voting: A micro and macro perspective |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=December 7, 2010 |pages=120–149 |doi=10.1080/01419870120112085 |hdl=11370/a3226cec-30ee-4c69-bd24-ba49cbbb17cf |s2cid=59362467 |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3047692/LubbersM-FrenchFront.pdf |access-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222856/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3047692/LubbersM-FrenchFront.pdf |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Maher |first=Henry |date=2023 |title=Neoliberal fascism? Fascist trends in early neoliberal thought and echoes in the present |journal=Contemporary Political Theory |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=392–410 |doi=10.1057/s41296-023-00657-x |issn=1470-8914 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Marietta |first1=Morgan |last2=Farley |first2=Tyler |last3=Cote |first3=Tyler |last4=Murphy |first4=Paul |title=The Rhetorical Psychology of Trumpism |journal=The Forum |publisher=De Gruyter |volume=15 |issue=2 |date=2017 |pages=313–312 |doi=10.1515/for-2017-0019 |s2cid=148986197}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Mason |first1=Liliana |last2=Wronski |first2=Julie |last3=Kane |first3=John V. |title=Activating Animus: The Uniquely Social Roots of Trump Support |journal=American Political Science Review |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=115 |issue=4 |date=2021 |pages=1508–1516 |doi=10.1017/S0003055421000563 |s2cid=237860170 |quote=Trump's support is thus uniquely tied to animus toward minority groups. Our findings provide insights into the social divisions underlying American politics and the role of elite rhetoric in translating animus into political support.}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=McGaughey |first1=Ewan |date=2018 |title=Fascism-Lite in America (or the Social Ideal of Donald Trump) |journal=British Journal of American Legal Studies |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=291–315 |doi=10.2478/bjals-2018-0012 |ssrn=2773217 |s2cid=195842347 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=Edwin Kent |title=Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism |journal=New Political Science |volume=41 |issue=1 |date=2019 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037 |s2cid=149978398 |quote=Trumpian fascism is a different kind of fascism. It is better understood as an inverted, American kind of fascism, distinct from European fascism, but not entirely dissimilar from it. Inverted American-style fascism differs from European fascist in one crucial way: the role of corporate power in the politics of the state.}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Ott |first1=Brian L. |date=2017 |title=The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement |journal=Critical Studies in Media Communication |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686 |s2cid=152133074 |author1-link=Brian L. Ott}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Pape |first1=Robert A. |date=April 6, 2021 |title=Understanding American Domestic Terrorism-Mobilization Potential and Risk Factors of a New Threat Trajectory |journal=Chicago Project on Security and Threats |publisher=University of Chicago |url=https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/cpost/i/docs/americas_insurrectionists_online_2021_04_06.pdf |access-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417011514/https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/cpost/i/docs/americas_insurrectionists_online_2021_04_06.pdf |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Paravati |first1=Elaine |last2=Naidu |first2=Esha |last3=Gabriel |first3=Shira |last4=Wiedemann |first4=Carl |title=More than just a tweet: The unconscious impact of forming parasocial relationships through social media |journal=Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice |date=December 23, 2019 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=388–403 |doi=10.1037/cns0000214 |s2cid=212834936}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Pettigrew |first1=Thomas F. |author-link=Thomas F. Pettigrew (sociologist) |title=Social Psychological Perspectives on Trump Supporters |journal=Journal of Social and Political Psychology |volume=5 |issue=1 |date=March 2, 2017 |pages=107–116 |doi=10.5964/jspp.v5i1.750 |doi-access=free |s2cid=56388590}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Pulido |first1=Lauro |last2=Bruno |first2=Tianna |last3=Faiver-Serna |first3=Cristina |last4=Galentine |first4=Cassandra |title=Environmental Deregulation, Spectacular Racism, and White Nationalism in the Trump Era |journal=Annals of the American Association of Geographers |date=2019 |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=520–532 |doi=10.1080/24694452.2018.1549473 |bibcode=2019AAAG..109..520P |s2cid=159402163}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Reicher |first1=Stephen |author1-link=Steve Reicher |last2=Haslam |first2=S. Alexander |author2-link=Alexander Haslam |date=November 19, 2016 |title=The politics of hope: Donald Trump as an entrepreneur of identity |journal=Scientific American |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-politics-of-hope-donald-trump-as-an-entrepreneur-of-identity/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222908/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-politics-of-hope-donald-trump-as-an-entrepreneur-of-identity/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Antonio |date=May 4, 2020 |title=I, Trump The cult of personality, anti-intellectualism and the Post-Truth era |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20002.rey |journal=Journal of Language and Politics |volume=19 |issue=6 |access-date=November 6, 2024 |pages=869–892 |issn=1569-2159 |doi=10.1075/jlp.20002.rey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305071023/https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.20002.rey |archive-date=March 5, 2024}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Reicher |first1=Stephen |title=La beauté est dans la rue: Four reasons (or perhaps five) to study crowds |author1-link=Steve Reicher |doi=10.1177/1368430217712835 |journal=Group and Intergroup Relations |date=May 4, 2017 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=593–605 |s2cid=148743518}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=Michael |title=The Disgust of Donald Trump |journal=Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies |volume=31 |issue=6 |date=2017 |pages=747–756 |doi=10.1080/10304312.2017.1370077 |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_56318 |s2cid=148803267 |url=https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/c41690b2-e897-4984-83a7-e5620ce52a12/download |hdl-access=free}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Bertrall L. |date=October 2024 |title=Polarization, Populism, and the Crisis of American Democracy |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113 |journal=Annual Review of Law and Social Science |volume=20 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |pages=293–308 |issn=1550-3631 |doi=10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-041922-035113}}
• {{Cite news |last=Rubin |first=April |date=October 11, 2024 |title=Trump's top general calls former president 'fascist' and 'dangerous' threat |work=Axios |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/10/11/mark-milley-trump-fascist-bob-woodward-book |access-date=October 19, 2024 |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109184548/https://www.axios.com/2024/10/11/mark-milley-trump-fascist-bob-woodward-book |url-status=live}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Schneiker |first1=Andrea |date=2018 |title=Telling the Story of the Superhero and the Anti-Politician as President: Donald Trump's Branding on Twitter |journal=Political Studies Association |volume=1 |issue=14 |pages=210–223 |doi=10.1177/1478929918807712 |s2cid=150145298}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Julianne |last2=Townsend |first2=Jim |title=NATO in the Age of Trump:What it Can't and Can't Accomplish Absent U.S. Leadership |journal=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2018-07-09/nato-age-trump |date=July 9, 2018 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222923/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2018-07-09/nato-age-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sobieraj |first1=Sarah |last2=Berry |first2=Jeffrey M. |date=2011 |title=From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News |journal=Political Communication |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=19–41 |doi=10.1080/10584609.2010.542360 |s2cid=143739086}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Stephens-Dougan |first=LaFluer |date=May 2021 |title=The Persistence of Racial Cues and Appeals in American Elections |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=24 |issue= |pages=301–320 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082619-015522 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Stoller |first1=Paul |title=More on the Anthropology of Trump |date=April 27, 2017 |volume=9 |issue=1 |journal=Anthropology Now |pages=58–60 |doi=10.1080/19428200.2017.1291135 |s2cid=149440462 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19428200.2017.1291135?journalCode=uann20 |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222919/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19428200.2017.1291135?journalCode=uann20& |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Suessenbach |first1=Felix |last2=Moore |first2=Adam B. |title=Dominance desires predicting conspiracy beliefs and Trump support in the 2016 U.S. Election |journal=Motivation Science |volume=6 |issue=2 |date=2020 |pages=171–176 |doi=10.1037/mot0000146 |hdl=20.500.11820/044b23e6-d62f-471c-8be4-4ad69e28a14e |s2cid=189448130 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/87398246/Motivation_Science_Manuscript.pdf |access-date=December 9, 2020}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sundahl |first1=Anne-Mette Holmgård |title=Personality Cult or a Mere Matter of Popularity? |journal=International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=May 4, 2022 |pages=431–458 |doi=10.1007/s10767-022-09423-0 |pmid=35528318 |pmc=9066393 |quote=Trump, Putin and Ardern are used as examples of the model's ability to distinguish between cult and non-cult phenomena. The comparison shows that only Trump and Putin have a cult on both dimensions ... This paper introduced a model for distinguishing between popularity and personality cults based on three parameters covering a representational and social practice dimension. Putin, Trump and Ardern were used to illustrate the model's ability to categorise phenomena with different degrees of charisma. The analysis shows that while Trump and Putin belong in the domain of personality cults, Ardern's alleged cult does not have a social practice dimension, as the few cultlike tendencies are strictly representational.}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Swyngedouw |first1=Marc |last2=Ivaldi |first2=Giles |title=The extreme right utopia in Belgium and France: The ideology of the Flemish Vlaams Blok and the French front national |journal=West European Politics |volume=24 |issue=3 |date=December 2007 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/01402380108425450 |s2cid=144383766}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Theidon |first1=Kimberly |date=November 11, 2020 |title=A forecasted failure: Intersectionality, COVID-19, and the perfect storm |journal=Journal of Human Rights |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=528–536 |doi=10.1080/14754835.2020.1822156 |s2cid=226308311}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jack |title=Understanding Trumpism: The foreign policy of the new American president |journal=Sirius: Journal of Strategic Analysis |volume=1 |issue=2 |date=June 12, 2017 |pages=109–115 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/sirius-2017-0052 |s2cid=157683957 |url=https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Thompson-2017-Sirius-Trumpism-EN.pdf |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223000/https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Thompson-2017-Sirius-Trumpism-EN.pdf |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last=Tollefson |first=Jeff |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Tracking QAnon: how Trump turned conspiracy-theory research upside down |url=https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-00257-y/d41586-021-00257-y.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=192–193 |publisher=Nature Research |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00257-y |doi-access=free |issn=1476-4687 |lccn=12037118 |pmid=33542489 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..192T |s2cid=231818589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427105931/https://media.nature.com/original/magazine-assets/d41586-021-00257-y/d41586-021-00257-y.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2021 |access-date=January 31, 2024}}

