Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives

Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:{{Cite book |last1=Ladefoged |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4XaAgAAQBAJ |title=A Course in Phonetics |last2=Johnson |first2=Keith |date=2014-01-03 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-17718-5 |language=en}}

{{fricative}}

{{alveolar}}

{{voiceless}}

{{oral}}

{{lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

The sound is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas, such as Nahuatl, Tlingit and Navajo,{{cite book|last=McDonough|first=Joyce|title=The Navajo Sound System|publisher=Kluwer|location=Cambridge|year=2003|isbn=1-4020-1351-5}} and in North Caucasian languages, such as Avar.{{cite book|last=Laver|first=John|title=Principles of Phonetics|pages=257–258|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1994|isbn=0-521-45655-X}} It is also found in African languages, such as Zulu, and Asian languages, such as Chukchi, some Yue dialects like Taishanese, the Hlai languages of Hainan, and several Formosan languages and dialects in Taiwan.{{Cite book |title=噶瑪蘭語參考語法 |trans-title=Kavalan Grammar |last=Henry Y. |first=Chang |publisher=遠流 (Yuan-Liou) |date=2000 |isbn=9573238985 |location=Taipei |pages=43–45}}

The sound is rare in European languages outside the Caucasus, but it is found notably in Welsh in which it is written {{angle bracket|ll}}.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=203}} Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (Llwyd {{IPA|cy|ɬʊɨd|}}, Llywelyn {{IPA|cy|ɬəˈwɛlɨn|}}) have been borrowed into English and then retain the Welsh {{angbr|ll}} spelling but are pronounced with an {{IPAslink|l}} (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or they are substituted with {{angbr|fl}} (pronounced {{IPA|/fl/}}) (Floyd, Fluellen). It was also found in certain dialects of Lithuanian Yiddish.

Modern South Arabian languages are known for their apparent archaic Semitic features, especially in their system of phonology. For example, they preserve the lateral fricatives {{nounderlines|*ś}} {{IPAblink|ɬ}} and {{nounderlines|*ṣ́}}/{{nounderlines|ḏ̣}} {{IPAblink|ɬʼ}} of Proto-Semitic. Except for the Modern South Arabian languages, every other extant Semitic language has merged Proto-Semitic *s2 {{IPAblink|ɬ}} into one of the two other plain sibilants.{{Cite journal |last=Brewster |first=Jarred |date=2021 |title=Language contact and covert prominence in the SḤERĒT-JIBBĀLI language of Oman |url=https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=ltt_etds |journal=Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics |pages=27}}

The phoneme {{IPA|/ɬ/}} was also found in the most ancient Hebrew speech of the Ancient Israelites. The orthography of Biblical Hebrew, however, did not directly indicate the phoneme since it and several other phonemes of Ancient Hebrew did not have a grapheme of their own. The phoneme, however, is clearly attested by later developments: {{IPA|/ɬ/}} was written with {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}}}}, but the letter was also used for the sound {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. Later, {{IPA|/ɬ/}} merged with {{IPA|/s/}}, a sound that had been written only with {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ס|rtl=yes}}}}. As a result, three etymologically distinct modern Hebrew phonemes can be distinguished: {{IPA|/s/}} written {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ס|rtl=yes}}}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} written {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}}}} (with later niqqud pointing שׁ), and {{IPA|/s/}} evolving from {{IPA|/ɬ/}} and written {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}}}} (with later niqqud pointing שׂ). The specific pronunciation of {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}}}} evolving to {{IPA|/s/}} from {{IPA|[ɬ]}} is known based on comparative evidence since {{IPA|/ɬ/}} is the corresponding Proto-Semitic phoneme and is still attested in Modern South Arabian languages,{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=77}} and early borrowings indicate it from Ancient Hebrew (e.g. {{lang|en|balsam}} < Greek {{Transliteration|grc|balsamon}} < Hebrew {{Transliteration|hbo|baśam}}). The phoneme {{IPA|/ɬ/}} began to merge with {{IPA|/s/}} in Late Biblical Hebrew, as is indicated by interchange of orthographic {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ש|rtl=yes}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|hbo|ס|rtl=yes}}}}, possibly under the influence of Aramaic, and became the rule in Mishnaic Hebrew.{{Harvcoltxt|Blau|2010|p=69}}{{Harvcoltxt|Rendsburg|1997|p=73}} In all Jewish reading traditions, {{IPA|/ɬ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} have merged completely, but in Samaritan Hebrew {{IPA|/ɬ/}} has instead merged into {{IPA|/ʃ/}}.

