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list of dialects of English

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Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and other aspects of grammar. For the classification of varieties of English only in of pronunciation, see regional accents of English.

Overview

Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible." English speakers from different countries and regions use a variety of different accents (systems of pronunciation) as well as various localized words and grammatical constructions. Many different dialects can be identified based on these factors. Dialects can be classified at broader or narrower levels: within a broad national or regional dialect, various more localised sub-dialects can be identified, and so on. The combination of differences in pronunciation and use of local words may make some English dialects almost unintelligible to speakers from other regions without any prior exposure.

The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into three general categories: the British Isles dialects, those of North America, and those of Australasia.Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, Cambridge University Press, 2003 Dialects can be associated not only with place but also with particular social groups. Within a given English-speaking country, there is a form of the language considered to be Standard English: the Standard Englishes of different countries differ and can themselves be considered dialects. Standard English is often associated with the more educated layers of society as well as more formal registers.

British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world, excluding countries in which English is spoken natively such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. In many former British Empire countries in which English is not spoken natively, British English forms are closely followed, alongside numerous American English usages that have become widespread throughout the English-speaking world.{{Cite journal |date=2013-12-16 |editor-last=Filppula |editor-first=Markku |editor2-last=Klemola |editor2-first=Juhani |editor3-last=Sharma |editor3-first=Devyani |title=The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.001.0001 |journal=Oxford Handbooks Online |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199777716.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-977771-6 |url-access=subscription }} Conversely, a number of countries with historical ties to the United States tend to follow American English conventions. Many of these countries, while retaining strong British English or American English influences, have developed their own unique dialects, which include Indian English and Philippine English.

Chief among other native English dialects are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in the number of native speakers.{{Cite book |date=1999-01-28 |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521264778.011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521264778.011|isbn=978-1-139-05365-5 }} For the most part, Canadian English, while featuring numerous British forms, alongside indigenous Canadianisms, shares vocabulary, phonology and syntax with American English, which leads many to recognise North American English as an organic grouping of dialects.Trudgill and Hannah, 2002 Australian English, likewise, shares many American and British English usages, alongside plentiful features unique to Australia and retains a significantly higher degree of distinctiveness from both larger varieties than does Canadian English. South African English, New Zealand English and Irish English are also distinctive and rank fifth, sixth, and seventh in the number of native speakers.

Europe

English language in Europe

File:Dialects of English in UK and Ireland.svgs and accents of English spoken in the British Isles]]

= Great Britain =

== England ==

English language in England:

== Scotland ==

== Wales ==

== Non-geographic based English ==

= British dependencies and territories =

= Ireland =

  • Extinct
  • Yola language (also known as Forth and Bargy dialect), thought to have been a descendant of Middle English, spoken in County Wexford{{cite book| last= Hickey| first= Raymond| title= Dublin English: Evolution and Change|year= 2005| publisher= John Benjamins Publishing| isbn= 90-272-4895-8 | pages= 196–198}}{{cite book| last= Hickey| first= Raymond| title= A Source Book for Irish English| year= 2002| publisher= John Benjamins Publishing| location= Amsterdam| isbn= 90-272-3753-0| quote= {{ISBN|1-58811-209-8}} (US)| pages= 28–29| url= http://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Flyer_Source_Book_for_Irish_English.pdf}}
  • Fingallian, another presumed descendant of Middle English, spoken in Fingal

= Continental Europe =

= Eastern Europe =

= Mediterranean =

North America

= United States =

{{Map of American English}}Interactive map of American English

American English:

= Canada =

{{Map of Canadian English}}Interactive map of Canadian English

Canadian English:

Caribbean, Central, and South America

= Caribbean =

= Antigua and Barbuda =

= The Bahamas =

= Barbados =

= Belize =

= Bermuda =

= Cayman Islands =

= Colombia =

= Costa Rica =

= Dominican Republic =

= Falkland Islands =

= Guyana =

= Honduras =

= Jamaica =

= Nicaragua =

= Panama =

= Puerto Rico =

=Saba=

= Saint Vincent and the Grenadines =

= Trinidad and Tobago =

= Turks and Caicos Islands =

= Virgin Islands =

Asia

= Bangladesh =

= Brunei =

=Cambodia=

= China and Taiwan =

= Hong Kong =

= India =

Indian English:

  • Standard Indian English
  • Indian English: the "standard" English used by government administration, it derives from the British Indian Empire.
  • Butler English: (also Bearer English or Kitchen English), once an occupational dialect, now a social dialect.
  • Hinglish: a growing macaronic hybrid use of English and Indian languages.
  • Regional and local Indian English
  • East Region: Odia English, Bhojpuriya English, Assamese English, Bengali English, North-East Indian English etc.
  • West Region: Gujarati English, Maharashtrian English etc.
  • North Region: Hindustani English, Delhi/Punjabi English, Rajasthani English etc.
  • South Region: Telugu English, Kannada English, Kanglish, Tenglish, Tanglish, Tamil English, Malayali English etc.