• {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753}}
• {{Cite journal |last1=Urbinati |first1=Nadia |date=May 26, 2020 |journal=Teoria Politica, Nuova Serie Annali |volume=9 |pages=209–226 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/tp/820 |title=On Trumpism, or the End of American Exceptionalism |access-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131161808/https://journals.openedition.org/tp/820 |url-status=live}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Van Assche |first1=Jasper |last2=Dhont |first2=Kristof |last3=Pettigrew |first3=Thomas F. |title=The social-psychological bases of far-right support in Europe and the United States |journal=Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology |volume=29 |issue=5 |date=April 2019 |pages=385–401 |doi=10.1002/casp.2407 |hdl=1854/LU-8639899 |s2cid=155558324 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735045 |via=ResearchGate |hdl-access=free |author-link3=Thomas F. Pettigrew (sociologist) |access-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523083102/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735045 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Van Hiel |first1=Alain |title=A psycho-political profile of party activists and left-wing and right-wing extremists |journal=European Journal of Political Research |volume=51 |issue=2 |date=March 2012 |pages=166–203 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01991.x |hdl=1854/LU-2109499 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2109499 |access-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223008/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2109499 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Van Hiel |first1=Alain |last2=Mervielde |first2=Ivan |title=Explaining conservative beliefs and political preferences: A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |volume=32 |issue=5 |date=July 2006 |pages=965–976 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00250.x}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Vescio |first1=Theresa K. |last2=Schermerhorn |first2=Nathaniel E. |date=2021 |title=Hegemonic masculinity predicts 2016 and 2020 voting and candidate evaluations |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=2 |pages=e2020589118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2020589118 |pmid=33397724 |pmc=7812802 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11820589V |doi-access=free}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Andrew L. |last2=Perry |first2=Samuel L. |last3=Baker |first3=Joseph O. |title=Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election |journal=Sociology of Religion |volume=79 |issue=2 |date=25 January 2018 |pages=147–171 |doi=10.1093/socrel/srx070 |quote=Why did Americans vote for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential election? Social scientists have proposed a variety of explanations, including economic dissatisfaction, sexism, racism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia. The current study establishes that, independent of these influences, voting for Trump was, at least for many Americans, a symbolic defense of the United States' perceived Christian heritage. Data from a national probability sample of Americans surveyed soon after the 2016 election shows that greater adherence to Christian nationalist ideology was a robust predictor of voting for Trump, even after controlling for economic dissatisfaction, sexism, anti-black prejudice, anti-Muslim refugee attitudes, and anti-immigrant sentiment, as well as measures of religion, sociodemographics, and political identity more generally.|url=https://dc.etsu.edu/context/etsu-works/article/3692/viewcontent/Whitehead_Perry_Baker___Make_America_Christian_Again___Final.pdf}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Womick |first1=Jake |last2=Rothmund |first2=Tobias |last3=Azevedo |first3=Flavio |last4=King |first4=Laura A. |last5=Jost |first5=John T. |title=Group-Based Dominance and Authoritarian Aggression Predict Support for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election |journal=Social Psychological and Personality Science |volume=10 |issue=5 |date=June 20, 2018 |pages=643–652 |doi=10.1177/1948550618778290 |s2cid=55503314 |url=https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/psychology/documents/facultypublications/johnjost/Group-Based%20Dominance%20&%20Authoritarian%20Aggression%20Predict%20Support%20for%20Trump.pdf |access-date=December 16, 2020 |ref={{sfnRef|Womick et al.|2018}} |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040252/https://as.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/psychology/documents/facultypublications/johnjost/Group-Based%20Dominance%20%26%20Authoritarian%20Aggression%20Predict%20Support%20for%20Trump.pdf |url-status=live}}

• {{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Mimi |title=Trumpism: a disfigured Americanism |journal=Palgrave Communications |volume=4 |date=25 September 2018 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1057/s41599-018-0170-0 |doi-access=free |quote=Trump's "America First" is not exactly original but from a culturally genetic and historic make-up that builds the vertical America. The xenophobic and anti-immigration rhetoric has its origin in nativism that harbors white nationalism, populism, protectionism and isolationism ... Trumpism is not Americanism, but a masqueraded white supremacism and nativism; it is a disfigured Americanism in its vertical form.}}

{{refend}}

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• {{cite news |last1=Adebayo |first1=Bukola |title=A majority of Nigerians and Kenyans have confidence in President Trump, according to Pew research |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/africa/africa-trump-pew-poll-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=January 9, 2020 |access-date=1 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829003527/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/09/africa/africa-trump-pew-poll-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Akinwotu |first1=Emmanuel |title='He just says it as it is': why many Nigerians support Donald Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/he-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump |work=The Guardian |date=October 31, 2020 |access-date=1 October 2022 |language=en |archive-date=July 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721220043/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/31/he-just-says-it-as-it-is-why-many-nigerians-support-donald-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Ethan |date=January 14, 2021 |title='The Punisher' star Jon Bernthal lashes out at 'misguided and lost' Capitol rioters for appropriating Marvel hero's famous skull symbol |work=Yahoo Entertainment |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/the-punisher-jon-bernthal-capitol-hill-rioters-disney-marvel-hero-skull-symbol-controversy-220259977.html |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209141401/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/the-punisher-jon-bernthal-capitol-hill-rioters-disney-marvel-hero-skull-symbol-controversy-220259977.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Andersen |first1=Travis |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210107014042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/01/06/metro/heres-what-trump-told-his-supporters-before-many-them-stormed-capitol-wednesday/ |date=January 6, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |title=Before mob stormed US Capitol, Trump told them to 'fight like hell' |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=January 7, 2021}}
• {{Cite magazine |last=Applebaum |first=Anne |author-link=Anne Applebaum |date=October 18, 2024 |title=Trump Is Speaking Like Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/10/trump-authoritarian-rhetoric-hitler-mussolini/680296/ |access-date=October 18, 2024 |archive-date=October 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241024222701/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2024/10/trump-authoritarian-rhetoric-hitler-mussolini/680296/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Barrett |first3=Devlin |date=November 5, 2023 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/05/trump-revenge-second-term/ |title=Trump and allies plot revenge, Justice Department control in a second term |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-date=November 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105234529/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/11/05/trump-revenge-second-term/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Assheuer |first1=Thomas |title=Donald Trump: Das Recht bin ich |language=de |work=Die Zeit |date=May 16, 2018 |url=https://www.zeit.de/2018/21/donald-trump-weltordnung-claremont-philosophie-leo-strauss/komplettansicht |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035658/https://www.zeit.de/2018/21/donald-trump-weltordnung-claremont-philosophie-leo-strauss/komplettansicht |url-status=live}}