The {{IPA|[ɬ]}} sound is also found in two of the constructed languages invented by J. R. R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh, which has the sound) and Quenya (even though this language was mostly inspired by Finnish, Ancient Greek, and Latin, none of which have this sound).{{Cite web|url=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/sindarin.htm|title=Sindarin – the Noble Tongue|last=Helge|first=Fauskanger |author-link=Helge Fauskanger |website=Ardalambion|access-date=2 January 2019}}{{Cite web|url=https://folk.uib.no/hnohf/qcourse.htm|title=Quenya Course|last=Helge|first=Fauskanger |author-link=Helge Fauskanger |website=Ardalambion|access-date=2 January 2019}} In Sindarin, it is written as {{angle bracket|lh}} initially and {{angle bracket|ll}} medially and finally, and in Quenya, it appears only initially and is written {{angle bracket|hl}}.

The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as {{transliteration|sem|ś}}; it has evolved into Arabic {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, Hebrew {{IPA|[s]}}:

Among Semitic languages, the sound (with its emphatic counterpart ṣ́) still exists in contemporary Modern South Arabian languages; Soqotri, Shehri, and Mehri.{{cite book |last=Howe |first=Darin |title=Segmental Phonology |page=22 |publisher=University of Calgary |year=2003 }} In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ʪ

|ipa symbol2=θ̠ˡ

|ipa symbol3=ɬ͡θ̠

|ipa symbol4=ɬ͡s

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x02AA.svg

}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative

|ipa symbol=ʪ̪

|ipa symbol2=θˡ

|ipa symbol3=ɬ̪͡θ

}}

The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

{{fricative}} However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

{{alveolar}}

{{voiceless}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

File:Unicode 0xA7AD.svg

Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n4228.pdf Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt]{{cite web |title=Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT' (U+A7AD) |url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/a7ad/index.htm |website=www.fileformat.info |publisher=FileFormat.Info |access-date=20 June 2020}}

• Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
• Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
• Index of phonetics articles