= Japan =

= Myanmar (Burma) =

= South Korea =

= Malaysia =

= Middle East =

= Nepal =

= Pakistan =

= Philippines =

= Singapore =

= Sri Lanka =

Africa

= Cameroon =

= The Gambia =

= Ghana =

= Kenya =

= Liberia =

= Malawi =

= Namibia =

= Nigeria =

= Sierra Leone =

= South Africa =

= South Atlantic =

= Uganda =

= Zambia =

= Zimbabwe=

Oceania

= Australia =

= Fiji =

= New Zealand =

= Palau =

= Papua New Guinea =

South Atlantic

World Global English

These dialects are used in everyday conversation almost all over the world, and are used as lingua francas and to determine grammar rules and guidelines.

Antarctica

See also

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite book | last = Wakelin | first = Martyn Francis | title = Discovering English Dialects | year = 2008 | publisher = Shire Publications | location = Oxford | page = 4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_V9jb1rq4EC&q=English+Accents+OR+Dialects| isbn = 978-0-7478-0176-4}}

}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book |last=Hickey |first=Raymond |title=A Dictionary of Varieties of English |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date= 2014 |location=Malden, MA |isbn=978-0-470-65641-9 }}
  • {{Citation |last=Nunan |first=David |title=What Is This Thing Called Language? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BY4dBQAAQBAJ |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-137-28499-0 }}.
  • {{Citation |last=Okrent |first=A. |title=In the Land of Invented Languages: A Celebration of Linguistic Creativity, Madness, and Genius |publisher=Spiegel & Grau Trade Paperbacks | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-8129-8089-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3anWeY0G2moC }}.
  • {{Cite book |editor-last=Hickey |editor-first=Raymond |title=Varieties of English in Writing. The Written Word as Linguistic Evidence |publisher=John Benjamins |date= 2010 |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-4901-2 }}
  • {{Cite book |editor-last=Hickey |editor-first=Raymond |title=Legacies of Colonial English. Studies in Transported Dialects|publisher=Cambridge University Press |date= 2004 |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-17507-4 }}
  • {{Citation |last=Fischer |first=Steven Roger |title=History of Language | publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-86189-594-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TSptsIJwsasC }}.
  • {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |author-link=David Crystal |title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |year=2003 |edition=Second |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-53033-0 |page=109 }}
  • {{Citation |last=Bolton |first=K. |title=Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f40eySFpK-0C&pg=PA2 |access-date=2015-10-22 |series=Asian Englishes Today |year=2002 |isbn=978-962-209-553-3 }}.
  • {{Citation |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=1974 |edition=Fifth |volume=6 (Earth–Everglades) |title=English Language § Varieties of English|pages=883–886 |ref={{harvid|Brittanica|1974}} }}.

External links

{{Sisterlinks|voy=English language varieties|d=Q2631145|c=Category:English_dialects|m=no|q=no|n=no|mw=no|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|s=no|species=no}}

  • [http://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar Sounds Familiar?] Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar?' website
  • [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html A national map of the regional dialects of American English]
  • [http://www.ku.edu/~idea/northamerica/northamerica.htm IDEA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901063852/http://www.ku.edu/~idea/northamerica/northamerica.htm |date=2006-09-01 }} – International Dialects of English Archive
  • {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171229232104/https://www.lingostan.com/en/articles/dialects-of-the-english-language.php English Dialects]}} – English Dialects around the world
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310173638/http://www.freewebs.com/englishdialects/ Dialect poetry from the English regions]
  • [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/AmerLangs American Languages: Our Nation's Many Voices] - An online audio resource presenting interviews with speakers of German-American and American English dialects from across the United States
  • [https://ewave-atlas.org/ electronic World Atlas of Varieties of English (eWAVE)]
  • [https://archive.org/details/dialects-english-scots Internet Archive collection on dialects of English and Scots]

{{Germanic languages}}

{{English dialects by continent}}

{{Description of English}}

{{Language varieties}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Dialects Of The English Language}}

English Dialects

Category:English as a global language