• {{cite news |last1=Bailey |first1=Sarah Pulliam |date=November 28, 2017 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/ |url-access=subscription |title=Acts of Faith. A Trump-like politician in Brazil could snag the support of a powerful religious group: evangelicals |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=March 1, 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218173247/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/11/28/a-trump-like-politician-in-brazil-could-snag-the-support-of-a-powerful-religious-group-evangelicals/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |date=June 10, 2022 |title=Trump Is Depicted as a Would-Be Autocrat Seeking to Hang Onto Power at All Costs |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearing.html |access-date=September 25, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035216/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/09/us/politics/trump-jan-6-hearing.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |date=December 9, 2023 |title=Talk of a Trump Dictatorship Charges the American Political Debate |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-dictatorship.html |access-date=January 8, 2024 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209203046/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-dictatorship.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |title=Favoring Foes Over Friends, Trump Threatens to Upend International Order |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/11/us/politics/trump-nato.html |work=The New York Times |date=February 11, 2024 |access-date=February 21, 2024 |issn=1553-8095 |language=en |url-access=subscription |archive-date=February 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220135129/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/11/us/politics/trump-nato.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Balk |first=Tim |date=October 25, 2024 |title=13 Ex-Trump Aides Back Kelly's 'Dictator' Warning, Saying Trump Seeks 'Absolute, Unchecked Power' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/us/politics/trump-officials-letter-fascist-john-kelly.html |access-date=October 25, 2024 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102104926/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/25/us/politics/trump-officials-letter-fascist-john-kelly.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Bankole |first1=Idowu |title=Trump's rally: IPOB commends US over Kanu's VIP invitation |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/ipob-commends-us-over-kanus-vip-invitation-to-trumps-rally-says-leader-not-a-terrorist/ |work=Vanguard News |date=February 3, 2020 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-date=July 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722053223/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/02/ipob-commends-us-over-kanus-vip-invitation-to-trumps-rally-says-leader-not-a-terrorist/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=David |last2=Zapotosky |first2=Matt |date=January 13, 2021 |title=FBI report warned of 'war' at Capitol, contradicting claims there was no indication of looming violence |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/capitol-riot-fbi-intelligence/2021/01/12/30d12748-546b-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415052139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/capitol-riot-fbi-intelligence/2021/01/12/30d12748-546b-11eb-a817-e5e7f8a406d6_story.html |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last=Basu |first=Zachary |date=November 13, 2023 |title=Trump campaign defends "vermin" speech amid fascist comparisons |url=https://www.axios.com/2023/11/13/trump-vermin-fascist-language-speech |website=Axios |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209053754/https://www.axios.com/2023/11/13/trump-vermin-fascist-language-speech |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=July 17, 2019 |title=Trump and the dead end of conservative nationalism |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696543/national-conservatism-conference-2019-trump |access-date=July 8, 2023 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=January 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109192155/https://www.vox.com/2019/7/17/20696543/national-conservatism-conference-2019-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bebout |first1=Lee |url=https://theconversation.com/trump-tapped-into-white-victimhood-leaving-fertile-ground-for-white-supremacists-150587 |title=Trump tapped into white victimhood – leaving fertile ground for white supremacists |date=January 7, 2021 |website=The Conversation |access-date=January 14, 2021 |quote=Trumpism tapped into a long-standing sense of aggrievement that often—but not exclusively—manifests as white victimhood. |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110191410/https://theconversation.com/trump-tapped-into-white-victimhood-leaving-fertile-ground-for-white-supremacists-150587 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Beer |first1=Tommy |title=Fox News Viewership Plummets: First Time Behind CNN And MSNBC In Two Decades |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2021/01/16/fox-news-viewership-plummets-first-time-behind-cnn-and-msnbc-in-two-decades/ |url-access=subscription |magazine=Forbes |date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409141134/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2021/01/16/fox-news-viewership-plummets-first-time-behind-cnn-and-msnbc-in-two-decades/?sh=690599553422 |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite magazine |last1=Beinart |first1=Peter |date=January 2019 |title=The New Authoritarians Are Waging War on Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/authoritarian-sexism-trump-duterte/576382/ |access-date=January 27, 2024 |magazine=The Atlantic |language=en-US |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127230100/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/01/authoritarian-sexism-trump-duterte/576382/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bender |first1=Michael C. |last2=Gold |first2=Michael |date=November 14, 2023 |title=When Trump tells you he's an authoritarian, believe him |url=https://www.vox.com/2023/11/14/23958866/trump-vermin-authoritarian-democracy |website=Vox |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208113419/https://www.vox.com/2023/11/14/23958866/trump-vermin-authoritarian-democracy |url-status=live |ref=BenderGold2023a}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Bender |first1=Michael C. |last2=Gold |first2=Michael |date=November 20, 2023 |title=Trump's Dire Words Raise New Fears About His Authoritarian Bent |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/us/politics/trump-rhetoric-fascism.html |access-date=January 8, 2024 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208010902/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/us/politics/trump-rhetoric-fascism.html |url-status=live |ref=BenderGold2023b}}
• {{cite news |last1=Benjamin |first1=Rich |date=September 28, 2020 |title=Democrats Need to Wake Up: The Trump Movement Is Shot Through With Fascism |newspaper=The Intercept |url=https://theintercept.com/2020/09/27/trump-supporters-fascism-election/ |url-access=registration |access-date=May 19, 2020 |author-link1=Rich Benjamin |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131035529/https://theintercept.com/2020/09/27/trump-supporters-fascism-election/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last1=Ben-Ghiat |first1=Ruth |date=December 9, 2020 |title=Op-Ed: Trump's formula for building a lasting personality cult |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-12-09/donald-trump-strongman-personality-cult |access-date=October 4, 2023 |work=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=October 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092934/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-12-09/donald-trump-strongman-personality-cult |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Berkeley News|2020}} |last1=Lempinen |first1=Edward |title=Despite drift toward authoritarianism, Trump voters stay loyal. Why? |date=December 7, 2020 |publisher=University of California, Berkeley News |access-date=June 24, 2021 |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/12/07/despite-drift-toward-authoritarianism-trump-voters-stay-loyal-why |archive-date=January 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105041634/https://news.berkeley.edu/2020/12/07/despite-drift-toward-authoritarianism-trump-voters-stay-loyal-why/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Bidgood |first1=Jess |last2=Ulloa |first2=Jazmine |title=A debate and a rally show Trump's closing strategy: Tapping into the white grievance of his political bubble |newspaper=The Boston Globe |location=Duluth, Minneapolis |access-date=January 16, 2021 |date=October 1, 2020 |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/10/01/nation/debate-rally-show-trumps-closing-strategy-tapping-into-white-grievance-his-political-bubble/ |url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122005730/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/10/01/nation/debate-rally-show-trumps-closing-strategy-tapping-into-white-grievance-his-political-bubble/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Blair |first1=Leonardo |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Beth Moore draws flak and praise after warning Christians against 'dangerous' Trumpism |work=Christian Post |url=https://www.Christianpost.com/news/beth-moore-draws-flak-and-praise-for-warning-against-trumpism.html |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215205318/https://www.christianpost.com/news/beth-moore-draws-flak-and-praise-for-warning-against-trumpism.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |date=January 7, 2021 |title='Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/lets-have-trial-by-combat-how-trump-allies-egged-violent-scenes-wednesday/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 8, 2021 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107013645/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/06/lets-have-trial-by-combat-how-trump-allies-egged-violent-scenes-wednesday/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bleiberg |first1=Joshua |last2=West |first2=Darrell M. |title=Political Polarization on Facebook |date=May 13, 2015 |publisher=The Brookings Institution |access-date=March 2, 2021 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2015/05/13/political-polarization-on-facebook/ |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010155810/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2015/05/13/political-polarization-on-facebook/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Bond |first1=Paul |date=February 29, 2016 |title=Leslie Moonves on Donald Trump: "It May Not Be Good for America, but It's Damn Good for CBS" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/leslie-moonves-donald-trump-may-871464 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209121213/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/leslie-moonves-donald-trump-may-871464 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Boucheron |first1=Patrick |title='Real power is fear': what Machiavelli tells us about Trump in 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/08/real-power-is-fear-donald-trump-machiavelli-boucheron |work=The Guardian |date=February 8, 2020 |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201233343/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/feb/08/real-power-is-fear-donald-trump-machiavelli-boucheron |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Bote |first1=Joshua |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Half of Trump supporters believe in QAnon conspiracy theory's baseless claims, poll finds |newspaper=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/10/22/qanon-poll-finds-half-trump-supporters-believe-baseless-claims/3725567001/ |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115112851/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/10/22/qanon-poll-finds-half-trump-supporters-believe-baseless-claims/3725567001/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Brant |first1=Danielle |date=October 4, 2018 |title=Bolsonaro Uses Same Fascist Tactics As Trump, Says Yale Professor |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml |newspaper=Folha de São Paulo |location=São Paulo |access-date=February 22, 2021 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090853/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/world/2018/10/bolsonaro-uses-same-fascist-tactics-as-trump-says-yale-professor.shtml |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Brazile |first1=Donna |author-link=Donna Brazile |title=Convention shows Republican Party has died and been replaced by Trump Party |type=Opinion |work=Fox News |url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/republican-convention-trump-acceptance-speech-donna-brazile |date=August 28, 2020 |access-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831083342/https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/republican-convention-trump-acceptance-speech-donna-brazile |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Breslin |first1=Maureen |date=November 8, 2021 |title=Former aide: Trump would 'absolutely' impose some form of autocracy in second term |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/580595-former-aide-trump-would-absolutely-impose-some-form-of-autocracy-in-second/ |access-date=September 25, 2023 |work=The Hill |language=en-US |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925201857/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/580595-former-aide-trump-would-absolutely-impose-some-form-of-autocracy-in-second/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Brewster |first1=Jack |date=November 22, 2020 |title=Republicans Ask, Whether Or Not Trump Runs In 2024, What Will Come Of Trumpism? |magazine=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/11/22/republicans-ask-whether-or-not-trump-runs-in-2024-what-will-come-of-trumpism/?sh=2b33501d4786 |access-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110130401/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackbrewster/2020/11/22/republicans-ask-whether-or-not-trump-runs-in-2024-what-will-come-of-trumpism/?sh=2b33501d4786 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Brookings|2020}} |last1=Husser |first1=Jason |title=Why Trump is reliant on white evangelicals |date=April 6, 2020 |publisher=The Brookings Institution |access-date=March 6, 2021 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/04/06/why-trump-is-reliant-on-white-evangelicals/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302075111/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/04/06/why-trump-is-reliant-on-white-evangelicals/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Brooks |first1=David |type=Opinion |title=The rotting of the Republican mind |work=The New York Times |date=November 26, 2020 |author-link1=David Brooks (commentator) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/26/opinion/republican-disinformation.html |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=December 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205144346/https://www.baltimoresun.com/featured/sns-nyt-op-rotting-republican-mind-20201130-djps7ifia5f73cikg6fq7gtlfm-story.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Brooks |first=Emily |date=October 25, 2024 |title=Johnson and McConnell: Harris calling Trump 'fascist' could invite assassination attempt |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4953596-johnson-mcconnell-harris-trump-fascist/ |access-date=October 25, 2024 |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109043928/https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4953596-johnson-mcconnell-harris-trump-fascist/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Browning |first1=Christopher R. |author-link=Christopher Browning |title=The Suffocation of Democracy |magazine=The New York Review |volume=65 |issue=16 |date=October 25, 2018 |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/10/25/suffocation-of-democracy/ |quote=Trump is not Hitler and Trumpism is not Nazism, but regardless of how the Trump presidency concludes, this is a story unlikely to have a happy ending. |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609053228/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2018/10/25/suffocation-of-democracy/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Browning |first=Christopher R. |date=July 25, 2023 |title=A New Kind of Fascism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/07/trump-second-term-isolationist-fascism/674791/ |magazine=The Atlantic |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Laurene Powell Jobs |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926135407/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/07/trump-second-term-isolationist-fascism/674791/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Bump |first1=Philip |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/20/even-if-they-havent-heard-qanon-most-trump-voters-believe-its-wild-allegations/ |title=Even if they haven't heard of QAnon, most Trump voters believe its wild allegations |date=October 20, 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213202903/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/20/even-if-they-havent-heard-qanon-most-trump-voters-believe-its-wild-allegations/ |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Salmon |first2=Christian |date=December 29, 2016 |title=Trump, fascism, and the construction of "the people": An interview with Judith Butler |work=VersoBooks |publisher=Verso |url=https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3025-trump-fascism-and-the-construction-of-the-people-an-interview-with-judith-butler |access-date=May 14, 2021 |translator-last1=Broder |translator-first1=David |author-link1=Judith Butler |ref={{sfnRef|Butler|2016}} |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514103154/https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3025-trump-fascism-and-the-construction-of-the-people-an-interview-with-judith-butler |url-status=live}}
• The Verso published English translation is of the article: {{cite magazine |last1=Butler |first1=Judith |last2=Salmon |first2=Christian |date=December 18, 2016 |title=Judith Butler: pourquoi "Trump est un phénomène fasciste" |trans-title=Judith Butler: Why "Trump is a fascist phenomenon" |magazine=Mediapart |url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/181216/judith-butler-pourquoi-trump-est-un-phenomene-fasciste |access-date=May 14, 2021 |language=fr |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518233650/https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/181216/judith-butler-pourquoi-trump-est-un-phenomene-fasciste |url-status=live}}