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• {{cite web |last=Gippert |first=Jost |author-link=Jost Gippert |year=2000 |publisher=Goethe University Frankfurt |work=TITUS |title=Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages |url=https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN1 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Dellert |first1=Johannes |last2=Daneyko |first2=Thora |last3=Münch |first3=Alla |last4=Ladygina |first4=Alina |last5=Buch |first5=Armin |last6=Clarius |first6=Natalie |last7=Grigorjew |first7=Ilja |last8=Balabel |first8=Mohamed |last9=Moga |first9=Hizniye Isabella |last10=Baysarova |first10=Zalina |last11=Mühlenbern |first11=Roland |last12=Wahle |first12=Johannes |last13=Jäger |first13=Gerhard |year=2020 |orig-date=30 November 2019 |journal=Language Resources and Evaluation |volume=54 |pages=273–301 |title=NorthEuraLex: a wide-coverage lexical database of Northern Eurasia |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s10579-019-09480-6 |pmid=32214931 |pmc=7067722 |doi-access=free}}
• Official database: {{cite web |work=NorthEuraLax |title=Language Avar |url=http://www.northeuralex.org/languages/ava |quote=[Table:] Concept: THREE {{pipe}} Orthographic form: лъабго {{pipe}} Automatically generated IPA: ɬabɡo }}
• {{cite book |last=Abdel-Massih |first=Ernest T. |title=A Reference Grammar of Tamazight |publisher=University of Michigan Press |hdl=2027.42/94551 |isbn=978-1-60785-222-3 |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |year=2011 |orig-year=1971 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/94551/39015087418631.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}
• {{cite journal |last=Lin |first=Hui-shan |date=1 April 2018 |language=Chinese |journal=臺灣語文研究 |trans-work=Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=125–153 |title=郡社布農語的「三疊式」 |trans-title=Triplication in Isbukun Bunun |doi=10.6710/JTLL.201804_13(1).0004 |issn=1726-5185 |publisher=Taiwan Languages & Literature Society |url=http://www.twlls.org.tw/jtll/documents/13.1-4.pdf }}
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• {{cite thesis |last=Stefanelli |first=Alex Matthew |date=August 2019 |title=Consonant gemination in West Greenlandic |publisher=University of Montreal |type=Master's |hdl=1866/23739 |url=https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1866/23739/Stefanelli_Alex_2019_memoire.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y }}
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• {{cite book |last=Hannahs |first=S. J. |date=31 October 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |work=The Phonology of the World's Languages |title=The Phonology of Welsh |chapter=A Survey of Welsh Phonetics: Phonetics and Segment Inventories |pages=13–27 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601233.003.0002 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-0199601233}}
• {{cite book |editor-last1=Bossong |editor-first1=Georg |editor-last2=Comrie |editor-first2=Bernard |editor-last3=Dryer |editor-first3=Matthew |work=Mouton Grammar Library |volume=58 |last=Miyaoka |first=Osahito |year=2012 |title=A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik (CAY) |chapter=Phonological preliminaries |pages=36–82 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-027820-0 |issn=0933-7636 |doi=10.1515/9783110278576}}
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• {{cite thesis |last=Dunn |first=Michael John |date=May 1999 |type=PhD |title=A Grammar of Chukchi |chapter=Phonology & Morphonology |pages=37–59 |publisher=Australian National University |hdl=1885/10769 |doi=10.25911/5d77842288837 |doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last=Montler |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Montler |year=1986 |location=Missoula |journal=Occasional Papers in Linguistics |issue=4 |title=An Outline of the Morphology and Phonology of Saanich, North Straits Salish |publisher=University of Montana |url=http://saanich.montler.net/Outline/index.htm }}
• {{cite book |last=Martin |first=Jack B. |year=2011 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |title=A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee) |chapter=Phonemes |pages=47–61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEcqDwAAQBAJ |isbn=9780803211063 |via=Google Books }}
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• {{cite thesis |last=Jansen |first=Joana Worth |date=June 2010 |publisher=University of Oregon |type=PhD |title=A Grammar of Yakima Ichishkíin / Sahaptin |chapter=Phonetics, phonology and orthography |pages=18–72 |chapter-url=https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/10901/Jansen_Joana_Worth_phd2010sp.pdf }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Coleman |first=Phyllis |date=July 1976 |title=Dogrib Phonology |type=PhD |chapter=An outline of Dogrib structure |pages=6–36 |oclc=7080610 |publisher=University of Iowa |chapter-url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/784280cd37df074d230271e94a4cb273/1.pdf |via=ProQuest }}
• {{cite journal |last=Krauss |first=Michael E. |date=27 June 2016 |orig-year=1965 |journal=Canadian Journal of Linguistics |volume=10 |issue=2–3 |pages=167–187 |title=Eyak: a preliminary report |doi=10.1017/S0008413100005648 |publisher=Oxford University Press|s2cid=148703746 }}
• {{cite book |last=Salminen |first=Tapani |year=2007 |editor-last=Ylikoski |editor-first=Jussi |title=Sámit, sánit, sátnehámit: Riepmočála Pekka Sammallahtii miessemánu 21. beaivve 2007 |trans-title=Sámi, words, wordings: Book dedicated to Pekka Sammallahtii on 21 May 2007 |chapter=Notes on forest Nenets phonology |isbn=9789525150957 |pages=349–372 |location=Helsinki |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia |volume=253 |url=https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust253/sust253_salminen.pdf }}
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{{refend}}

• [http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2009/07/beth-am-y-llall.html Beth am y llall?] John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound {{IPA|[ɬ]}}.)
• [http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/local-news/cardiff/2012/05/03/a-chance-to-share-more-than-just-some-sounds-of-languages-91466-30888494/ A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages] walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing {{IPA|[ɬ]}} in Chadic languages.)

• {{phoible|ɬ}}
• {{phoible|l̥}}

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