• {{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=John |date=February 11, 2020 |title=Despite Travel Ban, Trump Remains Popular in Nigeria |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/despite-travel-ban-trump-remains-popular-nigeria |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=September 30, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829012125/https://www.cfr.org/blog/despite-travel-ban-trump-remains-popular-nigeria |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Campbell |first=Clark |date=September 16, 2022 |title=The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-the-making-of-pierre-poilievre-conservative-proselytizer/ |work=The Globe and Mail}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Cash |first1=John |date=2017 |title=Trumped in the Looking-glass |magazine=Arena Magazine |issue=151 |editor1-last=Fitzroy |editor1-first=Vic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322021664 |format=pdf |access-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135445/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322021664_Trumped_in_the_Looking-Glass_On_the_accelerating_anticipation_of_disaster_that_attaches_to_the_Trump_presidency |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Cassidy |first=John |date=November 14, 2023 |title=Trump's Fascistic Rhetoric Only Emphasizes the Stakes in 2024 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trumps-fascistic-rhetoric-only-emphasizes-the-stakes-in-2024 |magazine=The New Yorker |location=New York City |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=October 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009121304/https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/trumps-fascistic-rhetoric-only-emphasizes-the-stakes-in-2024 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|CBC News, August 24, 2020}} |title=Andrew Scheer praises Erin O'Toole as next leader of Conservative Party |work=CBC |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=August 24, 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/andrew-scheer-erin-otoole-conservative-party-1.5697570 |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118024511/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/andrew-scheer-erin-otoole-conservative-party-1.5697570 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite AV media |ref={{sfnRef|CBC News, September 8, 2020}} |title=O'Toole on his 'Canada First' policy |people=Erin O'Toole (newly-elected leader of the CPC) |series=Power & Politics |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=September 8, 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1786077764001 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116214255/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1786077764001 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|CBS News, September 29, 2020}} |first1=Will |last1=Rahn |first2=Dan |last2=Patterson |date=September 29, 2020 |title=What is the QAnon conspiracy theory? |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-the-qanon-conspiracy-theory/ |access-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-date=October 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002182647/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-is-the-qanon-conspiracy-theory/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Cegielski |first1=Stephanie |date=March 29, 2016 |title=An Open Letter to Trump Voters from His Top Strategist-Turned-Defector |website=xoJane |url=http://www.xojane.com/issues/stephanie-cegielski-donald-trump-campaign-defector |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825132735/https://www.xojane.com/issues/stephanie-cegielski-donald-trump-campaign-defector |archive-date=August 25, 2018 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |url-status=dead}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Chomsky |first1=Noam |last2=Polychroniou |first2=Chronis J. |date=November 26, 2020 |title=Noam Chomsky: Trump Has Revealed the Extreme Fragility of American Democracy |magazine=Global Policy |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |url=https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/26/11/2020/noam-chomsky-trump-has-revealed-extreme-fragility-american-democracy |access-date=May 18, 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|Chomsky|2020}} |archive-date=May 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518233640/https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/26/11/2020/noam-chomsky-trump-has-revealed-extreme-fragility-american-democracy |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Chotiner |first=Isaac |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/redefining-populism |title=Redefining Populism |magazine=The New Yorker |date=July 29, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2021}}
• {{cite news |last1=Cillizza |first1=Chris |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Three-quarters of Republicans believe a lie about the 2020 election |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/2020-election-donald-trump-voter-fraud/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207174920/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/2020-election-donald-trump-voter-fraud/index.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Clavey |first1=Charles H. |title=Donald Trump, Our Prophet of Deceit |magazine=Boston Review |date=October 20, 2020 |url=http://bostonreview.net/politics-philosophy-religion/charles-h-clavey-donald-trump-our-prophet-deceit |access-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021150436/https://bostonreview.net/politics-philosophy-religion/charles-h-clavey-donald-trump-our-prophet-deceit |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Clemens |first1=Colleen |date=December 11, 2017 |title=What We Mean When We Say 'Toxic Masculinity.' |magazine=Learning for Justice |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/what-we-mean-when-we-say-toxic-masculinity |access-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418062351/https://www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/what-we-mean-when-we-say-toxic-masculinity |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Cockburn |first1=Patrick |date=November 4, 2020 |title=Trump's bid to stop the count risks turning America into an 'illiberal democracy' like Turkey |work=The Independent (U.K.) |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump-biden-us-election-erdogan-illiberal-democracy-b1591328.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625005928/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/trump-biden-us-election-erdogan-illiberal-democracy-b1591328.html}}
• {{cite news |last1=Confessore |first1=Nicholas |last2=Yourish |first2=Karen |date=March 25, 2016 |title=$2 Billion Worth of Free Media for Donald Trump |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127215117/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Colvin |first1=Geoff |date=August 25, 2020 |url=https://fortune.com/2020/08/25/gop-convention-rnc-platform-republican-party-2020-donald-trump/ |title=The Republican Party turns its platform into a person: Donald Trump |work=Fortune |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914184714/https://fortune.com/2020/08/25/gop-convention-rnc-platform-republican-party-2020-donald-trump/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Colvin |first1=Jill |last2=Barrow |first2=Bill |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Trump's vow to only be a dictator on 'day one' follows growing worry over his authoritarian rhetoric |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208055611/https://apnews.com/article/trump-hannity-dictator-authoritarian-presidential-election-f27e7e9d7c13fabbe3ae7dd7f1235c72 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=January 8, 2024 |work=AP News |language=en}}
• {{cite news |last1=Conroy |first1=J Oliver |date=February 7, 2017 |title='Angry white men': the sociologist who studied Trump's base before Trump |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/27/michael-kimmel-masculinity-far-right-angry-white-men |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131193603/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/27/michael-kimmel-masculinity-far-right-angry-white-men |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Continetti |first1=Matthew |date=December 22, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/opinion/trump-republican-party.html |type=Opinion |title=Is Trump Really All That Holds the G.O.P. Together? |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101075139/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/opinion/trump-republican-party.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Coronel |first1=Sheila S. |author-link=Sheila S. Coronel |title=A warning from the Philippines on how a demagogue can haunt politics for decades |newspaper=The Washington Post |type=Opinion |date=November 9, 2020 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/11/09/trump-ferdinand-marcos-philippines-lessons-democracy/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629084737/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/11/09/trump-ferdinand-marcos-philippines-lessons-democracy/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Cox |first1=Ana Marie |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Russell Moore Can't Support Either Candidate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/magazine/russell-moore-cant-support-either-candidate.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |author1-link=Russell D. Moore |access-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418062351/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/magazine/russell-moore-cant-support-either-candidate.html |url-status=live}}

• {{cite news |last1=da Silva |first1=Chantal |author-link=Chantal Da Silva |date=November 6, 2020 |title='Reckless' and 'stupid': Trump Jr calls for 'total war' over election results |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |access-date=January 10, 2021 |work=The Independent |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114193722/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-election-2020/trump-jr-election-results-war-b1634841.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Danner |first1=Mark |title=The Magic of Donald Trump |magazine=The New York Review of Books |date=May 26, 2016 |url=http://media.markdanner.com.s3.amazonaws.com/supplementary_texts/documents/7/The_Magic_of_Donald_Trump_by_Mark_Danner___The_New_York_Review_of_Books.pdf?1462986942 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920063534/http://media.markdanner.com.s3.amazonaws.com/supplementary_texts/documents/7/The_Magic_of_Donald_Trump_by_Mark_Danner___The_New_York_Review_of_Books.pdf?1462986942 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=de Berg |first1=Henk |title=Fives Rules for Understanding Trump's Rhetorical Strategy |date=2024 |access-date=January 3, 2025 |url=https://www.palgrave.com/in/blogs/social-sciences/deberg/}}
• {{Cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |type=Opinion |title=Donald Trump lost, but Trumpism is still thriving. Could it take hold in Canada, too? |work=Toronto Star |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=November 8, 2020 |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/star-columnists/2020/11/08/donald-trump-lost-but-trumpism-is-still-thriving-could-it-take-hold-in-canada-too.html |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114212149/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/star-columnists/2020/11/08/donald-trump-lost-but-trumpism-is-still-thriving-could-it-take-hold-in-canada-too.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Denby |first1=David |date=December 15, 2015 |title=The Plot Against America: Donald Trump's Rhetoric |magazine=The New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/plot-america-donald-trumps-rhetoric |author-link=David Denby |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108160026/http://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/plot-america-donald-trumps-rhetoric |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Devore |first1=Molly |date=April 3, 2019 |url=https://badgerherald.com/news/2019/04/03/trumpism-is-not-enough-of-a-mass-movement-to-be-facism-visiting-professor-says/ |title='Trumpism' is not enough of a mass movement to be fascism, visiting professor says |work=The Badger Herald |access-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814045154/https://badgerherald.com/news/2019/04/03/trumpism-is-not-enough-of-a-mass-movement-to-be-facism-visiting-professor-says/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Dreher |first1=Rod |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Church Of Trumpianity |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/trump-christians-trumpianity/ |magazine=The American Conservative |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=March 28, 2021 |archive-date=March 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304102030/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/dreher/trump-christians-trumpianity/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |date=July 29, 2016 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/28/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-quotes/index.html |title=Timeline: Donald Trump's praise for Vladimir Putin |work=CNN |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809173408/https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/28/politics/donald-trump-vladimir-putin-quotes/index.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Donolo |first=Peter |type=Opinion |title=Trumpism won't happen in Canada – but not because of our politics |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=August 21, 2020 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-trumpism-wont-happen-in-canada-but-not-because-of-our-politics/ |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107201804/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-trumpism-wont-happen-in-canada-but-not-because-of-our-politics/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Donolo |first=Peter |type=Opinion |title=What will become of Trump's Canadian fan base? |work=Toronto Star |location=Toronto |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=January 9, 2021 |url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/01/09/what-will-become-of-trumps-canadian-fan-base.html |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111125600/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2021/01/09/what-will-become-of-trumps-canadian-fan-base.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Drutman |first1=Lee |date=June 8, 2021 |title=The Republican party is now an explicitly illiberal party |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/08/american-democracy-fighting-for-its-life-republicans |url-status=live |access-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630165812/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/08/american-democracy-fighting-for-its-life-republicans}}

• {{cite web |last1=Enjeti |first1=Saagar |title=Trump defines Trumpism |date=March 3, 2021 |work=Rising |publisher=The Hill |access-date=March 5, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7hounv0lco |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309030852/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o7hounv0lco |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Why Trump isn't a fascist – The storming of the Capitol on 6 January was not a coup. But American democracy is still in danger. |magazine=New Statesman |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2021/01/why-trump-isnt-fascist |access-date=March 14, 2021 |author-link=Richard J. Evans |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312204123/https://www.newstatesman.com/world/2021/01/why-trump-isnt-fascist |url-status=live}}

• {{cite magazine |last1=Fallows |first1=James |date=October 10, 2016 |title=Trump Time Capsule #137: Primate Dominance Moves at the Debate |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/10/trump-time-capsule-137-primate-dominance-moves-at-the-debate/503528/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=February 23, 2021 |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219142605/https://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/10/trump-time-capsule-137-primate-dominance-moves-at-the-debate/503528/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Fawcett |first=Max |type=Opinion |title=Rigged Canadian election? Why Canada's Conservatives can't seem to quit Donald Trump |work=National Observer |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=January 12, 2021 |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/01/12/opinion/why-canadas-conservatives-cant-quit-donald-trump |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112133659/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2021/01/12/opinion/why-canadas-conservatives-cant-quit-donald-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Ed |url=https://theindependent.ca/2017/05/13/is-trump-a-fascist/ |title=Is Trump a fascist? |work=The Independent |location=Newfoundland |date=May 13, 2017 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604093512/https://theindependent.ca/2017/05/13/is-trump-a-fascist/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Marc |date=May 16, 2019 |issn=0190-8286 |title=After a two-decade friendship and waves of lavish praise, Trump pardons newspaper magnate Conrad Black |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 12, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-a-two-decade-friendship-and-waves-of-lavish-praise-trump-pardons-newspaper-magnate-conrad-black/2019/05/16/d89317b0-77eb-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116000909/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-a-two-decade-friendship-and-waves-of-lavish-praise-trump-pardons-newspaper-magnate-conrad-black/2019/05/16/d89317b0-77eb-11e9-bd25-c989555e7766_story.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Forrest |first=Maura |date=September 12, 2022 |title=The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/12/canada-conservative-leader-poilievre-00056205 |work=Politico}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Foster |first1=John Bellamy |author-link=John Bellamy Foster |type=Editorial |date=June 1, 2017 |title=This Is Not Populism |magazine=Monthly Review |url=https://monthlyreview.org/2017/06/01/this-is-not-populism/ |access-date=May 14, 2015 |quote=Commenting on the hegemonic framing of the radical right as populist, and the analytical problems that it presents, Andrea Mammone observes in his Transnational Neofascism in France and Italy that "the terms populism and national populism" were deliberately introduced in recent decades by liberal European commentators in order to "replace fascism/neofascism as the used terminology." This move was designed to "provide a sort of political and democratic legitimization of right-wing extremism." |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701173211/https://monthlyreview.org/2017/06/01/this-is-not-populism/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Fournier |first=Philippe J. |title=How much do Canadians dislike Donald Trump? A lot |work=Maclean's |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=October 1, 2020 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-much-do-canadians-dislike-donald-trump-a-lot/ |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111075449/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-much-do-canadians-dislike-donald-trump-a-lot/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Fournier |first=Philippe J. |title=Canada is not immune to Trumpism |work=Maclean's |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=January 10, 2021 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/338canada-canada-is-not-immune-to-trumpism/ |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112014447/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/338canada-canada-is-not-immune-to-trumpism/ |url-status=live}}

• {{cite web |last1=Gabler |first1=Neal |title=Donald Trump, the Emperor of Social Media |date=April 29, 2016 |work=Moyers On Democracy |publisher=Schumann Media Center |access-date=March 2, 2021 |url=https://billmoyers.com/story/donald-trump-the-emperor-of-social-media/ |author-link1=Neal Gabler |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302204144/https://billmoyers.com/story/donald-trump-the-emperor-of-social-media/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Galli |first1=Mark |date=December 19, 2019 |title=Trump Should Be Removed from Office |type=Editorial |work=Christianity Today |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2019/december-web-only/trump-should-be-removed-from-office.html |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=December 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223004204/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2019/december-web-only/trump-should-be-removed-from-office.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Garcia-Navarro |first=Lulu |title=Inside the Heritage Foundation's Plans for 'Institutionalizing Trumpism' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/21/magazine/heritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html |magazine=The New York Times Magazine |location=New York City |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=January 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213083434/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/21/magazine/heritage-foundation-kevin-roberts.html |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 21, 2024 |issn=0028-7822}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Gessen |first1=Masha |author1-link=Masha Gessen |date=June 27, 2020 |title=Since day one, Donald Trump has been an autocrat in the making |language=en-GB |work=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/27/since-day-one-donald-trump-autocrat-making-surviving-autocracy-masha-gessen |access-date=September 25, 2023 |issn=0029-7712 |archive-date=September 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925201856/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jun/27/since-day-one-donald-trump-autocrat-making-surviving-autocracy-masha-gessen |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last1=Giroux |first1=Henry A. |title=Fascism's return and Trump's war on youth |date=December 14, 2017 |url=https://theconversation.com/fascisms-return-and-trumps-war-on-youth-88867 |access-date=May 14, 2021 |website=The Conversation |author1-link=Henry Giroux |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416103325/https://theconversation.com/fascisms-return-and-trumps-war-on-youth-88867 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Glasser |first1=Susan |date=January 22, 2018 |title=The Man Who Put Andrew Jackson in Trump's Oval Office |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/01/22/andrew-jackson-donald-trump-216493 |access-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122201746/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/01/22/andrew-jackson-donald-trump-216493 |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Global|2021}} |title=Trumpism in Canada |work=Global News |access-date=January 12, 2021 |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/7570605/trumpism-in-canada/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113043957/https://globalnews.ca/video/7570605/trumpism-in-canada |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Goldberg |first1=Jonah |date=August 16, 2016 |author-link=Jonah Goldberg |title='New nationalism' amounts to generic white identity politics |url=http://www.newsday.com/opinion/new-nationalism-amounts-to-generic-white-identity-politics-1.12184083 |work=Newsday |access-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-date=November 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194708/http://www.newsday.com/opinion/new-nationalism-amounts-to-generic-white-identity-politics-1.12184083 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |date=December 15, 2020 |type=Opinion |title=Just how dangerous was Trump? |url=https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2020/12/15/michelle-goldberg-just/ |access-date=December 17, 2020 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216062443/https://www.sltrib.com/opinion/commentary/2020/12/15/michelle-goldberg-just/ |url-status=live}}
• An earlier version appeared in peer-reviewed journal Boundary 2: {{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Peter E. |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Authoritarianism: Three Inquiries in Critical Theory |journal=Boundary 2 |url=https://www.boundary2.org/2016/06/peter-gordon-the-authoritarian-personality-revisited-reading-adorno-in-the-age-of-trump/ |access-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208022740/http://www.boundary2.org/2016/06/peter-gordon-the-authoritarian-personality-revisited-reading-adorno-in-the-age-of-trump/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Gottfried |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Shearer |first2=Elisa |title=News use across social media platforms 2016 |date=May 26, 2016 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=March 2, 2021 |url=https://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/ |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414022348/https://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Green |first1=Emma |date=January 8, 2021 |title=A Christian Insurrection |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/evangelicals-catholics-jericho-march-capitol/617591/ |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125114621/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2021/01/evangelicals-catholics-jericho-march-capitol/617591/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Greenberg |first1=David |date=December 11, 2016 |title=An Intellectual History of Trumpism |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518 |access-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115164822/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Gryboski |first=Michael |title=Texas Megachurch Pastor Says Obama Will 'Pave Way' for Antichrist |date=November 8, 2012 |newspaper=The Christian Post |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/texas-megachurch-pastor-says-obama-will-pave-way-for-antichrist-84639/ |access-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054519/https://www.christianpost.com/news/texas-megachurch-pastor-says-obama-will-pave-way-for-antichrist-84639/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Guilford |first1=Gwynn |title=Inside the Trump machine: The bizarre psychology of America's newest political movement |date=April 1, 2016 |work=Quartz |url=http://qz.com/645345/insidethe-trump-machine-the-bizarre-psychology-ofamericas-newest-political-movement/ |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222839/https://qz.com/645345/inside-the-trump-machine-the-bizarre-psychology-of-americas-newest-political-movement/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last=Gumbel |first=Andrew |date=January 11, 2025 |title='There are a lot of bitter people here, I'm one of them': rust belt voters on why they backed Trump again despite his broken promises |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/11/there-are-a-lot-of-bitter-people-here-im-one-of-them-rust-belt-voters-on-why-they-backed-trump-again-despite-his-broken-promises |access-date=January 12, 2025}}

• {{cite web |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |title=Trump Told Crowd 'You Will Never Take Back Our Country With Weakness' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html |url-access=registration |work=The New York Times |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109011609/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/06/us/politics/trump-speech-capitol.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Haltiwanger |first1=John |date=October 9, 2018 |title=The 'Brazilian Donald Trump,' Jair Bolsonaro, is visiting the White House. He was elected president despite saying he couldn't love a gay son and that a colleague was too 'ugly' to be raped |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-results-trump-2018-10 |access-date=February 22, 2021 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210184330/https://www.businessinsider.com/jair-bolsonaro-brazil-election-results-trump-2018-10 |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Haltiwanger |first1=John |date=March 4, 2021 |title=Republicans have built a cult of personality around Trump that glosses over his disgraced presidency |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3 |access-date=October 4, 2023 |work=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=January 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115171921/https://www.businessinsider.com/republicans-have-built-a-cult-of-personalty-around-trump-2021-3 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Harwood |first1=John |date=January 20, 2017 |type=Opinion |title=Why Trumpism May Not Endure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/opinion/why-trumpism-may-not-endure.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116190840/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/opinion/why-trumpism-may-not-endure.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Hasan |first1=Mehdi |title=Is This Trump's Reichstag Fire Moment? |work=The Intercept |date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |url=https://theintercept.com/2020/06/04/is-this-trumps-reichstag-fire-moment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202040523/https://theintercept.com/2020/06/04/is-this-trumps-reichstag-fire-moment/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Hedges |first1=Chris |date=January 3, 2020 |title=Onward, Christian fascists |work=Salon.com |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/01/03/onward-Christian-fascists_partner/ |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228071848/https://www.salon.com/2020/01/03/onward-christian-fascists_partner/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |ref={{sfnRef|Helsinki Times, April 13, 2019}} |title=Trumpism comes to Finland, exporting happiness, and Kardashians in Lapland – Finland in the World Press |url=https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/world-int/world-news/finland-in-the-world-press/16339-trumpism-comes-to-finland-exporting-happiness-and-kardashians-in-lapland-finland-in-the-world-press.html |newspaper=Helsinki Times |date=April 13, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124020333/https://www.helsinkitimes.fi/world-int/world-news/finland-in-the-world-press/16339-trumpism-comes-to-finland-exporting-happiness-and-kardashians-in-lapland-finland-in-the-world-press.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=Bruce |date=August 24, 2017 |title=Evangelical Leader Stays on Trump Advisory Council Despite Charlottesville Response |work=The Charlotte Observer |url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article169163722.html |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223000/https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article169163722.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Henninger |first1=Daniel |date=March 3, 2021 |title=Trumpism According to Trump |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumpism-according-to-trump-11614812815 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=March 17, 2021 |archive-date=March 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314220326/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumpism-according-to-trump-11614812815 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Hilditch |first1=Cameron |title=Christianity as Ideology: The Cautionary Tale of the Jericho March |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/12/christianity-as-ideology-the-cautionary-tale-of-the-jericho-march/ |access-date=January 19, 2021 |work=National Review |date=December 18, 2020 |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220131259/https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/12/christianity-as-ideology-the-cautionary-tale-of-the-jericho-march/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Homans |first1=Charles |date=April 27, 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/27/magazine/trump-rallies-rhetoric.html |title=Donald Trump Has Never Sounded Like This |work=New York Magazine |access-date=April 27, 2024 |archive-date=July 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719002646/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/27/magazine/trump-rallies-rhetoric.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Horton |first1=Michael |date=December 16, 2020 |title=The Cult of Christian Trumpism |work=The Gospel Coalition |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/cult-Christian-trumpism/ |access-date=December 28, 2020 |author-link1=Michael Horton (theologian) |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222840/https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/cult-Christian-trumpism/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Hovland |first1=Ben |date=September 13, 2020 |title=Capitol rally targets Minnesota's COVID-19 state of emergency |work=Albert Lea Tribune and Minnesota Public Radio |url=https://www.albertleatribune.com/2020/09/capitol-rally-targets-minnesotas-covid-19-state-of-emergency/ |access-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040259/https://www.albertleatribune.com/2020/09/capitol-rally-targets-minnesotas-covid-19-state-of-emergency/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Hymes |first1=Clare |last2=McDonald |first2=Cassidy |last3=Watson |first3=Elanor |date=April 16, 2021 |title=What we know about the "unprecedented" U.S. Capitol riot arrests |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-riot-arrests-2021-04-16/ |work=CBS News |access-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417021441/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capitol-riot-arrests-2021-04-16/ |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite news |last1=Ibish |first1=Hussain |date=April 12, 2020 |type=Opinion |title=Is Donald Trump's US sliding towards illiberal democracy? |work=The National (Abu Dhabi) |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/is-donald-trump-s-us-sliding-towards-illiberal-democracy-1.1005011 |url-status=live |access-date=June 25, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629005638/https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/is-donald-trump-s-us-sliding-towards-illiberal-democracy-1.1005011}}
• {{cite web |last1=Illing |first1=Sean |title=What Machiavelli can teach us about Trump and the decline of liberal democracy |work=Vox |date=November 16, 2018 |url=https://www.vox.com/2017/7/24/15913826/machiavelli-donald-trump-democracy-america-erica-benner |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203230611/https://www.vox.com/2017/7/24/15913826/machiavelli-donald-trump-democracy-america-erica-benner |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Ilyushina |first1=Mary |title=Putin, Bolsonaro and AMLO finally congratulate Biden on US election victory |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/europe/putin-biden-election-congratulates-intl/index.html |access-date=2021-02-22 |date=December 15, 2020 |work=CNN |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124112317/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/15/europe/putin-biden-election-congratulates-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}

• {{cite magazine |last1=Jacobs |first1=Thomas |date=October 21, 2016 |title=Masculinity in the Time of Trump |magazine=Pacific Standard |publisher=Grist Magazine, Inc. |url=https://psmag.com/masculinity-in-the-time-of-trump-416ac0cf5571#.yny60wi98 |access-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214054519/https://psmag.com/news/masculinity-in-the-time-of-trump#.yny60wi98 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Jeffress |first1=Robert |last2=Fea |first2=John |date=May 26, 2016 |title=The Evangelical Debate Over Trump |work=Interfaith Voices |url=https://interfaithradio.org/Story_Details/The_Evangelical_Debate_Over_Trump |access-date=December 28, 2020 |format=audio |author1-link=Robert Jeffress |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040545/https://interfaithradio.org/Story_Details/The_Evangelical_Debate_Over_Trump |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Jeffress |first1=Robert |last2=Wehner |first2=Peter |date=July 12, 2016 |title=Dr. Robert Jeffress and Peter Wehner Join Mike for Important Debate over Evangelical Christian Support of Trump |work=The Mike Gallagher Show |url=https://mikeonline.com/dr-robertjeffress-peter_wehner-join-mike-for-an-important-debate-over-evangelical-christians-support-of-trump/ |format=audio |author-link1=Robert Jeffress |author-link2=Peter Wehner |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222844/https://mikeonline.com/dr-robertjeffress-peter_wehner-join-mike-for-an-important-debate-over-evangelical-christians-support-of-trump/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite magazine |last1=Jindal |first1=Bobby |last2=Castellanos |first2=Alex |date=January 3, 2021 |title=Separating Trump from Trumpism is key to the GOP's future |type=Opinion |url=https://www.newsweek.com/separating-trump-trumpism-key-gops-future-opinion-1572180 |access-date=2021-03-02 |magazine=Newsweek |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416164942/https://www.newsweek.com/separating-trump-trumpism-key-gops-future-opinion-1572180 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Rich |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Why Did Sean Hannity Lose His Punisher Skull Pin On Fox News? |work=Bleeding Cool |url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/why-did-sean-hannity-lose-his-punisher-skull-pin-on-fox-news/ |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222915/https://bleedingcool.com/comics/why-did-sean-hannity-lose-his-punisher-skull-pin-on-fox-news/ |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite news |last1=Kagan |first1=Robert |date=May 16, 2016 |title=This is how fascism comes to America |newspaper=The Washington Post |type=Opinion |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-how-fascism-comes-to-america/2016/05/17/c4e32c58-1c47-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 20, 2021 |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213084438/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/this-is-how-fascism-comes-to-america/2016/05/17/c4e32c58-1c47-11e6-8c7b-6931e66333e7_story.html}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kakissis |first1=Joanna |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/05/13/722620996/in-trump-hungarys-viktor-orban-has-a-rare-ally-in-the-oval-office |title=In Trump, Hungary's Viktor Orban Has A Rare Ally In The Oval Office |work=NPR |date=May 13, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222842/https://www.npr.org/2019/05/13/722620996/in-trump-hungarys-viktor-orban-has-a-rare-ally-in-the-oval-office |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Katzenstein |first1=Peter J. |author-link=Peter J. Katzenstein |title=Trumpism is Us |work=WZB Mitteilungen |publisher=Social Science Research Center |location=Berlin |url=https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |access-date=October 15, 2020 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222927/https://www.wzb.eu/en/news/trumpism-is-us |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |date=January 10, 2018 |title=President Trump has made more than 2,000 false or misleading claims over 355 days |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/01/10/president-trump-has-made-more-than-2000-false-or-misleading-claims-over-355-days/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |author-link1=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/01/10/president-trump-has-made-more-than-2000-false-or-misleading-claims-over-355-days/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Soo Rin |last2=Ibssa |first2=Lalee |date=November 13, 2023 |title=Trump compares political opponents to 'vermin' who he will 'root out,' alarming historians |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-compares-political-opponents-vermin-root-alarming-historians/story?id=104847748 |work=ABC News |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208061424/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-compares-political-opponents-vermin-root-alarming-historians/story?id=104847748 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kruse |first1=Michael |date=October 13, 2017 |title=The Power of Trump's Positive Thinking |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/10/13/donald-trump-positive-thinking-215704 |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222913/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/10/13/donald-trump-positive-thinking-215704/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kuhn |first1=Johannes |title=Who moved America to the right |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=September 2, 2017 |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/1.3648311 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222849/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/trumps-vordenker-wer-amerika-nach-rechts-rueckte-1.3648311 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Kuhn |first1=Johannes |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/gipfel-reaktionen-trumps-partei-mault-und-bleibt-folgsam-1.4057834 |title=Trump und Putin: Republikaner üben leichte Kritik |language=de |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222846/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/gipfel-reaktionen-trumps-partei-mault-und-bleibt-folgsam-1.4057834 |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite news |last=Lange |first=Jason |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Trump's rise sparks isolationist worries abroad, but voters unfazed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trumps-rise-sparks-isolationist-worries-among-us-allies-americans-focus-home-2024-01-17/ |access-date=January 17, 2024 |work=Reuters}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Lehmann |first=Chris |date=November 14, 2023 |title=The "Is Donald Trump a Fascist?" Debate Has Been Ended—by Donald Trump |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/donald-trump-fascist-vermin/ |magazine=The Nation |location=New York City |publisher=Katrina vanden Heuvel |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926135406/https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/donald-trump-fascist-vermin/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Lemann |first1=Nicholas |title=The Republican Identity Crisis After Trump |magazine=The New Yorker |date=November 2, 2020 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/11/02/the-republican-identity-crisis-after-trump |access-date=November 10, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222848/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/11/02/the-republican-identity-crisis-after-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=LeVine |first1=Marianne |last2=Arnsdorf |first2=Isaac |date=December 13, 2023 |title=Trump backers laugh off, cheer 'dictator' comments, as scholars voice alarm |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2023/12/13/trump-dictator-comments-supporters/ |access-date=January 8, 2024 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215131632/https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2023/12/13/trump-dictator-comments-supporters/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Matt |title=Bad News for Evangelicals – God Doesn't Need Donald Trump in the White House |type=Opinion |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/opinion/bad-news-for-evangelicals-god-doesn-t-need-donald-trump-in-the-white-house/ar-BB1bVf18 |date=December 12, 2020 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |website=The Daily Beast |via=www.msn.com |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309125214/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/opinion/bad-news-for-evangelicals-god-doesn-t-need-donald-trump-in-the-white-house/ar-BB1bVf18 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=William Ming |title=How Trump's 'Toxic Masculinity' Is Bad for Other Men |url=https://time.com/4273865/donald-trump-toxic-masculinity/ |work=Motto (Time) |date=April 14, 2016 |location=New York |access-date=January 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121131734/http://motto.time.com/4273865/donald-trump-toxic-masculinity/ |archive-date=January 21, 2018 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Lowndes |first=Joseph |title=Far-right extremism dominates the GOP. It didn't start — and won't end — with Trump |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=November 8, 2021 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/11/08/far-right-extremism-dominates-gop-it-didnt-start-wont-end-with-trump/ |access-date=December 31, 2023 |archive-date=November 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123072545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/11/08/far-right-extremism-dominates-gop-it-didnt-start-wont-end-with-trump/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last=Lutz |first=Eric |date=November 10, 2023 |title=Donald Trump Isn't Even Trying to Hide His Authoritarian Second-Term Plans |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/11/donald-trump-authoritarian-second-term |magazine=Vanity Fair |location=United States |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=September 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926135510/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/11/donald-trump-authoritarian-second-term |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Lyall |first1=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Lyall |title=The Trump Presidency Is Now History. So How Will It Rank? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/23/us/politics/trump-presidential-history.html |work=The New York Times |date=January 23, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222945/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/23/us/politics/trump-presidential-history.html |url-status=live}}

• {{cite news |last1=MacWilliams |first1=Matthew |date=January 17, 2016 |work=Politico |title=The one weird trait that predicts whether you're a Trump supporter |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/donald-trump-2016-authoritarian-213533 |access-date=October 13, 2020 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129224125/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/donald-trump-2016-authoritarian-213533 |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last1=MacWilliams |first1=Matthew C. |title=Trump Is an Authoritarian. So Are Millions of Americans |date=September 23, 2020 |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/09/23/trump-america-authoritarianism-420681 |access-date=February 9, 2021 |website=Politico |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209065912/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/09/23/trump-america-authoritarianism-420681 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Matthews |first1=Dylan |work=Vox |title=The F Word |url=https://www.vox.com/22225472/fascism-definition-trump-fascist-examples |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124130908/https://www.vox.com/22225472/fascism-definition-trump-fascist-examples |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Matthews |first1=Dylan |title=Is Trump a fascist? 8 experts weigh in |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21521958/what-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump |date=October 23, 2020 |work=Vox |access-date=December 23, 2020 |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104070839/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21521958/what-is-fascism-signs-donald-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=McFadden |first1=Robert D. |last2=Grynbaum |first2=Michael M. |title=Rush Limbaugh Dies at 70; Turned Talk Radio Into a Right-Wing Attack Machine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html |access-date=February 17, 2021 |agency=The New York Times |date=February 18, 2021 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309031623/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html?searchResultPosition=1 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Tom |last2=Ho |first2=Vivian |last3=Greve |first3=Joan E. |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden |title=Schumer calls pro-Trump mob 'domestic terrorists' as Senate resumes election certification – live |date=January 7, 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106230506/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/jan/06/georgia-election-latest-news-senate-ossoff-warnock-democrats-republicans-trump-biden |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last=McConkey |first=David |date=October 23, 2022 |title=Pierre Poilievre, populist politician? |url=https://www.brandonsun.com/opinion/2022/10/24/pierre-poilievre-populist-politician |website=The Brandon Sun}}
• {{cite web |last1=Moore |first1=Johnnie |date=August 24, 2017 |title=Evangelical Trump Adviser: Why I Won't Bail on the White House |work=Religion News Service |url=https://religionnews.com/2017/08/24/johnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house/ |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222915/https://religionnews.com/2017/08/24/johnnie-moore-why-i-wont-bail-on-the-white-house/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Mullen |first1=Lincoln |date=June 16, 2018 |title=The Fight to Define Romans 13 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/06/romans-13/562916/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222916/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/06/romans-13/562916/ |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite news |ref={{sfnRef|National Post, June 5, 2018}} |first=Brian |last=Platt |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ontario-proud-the-right-wing-facebook-giant-in-ontarios-election-eyes-federal-election-involvement |title=Ontario Proud, the right-wing Facebook giant in Ontario's election, eyes federal election involvement |work=National Post |date=June 5, 2018 |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190818160526/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/ontario-proud-the-right-wing-facebook-giant-in-ontarios-election-eyes-federal-election-involvement |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Nessen |first1=Stephen |title=4 Ways Donald Trump's Pro Wrestling Experience Is Like His Campaign Today |date=April 30, 2016 |work=National Public Radio |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/04/30/476198343/4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222849/https://www.npr.org/2016/04/30/476198343/4-ways-donald-trumps-pro-wrestling-experience-is-like-his-campaign-today |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Newkirk |first1=Vann R. |title=Donald Trump, Wrestling Heel |magazine=The Atlantic |date=March 15, 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/trump-politics-and-professional-wrestling/473652/ |access-date=October 18, 2020 |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201194450/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/trump-politics-and-professional-wrestling/473652/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/books/6-books-to-help-understand-trumps-win.html |title=6 Books to Help Understand Trump's Win |date=November 9, 2016 |ref={{sfnRef|NYTimes11_09|2016}} |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222900/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/books/6-books-to-help-understand-trumps-win.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Nwachukwu |first1=John Owen |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/05/01/biafra-ipob-reacts-trumps-warning-buhari-killing-christians/ |title=Biafra: IPOB reacts to Trump's warning to Buhari on killing of Christians |work=Daily Post |date=May 1, 2018 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-date=September 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905170841/https://dailypost.ng/2018/05/01/biafra-ipob-reacts-trumps-warning-buhari-killing-christians/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Nwaubani |first1=Adaobi Tricia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-trashes-nigeria-and-bans-its-immigrants-nigerians-love-him-for-it/2020/02/07/ed985a4c-4853-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html |title=Trump trashes Nigeria and bans its immigrants. Nigerians love him for it. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224003907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-trashes-nigeria-and-bans-its-immigrants-nigerians-love-him-for-it/2020/02/07/ed985a4c-4853-11ea-ab15-b5df3261b710_story.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Brendon |title=Who exactly is Trump's 'base'? Why white, working-class voters could be key to the US election |date=October 29, 2020 |url=http://theconversation.com/who-exactly-is-trumps-base-why-white-working-class-voters-could-be-key-to-the-us-election-147267 |access-date=March 2, 2021 |website=The Conversation |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129010141/https://theconversation.com/who-exactly-is-trumps-base-why-white-working-class-voters-could-be-key-to-the-us-election-147267 |url-status=live}}

• {{cite web |last1=Oduah |first1=Chika |title=Nigeria's Biafra Separatists See Hope in Trump |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-biafra-separatists-see-hope-donald-trump/3595549.html |website=VOA |date=November 14, 2016 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829003527/https://www.voanews.com/a/nigeria-biafra-separatists-see-hope-donald-trump/3595549.html |url-status=live}}

• {{cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |date=November 16, 2020 |title=The ending of Trump's presidency echoes the beginning – with a lie |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-crowd-false/2020/11/15/42dd9c2a-275f-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html |access-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222911/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-crowd-false/2020/11/15/42dd9c2a-275f-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |last1=Paxton |first1=Robert O. |url=https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652 |title=I've Hesitated to Call Donald Trump a Fascist. Until Now |website=Newsweek |date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204030517/https://www.newsweek.com/robert-paxton-trump-fascist-1560652 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Partington |first1=Richard |date=July 7, 2018 |title=Trump's trade war: What is it and which products are affected? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jul/07/trump-trade-war-china-us-products |work=The Guardian |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222853/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jul/07/trump-trade-war-china-us-products |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jeremy W. |title=Trump Lost the Race. But Republicans Know It's Still His Party |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/us/politics/republican-party-trump.html |access-date=November 10, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=November 9, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222856/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/us/politics/republican-party-trump.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Jeremy W. |title=Rush Limbaugh's Legacy of Venom: As Trump Rose, 'It All Sounded Familiar' |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html |access-date=February 18, 2021 |agency=The New York Times |date=February 17, 2021 |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309031623/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/17/us/politics/limbaugh-death.html?searchResultPosition=1 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Pew Research, April 26, 2017}} |last1=Smith |first1=Gregory A. |title=Among white evangelicals, regular churchgoers are the most supportive of Trump |date=April 26, 2017 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=March 6, 2021 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/26/among-white-evangelicals-regular-churchgoers-are-the-most-supportive-of-trump |archive-date=March 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312071149/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/26/among-white-evangelicals-regular-churchgoers-are-the-most-supportive-of-trump/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=July 17, 2023 |title=Trump and Allies Forge Plans to Increase Presidential Power in 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/17/us/politics/trump-plans-2025.html |access-date=March 14, 2025 |work=The New York Times |ref=Swan2023a}}
• {{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Savage |first2=Charlie |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |date=December 9, 2023 |title=Fears of a NATO Withdrawal Rise as Trump Seeks a Return to Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-2025-nato.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210004722/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/09/us/politics/trump-2025-nato.html |url-status=live |ref=Swan2023b}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Dom |last2=Phillips |first2=Tom |date=December 20, 2019 |title=Brazil: Bolsonaro in homophobic outburst as corruption scandal swirls |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/20/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-homophobic-outburst-corruption-scandal |access-date=February 22, 2021 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202055532/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/20/brazil-jair-bolsonaro-homophobic-outburst-corruption-scandal |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite magazine |last1=Pillar |first1=Paul R. |date=September 17, 2020 |title=The Donald Trump and Benjamin Netanyahu Alliance: Simply Bad News |ref={{sfnRef|The National Interest, September 17, 2020}} |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/donald-trump-and-benjamin-netanyahu-alliance-simply-bad-news-169127 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |magazine=The National Interest |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301041428/https://nationalinterest.org/blog/paul-pillar/donald-trump-and-benjamin-netanyahu-alliance-simply-bad-news-169127 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Plott |first1=Elaina |title=Win or Lose, It's Donald Trump's Republican Party |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/27/magazine/trump-influence-gop.html |access-date=October 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=October 27, 2020 |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029073134/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/27/magazine/trump-influence-gop.html |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite web |last1=Raupp |first1=Eric |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Will Bolsonaro Leave Trumpism Behind to Embrace a Biden-led US? |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/latin_america/eric-raupp-jair-bolsonaro-trumpism-joe-biden-win-us-brazil-relations-news-51620/ |access-date=February 22, 2021 |website=Fair Observer |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218145114/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/latin_america/eric-raupp-jair-bolsonaro-trumpism-joe-biden-win-us-brazil-relations-news-51620/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Derek |title=What Liberals Don't Get About Trump Supporters and Pop Culture |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/05/16/trump-death-star-pop-culture-mutiny-bounty-curb-enthusiasm-260471 |work=Politico |date=May 16, 2020 |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130183114/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/05/16/trump-death-star-pop-culture-mutiny-bounty-curb-enthusiasm-260471 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Roper |first1=Willern |date=January 8, 2021 |title=Nearly Half of Republicans Approve of Capitol Riot |work=Statista |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/23886/capitol-riot-approval/ |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040259/https://www.statista.com/chart/23886/capitol-riot-approval/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Rosenfeld |first1=Steven |title=Leading Civil Rights Lawyer Shows 20 Ways Trump Is Copying Hitler's Early Rhetoric and Policies |date=August 9, 2019 |work=Common Dreams |access-date=November 21, 2020 |url=https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/08/09/leading-civil-rights-lawyer-shows-20-ways-trump-copying-hitlers-early-rhetoric-and |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222924/https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/08/09/leading-civil-rights-lawyer-shows-20-ways-trump-copying-hitlers-early-rhetoric-and |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Matthew |last2=Rutenberg |first2=Jim |title=Key Takeaways From Trump's Effort to Overturn the Election – A Times examination of the 77 days between election and inauguration shows how a lie the former president had been grooming for years overwhelmed the Republican Party and stoked the assault on the Capitol. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/us/politics/trump-election-results.html |date=February 1, 2021 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201142038/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/01/us/politics/trump-election-results.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Ross |first1=Alex |title=The Frankfurt school knew Trump was coming |date=December 5, 2016 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-frankfurt-school-knew-trump-was-coming |url-access=limited |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=February 18, 2021 |author-link1=Alex Ross (music critic) |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213022125/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-frankfurt-school-knew-trump-was-coming |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Rushkoff |first1=Douglas |author1-link=Douglas Rushkoff |date=July 7, 2016 |title=The New Nationalism Of Brexit And Trump Is A Product Of The Digital Age |url=http://www.fastcoexist.com/3061574/the-new-nationalism-of-brexit-and-trump-is-a-product-of-the-digital-age |work=Fast Company |access-date=January 20, 2024 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301173438/https://www.fastcoexist.com/3061574/the-new-nationalism-of-brexit-and-trump-is-a-product-of-the-digital-age |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Rutenberg |first1=Jim |last2=Becker |first2=Jo |last3=Lipton |first3=Eric |last4=Haberman |first4=Maggie |last5=Martin |first5=Jonathan |last6=Rosenberg |first6=Matthew |last7=Schmidt |first7=Michael S. |title=77 Days: Trump's Campaign to Subvert the Election Hours after the United States voted, the president declared the election a fraud – a lie that unleashed a movement that would shatter democratic norms and upend the peaceful transfer of power. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |date=January 31, 2021 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 1, 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|Rutenberg et al.|2021}} |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201000107/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/us/trump-election-lie.html |url-status=live}}

• {{Cite web |last1=Samphir |first1=Harrison |url=https://nowtoronto.com/news/the-post-millennial-ontario-proud-canada-proud-conservative-party/ |title=The Post Millennial joins Conservative party's online booster club |date=July 23, 2019 |website=NOW Magazine |access-date=February 22, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724154315/https://nowtoronto.com/news/the-post-millennial-ontario-proud-canada-proud-conservative-party/ |archive-date=July 24, 2019}}
• {{cite web |last1=Schneider |first1=Mac |url=https://www.vox.com/videos/2017/4/21/15387900/marine-le-pen-france-trump-elections |title=Marine Le Pen: France's Trump is on the rise |work=Vox |date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040255/https://www.vox.com/videos/2017/4/21/15387900/marine-le-pen-france-trump-elections |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Seeßlen |first1=Georg |date=February 2, 2017 |trans-title=Language attack of the right-wing populists: Trumpets of Trumpism |title=Sprachattacke der Rechtspopulisten: Trompeten des Trumpismus |language=de |url=https://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/donald-trump-sprachattacke-der-rechtspopulisten-trompeten-des-trumpismus-a-1133299.html |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222907/https://www.spiegel.de/consent-a-?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fkultur%2Fgesellschaft%2Fdonald-trump-sprachattacke-der-rechtspopulisten-trompeten-des-trumpismus-a-1133299.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Serhan |first1=Yasmeen |title=What History Tells Us Will Happen to Trumpism |magazine=The Atlantic |date=February 16, 2021 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/whats-next-trumpism/618029 |access-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217013050/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/whats-next-trumpism/618029/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Serwer |first1=Adam |title=The Nationalist's Delusion |magazine=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/the-nationalists-delusion/546356/ |date=November 20, 2017 |author-link=Adam Serwer |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222930/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/the-nationalists-delusion/546356/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Shabad |first1=Rebecca |first2=Geoff |last2=Bennett |first3=Monica |last3=Alba |first4=Shannon |last4=Pettypiece |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/religious-leaders-lawmakers-outraged-over-trump-church-visit-n1221876 |title='The Bible is not a prop': Religious leaders, lawmakers outraged over Trump church visit |date=June 2, 2020 |work=NBC News |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215212236/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/religious-leaders-lawmakers-outraged-over-trump-church-visit-n1221876 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Shellnutt |first1=Kate |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Should Christians Keep Advising a President They Disagree With? |magazine=Christianity Today |url=http://www.Christianitytoday.com/news/2017/september/should-Christians-keep-advising-president-they-disagree-wit.html |access-date=December 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222923/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2017/september/should-Christians-keep-advising-president-they-disagree-wit.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Shenk |first1=Timothy |title=The dark history of Donald Trump's rightwing revolt |newspaper=The Guardian |date=August 16, 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/16/secret-history-trumpism-donald-trump |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414045825/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2016/aug/16/secret-history-trumpism-donald-trump |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Solon |first1=Olivia |date=November 10, 2016 |title=Facebook's failure: Did fake news and polarized politics get Trump elected? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/10/facebook-fake-news-election-conspiracy-theories |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=March 5, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114133802/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/10/facebook-fake-news-election-conspiracy-theories |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Stone |first1=Peter |date=November 22, 2023 |title='Openly authoritarian campaign': Trump's threats of revenge fuel alarm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/22/trump-revenge-game-plan-alarm |work=The Guardian |access-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-date=November 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127003512/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/22/trump-revenge-game-plan-alarm |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Survival International |2020}} |title=What Brazil's President, Jair Bolsonaro, has said about Brazil's Indigenous Peoples |url=https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3540-Bolsonaro |access-date=February 22, 2021 |website=survivalinternational.org |date=2020 |archive-date=April 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408231000/https://www.survivalinternational.org/articles/3540-Bolsonaro |url-status=live}}

• {{cite web |last1=Tabatabai |first1=Ariane |title=QAnon Goes to Iran |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/15/qanon-goes-to-iran/ |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |work=Foreign Policy |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523165625/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/07/15/qanon-goes-to-iran/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Tarnoff |first1=Ben |title=The triumph of Trumpism: the new politics that is here to stay |work=The Guardian |date=November 9, 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/09/us-election-political-movement-trumpism |access-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222951/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/09/us-election-political-movement-trumpism |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Tashman |first1=Brian |title=Jeffress Says Satan Is Behind Roman Catholicism |url=http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/jeffress-says-satan-behind-roman-catholicism |work=Right Wing Watch |date=October 8, 2011 |access-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919020002/http://www.rightwingwatch.org/content/jeffress-says-satan-behind-roman-catholicism |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan |date=July 11, 2018 |title=Trump's NATO trip shows 'America First' is 'America Alone' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/11/trumps-nato-trip-shows-america-first-is-america-alone/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington D.C. |access-date=November 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222953/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/11/trumps-nato-trip-shows-america-first-is-america-alone/ |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Ishaan |date=August 21, 2022 |title=Analysis {{!}} Trump's personality cult and the erosion of U.S. democracy |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/19/trump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states/ |access-date=October 4, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831130419/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/19/trump-cult-of-personality-democracy-erosion-united-states/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Teague |first=Matthew |title='He wears the armor of God': evangelicals hail Trump's church photo op |newspaper=The Guardian |date=June 3, 2020 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/03/donald-trump-church-photo-op-evangelicals |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222924/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/03/donald-trump-church-photo-op-evangelicals |url-status=live}}
• {{Cite episode |publisher=CBC |credits=Matt Galloway (Host), Allan Rock (Guest) |title=Allan Rock on what the presidential election means for U.S.-Canada relations |series=The Current |work=The Current |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=November 6, 2020 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-nov-6-2020-1.5792160/friday-november-6-2020-full-transcript-1.5793377 |ref={{sfnRef|The Current|2020}} |archive-date=December 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224040254/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-nov-6-2020-1.5792160/friday-november-6-2020-full-transcript-1.5793377 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Thompson |first1=Derek |date=December 30, 2020 |title=The Deep Story of Trumpism- Thinking about the Republican Party like a political psychiatrist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/deep-story-trumpism/617498/ |magazine=The Atlantic |access-date=April 9, 2021 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414144118/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/deep-story-trumpism/617498/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Chuck |last2=Murray |first2=Mike |last3=Dann |first3=Carrie |date=April 28, 2021 |title=After 100 days out of office, Trump's support softens in NBC News poll |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/after-100-days-out-office-trump-s-support-softens-nbc-n1265457 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430193059/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/after-100-days-out-office-trump-s-support-softens-nbc-n1265457 |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Trump |first1=Donald J. |author-link=Donald Trump |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Remarks of President Trump at the 74th Session of the United Nations General Assembly |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-74th-session-united-nations-general-assembly/ |access-date=December 6, 2020 |via=National Archives |work=whitehouse.gov |quote=In everything we do, we are focused on empowering the dreams and aspirations of our citizens ... we will cast off the enemies of liberty and overcome the oppressors of dignity. |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309030329/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-74th-session-united-nations-general-assembly/ |url-status=live}}

• {{cite news |last1=Vallejo |first1=Justin |date=February 28, 2021 |title=Donald Trump CPAC speech |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-cpac-speech-transcript-read-b1808979.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301105511/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-cpac-speech-transcript-read-b1808979.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last=Von Rennenkampff |first=Markik |date=September 13, 2021 |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/571892-canadas-conservatives-show-how-dangerously-skewed-us-politics-have/ |title=Canada's Conservatives show how dangerously skewed US politics have become |work=The Hill}}

• {{Cite news |last=Ward |first=Myah |date=October 12, 2024 |title=We watched 20 Trump rallies. His racist, anti-immigrant messaging is getting darker. |work=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/10/12/trump-racist-rhetoric-immigrants-00183537 |access-date=October 12, 2024}}
• {{cite news |last1=Weber |first1=Thomas |title=Trump is not a fascist. But that didn't make him any less dangerous to our democracy |date=January 24, 2021 |type=Opinion |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/24/opinions/trump-fascism-misguided-comparison-weber/index.html |work=CNN |author-link=Thomas Weber (historian) |access-date=March 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220181144/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/24/opinions/trump-fascism-misguided-comparison-weber/index.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Wehner |first1=Peter |date=July 5, 2016 |title=The Theology of Donald Trump |type=Opinion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/opinion/campaign-stops/the-theology-of-donald-trump.html |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |author1-link=Peter Wehner |access-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114203552/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/opinion/campaign-stops/the-theology-of-donald-trump.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Wehner |first1=Peter |date=January 21, 2017 |title=Why I Cannot Fall in Line Behind Trump |type=Opinion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/opinion/sunday/why-i-cannot-fall-in-line-behind-trump.html |newspaper=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213045216/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/opinion/sunday/why-i-cannot-fall-in-line-behind-trump.html |url-status=live |archive-date=February 13, 2021 |access-date=March 25, 2021 |author-link1=Peter Wehner}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Wehner |first1=Peter |title=The Deepening Crisis in Evangelical Christianity |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/evangelical-christians-face-deepening-crisis/593353/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=July 5, 2019 |author1-link=Peter Wehner |access-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-date=April 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423212457/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/evangelical-christians-face-deepening-crisis/593353/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Wehner |first1=Peter |title=Trump's Most Malicious Legacy |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-most-malicious-legacy/617319/ |magazine=The Atlantic |date=December 7, 2020 |author1-link=Peter Wehner |access-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514132031/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-most-malicious-legacy/617319/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite web |last1=Weisbrot |first1=Mark |date=October 20, 2017 |title=Brazil's Donald Trump? |type=Opinion |url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president |website=U.S. News & World Report |access-date=February 22, 2021 |archive-date=March 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302105325/https://www.usnews.com/opinion/world-report/articles/2017-10-20/could-jair-bolsonaro-become-brazils-next-president |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=West |first1=Cornel |title=American Neoliberalism: A New Neo-Fascist Era Is Here |type=Opinion |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election |date=November 17, 2016 |access-date=December 20, 2020 |author1-link=Cornel West |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153319/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/nov/17/american-neoliberalism-cornel-west-2016-election |url-status=live}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Livesey |first1=Bruce |date=October 8, 2020 |type=interview |title=All the elements are in place for American-style fascism, says Cornel West |magazine=National Observer (Canada) |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/10/08/features/all-elements-are-place-american-style-fascism-says-cornel-west |access-date=June 24, 2021 |ref={{sfnRef|West|2020}} |author-link1=Cornel West |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118223527/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2020/10/08/features/all-elements-are-place-american-style-fascism-says-cornel-west |url-status=dead}}
• {{cite news |last1=Whitebook |first1=Joel |date=March 20, 2017 |title=Opinion: Trump's Method, Our Madness |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/opinion/trumps-method-our-madness.html |access-date=May 14, 2021 |archive-date=May 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515214950/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/20/opinion/trumps-method-our-madness.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Will |first1=George F. |type=Opinion |title=The difference between Trumpism and fascism |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-difference-between-trumpism-and-fascism/2020/07/09/377ae76e-c208-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html |access-date=December 17, 2020 |agency=The Washington Post |date=July 10, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223029/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-difference-between-trumpism-and-fascism/2020/07/09/377ae76e-c208-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Wintour |first1=Patrick |date=September 21, 2020 |title=US announces new Iran sanctions and claims it is enforcing UN arms embargo |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/21/donald-trump-legal-power-to-impose-sanctions-on-iranians-questioned |access-date=November 17, 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215223041/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/21/donald-trump-legal-power-to-impose-sanctions-on-iranians-questioned |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Wolf |first1=Zachary B. |date=November 9, 2020 |title=Election 2020: How the Trump administration's roadblocks could cause problems for Biden |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/what-matters-november-9/index.html |access-date=February 16, 2021 |work=CNN |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130024543/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/what-matters-november-9/index.html |url-status=live}} Update November 10, 2020.
• {{cite news |last=Woods |first=Mel |title=Erin O'Toole's 'Take Back Canada' Slogan Prompts Plenty Of Questions |work=HuffPost |access-date=January 12, 2021 |date=June 11, 2020 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/erin-otoole-take-back-canada_ca_5ee2af10c5b67f9eb84b61c9 |archive-date=June 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608170609/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/erin-otoole-take-back-canada_ca_5ee2af10c5b67f9eb84b61c9 |url-status=live}}

• {{cite magazine |last1=Zaretsky |first1=Robert |title=Donald Trump and the myth of mobocracy |magazine=The Atlantic |date=July 7, 2016 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/trump-le-bon-mob/493118/ |access-date=October 15, 2020 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207135202/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/trump-le-bon-mob/493118/ |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Zengerle |first1=Patricia |date=February 2, 2019 |title=With eye on Afghanistan talks, Trump vows to stop 'endless wars' |agency=Reuters.com |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-afghanistan/with-eye-on-afghanistan-talks-trump-vows-to-stop-endless-wars-idUSKCN1PV07M |access-date=November 17, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107234359/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-afghanistan/with-eye-on-afghanistan-talks-trump-vows-to-stop-endless-wars-idUSKCN1PV07M |url-status=live}}
• {{cite news |last1=Zurcher |first1=Anthony |title=RNC 2020: The Republican Party Now the Party of Trump |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53914829 |access-date=November 10, 2020 |agency=BBC News |date=August 26, 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015654/https://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2020-53914829 |url-status=live}}

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